.Dd 2015-03-02
.Dt BINUTILS 7
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm binutils
.Nd GNU Binary Utilities
.Sh  Introduction
This brief manual contains documentation for the GNU binary utilities version "2.17.50
[FreeBSD] 2007-07-03":
.Pp
This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".
.Pp
.Sh  ar
.Bd -literal -offset indent
ar [-]p[mod [relpos] [count]] archive [member...]
ar -M [ <mri-script ]
.Ed
.Pp
The GNU
.Xr ar
program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. An
.Em archive
is a single file holding a collection of other files in a structure that makes
it possible to retrieve the original individual files (called
.Em members
of the archive).
.Pp
The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and group
are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on extraction.
.Pp
GNU
.Xr ar
can maintain archives whose members have names of any length; however, depending
on how
.Xr ar
is configured on your system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed
for compatibility with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it
exists, the limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out)
or 16 characters (typical of formats related to coff).
.Pp
.Xr ar
is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort are most often
used as
.Em libraries
holding commonly needed subroutines.
.Pp
.Xr ar
creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable object modules in the
archive when you specify the modifier
.Li s .
Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever
.Xr ar
makes a change to its contents (save for the
.Li q
update operation). An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the
library, and allows routines in the library to call each other without regard
to their placement in the archive.
.Pp
You may use
.Li nm -s
or
.Li nm --print-armap
to list this index table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of
.Xr ar
called
.Xr ranlib
can be used to add just the table.
.Pp
GNU
.Xr ar
is designed to be compatible with two different facilities. You can control
its activity using command-line options, like the different varieties of
.Xr ar
on Unix systems; or, if you specify the single command-line option
.Op -M ,
you can control it with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI
\(lqlibrarian\(rq program.
.Pp
.Ss  Controlling Xr ar on the Command Line
.Bd -literal -offset indent
ar [-X32_64] [-]p[mod [relpos] [count]] archive [member...]
.Ed
.Pp
When you use
.Xr ar
in the Unix style,
.Xr ar
insists on at least two arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the
.Em operation
(optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying
.Em modifiers ) ,
and the archive name to act on.
.Pp
Most operations can also accept further
.Va member
arguments, specifying particular files to operate on.
.Pp
GNU
.Xr ar
allows you to mix the operation code
.Va p
and modifier flags
.Va mod
in any order, within the first command-line argument.
.Pp
If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a dash.
.Pp
The
.Va p
keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be any of the following,
but you must specify only one of them:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  d
.Em Delete
modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to be deleted as
.Va member
\&...; the archive is untouched if you specify no files to delete.
.Pp
If you specify the
.Li v
modifier,
.Xr ar
lists each module as it is deleted.
.Pp
.It  m
Use this operation to
.Em move
members in an archive.
.Pp
The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how programs
are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more than one member.
.Pp
If no modifiers are used with
.Li m ,
any members you name in the
.Va member
arguments are moved to the
.Em end
of the archive; you can use the
.Li a ,
.Li b ,
or
.Li i
modifiers to move them to a specified place instead.
.Pp
.It  p
.Em Print
the specified members of the archive, to the standard output file. If the
.Li v
modifier is specified, show the member name before copying its contents to
standard output.
.Pp
If you specify no
.Va member
arguments, all the files in the archive are printed.
.Pp
.It  q
.Em Quick append ;
Historically, add the files
.Va member
\&...to the end of
.Va archive ,
without checking for replacement.
.Pp
The modifiers
.Li a ,
.Li b ,
and
.Li i
do
.Em not
affect this operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive.
.Pp
The modifier
.Li v
makes
.Xr ar
list each file as it is appended.
.Pp
Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol table index
is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use
.Li ar s
or
.Xr ranlib
explicitly to update the symbol table index.
.Pp
However, too many different systems assume quick append rebuilds the index,
so GNU
.Xr ar
implements
.Li q
as a synonym for
.Li r .
.Pp
.It  r
Insert the files
.Va member
\&...into
.Va archive
(with
.Em replacement ) .
This operation differs from
.Li q
in that any previously existing members are deleted if their names match those
being added.
.Pp
If one of the files named in
.Va member
\&...does not exist,
.Xr ar
displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members of
the archive matching that name.
.Pp
By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may use
one of the modifiers
.Li a ,
.Li b ,
or
.Li i
to request placement relative to some existing member.
.Pp
The modifier
.Li v
used with this operation elicits a line of output for each file inserted,
along with one of the letters
.Li a
or
.Li r
to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member deleted) or replaced.
.Pp
.It  t
Display a
.Em table
listing the contents of
.Va archive ,
or those of the files listed in
.Va member
\&...that are present in the archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if
you also want to see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and
size, you can request that by also specifying the
.Li v
modifier.
.Pp
If you do not specify a
.Va member ,
all files in the archive are listed.
.Pp
If there is more than one file with the same name (say,
.Li fie )
in an archive (say
.Li b.a ) ,
.Li ar t b.a fie
lists only the first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete
listing---in our example,
.Li ar t b.a .
.Pp
.It  x
.Em Extract
members (named
.Va member )
from the archive. You can use the
.Li v
modifier with this operation, to request that
.Xr ar
list each name as it extracts it.
.Pp
If you do not specify a
.Va member ,
all files in the archive are extracted.
.Pp
.El
A number of modifiers (
.Va mod )
may immediately follow the
.Va p
keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  a
Add new files
.Em after
an existing member of the archive. If you use the modifier
.Li a ,
the name of an existing archive member must be present as the
.Va relpos
argument, before the
.Va archive
specification.
.Pp
.It  b
Add new files
.Em before
an existing member of the archive. If you use the modifier
.Li b ,
the name of an existing archive member must be present as the
.Va relpos
argument, before the
.Va archive
specification. (same as
.Li i ) .
.Pp
.It  c
.Em Create
the archive. The specified
.Va archive
is always created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning
is issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by using
this modifier.
.Pp
.It  f
Truncate names in the archive. GNU
.Xr ar
will normally permit file names of any length. This will cause it to create
archives which are not compatible with the native
.Xr ar
program on some systems. If this is a concern, the
.Li f
modifier may be used to truncate file names when putting them in the archive.
.Pp
.It  i
Insert new files
.Em before
an existing member of the archive. If you use the modifier
.Li i ,
the name of an existing archive member must be present as the
.Va relpos
argument, before the
.Va archive
specification. (same as
.Li b ) .
.Pp
.It  l
This modifier is accepted but not used.
.Pp
.It  N
Uses the
.Va count
parameter. This is used if there are multiple entries in the archive with
the same name. Extract or delete instance
.Va count
of the given name from the archive.
.Pp
.It  o
Preserve the
.Em original
dates of members when extracting them. If you do not specify this modifier,
files extracted from the archive are stamped with the time of extraction.
.Pp
.It  P
Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. GNU
.Xr ar
can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives are not POSIX
complaint), but other archive creators can. This option will cause GNU
.Xr ar
to match file names using a complete path name, which can be convenient when
extracting a single file from an archive created by another tool.
.Pp
.It  s
Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one, even
if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier flag
either with any operation, or alone. Running
.Li ar s
on an archive is equivalent to running
.Li ranlib
on it.
.Pp
.It  S
Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up building a large
library in several steps. The resulting archive can not be used with the linker.
In order to build a symbol table, you must omit the
.Li S
modifier on the last execution of
.Li ar ,
or you must run
.Li ranlib
on the archive.
.Pp
.It  u
Normally,
.Li ar r
\&...inserts all files listed into the archive. If you would like to insert
.Em only
those of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same
names, use this modifier. The
.Li u
modifier is allowed only for the operation
.Li r
(replace). In particular, the combination
.Li qu
is not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed advantage
from the operation
.Li q .
.Pp
.It  v
This modifier requests the
.Em verbose
version of an operation. Many operations display additional information, such
as filenames processed, when the modifier
.Li v
is appended.
.Pp
.It  V
This modifier shows the version number of
.Xr ar .
.El
.Pp
.Xr ar
ignores an initial option spelt
.Li -X32_64 ,
for compatibility with AIX. The behaviour produced by this option is the default
for GNU
.Xr ar .
.Xr ar
does not support any of the other
.Li -X
options; in particular, it does not support
.Op -X32
which is the default for AIX
.Xr ar .
.Pp
.Ss  Controlling Xr ar with a Script
.Bd -literal -offset indent
ar -M [ <script ]
.Ed
.Pp
If you use the single command-line option
.Li -M
with
.Xr ar ,
you can control its operation with a rudimentary command language. This form
of
.Xr ar
operates interactively if standard input is coming directly from a terminal.
During interactive use,
.Xr ar
prompts for input (the prompt is
.Li AR > ) ,
and continues executing even after errors. If you redirect standard input
to a script file, no prompts are issued, and
.Xr ar
abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code) on any error.
.Pp
The
.Xr ar
command language is
.Em not
designed to be equivalent to the command-line options; in fact, it provides
somewhat less control over archives. The only purpose of the command language
is to ease the transition to GNU
.Xr ar
for developers who already have scripts written for the MRI \(lqlibrarian\(rq program.
.Pp
The syntax for the
.Xr ar
command language is straightforward:
.Bl -bullet
.It
commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example,
.Li LIST
is the same as
.Li list .
In the following descriptions, commands are shown in upper case for clarity.
.Pp
.It
a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the line.
.Pp
.It
empty lines are allowed, and have no effect.
.Pp
.It
comments are allowed; text after either of the characters
.Li *
or
.Li ;
is ignored.
.Pp
.It
Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an
.Xr ar
command, you can separate the individual names with either commas or blanks.
Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity.
.Pp
.It
.Li +
is used as a line continuation character; if
.Li +
appears at the end of a line, the text on the following line is considered
part of the current command.
.El
.Pp
Here are the commands you can use in
.Xr ar
scripts, or when using
.Xr ar
interactively. Three of them have special significance:
.Pp
.Li OPEN
or
.Li CREATE
specify a
.Em current archive ,
which is a temporary file required for most of the other commands.
.Pp
.Li SAVE
commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior to
.Li SAVE ,
commands affect only the temporary copy of the current archive.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  ADDLIB Va archive
.It  ADDLIB Va archive ( Va module, Va module, ... Va module)
Add all the contents of
.Va archive
(or, if specified, each named
.Va module
from
.Va archive )
to the current archive.
.Pp
Requires prior use of
.Li OPEN
or
.Li CREATE .
.Pp
.It  ADDMOD Va member, Va member, ... Va member
Add each named
.Va member
as a module in the current archive.
.Pp
Requires prior use of
.Li OPEN
or
.Li CREATE .
.Pp
.It  CLEAR
Discard the contents of the current archive, canceling the effect of any operations
since the last
.Li SAVE .
May be executed (with no effect) even if no current archive is specified.
.Pp
.It  CREATE Va archive
Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for many other
commands). The new archive is created with a temporary name; it is not actually
saved as
.Va archive
until you use
.Li SAVE .
You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any existing
file named
.Va archive
will not be destroyed until
.Li SAVE .
.Pp
.It  DELETE Va module, Va module, ... Va module
Delete each listed
.Va module
from the current archive; equivalent to
.Li ar -d Va archive Va module ... Va module .
.Pp
Requires prior use of
.Li OPEN
or
.Li CREATE .
.Pp
.It  DIRECTORY Va archive ( Va module, ... Va module)
.It  DIRECTORY Va archive ( Va module, ... Va module) Va outputfile
List each named
.Va module
present in
.Va archive .
