//====-- X86CmovConversion.cpp - Convert Cmov to Branch -------------------===// // // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure // // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details. // //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// /// \file /// This file implements a pass that converts X86 cmov instructions into branch /// when profitable. This pass is conservative, i.e., it applies transformation /// if and only if it can gaurantee a gain with high confidence. /// /// Thus, the optimization applies under the following conditions: /// 1. Consider as a candidate only CMOV in most inner loop, assuming that /// most hotspots are represented by these loops. /// 2. Given a group of CMOV instructions, that are using same EFLAGS def /// instruction: /// a. Consider them as candidates only if all have same code condition or /// opposite one, to prevent generating more than one conditional jump /// per EFLAGS def instruction. /// b. Consider them as candidates only if all are profitable to be /// converted, assuming that one bad conversion may casue a degradation. /// 3. Apply conversion only for loop that are found profitable and only for /// CMOV candidates that were found profitable. /// a. Loop is considered profitable only if conversion will reduce its /// depth cost by some thrishold. /// b. CMOV is considered profitable if the cost of its condition is higher /// than the average cost of its true-value and false-value by 25% of /// branch-misprediction-penalty, this to assure no degredassion even /// with 25% branch misprediction. /// /// Note: This pass is assumed to run on SSA machine code. //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // // External interfaces: // FunctionPass *llvm::createX86CmovConverterPass(); // bool X86CmovConverterPass::runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &MF); // #include "X86.h" #include "X86InstrInfo.h" #include "X86Subtarget.h" #include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h" #include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFunctionPass.h" #include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstrBuilder.h" #include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineLoopInfo.h" #include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineRegisterInfo.h" #include "llvm/CodeGen/Passes.h" #include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetSchedule.h" #include "llvm/IR/InstIterator.h" #include "llvm/Support/Debug.h" #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h" using namespace llvm; #define DEBUG_TYPE "x86-cmov-converter" STATISTIC(NumOfSkippedCmovGroups, "Number of unsupported CMOV-groups"); STATISTIC(NumOfCmovGroupCandidate, "Number of CMOV-group candidates"); STATISTIC(NumOfLoopCandidate, "Number of CMOV-conversion profitable loops"); STATISTIC(NumOfOptimizedCmovGroups, "Number of optimized CMOV-groups"); namespace { // This internal switch can be used to turn off the cmov/branch optimization. static cl::opt EnableCmovConverter("x86-cmov-converter", cl::desc("Enable the X86 cmov-to-branch optimization."), cl::init(true), cl::Hidden); /// Converts X86 cmov instructions into branches when profitable. class X86CmovConverterPass : public MachineFunctionPass { public: X86CmovConverterPass() : MachineFunctionPass(ID) {} ~X86CmovConverterPass() {} StringRef getPassName() const override { return "X86 cmov Conversion"; } bool runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &MF) override; void getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) const override; private: /// Pass identification, replacement for typeid. static char ID; const MachineRegisterInfo *MRI; const TargetInstrInfo *TII; TargetSchedModel TSchedModel; /// List of consecutive CMOV instructions. typedef SmallVector CmovGroup; typedef SmallVector CmovGroups; /// Collect all CMOV-group-candidates in \p CurrLoop and update \p /// CmovInstGroups accordingly. /// /// \param CurrLoop Loop being processed. /// \param CmovInstGroups List of consecutive CMOV instructions in CurrLoop. /// \returns true iff it found any CMOV-group-candidate. bool collectCmovCandidates(MachineLoop *CurrLoop, CmovGroups &CmovInstGroups); /// Check if it is profitable to transform each CMOV-group-candidates into /// branch. Remove all groups that are not profitable from \p CmovInstGroups. /// /// \param