The separate command
.Li VERBOSE
specifies the form of the output: when verbose output is off, output is like
that of
.Li ar -t Va archive Va module... .
When verbose output is on, the listing is like
.Li ar -tv Va archive Va module... .
.Pp
Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you specify
.Va outputfile
as a final argument,
.Xr ar
directs the output to that file.
.Pp
.It  END
Exit from
.Xr ar ,
with a
.Li 0
exit code to indicate successful completion. This command does not save the
output file; if you have changed the current archive since the last
.Li SAVE
command, those changes are lost.
.Pp
.It  EXTRACT Va module, Va module, ... Va module
Extract each named
.Va module
from the current archive, writing them into the current directory as separate
files. Equivalent to
.Li ar -x Va archive Va module... .
.Pp
Requires prior use of
.Li OPEN
or
.Li CREATE .
.Pp
.It  LIST
Display full contents of the current archive, in \(lqverbose\(rq style regardless
of the state of
.Li VERBOSE .
The effect is like
.Li ar tv Va archive .
(This single command is a GNU
.Xr ar
enhancement, rather than present for MRI compatibility.)
.Pp
Requires prior use of
.Li OPEN
or
.Li CREATE .
.Pp
.It  OPEN Va archive
Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required for many
other commands). Any changes as the result of subsequent commands will not
actually affect
.Va archive
until you next use
.Li SAVE .
.Pp
.It  REPLACE Va module, Va module, ... Va module
In the current archive, replace each existing
.Va module
(named in the
.Li REPLACE
arguments) from files in the current working directory. To execute this command
without errors, both the file, and the module in the current archive, must
exist.
.Pp
Requires prior use of
.Li OPEN
or
.Li CREATE .
.Pp
.It  VERBOSE
Toggle an internal flag governing the output from
.Li DIRECTORY .
When the flag is on,
.Li DIRECTORY
output matches output from
.Li ar -tv
\&...\&.
.Pp
.It  SAVE
Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as a file
with the name specified in the last
.Li CREATE
or
.Li OPEN
command.
.Pp
Requires prior use of
.Li OPEN
or
.Li CREATE .
.Pp
.El
.Sh  nm
.Bd -literal -offset indent
nm [-a|--debug-syms] [-g|--extern-only]
   [-B] [-C|--demangle[=style]] [-D|--dynamic]
   [-S|--print-size] [-s|--print-armap]
   [-A|-o|--print-file-name][--special-syms]
   [-n|-v|--numeric-sort] [-p|--no-sort]
   [-r|--reverse-sort] [--size-sort] [-u|--undefined-only]
   [-t radix|--radix=radix] [-P|--portability]
   [--target=bfdname] [-fformat|--format=format]
   [--defined-only] [-l|--line-numbers] [--no-demangle]
   [-V|--version] [-X 32_64] [--help]  [objfile...]
.Ed
.Pp
GNU
.Xr nm
lists the symbols from object files
.Va objfile
\&...\&. If no object files are listed as arguments,
.Xr nm
assumes the file
.Pa a.out .
.Pp
For each symbol,
.Xr nm
shows:
.Pp
.Bl -bullet
.It
The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or hexadecimal
by default.
.Pp
.It
The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as well,
depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is local; if
uppercase, the symbol is global (external).
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  A
The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further linking.
.Pp
.It  B
The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as BSS).
.Pp
.It  C
The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When linking,
multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the symbol is defined
anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined references. For more
details on common symbols, see the discussion of --warn-common in Options,,Linker
options,ld.info,The GNU linker.
.Pp
.It  D
The symbol is in the initialized data section.
.Pp
.It  G
The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some object
file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects, such as a
global int variable as opposed to a large global array.
.Pp
.It  I
The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol. This is a GNU extension
to the a.out object file format which is rarely used.
.Pp
.It  N
The symbol is a debugging symbol.
.Pp
.It  R
The symbol is in a read only data section.
.Pp
.It  S
The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects.
.Pp
.It  T
The symbol is in the text (code) section.
.Pp
.It  U
The symbol is undefined.
.Pp
.It  V
The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal
defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. When a weak
undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, the value of the
weak symbol becomes zero with no error.
.Pp
.It  W
The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a weak
object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal defined
symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. When a weak undefined
symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, the value of the symbol is
determined in a system-specific manner without error. On some systems, uppercase
indicates that a default value has been specified.
.Pp
.It  -
The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the next
values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and the stab
type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information. For more information,
see Top,Stabs,Stabs Overview,stabs.info, The \(lqstabs\(rq debug format.
.Pp
.It  ?
The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific.
.El
.Pp
.It
The symbol name.
.El
.Pp
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are equivalent.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -A
.It  -o
.It  --print-file-name
Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member) in which
it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only, before all
of its symbols.
.Pp
.It  -a
.It  --debug-syms
Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not listed.
.Pp
.It  -B
The same as
.Op --format=bsd
(for compatibility with the MIPS
.Xr nm ) .
.Pp
.It  -C
.It  --demangle[= Va style]
Decode (
.Em demangle )
low-level symbol names into user-level names. Besides removing any initial
underscore prepended by the system, this makes C++ function names readable.
Different compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling
style argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your
compiler.See Section
.Dq c++filt ,
for more information on demangling.
.Pp
.It  --no-demangle
Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
.Pp
.It  -D
.It  --dynamic
Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is only meaningful
for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared libraries.
.Pp
.It  -f Va format
.It  --format= Va format
Use the output format
.Va format ,
which can be
.Li bsd ,
.Li sysv ,
or
.Li posix .
The default is
.Li bsd .
Only the first character of
.Va format
is significant; it can be either upper or lower case.
.Pp
.It  -g
.It  --extern-only
Display only external symbols.
.Pp
.It  -l
.It  --line-numbers
For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and line
number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the address of the
symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line number of a relocation
entry which refers to the symbol. If line number information can be found,
print it after the other symbol information.
.Pp
.It  -n
.It  -v
.It  --numeric-sort
Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically by
their names.
.Pp
.It  -p
.It  --no-sort
Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order encountered.
.Pp
.It  -P
.It  --portability
Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format. Equivalent
to
.Li -f posix .
.Pp
.It  -S
.It  --print-size
Print size, not the value, of defined symbols for the
.Li bsd
output format.
.Pp
.It  -s
.It  --print-armap
When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping (stored
in the archive by
.Xr ar
or
.Xr ranlib )
of which modules contain definitions for which names.
.Pp
.It  -r
.It  --reverse-sort
Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the last
come first.
.Pp
.It  --size-sort
Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference between the value
of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the next higher value. If the
.Li bsd
output format is used the size of the symbol is printed, rather than the value,
and
.Li -S
must be used in order both size and value to be printed.
.Pp
.It  --special-syms
Display symbols which have a target-specific special meaning. These symbols
are usually used by the target for some special processing and are not normally
helpful when included included in the normal symbol lists. For example for
ARM targets this option would skip the mapping symbols used to mark transitions
between ARM code, THUMB code and data.
.Pp
.It  -t Va radix
.It  --radix= Va radix
Use
.Va radix
as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be
.Li d
for decimal,
.Li o
for octal, or
.Li x
for hexadecimal.
.Pp
.It  --target= Va bfdname
Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.See Section
.Dq Target Selection ,
for more information.
.Pp
.It  -u
.It  --undefined-only
Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).
.Pp
.It  --defined-only
Display only defined symbols for each object file.
.Pp
.It  -V
.It  --version
Show the version number of
.Xr nm
and exit.
.Pp
.It  -X
This option is ignored for compatibility with the AIX version of
.Xr nm .
It takes one parameter which must be the string
.Op 32_64 .
The default mode of AIX
.Xr nm
corresponds to
.Op -X 32 ,
which is not supported by GNU
.Xr nm .
.Pp
.It  --help
Show a summary of the options to
.Xr nm
and exit.
.El
.Pp
.Sh  objcopy
.Bd -literal -offset indent
objcopy [-F bfdname|--target=bfdname]
        [-I bfdname|--input-target=bfdname]
        [-O bfdname|--output-target=bfdname]
        [-B bfdarch|--binary-architecture=bfdarch]
        [-S|--strip-all]
        [-g|--strip-debug]
        [-K symbolname|--keep-symbol=symbolname]
        [-N symbolname|--strip-symbol=symbolname]
        [--strip-unneeded-symbol=symbolname]
        [-G symbolname|--keep-global-symbol=symbolname]
        [--localize-hidden]
        [-L symbolname|--localize-symbol=symbolname]
        [--globalize-symbol=symbolname]
        [-W symbolname|--weaken-symbol=symbolname]
        [-w|--wildcard]
        [-x|--discard-all]
        [-X|--discard-locals]
        [-b byte|--byte=byte]
        [-i interleave|--interleave=interleave]
        [-j sectionname|--only-section=sectionname]
        [-R sectionname|--remove-section=sectionname]
        [-p|--preserve-dates]
        [--debugging]
        [--gap-fill=val]
        [--pad-to=address]
        [--set-start=val]
        [--adjust-start=incr]
        [--change-addresses=incr]
        [--change-section-address section{=,+,-}val]
        [--change-section-lma section{=,+,-}val]
        [--change-section-vma section{=,+,-}val]
        [--change-warnings] [--no-change-warnings]
        [--set-section-flags section=flags]
        [--add-section sectionname=filename]
        [--rename-section oldname=newname[,flags]]
        [--change-leading-char] [--remove-leading-char]
        [--reverse-bytes=num]
        [--srec-len=ival] [--srec-forceS3]
        [--redefine-sym old=new]
        [--redefine-syms=filename]
        [--weaken]
        [--keep-symbols=filename]
        [--strip-symbols=filename]
        [--strip-unneeded-symbols=filename]
        [--keep-global-symbols=filename]
        [--localize-symbols=filename]
        [--globalize-symbols=filename]
        [--weaken-symbols=filename]
        [--alt-machine-code=index]
        [--prefix-symbols=string]
        [--prefix-sections=string]
        [--prefix-alloc-sections=string]
        [--add-GNU-debuglink=path-to-file]
        [--keep-file-symbols]
        [--only-keep-debug]
        [--extract-symbol]
        [--writable-text]
        [--readonly-text]
        [--pure]
        [--impure]
        [-v|--verbose]
        [-V|--version]
        [--help] [--info]
        infile [outfile]
.Ed
.Pp
The GNU
.Xr objcopy
utility copies the contents of an object file to another.
.Xr objcopy
uses the GNU bfd Library to read and write the object files. It can write
the destination object file in a format different from that of the source
object file. The exact behavior of
.Xr objcopy
is controlled by command-line options. Note that
.Xr objcopy
should be able to copy a fully linked file between any two formats. However,
copying a relocatable object file between any two formats may not work as
expected.
.Pp
.Xr objcopy
creates temporary files to do its translations and deletes them afterward.
.Xr objcopy
uses bfd to do all its translation work; it has access to all the formats
described in bfd and thus is able to recognize most formats without being
told explicitly.See Section
.Dq BFD .
.Pp
.Xr objcopy
can be used to generate S-records by using an output target of
.Li srec
(e.g., use
.Li -O srec ) .
.Pp
.Xr objcopy
can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an output target of
.Li binary
(e.g., use
.Op -O binary ) .
When
.Xr objcopy
generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce a memory dump of
the contents of the input object file. All symbols and relocation information
will be discarded. The memory dump will start at the load address of the lowest
section copied into the output file.
.Pp
When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to use
.Op -S
to remove sections containing debugging information. In some cases
.Op -R
will be useful to remove sections which contain information that is not needed
by the binary file.
.Pp
Note---
.Xr objcopy
is not able to change the endianness of its input files. If the input format
has an endianness (some formats do not),
.Xr objcopy
can only copy the inputs into file formats that have the same endianness or
which have no endianness (e.g.,
.Li srec ) .
(However, see the
.Op --reverse-bytes
option.)
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  Va infile
.It  Va outfile
The input and output files, respectively. If you do not specify
.Va outfile ,
.Xr objcopy
creates a temporary file and destructively renames the result with the name
of
.Va infile .
.Pp
.It  -I Va bfdname
.It  --input-target= Va bfdname
Consider the source file's object format to be
.Va bfdname ,
rather than attempting to deduce it.See Section
.Dq Target Selection ,
for more information.
.Pp
.It  -O Va bfdname
.It  --output-target= Va bfdname
Write the output file using the object format
.Va bfdname .
See Section.Dq Target Selection ,
for more information.
.Pp
.It  -F Va bfdname
.It  --target= Va bfdname
Use
.Va bfdname
as the object format for both the input and the output file; i.e., simply
transfer data from source to destination with no translation.See Section
.Dq Target Selection ,
for more information.
.Pp
.It  -B Va bfdarch
.It  --binary-architecture= Va bfdarch
Useful when transforming a raw binary input file into an object file. In this
case the output architecture can be set to
.Va bfdarch .
This option will be ignored if the input file has a known
.Va bfdarch .
You can access this binary data inside a program by referencing the special
symbols that are created by the conversion process. These symbols are called
_binary_
.Va objfile
_start, _binary_
.Va objfile
_end and _binary_
.Va objfile
_size. e.g. you can transform a picture file into an object file and then
access it in your code using these symbols.
.Pp
.It  -j Va sectionname
.It  --only-section= Va sectionname
Copy only the named section from the input file to the output file. This option
may be given more than once. Note that using this option inappropriately may
make the output file unusable.
.Pp
.It  -R Va sectionname
.It  --remove-section= Va sectionname
Remove any section named
.Va sectionname
from the output file. This option may be given more than once. Note that using
this option inappropriately may make the output file unusable.
.Pp
.It  -S
.It  --strip-all
Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file.
.Pp
.It  -g
.It  --strip-debug
Do not copy debugging symbols or sections from the source file.
.Pp
.It  --strip-unneeded
Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing.
.Pp
.It  -K Va symbolname
.It  --keep-symbol= Va symbolname
When stripping symbols, keep symbol
.Va symbolname
even if it would normally be stripped. This option may be given more than
once.
.Pp
.It  -N Va symbolname
.It  --strip-symbol= Va symbolname
Do not copy symbol
.Va symbolname
from the source file. This option may be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  --strip-unneeded-symbol= Va symbolname
Do not copy symbol
.Va symbolname
from the source file unless it is needed by a relocation. This option may
be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  -G Va symbolname
.It  --keep-global-symbol= Va symbolname
Keep only symbol
.Va symbolname
global. Make all other symbols local to the file, so that they are not visible
externally. This option may be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  --localize-hidden
In an ELF object, mark all symbols that have hidden or internal visibility
as local. This option applies on top of symbol-specific localization options
such as
.Op -L .
.Pp
.It  -L Va symbolname
.It  --localize-symbol= Va symbolname
Make symbol
.Va symbolname
local to the file, so that it is not visible externally. This option may be
given more than once.
.Pp
.It  -W Va symbolname
.It  --weaken-symbol= Va symbolname
Make symbol
.Va symbolname
weak. This option may be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  --globalize-symbol= Va symbolname
Give symbol
.Va symbolname
global scoping so that it is visible outside of the file in which it is defined.
This option may be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  -w
.It  --wildcard
Permit regular expressions in
.Va symbolname
s used in other command line options. The question mark (?), asterisk (*),
backslash (\e) and square brackets ([]) operators can be used anywhere in the
symbol name. If the first character of the symbol name is the exclamation
point (!) then the sense of the switch is reversed for that symbol. For example:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
  -w -W !foo -W fo*
.Ed
.Pp
would cause objcopy to weaken all symbols that start with \(lqfo\(rq except for the
symbol \(lqfoo\(rq.
.Pp
.It  -x
.It  --discard-all
Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file.
.Pp
.It  -X
.It  --discard-locals
Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols. (These usually start with
.Li L
or
.Li . . )
.Pp
.It  -b Va byte
.It  --byte= Va byte
Keep only every
.Va byte
th byte of the input file (header data is not affected).
.Va byte
can be in the range from 0 to
.Va interleave
-1, where
.Va interleave
is given by the
.Op -i
or
.Op --interleave
option, or the default of 4. This option is useful for creating files to program
rom. It is typically used with an
.Li srec
output target.
.Pp
.It  -i Va interleave
.It  --interleave= Va interleave
Only copy one out of every
.Va interleave
bytes. Select which byte to copy with the
.Op -b
or
.Op --byte
option. The default is 4.
.Xr objcopy
ignores this option if you do not specify either
.Op -b
or
.Op --byte .
.Pp
.It  -p
.It  --preserve-dates
Set the access and modification dates of the output file to be the same as
those of the input file.
.Pp
.It  --debugging
Convert debugging information, if possible. This is not the default because
only certain debugging formats are supported, and the conversion process can
be time consuming.
.Pp
.It  --gap-fill Va val
Fill gaps between sections with
.Va val .
This operation applies to the
.Em load address
(LMA) of the sections. It is done by increasing the size of the section with
the lower address, and filling in the extra space created with
.Va val .
.Pp
.It  --pad-to Va address
Pad the output file up to the load address
.Va address .
This is done by increasing the size of the last section. The extra space is
filled in with the value specified by
.Op --gap-fill
(default zero).
.Pp
.It  --set-start Va val
Set the start address of the new file to
.Va val .
Not all object file formats support setting the start address.
.Pp
.It  --change-start Va incr
.It  --adjust-start Va incr
Change the start address by adding
.Va incr .
Not all object file formats support setting the start address.
.Pp
.It  --change-addresses Va incr
.It  --adjust-vma Va incr
Change the VMA and LMA addresses of all sections, as well as the start address,
by adding
.Va incr .
Some object file formats do not permit section addresses to be changed arbitrarily.
Note that this does not relocate the sections; if the program expects sections
to be loaded at a certain address, and this option is used to change the sections
such that they are loaded at a different address, the program may fail.
.Pp
.It  --change-section-address Va section{=,+,-} Va val
.It  --adjust-section-vma Va section{=,+,-} Va val
Set or change both the VMA address and the LMA address of the named
.Va section .
If
.Li =
is used, the section address is set to
.Va val .
Otherwise,
.Va val
is added to or subtracted from the section address. See the comments under
.Op --change-addresses ,
above. If
.Va section
does not exist in the input file, a warning will be issued, unless
.Op --no-change-warnings
is used.
.Pp
.It  --change-section-lma Va section{=,+,-} Va val
Set or change the LMA address of the named
.Va section .
The LMA address is the address where the section will be loaded into memory
at program load time. Normally this is the same as the VMA address, which
is the address of the section at program run time, but on some systems, especially
those where a program is held in ROM, the two can be different. If
.Li =
is used, the section address is set to
.Va val .
Otherwise,
.Va val
is added to or subtracted from the section address. See the comments under
.Op --change-addresses ,
above. If
.Va section
does not exist in the input file, a warning will be issued, unless
.Op --no-change-warnings
is used.
.Pp
.It  --change-section-vma Va section{=,+,-} Va val
Set or change the VMA address of the named
.Va section .
The VMA address is the address where the section will be located once the
program has started executing. Normally this is the same as the LMA address,
which is the address where the section will be loaded into memory, but on
some systems, especially those where a program is held in ROM, the two can
be different. If
.Li =
is used, the section address is set to
.Va val .
Otherwise,
.Va val
is added to or subtracted from the section address. See the comments under
.Op --change-addresses ,
above. If
.Va section
does not exist in the input file, a warning will be issued, unless
.Op --no-change-warnings
is used.
.Pp
.It  --change-warnings
.It  --adjust-warnings
If
.Op --change-section-address
or
.Op --change-section-lma
or
.Op --change-section-vma
is used, and the named section does not exist, issue a warning. This is the
default.
.Pp
.It  --no-change-warnings
.It  --no-adjust-warnings
Do not issue a warning if
.Op --change-section-address
or
.Op --adjust-section-lma
or
.Op --adjust-section-vma
is used, even if the named section does not exist.
.Pp
.It  --set-section-flags Va section= Va flags
Set the flags for the named section. The
.Va flags
argument is a comma separated string of flag names. The recognized names are
.Li alloc ,
.Li contents ,
.Li load ,
.Li noload ,
.Li readonly ,
.Li code ,
.Li data ,
.Li rom ,
.Li share ,
and
.Li debug .
You can set the
.Li contents
flag for a section which does not have contents, but it is not meaningful
to clear the
.Li contents
flag of a section which does have contents--just remove the section instead.
Not all flags are meaningful for all object file formats.
.Pp
.It  --add-section Va sectionname= Va filename
Add a new section named
.Va sectionname
while copying the file. The contents of the new section are taken from the
file
.Va filename .
The size of the section will be the size of the file. This option only works
on file formats which can support sections with arbitrary names.
.Pp
.It  --rename-section Va oldname= Va newname[, Va flags]
Rename a section from
.Va oldname
to
.Va newname ,
optionally changing the section's flags to
.Va flags
in the process. This has the advantage over usng a linker script to perform
the rename in that the output stays as an object file and does not become
a linked executable.
.Pp
This option is particularly helpful when the input format is binary, since
this will always create a section called .data. If for example, you wanted
instead to create a section called .rodata containing binary data you could
use the following command line to achieve it:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
  objcopy -I binary -O <output_format> -B <architecture> \e
   --rename-section .data=.rodata,alloc,load,readonly,data,contents \e
   <input_binary_file> <output_object_file>
.Ed
.Pp
.It  --change-leading-char
Some object file formats use special characters at the start of symbols. The
most common such character is underscore, which compilers often add before
every symbol. This option tells
.Xr objcopy
to change the leading character of every symbol when it converts between object
file formats. If the object file formats use the same leading character, this
option has no effect. Otherwise, it will add a character, or remove a character,
or change a character, as appropriate.
.Pp
.It  --remove-leading-char
If the first character of a global symbol is a special symbol leading character
used by the object file format, remove the character. The most common symbol
leading character is underscore. This option will remove a leading underscore
from all global symbols. This can be useful if you want to link together objects
of different file formats with different conventions for symbol names. This
is different from
.Op --change-leading-char
because it always changes the symbol name when appropriate, regardless of
the object file format of the output file.
.Pp
.It  --reverse-bytes= Va num
Reverse the bytes in a section with output contents. A section length must
be evenly divisible by the value given in order for the swap to be able to
take place. Reversing takes place before the interleaving is performed.
.Pp
This option is used typically in generating ROM images for problematic target
systems. For example, on some target boards, the 32-bit words fetched from
8-bit ROMs are re-assembled in little-endian byte order regardless of the
CPU byte order. Depending on the programming model, the endianness of the
ROM may need to be modified.
.Pp
Consider a simple file with a section containing the following eight bytes:
.Li 12345678 .