CurrLoop Loop being processed. /// \param CmovInstGroups List of consecutive CMOV instructions in CurrLoop. /// \returns true iff any CMOV-group-candidate remain. bool checkForProfitableCmovCandidates(MachineLoop *CurrLoop, CmovGroups &CmovInstGroups); /// Convert the given list of consecutive CMOV instructions into a branch. /// /// \param Group Consecutive CMOV instructions to be converted into branch. void convertCmovInstsToBranches(SmallVectorImpl &Group) const; }; char X86CmovConverterPass::ID = 0; void X86CmovConverterPass::getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) const { MachineFunctionPass::getAnalysisUsage(AU); AU.addRequired(); } bool X86CmovConverterPass::runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &MF) { if (skipFunction(*MF.getFunction())) return false; if (!EnableCmovConverter) return false; DEBUG(dbgs() << "********** " << getPassName() << " : " << MF.getName() << "**********\n"); bool Changed = false; MachineLoopInfo &MLI = getAnalysis(); const TargetSubtargetInfo &STI = MF.getSubtarget(); MRI = &MF.getRegInfo(); TII = STI.getInstrInfo(); TSchedModel.init(STI.getSchedModel(), &STI, TII); //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Algorithm // --------- // For each inner most loop // collectCmovCandidates() { // Find all CMOV-group-candidates. // } // // checkForProfitableCmovCandidates() { // * Calculate both loop-depth and optimized-loop-depth. // * Use these depth to check for loop transformation profitability. // * Check for CMOV-group-candidate transformation profitability. // } // // For each profitable CMOV-group-candidate // convertCmovInstsToBranches() { // * Create FalseBB, SinkBB, Conditional branch to SinkBB. // * Replace each CMOV instruction with a PHI instruction in SinkBB. // } // // Note: For more details, see each function description. //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// for (MachineBasicBlock &MBB : MF) { MachineLoop *CurrLoop = MLI.getLoopFor(&MBB); // Optimize only inner most loops. if (!CurrLoop || CurrLoop->getHeader() != &MBB || !CurrLoop->getSubLoops().empty()) continue; // List of consecutive CMOV instructions to be processed. CmovGroups CmovInstGroups; if (!collectCmovCandidates(CurrLoop, CmovInstGroups)) continue; if (!checkForProfitableCmovCandidates(CurrLoop, CmovInstGroups)) continue; Changed = true; for (auto &Group : CmovInstGroups) convertCmovInstsToBranches(Group); } return Changed; } bool X86CmovConverterPass::collectCmovCandidates(MachineLoop *CurrLoop, CmovGroups &CmovInstGroups) { //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Collect all CMOV-group-candidates and add them into CmovInstGroups. // // CMOV-group: // CMOV instructions, in same MBB, that uses same EFLAGS def instruction. // // CMOV-group-candidate: // CMOV-group where all the CMOV instructions are // 1. consecutive. // 2. have same condition code or opposite one. // 3. have only operand registers (X86::CMOVrr). //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// // List of possible improvement (TODO's): // -------------------------------------- // TODO: Add support for X86::CMOVrm instructions. // TODO: Add support for X86::SETcc instructions. // TODO: Add support for CMOV-groups with non consecutive CMOV instructions. //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Current processed CMOV-Group. CmovGroup Group; for (auto *MBB : CurrLoop->getBlocks()) { Group.clear(); // Condition code of first CMOV instruction current processed range and its // opposite condition code. X86::CondCode FirstCC, FirstOppCC; // Indicator of a non CMOVrr instruction in the current processed range. bool FoundNonCMOVInst = false; // Indicator for current processed CMOV-group if it should be skipped. bool SkipGroup = false; for (auto &I : *MBB) { X86::CondCode CC = X86::getCondFromCMovOpc(I.getOpcode()); // Check if we found a X86::CMOVrr instruction. if (CC != X86::COND_INVALID && !I.mayLoad()) { if (Group.empty()) { // We found first CMOV in the range, reset flags. FirstCC = CC; FirstOppCC = X86::GetOppositeBranchCondition(CC); FoundNonCMOVInst = false; SkipGroup = false; } Group.push_back(&I); // Check if it is a non-consecutive CMOV instruction or it has different // condition code than FirstCC or FirstOppCC. if (FoundNonCMOVInst || (CC != FirstCC && CC != FirstOppCC)) // Mark the SKipGroup indicator