.Pp
Using
.Li --reverse-bytes=2
for the above example, the bytes in the output file would be ordered
.Li 21436587 .
.Pp
Using
.Li --reverse-bytes=4
for the above example, the bytes in the output file would be ordered
.Li 43218765 .
.Pp
By using
.Li --reverse-bytes=2
for the above example, followed by
.Li --reverse-bytes=4
on the output file, the bytes in the second output file would be ordered
.Li 34127856 .
.Pp
.It  --srec-len= Va ival
Meaningful only for srec output. Set the maximum length of the Srecords being
produced to
.Va ival .
This length covers both address, data and crc fields.
.Pp
.It  --srec-forceS3
Meaningful only for srec output. Avoid generation of S1/S2 records, creating
S3-only record format.
.Pp
.It  --redefine-sym Va old= Va new
Change the name of a symbol
.Va old ,
to
.Va new .
This can be useful when one is trying link two things together for which you
have no source, and there are name collisions.
.Pp
.It  --redefine-syms= Va filename
Apply
.Op --redefine-sym
to each symbol pair "
.Va old
.Va new "
listed in the file
.Va filename .
.Va filename
is simply a flat file, with one symbol pair per line. Line comments may be
introduced by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  --weaken
Change all global symbols in the file to be weak. This can be useful when
building an object which will be linked against other objects using the
.Op -R
option to the linker. This option is only effective when using an object file
format which supports weak symbols.
.Pp
.It  --keep-symbols= Va filename
Apply
.Op --keep-symbol
option to each symbol listed in the file
.Va filename .
.Va filename
is simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be
introduced by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  --strip-symbols= Va filename
Apply
.Op --strip-symbol
option to each symbol listed in the file
.Va filename .
.Va filename
is simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be
introduced by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  --strip-unneeded-symbols= Va filename
Apply
.Op --strip-unneeded-symbol
option to each symbol listed in the file
.Va filename .
.Va filename
is simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be
introduced by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  --keep-global-symbols= Va filename
Apply
.Op --keep-global-symbol
option to each symbol listed in the file
.Va filename .
.Va filename
is simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be
introduced by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  --localize-symbols= Va filename
Apply
.Op --localize-symbol
option to each symbol listed in the file
.Va filename .
.Va filename
is simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be
introduced by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  --globalize-symbols= Va filename
Apply
.Op --globalize-symbol
option to each symbol listed in the file
.Va filename .
.Va filename
is simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be
introduced by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  --weaken-symbols= Va filename
Apply
.Op --weaken-symbol
option to each symbol listed in the file
.Va filename .
.Va filename
is simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be
introduced by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.
.Pp
.It  --alt-machine-code= Va index
If the output architecture has alternate machine codes, use the
.Va index
th code instead of the default one. This is useful in case a machine is assigned
an official code and the tool-chain adopts the new code, but other applications
still depend on the original code being used. For ELF based architectures
if the
.Va index
alternative does not exist then the value is treated as an absolute number
to be stored in the e_machine field of the ELF header.
.Pp
.It  --writable-text
Mark the output text as writable. This option isn't meaningful for all object
file formats.
.Pp
.It  --readonly-text
Make the output text write protected. This option isn't meaningful for all
object file formats.
.Pp
.It  --pure
Mark the output file as demand paged. This option isn't meaningful for all
object file formats.
.Pp
.It  --impure
Mark the output file as impure. This option isn't meaningful for all object
file formats.
.Pp
.It  --prefix-symbols= Va string
Prefix all symbols in the output file with
.Va string .
.Pp
.It  --prefix-sections= Va string
Prefix all section names in the output file with
.Va string .
.Pp
.It  --prefix-alloc-sections= Va string
Prefix all the names of all allocated sections in the output file with
.Va string .
.Pp
.It  --add-GNU-debuglink= Va path-to-file
Creates a .GNU_debuglink section which contains a reference to
.Va path-to-file
and adds it to the output file.
.Pp
.It  --keep-file-symbols
When stripping a file, perhaps with
.Op --strip-debug
or
.Op --strip-unneeded ,
retain any symbols specifying source file names, which would otherwise get
stripped.
.Pp
.It  --only-keep-debug
Strip a file, removing contents of any sections that would not be stripped
by
.Op --strip-debug
and leaving the debugging sections intact. In ELF files, this preserves all
note sections in the output.
.Pp
The intention is that this option will be used in conjunction with
.Op --add-GNU-debuglink
to create a two part executable. One a stripped binary which will occupy less
space in RAM and in a distribution and the second a debugging information
file which is only needed if debugging abilities are required. The suggested
procedure to create these files is as follows:
.Pp
.Bl -enum
.It
Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called
.Li foo
then...
.It
Run
.Li objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.dbg
to
create a file containing the debugging info.
.It
Run
.Li objcopy --strip-debug foo
to create a
stripped executable.
.It
Run
.Li objcopy --add-GNU-debuglink=foo.dbg foo
to add a link to the debugging info into the stripped executable.
.El
.Pp
Note - the choice of
.Li .dbg
as an extension for the debug info file is arbitrary. Also the
.Li --only-keep-debug
step is optional. You could instead do this:
.Pp
.Bl -enum
.It
Link the executable as normal.
.It
Copy
.Li foo
to
.Li foo.full
.It
Run
.Li objcopy --strip-debug foo
.It
Run
.Li objcopy --add-GNU-debuglink=foo.full foo
.El
.Pp
i.e., the file pointed to by the
.Op --add-GNU-debuglink
can be the full executable. It does not have to be a file created by the
.Op --only-keep-debug
switch.
.Pp
Note - this switch is only intended for use on fully linked files. It does
not make sense to use it on object files where the debugging information may
be incomplete. Besides the GNU_debuglink feature currently only supports the
presence of one filename containing debugging information, not multiple filenames
on a one-per-object-file basis.
.Pp
.It  --extract-symbol
Keep the file's section flags and symbols but remove all section data. Specifically,
the option:
.Pp
.Bl -bullet
.It
sets the virtual and load addresses of every section to zero;
.It
removes the contents of all sections;
.It
sets the size of every section to zero; and
.It
sets the file's start address to zero.
.El
.Pp
This option is used to build a
.Pa .sym
file for a VxWorks kernel. It can also be a useful way of reducing the size
of a
.Op --just-symbols
linker input file.
.Pp
.It  -V
.It  --version
Show the version number of
.Xr objcopy .
.Pp
.It  -v
.It  --verbose
Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of archives,
.Li objcopy -V
lists all members of the archive.
.Pp
.It  --help
Show a summary of the options to
.Xr objcopy .
.Pp
.It  --info
Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available.
.El
.Pp
.Sh  objdump
.Bd -literal -offset indent
objdump [-a|--archive-headers]
        [-b bfdname|--target=bfdname]
        [-C|--demangle[=style] ]
        [-d|--disassemble]
        [-D|--disassemble-all]
        [-z|--disassemble-zeroes]
        [-EB|-EL|--endian={big | little }]
        [-f|--file-headers]
        [--file-start-context]
        [-g|--debugging]
        [-e|--debugging-tags]
        [-h|--section-headers|--headers]
        [-i|--info]
        [-j section|--section=section]
        [-l|--line-numbers]
        [-S|--source]
        [-m machine|--architecture=machine]
        [-M options|--disassembler-options=options]
        [-p|--private-headers]
        [-r|--reloc]
        [-R|--dynamic-reloc]
        [-s|--full-contents]
        [-W|--dwarf]
        [-G|--stabs]
        [-t|--syms]
        [-T|--dynamic-syms]
        [-x|--all-headers]
        [-w|--wide]
        [--start-address=address]
        [--stop-address=address]
        [--prefix-addresses]
        [--[no-]show-raw-insn]
        [--adjust-vma=offset]
        [--special-syms]
        [-V|--version]
        [-H|--help]
        objfile...
.Ed
.Pp
.Xr objdump
displays information about one or more object files. The options control what
particular information to display. This information is mostly useful to programmers
who are working on the compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just
want their program to compile and work.
.Pp
.Va objfile
\&...are the object files to be examined. When you specify archives,
.Xr objdump
shows information on each of the member object files.
.Pp
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are equivalent.
At least one option from the list
.Op -a,-d,-D,-e,-f,-g,-G,-h,-H,-p,-r,-R,-s,-S,-t,-T,-V,-x
must be given.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -a
.It  --archive-header
If any of the
.Va objfile
files are archives, display the archive header information (in a format similar
to
.Li ls -l ) .
Besides the information you could list with
.Li ar tv ,
.Li objdump -a
shows the object file format of each archive member.
.Pp
.It  --adjust-vma= Va offset
When dumping information, first add
.Va offset
to all the section addresses. This is useful if the section addresses do not
correspond to the symbol table, which can happen when putting sections at
particular addresses when using a format which can not represent section addresses,
such as a.out.
.Pp
.It  -b Va bfdname
.It  --target= Va bfdname
Specify that the object-code format for the object files is
.Va bfdname .
This option may not be necessary;
.Va objdump
can automatically recognize many formats.
.Pp
For example,
.Bd -literal -offset indent
objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o
.Ed
displays summary information from the section headers (
.Op -h )
of
.Pa fu.o ,
which is explicitly identified (
.Op -m )
as a VAX object file in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list
the formats available with the
.Op -i
option.See Section
.Dq Target Selection ,
for more information.
.Pp
.It  -C
.It  --demangle[= Va style]
Decode (
.Em demangle )
low-level symbol names into user-level names. Besides removing any initial
underscore prepended by the system, this makes C++ function names readable.
Different compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling
style argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your
compiler.See Section
.Dq c++filt ,
for more information on demangling.
.Pp
.It  -g
.It  --debugging
Display debugging information. This attempts to parse debugging information
stored in the file and print it out using a C like syntax. Only certain types
of debugging information have been implemented. Some other types are supported
by
.Xr readelf -w .
See Section.Dq readelf .
.Pp
.It  -e
.It  --debugging-tags
Like
.Op -g ,
but the information is generated in a format compatible with ctags tool.
.Pp
.It  -d
.It  --disassemble
Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine instructions from
.Va objfile .
This option only disassembles those sections which are expected to contain
instructions.
.Pp
.It  -D
.It  --disassemble-all
Like
.Op -d ,
but disassemble the contents of all sections, not just those expected to contain
instructions.
.Pp
.It  --prefix-addresses
When disassembling, print the complete address on each line. This is the older
disassembly format.
.Pp
.It  -EB
.It  -EL
.It  --endian={big|little}
Specify the endianness of the object files. This only affects disassembly.
This can be useful when disassembling a file format which does not describe
endianness information, such as S-records.
.Pp
.It  -f
.It  --file-headers
Display summary information from the overall header of each of the
.Va objfile
files.
.Pp
.It  --file-start-context
Specify that when displaying interlisted source code/disassembly (assumes
.Op -S )
from a file that has not yet been displayed, extend the context to the start
of the file.
.Pp
.It  -h
.It  --section-headers
.It  --headers
Display summary information from the section headers of the object file.
.Pp
File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example by using
the
.Op -Ttext ,
.Op -Tdata ,
or
.Op -Tbss
options to
.Xr ld .
However, some object file formats, such as a.out, do not store the starting
address of the file segments. In those situations, although
.Xr ld
relocates the sections correctly, using
.Li objdump -h
to list the file section headers cannot show the correct addresses. Instead,
it shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the target.
.Pp
.It  -H
.It  --help
Print a summary of the options to
.Xr objdump
and exit.
.Pp
.It  -i
.It  --info
Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available for
specification with
.Op -b
or
.Op -m .
.Pp
.It  -j Va name
.It  --section= Va name
Display information only for section
.Va name .
.Pp
.It  -l
.It  --line-numbers
Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename and source
line numbers corresponding to the object code or relocs shown. Only useful
with
.Op -d ,
.Op -D ,
or
.Op -r .
.Pp
.It  -m Va machine
.It  --architecture= Va machine
Specify the architecture to use when disassembling object files. This can
be useful when disassembling object files which do not describe architecture
information, such as S-records. You can list the available architectures with
the
.Op -i
option.
.Pp
.It  -M Va options
.It  --disassembler-options= Va options
Pass target specific information to the disassembler. Only supported on some
targets. If it is necessary to specify more than one disassembler option then
multiple
.Op -M
options can be used or can be placed together into a comma separated list.
.Pp
If the target is an ARM architecture then this switch can be used to select
which register name set is used during disassembler. Specifying
.Op -M reg-names-std
(the default) will select the register names as used in ARM's instruction
set documentation, but with register 13 called 'sp', register 14 called 'lr'
and register 15 called 'pc'. Specifying
.Op -M reg-names-apcs
will select the name set used by the ARM Procedure Call Standard, whilst specifying
.Op -M reg-names-raw
will just use
.Li r
followed by the register number.
.Pp
There are also two variants on the APCS register naming scheme enabled by
.Op -M reg-names-atpcs
and
.Op -M reg-names-special-atpcs
which use the ARM/Thumb Procedure Call Standard naming conventions. (Either
with the normal register names or the special register names).
.Pp
This option can also be used for ARM architectures to force the disassembler
to interpret all instructions as Thumb instructions by using the switch
.Op --disassembler-options=force-thumb .
This can be useful when attempting to disassemble thumb code produced by other
compilers.
.Pp
For the x86, some of the options duplicate functions of the
.Op -m
switch, but allow finer grained control. Multiple selections from the following
may be specified as a comma separated string.
.Op x86-64 ,
.Op i386
and
.Op i8086
select disassembly for the given architecture.
.Op intel
and
.Op att
select between intel syntax mode and AT&T syntax mode.
.Op addr64 ,
.Op addr32 ,
.Op addr16 ,
.Op data32
and
.Op data16
specify the default address size and operand size. These four options will
be overridden if
.Op x86-64 ,
.Op i386
or
.Op i8086
appear later in the option string. Lastly,
.Op suffix ,
when in AT&T mode, instructs the disassembler to print a mnemonic suffix even
when the suffix could be inferred by the operands.
.Pp
For PPC,
.Op booke ,
.Op booke32
and
.Op booke64
select disassembly of BookE instructions.
.Op 32
and
.Op 64
select PowerPC and PowerPC64 disassembly, respectively.
.Op e300
selects disassembly for the e300 family.
.Op 440
selects disassembly for the PowerPC 440.
.Pp
For MIPS, this option controls the printing of instruction mnemonic names
and register names in disassembled instructions. Multiple selections from
the following may be specified as a comma separated string, and invalid options
are ignored:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  no-aliases
Print the 'raw' instruction mnemonic instead of some pseudo instruction mnemonic.
I.e., print 'daddu' or 'or' instead of 'move', 'sll' instead of 'nop', etc.
.Pp
.It  gpr-names= Va ABI
Print GPR (general-purpose register) names as appropriate for the specified
ABI. By default, GPR names are selected according to the ABI of the binary
being disassembled.
.Pp
.It  fpr-names= Va ABI
Print FPR (floating-point register) names as appropriate for the specified
ABI. By default, FPR numbers are printed rather than names.
.Pp
.It  cp0-names= Va ARCH
Print CP0 (system control coprocessor; coprocessor 0) register names as appropriate
for the CPU or architecture specified by
.Va ARCH .
By default, CP0 register names are selected according to the architecture
and CPU of the binary being disassembled.
.Pp
.It  hwr-names= Va ARCH
Print HWR (hardware register, used by the
.Li rdhwr
instruction) names as appropriate for the CPU or architecture specified by
.Va ARCH .
By default, HWR names are selected according to the architecture and CPU of
the binary being disassembled.
.Pp
.It  reg-names= Va ABI
Print GPR and FPR names as appropriate for the selected ABI.
.Pp
.It  reg-names= Va ARCH
Print CPU-specific register names (CP0 register and HWR names) as appropriate
for the selected CPU or architecture.
.El
.Pp
For any of the options listed above,
.Va ABI
or
.Va ARCH
may be specified as
.Li numeric
to have numbers printed rather than names, for the selected types of registers.
You can list the available values of
.Va ABI
and
.Va ARCH
using the
.Op --help
option.
.Pp
For VAX, you can specify function entry addresses with
.Op -M entry:0xf00ba .
You can use this multiple times to properly disassemble VAX binary files that
don't contain symbol tables (like ROM dumps). In these cases, the function
entry mask would otherwise be decoded as VAX instructions, which would probably
lead the rest of the function being wrongly disassembled.
.Pp
.It  -p
.It  --private-headers
Print information that is specific to the object file format. The exact information
printed depends upon the object file format. For some object file formats,
no additional information is printed.
.Pp
.It  -r
.It  --reloc
Print the relocation entries of the file. If used with
.Op -d
or
.Op -D ,
the relocations are printed interspersed with the disassembly.
.Pp
.It  -R
.It  --dynamic-reloc
Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file. This is only meaningful
for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared libraries.
.Pp
.It  -s
.It  --full-contents
Display the full contents of any sections requested. By default all non-empty
sections are displayed.
.Pp
.It  -S
.It  --source
Display source code intermixed with disassembly, if possible. Implies
.Op -d .
.Pp
.It  --show-raw-insn
When disassembling instructions, print the instruction in hex as well as in
symbolic form. This is the default except when
.Op --prefix-addresses
is used.
.Pp
.It  --no-show-raw-insn
When disassembling instructions, do not print the instruction bytes. This
is the default when
.Op --prefix-addresses
is used.
.Pp
.It  -W
.It  --dwarf
Displays the contents of the DWARF debug sections in the file, if any are
present.
.Pp
.It  -G
.It  --stabs
Display the full contents of any sections requested. Display the contents
of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from an ELF file. This
is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0) in which
.Li .stab
debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an ELF section. In most other
file formats, debugging symbol-table entries are interleaved with linkage
symbols, and are visible in the
.Op --syms
output. For more information on stabs symbols, see Top,Stabs,Stabs Overview,stabs.info,
The \(lqstabs\(rq debug format.
.Pp
.It  --start-address= Va address
Start displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output of
the
.Op -d ,
.Op -r
and
.Op -s
options.
.Pp
.It  --stop-address= Va address
Stop displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output of
the
.Op -d ,
.Op -r
and
.Op -s
options.
.Pp
.It  -t
.It  --syms
Print the symbol table entries of the file. This is similar to the information
provided by the
.Li nm
program.
.Pp
.It  -T
.It  --dynamic-syms
Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file. This is only meaningful
for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared libraries. This is similar
to the information provided by the
.Li nm
program when given the
.Op -D
(
.Op --dynamic )
option.
.Pp
.It  --special-syms
When displaying symbols include those which the target considers to be special
in some way and which would not normally be of interest to the user.
.Pp
.It  -V
.It  --version
Print the version number of
.Xr objdump
and exit.
.Pp
.It  -x
.It  --all-headers
Display all available header information, including the symbol table and relocation
entries. Using
.Op -x
is equivalent to specifying all of
.Op -a -f -h -p -r -t .
.Pp
.It  -w
.It  --wide
Format some lines for output devices that have more than 80 columns. Also
do not truncate symbol names when they are displayed.
.Pp
.It  -z
.It  --disassemble-zeroes
Normally the disassembly output will skip blocks of zeroes. This option directs
the disassembler to disassemble those blocks, just like any other data.
.El
.Pp
.Sh  ranlib
.Bd -literal -offset indent
ranlib [-vV] archive
.Ed
.Pp
.Xr ranlib
generates an index to the contents of an archive and stores it in the archive.
The index lists each symbol defined by a member of an archive that is a relocatable
object file.
.Pp
You may use
.Li nm -s
or
.Li nm --print-armap
to list this index.
.Pp
An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and allows
routines in the library to call each other without regard to their placement
in the archive.
.Pp
The GNU
.Xr ranlib
program is another form of GNU
.Xr ar ;
running
.Xr ranlib
is completely equivalent to executing
.Li ar -s .
See Section.Dq ar .
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -v
.It  -V
.It  --version
Show the version number of
.Xr ranlib .
.El
.Pp
.Sh  size
.Bd -literal -offset indent
size [-A|-B|--format=compatibility]
     [--help]
     [-d|-o|-x|--radix=number]
     [-t|--totals]
     [--target=bfdname] [-V|--version]
     [objfile...]
.Ed
.Pp
The GNU
.Xr size
utility lists the section sizes---and the total size---for each of the object
or archive files
.Va objfile
in its argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each
object file or each module in an archive.
.Pp
.Va objfile
\&...are the object files to be examined. If none are specified, the file
.Li a.out
will be used.
.Pp
The command line options have the following meanings:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -A
.It  -B
.It  --format= Va compatibility
Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from GNU
.Xr size
resembles output from System V
.Xr size
(using
.Op -A ,
or
.Op --format=sysv ) ,
or Berkeley
.Xr size
(using
.Op -B ,
or
.Op --format=berkeley ) .
The default is the one-line format similar to Berkeley's.
.Pp
Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from
.Xr size :
.Bd -literal -offset indent
$ size --format=Berkeley ranlib size
text    data    bss     dec     hex     filename
294880  81920   11592   388392  5ed28   ranlib
294880  81920   11888   388688  5ee50   size
.Ed
.Pp
This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
$ size --format=SysV ranlib size
ranlib  :
section         size         addr
\&.text         294880         8192
\&.data          81920       303104
\&.bss           11592       385024
Total         388392


size  :
section         size         addr
\&.text         294880         8192
\&.data          81920       303104
\&.bss           11888       385024
Total         388688
.Ed
.Pp
.It  --help
Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options.
.Pp
.It  -d
.It  -o
.It  -x
.It  --radix= Va number
Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each section
is given in decimal (
.Op -d ,
or
.Op --radix=10 ) ;
octal (
.Op -o ,
or
.Op --radix=8 ) ;
or hexadecimal (
.Op -x ,
or
.Op --radix=16 ) .
In
.Op --radix= Va number ,
only the three values (8, 10, 16) are supported. The total size is always
given in two radices; decimal and hexadecimal for
.Op -d
or
.Op -x
output, or octal and hexadecimal if you're using
.Op -o .
.Pp
.It  -t
.It  --totals
Show totals of all objects listed (Berkeley format listing mode only).
.Pp
.It  --target= Va bfdname
Specify that the object-code format for
.Va objfile
is
.Va bfdname .
This option may not be necessary;
.Xr size
can automatically recognize many formats.See Section
.Dq Target Selection ,
for more information.
.Pp
.It  -V
.It  --version
Display the version number of
.Xr size .
.El
.Pp
.Sh  strings
.Bd -literal -offset indent
strings [-afov] [-min-len]
        [-n min-len] [--bytes=min-len]
        [-t radix] [--radix=radix]
        [-e encoding] [--encoding=encoding]
        [-] [--all] [--print-file-name]
        [-T bfdname] [--target=bfdname]
        [--help] [--version] file...