to skip current processed CMOV-Group. SkipGroup = true; continue; } // If Group is empty, keep looking for first CMOV in the range. if (Group.empty()) continue; // We found a non X86::CMOVrr instruction. FoundNonCMOVInst = true; // Check if this instruction define EFLAGS, to determine end of processed // range, as there would be no more instructions using current EFLAGS def. if (I.definesRegister(X86::EFLAGS)) { // Check if current processed CMOV-group should not be skipped and add // it as a CMOV-group-candidate. if (!SkipGroup) CmovInstGroups.push_back(Group); else ++NumOfSkippedCmovGroups; Group.clear(); } } // End of basic block is considered end of range, check if current processed // CMOV-group should not be skipped and add it as a CMOV-group-candidate. if (Group.empty()) continue; if (!SkipGroup) CmovInstGroups.push_back(Group); else ++NumOfSkippedCmovGroups; } NumOfCmovGroupCandidate += CmovInstGroups.size(); return !CmovInstGroups.empty(); } /// \returns Depth of CMOV instruction as if it was converted into branch. /// \param TrueOpDepth depth cost of CMOV true value operand. /// \param FalseOpDepth depth cost of CMOV false value operand. static unsigned getDepthOfOptCmov(unsigned TrueOpDepth, unsigned FalseOpDepth) { //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// // With no info about branch weight, we assume 50% for each value operand. // Thus, depth of optimized CMOV instruction is the rounded up average of // its True-Operand-Value-Depth and False-Operand-Value-Depth. //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// return (TrueOpDepth + FalseOpDepth + 1) / 2; } bool X86CmovConverterPass::checkForProfitableCmovCandidates( MachineLoop *CurrLoop, CmovGroups &CmovInstGroups) { struct DepthInfo { /// Depth of original loop. unsigned Depth; /// Depth of optimized loop. unsigned OptDepth; }; /// Number of loop iterations to calculate depth for ?! static const unsigned LoopIterations = 2; DenseMap DepthMap; DepthInfo LoopDepth[LoopIterations] = {{0, 0}, {0, 0}}; enum { PhyRegType = 0, VirRegType = 1, RegTypeNum = 2 }; /// For each register type maps the register to its last def instruction. DenseMap RegDefMaps[RegTypeNum]; /// Maps register operand to its def instruction, which can be nullptr if it /// is unknown (e.g., operand is defined outside the loop). DenseMap OperandToDefMap; // Set depth of unknown instruction (i.e., nullptr) to zero. DepthMap[nullptr] = {0, 0}; SmallPtrSet CmovInstructions; for (auto &Group : CmovInstGroups) CmovInstructions.insert(Group.begin(), Group.end()); //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Step 1: Calculate instruction depth and loop depth. // Optimized-Loop: // loop with CMOV-group-candidates converted into branches. // // Instruction-Depth: // instruction latency + max operand depth. // * For CMOV instruction in optimized loop the depth is calculated as: // CMOV latency + getDepthOfOptCmov(True-Op-Depth, False-Op-depth) // TODO: Find a better way to estimate the latency of the branch instruction // rather than using the CMOV latency. // // Loop-Depth: // max instruction depth of all instructions in the loop. // Note: instruction with max depth represents the critical-path in the loop. // // Loop-Depth[i]: // Loop-Depth calculated for first `i` iterations. // Note: it is enough to calculate depth for up to two iterations. // // Depth-Diff[i]: // Number of cycles saved in first 'i` iterations by optimizing the loop. //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// for (unsigned I = 0; I < LoopIterations; ++I) { DepthInfo &MaxDepth = LoopDepth[I]; for (auto *MBB : CurrLoop->getBlocks()) { // Clear physical registers Def map. RegDefMaps[PhyRegType].clear(); for (MachineInstr &MI : *MBB) { unsigned MIDepth = 0; unsigned MIDepthOpt = 0; bool IsCMOV = CmovInstructions.count(&MI); for (auto &MO : MI.uses()) { // Checks for "isUse()" as "uses()" returns also implicit definitions. if (!MO.isReg() || !MO.isUse()) continue; unsigned Reg = MO.getReg(); auto &RDM = RegDefMaps[TargetRegisterInfo::isVirtualRegister(Reg)]; if (MachineInstr *DefMI = RDM.lookup(Reg)) { OperandToDefMap[&MO] = DefMI; DepthInfo Info = DepthMap.lookup(DefMI); MIDepth = std::max(MIDepth, Info.Depth); if (!IsCMOV) MIDepthOpt = std::max(MIDepthOpt, Info.OptDepth); } } if (IsCMOV) MIDepthOpt = getDepthOfOptCmov( DepthMap[OperandToDefMap.lookup(&MI.getOperand(1))].OptDepth, DepthMap[OperandToDefMap.lookup(&MI.getOperand(2))].OptDepth); // Iterates over all operands to handle implicit definitions as well. for (auto &MO : MI.operands()) { if (!MO.isReg() || !MO.isDef()) continue; unsigned Reg = MO.getReg(); RegDefMaps[TargetRegisterInfo::isVirtualRegister(Reg)][Reg] = &MI; } unsigned Latency = TSchedModel.computeInstrLatency(&MI); DepthMap[&MI] = {MIDepth += Latency, MIDepthOpt += Latency}; MaxDepth.Depth = std::max(MaxDepth.Depth, MIDepth); MaxDepth.OptDepth = std::max(MaxDepth.OptDepth, MIDepthOpt); } } } unsigned Diff[LoopIterations] = {LoopDepth[0].Depth - LoopDepth[0].OptDepth, LoopDepth[1].Depth - LoopDepth[1].OptDepth}; //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Step 2: Check if Loop worth to be optimized. // Worth-Optimize-Loop: // case 1: Diff[1] == Diff[0] // Critical-path is iteration independent - there is no dependency // of critical-path instructions on critical-path instructions of // previous iteration. // Thus, it is enough to check gain percent of 1st iteration - // To be conservative, the optimized loop need to have a depth of // 12.5% cycles less than original loop, per iteration. // // case 2: Diff[1] > Diff[0] // Critical-path is iteration dependent - there is dependency of // critical-path instructions on critical-path instructions of // previous iteration. // Thus, it is required to check the gradient of the gain - the // change in Depth-Diff compared to the change in Loop-Depth between // 1st and 2nd iterations. // To be conservative, the gradient need to be at least 50%. // // If loop is not worth optimizing, remove all CMOV-group-candidates. //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// bool WorthOptLoop = false; if (Diff[1] == Diff[0]) WorthOptLoop = Diff[0] * 8 >= LoopDepth[0].Depth; else if (Diff[1] > Diff[0]) WorthOptLoop = (Diff[1] - Diff[0]) * 2 >= (LoopDepth[1].Depth - LoopDepth[0].Depth); if (!WorthOptLoop) return false; ++NumOfLoopCandidate; //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Step 3: Check for each CMOV-group-candidate if it worth to be optimized. // Worth-Optimize-Group: // Iff it worths to optimize all CMOV instructions in the group. // // Worth-Optimize-CMOV: // Predicted branch is faster than CMOV by the difference between depth of // condition operand and depth of taken (predicted) value operand. // To be conservative, the gain of such CMOV transformation should cover at // at least 25% of branch-misprediction-penalty. //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===// unsigned MispredictPenalty = TSchedModel.getMCSchedModel()->MispredictPenalty; CmovGroups TempGroups; std::swap(TempGroups, CmovInstGroups); for (auto &Group : TempGroups) { bool WorthOpGroup = true; for (auto *MI : Group) { // Avoid CMOV instruction which value is used as a pointer to load from. // This is another conservative check to avoid converting CMOV instruction // used with tree-search like algorithm, where the branch is unpredicted. auto UIs = MRI->use_instructions(MI->defs().begin()->getReg()); if (UIs.begin() != UIs.end() && ++UIs.begin() == UIs.end()) { unsigned Op = UIs.begin()->getOpcode(); if (Op == X86::MOV64rm || Op == X86::MOV32rm) { WorthOpGroup = false; break; } } unsigned CondCost = DepthMap[OperandToDefMap.lookup(&MI->getOperand(3))].Depth; unsigned ValCost = getDepthOfOptCmov( DepthMap[OperandToDefMap.lookup(&MI->getOperand(1))].Depth, DepthMap[OperandToDefMap.lookup(&MI->getOperand(2))].Depth); if (ValCost > CondCost || (CondCost - ValCost) * 4 < MispredictPenalty) { WorthOpGroup = false; break; } } if (WorthOpGroup) CmovInstGroups.push_back(Group); } return !CmovInstGroups.empty(); } static bool checkEFLAGSLive(MachineInstr *MI) { if (MI->killsRegister(X86::EFLAGS)) return false; // The EFLAGS operand of MI might be missing a kill marker. // Figure out whether EFLAGS operand should LIVE after MI instruction. MachineBasicBlock *BB = MI->getParent(); MachineBasicBlock::iterator ItrMI = MI; // Scan forward through BB for a use/def of EFLAGS. for (auto I = std::next(ItrMI), E = BB->end(); I != E; ++I) { if (I->readsRegister(X86::EFLAGS)) return true; if (I->definesRegister(X86::EFLAGS)) return false; } // We hit the end of the block, check whether EFLAGS is live into a successor. for (auto I = BB->succ_begin(), E = BB->succ_end(); I != E; ++I) { if ((*I)->isLiveIn(X86::EFLAGS)) return true; } return false; } void X86CmovConverterPass::convertCmovInstsToBranches( SmallVectorImpl &Group) const { assert(!Group.empty() && "No CMOV instructions to convert"); ++NumOfOptimizedCmovGroups; // To convert a CMOVcc instruction, we actually have to insert the diamond // control-flow pattern. The incoming instruction knows the destination vreg // to set, the condition code register to branch on, the true/false values to // select between, and a branch opcode to use. // Before // ----- // MBB: // cond = cmp ... // v1 = CMOVge t1, f1, cond // v2 = CMOVlt t2, f2, cond // v3 = CMOVge v1, f3, cond // // After // ----- // MBB: // cond = cmp ... // jge %SinkMBB // // FalseMBB: // jmp %SinkMBB // // SinkMBB: // %v1 = phi[%f1, %FalseMBB], [%t1, %MBB] // %v2 = phi[%t2, %FalseMBB], [%f2, %MBB] ; For CMOV with OppCC switch // ; true-value with false-value // %v3 = phi[%f3, %FalseMBB], [%t1, %MBB] ; Phi instruction cannot use // ; previous Phi instruction result MachineInstr &MI = *Group.front(); MachineInstr *LastCMOV = Group.back(); DebugLoc DL = MI.getDebugLoc(); X86::CondCode CC = X86::CondCode(X86::getCondFromCMovOpc(MI.getOpcode())); X86::CondCode OppCC = X86::GetOppositeBranchCondition(CC); MachineBasicBlock *MBB = MI.getParent(); MachineFunction::iterator It = ++MBB->getIterator(); MachineFunction *F = MBB->getParent(); const BasicBlock *BB = MBB->getBasicBlock(); MachineBasicBlock *FalseMBB = F->CreateMachineBasicBlock(BB); MachineBasicBlock *SinkMBB = F->CreateMachineBasicBlock(BB); F->insert(It, FalseMBB); F->insert(It, SinkMBB); // If the EFLAGS register isn't dead in the terminator, then claim that it's // live into the sink and copy blocks. if (checkEFLAGSLive(LastCMOV)) { FalseMBB->addLiveIn(X86::EFLAGS); SinkMBB->addLiveIn(X86::EFLAGS); } // Transfer the remainder of BB and its successor edges to SinkMBB. SinkMBB->splice(SinkMBB->begin(), MBB, std::next(MachineBasicBlock::iterator(LastCMOV)), MBB->end()); SinkMBB->transferSuccessorsAndUpdatePHIs(MBB); // Add the false and sink blocks as its successors. MBB->addSuccessor(FalseMBB); MBB->addSuccessor(SinkMBB); // Create the conditional branch instruction. BuildMI(MBB, DL, TII->get(X86::GetCondBranchFromCond(CC))).addMBB(SinkMBB); // Add the sink block to the false block successors. FalseMBB->addSuccessor(SinkMBB); MachineInstrBuilder MIB; MachineBasicBlock::iterator MIItBegin = MachineBasicBlock::iterator(MI); MachineBasicBlock::iterator MIItEnd = std::next(MachineBasicBlock::iterator(LastCMOV)); MachineBasicBlock::iterator SinkInsertionPoint = SinkMBB->begin(); // As we are creating the PHIs, we have to be careful if there is more than // one. Later CMOVs may reference the results of earlier CMOVs, but later // PHIs have to reference the individual true/false inputs from earlier PHIs. // That also means that PHI construction must work forward from earlier to // later, and that the code must maintain a mapping from earlier PHI's // destination registers, and the registers that went into the PHI. DenseMap> RegRewriteTable; for (MachineBasicBlock::iterator MIIt = MIItBegin; MIIt != MIItEnd; ++MIIt) { unsigned DestReg = MIIt->getOperand(0).getReg(); unsigned Op1Reg = MIIt->getOperand(1).getReg(); unsigned Op2Reg = MIIt->getOperand(2).getReg(); // If this CMOV we are processing is the opposite condition from the jump we // generated, then we have to swap the operands for the PHI that is going to // be generated. if (X86::getCondFromCMovOpc(MIIt->getOpcode()) == OppCC) std::swap(Op1Reg, Op2Reg); auto Op1Itr = RegRewriteTable.find(Op1Reg); if (Op1Itr != RegRewriteTable.end()) Op1Reg = Op1Itr->second.first; auto Op2Itr = RegRewriteTable.find(Op2Reg); if (Op2Itr != RegRewriteTable.end()) Op2Reg = Op2Itr->second.second; // SinkMBB: // %Result = phi [ %FalseValue, FalseMBB ], [ %TrueValue, MBB ] // ... MIB = BuildMI(*SinkMBB, SinkInsertionPoint, DL, TII->get(X86::PHI), DestReg) .addReg(Op1Reg) .addMBB(FalseMBB) .addReg(Op2Reg) .addMBB(MBB); (void)MIB; DEBUG(dbgs() << "\tFrom: "; MIIt->dump()); DEBUG(dbgs() << "\tTo: "; MIB->dump()); // Add this PHI to the rewrite table. RegRewriteTable[DestReg] = std::make_pair(Op1Reg, Op2Reg); } // Now remove the CMOV(s). MBB->erase(MIItBegin, MIItEnd); } } // End anonymous namespace. FunctionPass *llvm::createX86CmovConverterPass() { return new X86CmovConverterPass(); }