.Ed
.Pp
For each
.Va file
given, GNU
.Xr strings
prints the printable character sequences that are at least 4 characters long
(or the number given with the options below) and are followed by an unprintable
character. By default, it only prints the strings from the initialized and
loaded sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints the strings
from the whole file.
.Pp
.Xr strings
is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text files.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -a
.It  --all
.It  -
Do not scan only the initialized and loaded sections of object files; scan
the whole files.
.Pp
.It  -f
.It  --print-file-name
Print the name of the file before each string.
.Pp
.It  --help
Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit.
.Pp
.It  - Va min-len
.It  -n Va min-len
.It  --bytes= Va min-len
Print sequences of characters that are at least
.Va min-len
characters long, instead of the default 4.
.Pp
.It  -o
Like
.Li -t o .
Some other versions of
.Xr strings
have
.Op -o
act like
.Li -t d
instead. Since we can not be compatible with both ways, we simply chose one.
.Pp
.It  -t Va radix
.It  --radix= Va radix
Print the offset within the file before each string. The single character
argument specifies the radix of the offset---
.Li o
for octal,
.Li x
for hexadecimal, or
.Li d
for decimal.
.Pp
.It  -e Va encoding
.It  --encoding= Va encoding
Select the character encoding of the strings that are to be found. Possible
values for
.Va encoding
are:
.Li s
= single-7-bit-byte characters (ASCII, ISO 8859, etc., default),
.Li S
= single-8-bit-byte characters,
.Li b
= 16-bit bigendian,
.Li l
= 16-bit littleendian,
.Li B
= 32-bit bigendian,
.Li L
= 32-bit littleendian. Useful for finding wide character strings.
.Pp
.It  -T Va bfdname
.It  --target= Va bfdname
Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.See Section
.Dq Target Selection ,
for more information.
.Pp
.It  -v
.It  --version
Print the program version number on the standard output and exit.
.El
.Pp
.Sh  strip
.Bd -literal -offset indent
strip [-F bfdname |--target=bfdname]
      [-I bfdname |--input-target=bfdname]
      [-O bfdname |--output-target=bfdname]
      [-s|--strip-all]
      [-S|-g|-d|--strip-debug]
      [-K symbolname |--keep-symbol=symbolname]
      [-N symbolname |--strip-symbol=symbolname]
      [-w|--wildcard]
      [-x|--discard-all] [-X |--discard-locals]
      [-R sectionname |--remove-section=sectionname]
      [-o file] [-p|--preserve-dates]
      [--keep-file-symbols]
      [--only-keep-debug]
      [-v |--verbose] [-V|--version]
      [--help] [--info]
      objfile...
.Ed
.Pp
GNU
.Xr strip
discards all symbols from object files
.Va objfile .
The list of object files may include archives. At least one object file must
be given.
.Pp
.Xr strip
modifies the files named in its argument, rather than writing modified copies
under different names.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -F Va bfdname
.It  --target= Va bfdname
Treat the original
.Va objfile
as a file with the object code format
.Va bfdname ,
and rewrite it in the same format.See Section
.Dq Target Selection ,
for more information.
.Pp
.It  --help
Show a summary of the options to
.Xr strip
and exit.
.Pp
.It  --info
Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available.
.Pp
.It  -I Va bfdname
.It  --input-target= Va bfdname
Treat the original
.Va objfile
as a file with the object code format
.Va bfdname .
See Section.Dq Target Selection ,
for more information.
.Pp
.It  -O Va bfdname
.It  --output-target= Va bfdname
Replace
.Va objfile
with a file in the output format
.Va bfdname .
See Section.Dq Target Selection ,
for more information.
.Pp
.It  -R Va sectionname
.It  --remove-section= Va sectionname
Remove any section named
.Va sectionname
from the output file. This option may be given more than once. Note that using
this option inappropriately may make the output file unusable.
.Pp
.It  -s
.It  --strip-all
Remove all symbols.
.Pp
.It  -g
.It  -S
.It  -d
.It  --strip-debug
Remove debugging symbols only.
.Pp
.It  --strip-unneeded
Remove all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing.
.Pp
.It  -K Va symbolname
.It  --keep-symbol= Va symbolname
When stripping symbols, keep symbol
.Va symbolname
even if it would normally be stripped. This option may be given more than
once.
.Pp
.It  -N Va symbolname
.It  --strip-symbol= Va symbolname
Remove symbol
.Va symbolname
from the source file. This option may be given more than once, and may be
combined with strip options other than
.Op -K .
.Pp
.It  -o Va file
Put the stripped output in
.Va file ,
rather than replacing the existing file. When this argument is used, only
one
.Va objfile
argument may be specified.
.Pp
.It  -p
.It  --preserve-dates
Preserve the access and modification dates of the file.
.Pp
.It  -w
.It  --wildcard
Permit regular expressions in
.Va symbolname
s used in other command line options. The question mark (?), asterisk (*),
backslash (\e) and square brackets ([]) operators can be used anywhere in the
symbol name. If the first character of the symbol name is the exclamation
point (!) then the sense of the switch is reversed for that symbol. For example:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
  -w -K !foo -K fo*
.Ed
.Pp
would cause strip to only keep symbols that start with the letters \(lqfo\(rq, but
to discard the symbol \(lqfoo\(rq.
.Pp
.It  -x
.It  --discard-all
Remove non-global symbols.
.Pp
.It  -X
.It  --discard-locals
Remove compiler-generated local symbols. (These usually start with
.Li L
or
.Li . . )
.Pp
.It  --keep-file-symbols
When stripping a file, perhaps with
.Op --strip-debug
or
.Op --strip-unneeded ,
retain any symbols specifying source file names, which would otherwise get
stripped.
.Pp
.It  --only-keep-debug
Strip a file, removing contents of any sections that would not be stripped
by
.Op --strip-debug
and leaving the debugging sections intact. In ELF files, this preserves all
note sections in the output.
.Pp
The intention is that this option will be used in conjunction with
.Op --add-GNU-debuglink
to create a two part executable. One a stripped binary which will occupy less
space in RAM and in a distribution and the second a debugging information
file which is only needed if debugging abilities are required. The suggested
procedure to create these files is as follows:
.Pp
.Bl -enum
.It
Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called
.Li foo
then...
.It
Run
.Li objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.dbg
to
create a file containing the debugging info.
.It
Run
.Li objcopy --strip-debug foo
to create a
stripped executable.
.It
Run
.Li objcopy --add-GNU-debuglink=foo.dbg foo
to add a link to the debugging info into the stripped executable.
.El
.Pp
Note - the choice of
.Li .dbg
as an extension for the debug info file is arbitrary. Also the
.Li --only-keep-debug
step is optional. You could instead do this:
.Pp
.Bl -enum
.It
Link the executable as normal.
.It
Copy
.Li foo
to
.Li foo.full
.It
Run
.Li strip --strip-debug foo
.It
Run
.Li objcopy --add-GNU-debuglink=foo.full foo
.El
.Pp
ie the file pointed to by the
.Op --add-GNU-debuglink
can be the full executable. It does not have to be a file created by the
.Op --only-keep-debug
switch.
.Pp
Note - this switch is only intended for use on fully linked files. It does
not make sense to use it on object files where the debugging information may
be incomplete. Besides the GNU_debuglink feature currently only supports the
presence of one filename containing debugging information, not multiple filenames
on a one-per-object-file basis.
.Pp
.It  -V
.It  --version
Show the version number for
.Xr strip .
.Pp
.It  -v
.It  --verbose
Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of archives,
.Li strip -v
lists all members of the archive.
.El
.Pp
.Sh  c++filt
.Bd -literal -offset indent
c++filt [-_|--strip-underscores]
        [-n|--no-strip-underscores]
        [-p|--no-params]
        [-t|--types]
        [-i|--no-verbose]
        [-s format|--format=format]
        [--help]  [--version]  [symbol...]
.Ed
.Pp
The C++ and Java languages provide function overloading, which means that
you can write many functions with the same name, providing that each function
takes parameters of different types. In order to be able to distinguish these
similarly named functions C++ and Java encode them into a low-level assembler
name which uniquely identifies each different version. This process is known
as
.Em mangling .
The
.Xr c++filt
program does the inverse mapping: it decodes (
.Em demangles )
low-level names into user-level names so that they can be read.
.Pp
Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores, dollars,
or periods) seen in the input is a potential mangled name. If the name decodes
into a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the low-level name in the output, otherwise
the original word is output. In this way you can pass an entire assembler
source file, containing mangled names, through
.Xr c++filt
and see the same source file containing demangled names.
.Pp
You can also use
.Xr c++filt
to decipher individual symbols by passing them on the command line:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
c++filt symbol
.Ed
.Pp
If no
.Va symbol
arguments are given,
.Xr c++filt
reads symbol names from the standard input instead. All the results are printed
on the standard output. The difference between reading names from the command
line versus reading names from the standard input is that command line arguments
are expected to be just mangled names and no checking is performed to separate
them from surrounding text. Thus for example:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
c++filt -n _Z1fv
.Ed
.Pp
will work and demangle the name to \(lqf()\(rq whereas:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
c++filt -n _Z1fv,
.Ed
.Pp
will not work. (Note the extra comma at the end of the mangled name which
makes it invalid). This command however will work:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
echo _Z1fv, | c++filt -n
.Ed
.Pp
and will display \(lqf(),\(rq ie the demangled name followed by a trailing comma.
This behaviour is because when the names are read from the standard input
it is expected that they might be part of an assembler source file where there
might be extra, extraneous characters trailing after a mangled name. eg:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
    .type   _Z1fv, @function
.Ed
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -_
.It  --strip-underscores
On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in front of
every name. For example, the C name
.Li foo
gets the low-level name
.Li _foo .
This option removes the initial underscore. Whether
.Xr c++filt
removes the underscore by default is target dependent.
.Pp
.It  -j
.It  --java
Prints demangled names using Java syntax. The default is to use C++ syntax.
.Pp
.It  -n
.It  --no-strip-underscores
Do not remove the initial underscore.
.Pp
.It  -p
.It  --no-params
When demangling the name of a function, do not display the types of the function's
parameters.
.Pp
.It  -t
.It  --types
Attempt to demangle types as well as function names. This is disabled by default
since mangled types are normally only used internally in the compiler, and
they can be confused with non-mangled names. eg a function called \(lqa\(rq treated
as a mangled type name would be demangled to \(lqsigned char\(rq.
.Pp
.It  -i
.It  --no-verbose
Do not include implementation details (if any) in the demangled output.
.Pp
.It  -s Va format
.It  --format= Va format
.Xr c++filt
can decode various methods of mangling, used by different compilers. The argument
to this option selects which method it uses:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  auto
Automatic selection based on executable (the default method)
.It  GNU
the one used by the GNU C++ compiler (g++)
.It  lucid
the one used by the Lucid compiler (lcc)
.It  arm
the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference Manual
.It  hp
the one used by the HP compiler (aCC)
.It  edg
the one used by the EDG compiler
.It  GNU-v3
the one used by the GNU C++ compiler (g++) with the V3 ABI.
.It  java
the one used by the GNU Java compiler (gcj)
.It  gnat
the one used by the GNU Ada compiler (GNAT).
.El
.Pp
.It  --help
Print a summary of the options to
.Xr c++filt
and exit.
.Pp
.It  --version
Print the version number of
.Xr c++filt
and exit.
.El
.Pp
.Qo
.Em Warning:
.Xr c++filt
is a new utility, and the details of its user interface are subject to change
in future releases. In particular, a command-line option may be required in
the future to decode a name passed as an argument on the command line; in
other words,
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
c++filt symbol
.Ed
.Pp
may in a future release become
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
c++filt option symbol
.Ed
.Qc
.Pp
.Sh  addr2line
.Bd -literal -offset indent
addr2line [-b bfdname|--target=bfdname]
          [-C|--demangle[=style]]
          [-e filename|--exe=filename]
          [-f|--functions] [-s|--basename]
          [-i|--inlines]
          [-j|--section=name]
          [-H|--help] [-V|--version]
          [addr addr ...]
.Ed
.Pp
.Xr addr2line
translates addresses into file names and line numbers. Given an address in
an executable or an offset in a section of a relocatable object, it uses the
debugging information to figure out which file name and line number are associated
with it.
.Pp
The executable or relocatable object to use is specified with the
.Op -e
option. The default is the file
.Pa a.out .
The section in the relocatable object to use is specified with the
.Op -j
option.
.Pp
.Xr addr2line
has two modes of operation.
.Pp
In the first, hexadecimal addresses are specified on the command line, and
.Xr addr2line
displays the file name and line number for each address.
.Pp
In the second,
.Xr addr2line
reads hexadecimal addresses from standard input, and prints the file name
and line number for each address on standard output. In this mode,
.Xr addr2line
may be used in a pipe to convert dynamically chosen addresses.
.Pp
The format of the output is
.Li FILENAME:LINENO .
The file name and line number for each address is printed on a separate line.
If the
.Xr -f
option is used, then each
.Li FILENAME:LINENO
line is preceded by a
.Li FUNCTIONNAME
line which is the name of the function containing the address.
.Pp
If the file name or function name can not be determined,
.Xr addr2line
will print two question marks in their place. If the line number can not be
determined,
.Xr addr2line
will print 0.
.Pp
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are equivalent.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -b Va bfdname
.It  --target= Va bfdname
Specify that the object-code format for the object files is
.Va bfdname .
.Pp
.It  -C
.It  --demangle[= Va style]
Decode (
.Em demangle )
low-level symbol names into user-level names. Besides removing any initial
underscore prepended by the system, this makes C++ function names readable.
Different compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling
style argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your
compiler.See Section
.Dq c++filt ,
for more information on demangling.
.Pp
.It  -e Va filename
.It  --exe= Va filename
Specify the name of the executable for which addresses should be translated.
The default file is
.Pa a.out .
.Pp
.It  -f
.It  --functions
Display function names as well as file and line number information.
.Pp
.It  -s
.It  --basenames
Display only the base of each file name.
.Pp
.It  -i
.It  --inlines
If the address belongs to a function that was inlined, the source information
for all enclosing scopes back to the first non-inlined function will also
be printed. For example, if
.Li main
inlines
.Li callee1
which inlines
.Li callee2 ,
and address is from
.Li callee2 ,
the source information for
.Li callee1
and
.Li main
will also be printed.
.Pp
.It  -j
.It  --section
Read offsets relative to the specified section instead of absolute addresses.
.El
.Pp
.Sh  nlmconv
.Xr nlmconv
converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare Loadable Module.
.Pp
.Qo
.Em Warning:
.Xr nlmconv
is not always built as part of the binary utilities, since it is only useful
for NLM targets.
.Qc
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
nlmconv [-I bfdname|--input-target=bfdname]
        [-O bfdname|--output-target=bfdname]
        [-T headerfile|--header-file=headerfile]
        [-d|--debug] [-l linker|--linker=linker]
        [-h|--help] [-V|--version]
        infile outfile
.Ed
.Pp
.Xr nlmconv
converts the relocatable
.Li i386
object file
.Va infile
into the NetWare Loadable Module
.Va outfile ,
optionally reading
.Va headerfile
for NLM header information. For instructions on writing the NLM command file
language used in header files, see the
.Li linkers
section,
.Li NLMLINK
in particular, of the
.Em NLM Development and Tools Overview ,
which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit (\(lqNLM SDK\(rq), available from
Novell, Inc.
.Xr nlmconv
uses the GNU Binary File Descriptor library to read
.Va infile ;
see BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD, for more information.
.Pp
.Xr nlmconv
can perform a link step. In other words, you can list more than one object
file for input if you list them in the definitions file (rather than simply
specifying one input file on the command line). In this case,
.Xr nlmconv
calls the linker for you.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -I Va bfdname
.It  --input-target= Va bfdname
Object format of the input file.
.Xr nlmconv
can usually determine the format of a given file (so no default is necessary).See Section
.Dq Target Selection ,
for more information.
.Pp
.It  -O Va bfdname
.It  --output-target= Va bfdname
Object format of the output file.
.Xr nlmconv
infers the output format based on the input format, e.g. for a
.Li i386
input file the output format is
.Li nlm32-i386 .
See Section.Dq Target Selection ,
for more information.
.Pp
.It  -T Va headerfile
.It  --header-file= Va headerfile
Reads
.Va headerfile
for NLM header information. For instructions on writing the NLM command file
language used in header files, see see the
.Li linkers
section, of the
.Em NLM Development and Tools Overview ,
which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available from Novell,
Inc.
.Pp
.It  -d
.It  --debug
Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by
.Xr nlmconv .
.Pp
.It  -l Va linker
.It  --linker= Va linker
Use
.Va linker
for any linking.
.Va linker
can be an absolute or a relative pathname.
.Pp
.It  -h
.It  --help
Prints a usage summary.
.Pp
.It  -V
.It  --version
Prints the version number for
.Xr nlmconv .
.El
.Pp
.Sh  windmc
.Xr windmc
may be used to generator Windows message resources.
.Pp
.Qo
.Em Warning:
.Xr windmc
is not always built as part of the binary utilities, since it is only useful
for Windows targets.
.Qc
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
windmc [options] input-file
.Ed
.Pp
.Xr windmc
reads message definitions from an input file (.mc) and translate them into
a set of output files. The output files may be of four kinds:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  h
A C header file containing the message definitions.
.Pp
.It  rc
A resource file compilable by the
.Xr windres
tool.
.Pp
.It  bin
One or more binary files containing the resource data for a specific message
language.
.Pp
.It  dbg
A C include file that maps message id's to their symbolic name.
.El
.Pp
The exact description of these different formats is available in documentation
from Microsoft.
.Pp
When
.Xr windmc
converts from the
.Li mc
format to the
.Li bin
format,
.Li rc ,
.Li h ,
and optional
.Li dbg
it is acting like the Windows Message Compiler.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -a
.It  --ascii_in
Specifies that the input file specified is ANSI. This is the default behaviour.
.Pp
.It  -A
.It  --ascii_out
Specifies that messages in the output
.Li bin
files should be in ANSI format.
.Pp
.It  -b
.It  --binprefix
Specifies that
.Li bin
filenames should have to be prefixed by the basename of the source file.
.Pp
.It  -c
.It  --customflag
Sets the customer bit in all message id's.
.Pp
.It  -C Va codepage
.It  --codepage_in Va codepage
Sets the default codepage to be used to convert input file to UTF16. The default
is ocdepage 1252.
.Pp
.It  -d
.It  --decimal_values
Outputs the constants in the header file in decimal. Default is using hexadecimal
output.
.Pp
.It  -e Va ext
.It  --extension Va ext
The extension for the header file. The default is .h extension.
.Pp
.It  -F Va target
.It  --target Va target
Specify the BFD format to use for a bin file as output. This is a BFD target
name; you can use the
.Op --help
option to see a list of supported targets. Normally
.Xr windmc
will use the default format, which is the first one listed by the
.Op --help
option. Target Selection.
.Pp
.It  -h Va path
.It  --headerdir Va path
The target directory of the generated header file. The default is the current
directory.
.Pp
.It  -H
.It  --help
Displays a list of command line options and then exits.
.Pp
.It  -m Va characters
.It  --maxlength Va characters
Instructs
.Xr windmc
to generate a warning if the length of any message exceeds the number specified.
.Pp
.It  -n
.It  --nullterminate
Terminate message text in
.Li bin
files by zero. By default they are terminated by CR/LF.
.Pp
.It  -o
.It  --hresult_use
Not yet implemented. Instructs
.Li windmc
to generate an OLE2 header file, using HRESULT definitions. Status codes are
used if the flag is not specified.
.Pp
.It  -O Va codepage
.It  --codepage_out Va codepage
Sets the default codepage to be used to output text files. The default is
ocdepage 1252.
.Pp
.It  -r Va path
.It  --rcdir Va path
The target directory for the generated
.Li rc
script and the generated
.Li bin
files that the resource compiler script includes. The default is the current
directory.
.Pp
.It  -u
.It  --unicode_in
Specifies that the input file is UTF16.
.Pp
.It  -U
.It  --unicode_out
Specifies that messages in the output
.Li bin
file should be in UTF16 format. This is the default behaviour.
.Pp
.It  -v
.It  --verbose
Enable verbose mode. This tells you what the preprocessor is if you didn't
specify one.
.Pp
.It  -V
.It  --version
Prints the version number for
.Xr windres .
.Pp
.It  -x Va path
.It  --xdgb Va path
The path of the
.Li dbg
C include file that maps message id's to the symbolic name. No such file is
generated without specifying the switch.
.El
.Pp
.Sh  windres
.Xr windres
may be used to manipulate Windows resources.
.Pp
.Qo
.Em Warning:
.Xr windres
is not always built as part of the binary utilities, since it is only useful
for Windows targets.
.Qc
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
windres [options] [input-file] [output-file]
.Ed
.Pp
.Xr windres
reads resources from an input file and copies them into an output file. Either
file may be in one of three formats:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  rc
A text format read by the Resource Compiler.
.Pp
.It  res
A binary format generated by the Resource Compiler.
.Pp
.It  coff
A COFF object or executable.
.El
.Pp
The exact description of these different formats is available in documentation
from Microsoft.
.Pp
When
.Xr windres
converts from the
.Li rc
format to the
.Li res
format, it is acting like the Windows Resource Compiler. When
.Xr windres
converts from the
.Li res
format to the
.Li coff
format, it is acting like the Windows
.Li CVTRES
program.
.Pp
When
.Xr windres
generates an
.Li rc
file, the output is similar but not identical to the format expected for the
input. When an input
.Li rc
file refers to an external filename, an output
.Li rc
file will instead include the file contents.
.Pp
If the input or output format is not specified,
.Xr windres
will guess based on the file name, or, for the input file, the file contents.
A file with an extension of
.Pa .rc
will be treated as an
.Li rc
file, a file with an extension of
.Pa .res
will be treated as a
.Li res
file, and a file with an extension of
.Pa .o
or
.Pa .exe
will be treated as a
.Li coff
file.
.Pp
If no output file is specified,
.Xr windres
will print the resources in
.Li rc
format to standard output.
.Pp
The normal use is for you to write an
.Li rc
file, use
.Xr windres
to convert it to a COFF object file, and then link the COFF file into your
application. This will make the resources described in the
.Li rc
file available to Windows.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -i Va filename
.It  --input Va filename
The name of the input file. If this option is not used, then
.Xr windres
will use the first non-option argument as the input file name. If there are
no non-option arguments, then
.Xr windres
will read from standard input.
.Xr windres
can not read a COFF file from standard input.
.Pp
.It  -o Va filename
.It  --output Va filename
The name of the output file. If this option is not used, then
.Xr windres
will use the first non-option argument, after any used for the input file
name, as the output file name. If there is no non-option argument, then
.Xr windres
will write to standard output.
.Xr windres
can not write a COFF file to standard output. Note, for compatibility with
.Xr rc
the option
.Op -fo
is also accepted, but its use is not recommended.
.Pp
.It  -J Va format
.It  --input-format Va format
The input format to read.
.Va format
may be
.Li res ,
.Li rc ,
or
.Li coff .
If no input format is specified,
.Xr windres
will guess, as described above.
.Pp
.It  -O Va format
.It  --output-format Va format
The output format to generate.
.Va format
may be
.Li res ,
.Li rc ,
or
.Li coff .
If no output format is specified,
.Xr windres
will guess, as described above.
.Pp
.It  -F Va target
.It  --target Va target
Specify the BFD format to use for a COFF file as input or output. This is
a BFD target name; you can use the
.Op --help
option to see a list of supported targets. Normally
.Xr windres
will use the default format, which is the first one listed by the
.Op --help
option. Target Selection.
.Pp
.It  --preprocessor Va program
When
.Xr windres
reads an
.Li rc
file, it runs it through the C preprocessor first. This option may be used
to specify the preprocessor to use, including any leading arguments. The default
preprocessor argument is
.Li gcc -E -xc-header -DRC_INVOKED .
.Pp
.It  -I Va directory
.It  --include-dir Va directory
Specify an include directory to use when reading an
.Li rc
file.
.Xr windres
will pass this to the preprocessor as an
.Op -I
option.
.Xr windres
will also search this directory when looking for files named in the
.Li rc
file. If the argument passed to this command matches any of the supported
.Va formats
(as described in the
.Op -J
option), it will issue a deprecation warning, and behave just like the
.Op -J
option. New programs should not use this behaviour. If a directory happens
to match a
.Va format ,
simple prefix it with
.Li ./
to disable the backward compatibility.
.Pp
.It  -D Va target
.It  --define Va sym[= Va val]
Specify a
.Op -D
option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an
.Li rc
file.
.Pp
.It  -U Va target
.It  --undefine Va sym
Specify a
.Op -U
option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an
.Li rc
file.
.Pp
.It  -r
Ignored for compatibility with rc.
.Pp
.It  -v
Enable verbose mode. This tells you what the preprocessor is if you didn't
specify one.
.Pp
.It  -c Va val
.It  --codepage Va val
Specify the default codepage to use when reading an
.Li rc
file.
.Va val
should be a hexadecimal prefixed by
.Li 0x
or decimal codepage code. The valid range is from zero up to 0xffff, but the
validity of the codepage is host and configuration dependent.
.Pp
.It  -l Va val
.It  --language Va val
Specify the default language to use when reading an
.Li rc
file.
.Va val
should be a hexadecimal language code. The low eight bits are the language,
and the high eight bits are the sublanguage.
.Pp
.It  --use-temp-file
Use a temporary file to instead of using popen to read the output of the preprocessor.
Use this option if the popen implementation is buggy on the host (eg., certain
non-English language versions of Windows 95 and Windows 98 are known to have
buggy popen where the output will instead go the console).
.Pp
.It  --no-use-temp-file
Use popen, not a temporary file, to read the output of the preprocessor. This
is the default behaviour.
.Pp
.It  -h
.It  --help
Prints a usage summary.
.Pp
.It  -V
.It  --version
Prints the version number for
.Xr windres .
.Pp
.It  --yydebug
If
.Xr windres
is compiled with
.Li YYDEBUG
defined as
.Li 1 ,
this will turn on parser debugging.
.El
.Pp
.Sh  dlltool
.Xr dlltool
is used to create the files needed to create dynamic link libraries (DLLs)
on systems which understand PE format image files such as Windows. A DLL contains
an export table which contains information that the runtime loader needs to
resolve references from a referencing program.
.Pp
The export table is generated by this program by reading in a
.Pa .def
file or scanning the
.Pa .a
and
.Pa .o
files which will be in the DLL. A
.Pa .o
file can contain information in special
.Li .drectve
sections with export information.
.Pp
.Qo
.Em Note:
.Xr dlltool
is not always built as part of the binary utilities, since it is only useful
for those targets which support DLLs.
.Qc
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
dlltool [-d|--input-def def-file-name]
        [-b|--base-file base-file-name]
        [-e|--output-exp exports-file-name]
        [-z|--output-def def-file-name]
        [-l|--output-lib library-file-name]
        [--export-all-symbols] [--no-export-all-symbols]
        [--exclude-symbols list]
        [--no-default-excludes]
        [-S|--as path-to-assembler] [-f|--as-flags options]
        [-D|--dllname name] [-m|--machine machine]
        [-a|--add-indirect]
        [-U|--add-underscore] [--add-stdcall-underscore]
        [-k|--kill-at] [-A|--add-stdcall-alias]
        [-p|--ext-prefix-alias prefix]
        [-x|--no-idata4] [-c|--no-idata5] [-i|--interwork]
        [-n|--nodelete] [-t|--temp-prefix prefix]
        [-v|--verbose]
        [-h|--help] [-V|--version]
        [object-file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
.Xr dlltool
reads its inputs, which can come from the
.Op -d
and
.Op -b
options as well as object files specified on the command line. It then processes
these inputs and if the
.Op -e
option has been specified it creates a exports file. If the
.Op -l
option has been specified it creates a library file and if the
.Op -z
option has been specified it creates a def file. Any or all of the
.Op -e ,
.Op -l
and
.Op -z
options can be present in one invocation of dlltool.
.Pp
When creating a DLL, along with the source for the DLL, it is necessary to
have three other files.
.Xr dlltool
can help with the creation of these files.
.Pp
The first file is a
.Pa .def
file which specifies which functions are exported from the DLL, which functions
the DLL imports, and so on. This is a text file and can be created by hand,
or
.Xr dlltool
can be used to create it using the
.Op -z
option. In this case
.Xr dlltool
will scan the object files specified on its command line looking for those
functions which have been specially marked as being exported and put entries
for them in the
.Pa .def
file it creates.
.Pp
In order to mark a function as being exported from a DLL, it needs to have
an
.Op -export:<name_of_function>
entry in the
.Li .drectve
section of the object file. This can be done in C by using the asm() operator:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
  asm (".section .drectve");
  asm (".ascii \e"-export:my_func\e"");

  int my_func (void) { ... }
.Ed
.Pp
The second file needed for DLL creation is an exports file. This file is linked
with the object files that make up the body of the DLL and it handles the
interface between the DLL and the outside world. This is a binary file and
it can be created by giving the
.Op -e
option to
.Xr dlltool
when it is creating or reading in a
.Pa .def
file.
.Pp
The third file needed for DLL creation is the library file that programs will
link with in order to access the functions in the DLL. This file can be created
by giving the
.Op -l
option to dlltool when it is creating or reading in a
.Pa .def
file.
.Pp
.Xr dlltool
builds the library file by hand, but it builds the exports file by creating
temporary files containing assembler statements and then assembling these.
The
.Op -S
command line option can be used to specify the path to the assembler that
dlltool will use, and the
.Op -f
option can be used to pass specific flags to that assembler. The
.Op -n
can be used to prevent dlltool from deleting these temporary assembler files
when it is done, and if
.Op -n
is specified twice then this will prevent dlltool from deleting the temporary
object files it used to build the library.
.Pp
Here is an example of creating a DLL from a source file
.Li dll.c
and also creating a program (from an object file called
.Li program.o )
that uses that DLL:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
  gcc -c dll.c
  dlltool -e exports.o -l dll.lib dll.o
  gcc dll.o exports.o -o dll.dll
  gcc program.o dll.lib -o program
.Ed
.Pp
The command line options have the following meanings:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -d Va filename
.It  --input-def Va filename
Specifies the name of a
.Pa .def
file to be read in and processed.
.Pp
.It  -b Va filename
.It  --base-file Va filename
Specifies the name of a base file to be read in and processed. The contents
of this file will be added to the relocation section in the exports file generated
by dlltool.
.Pp
.It  -e Va filename
.It  --output-exp Va filename
Specifies the name of the export file to be created by dlltool.
.Pp
.It  -z Va filename
.It  --output-def Va filename
Specifies the name of the
.Pa .def
file to be created by dlltool.
.Pp
.It  -l Va filename
.It  --output-lib Va filename
Specifies the name of the library file to be created by dlltool.
.Pp
.It  --export-all-symbols
Treat all global and weak defined symbols found in the input object files
as symbols to be exported. There is a small list of symbols which are not
exported by default; see the
.Op --no-default-excludes
option. You may add to the list of symbols to not export by using the
.Op --exclude-symbols
option.
.Pp
.It  --no-export-all-symbols
Only export symbols explicitly listed in an input
.Pa .def
file or in
.Li .drectve
sections in the input object files. This is the default behaviour. The
.Li .drectve
sections are created by
.Li dllexport
attributes in the source code.
.Pp
.It  --exclude-symbols Va list
Do not export the symbols in
.Va list .
This is a list of symbol names separated by comma or colon characters. The
symbol names should not contain a leading underscore. This is only meaningful
when
.Op --export-all-symbols
is used.
.Pp
.It  --no-default-excludes
When
.Op --export-all-symbols
is used, it will by default avoid exporting certain special symbols. The current
list of symbols to avoid exporting is
.Li DllMain@12 ,
.Li DllEntryPoint@0 ,
.Li impure_ptr .
You may use the
.Op --no-default-excludes
option to go ahead and export these special symbols. This is only meaningful
when
.Op --export-all-symbols
is used.
.Pp
.It  -S Va path
.It  --as Va path
Specifies the path, including the filename, of the assembler to be used to
create the exports file.
.Pp
.It  -f Va options
.It  --as-flags Va options
Specifies any specific command line options to be passed to the assembler
when building the exports file. This option will work even if the
.Op -S
option is not used. This option only takes one argument, and if it occurs
more than once on the command line, then later occurrences will override earlier
occurrences. So if it is necessary to pass multiple options to the assembler
they should be enclosed in double quotes.
.Pp
.It  -D Va name
.It  --dll-name Va name
Specifies the name to be stored in the
.Pa .def
file as the name of the DLL when the
.Op -e
option is used. If this option is not present, then the filename given to
the
.Op -e
option will be used as the name of the DLL.
.Pp
.It  -m Va machine
.It  -machine Va machine
Specifies the type of machine for which the library file should be built.
.Xr dlltool
has a built in default type, depending upon how it was created, but this option
can be used to override that. This is normally only useful when creating DLLs
for an ARM processor, when the contents of the DLL are actually encode using
Thumb instructions.
.Pp
.It  -a
.It  --add-indirect
Specifies that when
.Xr dlltool
is creating the exports file it should add a section which allows the exported
functions to be referenced without using the import library. Whatever the
hell that means!
.Pp
.It  -U
.It  --add-underscore
Specifies that when
.Xr dlltool
is creating the exports file it should prepend an underscore to the names
of
.Em all
exported symbols.
.Pp
.It  --add-stdcall-underscore
Specifies that when
.Xr dlltool
is creating the exports file it should prepend an underscore to the names
of exported
.Em stdcall
functions. Variable names and non-stdcall function names are not modified.
This option is useful when creating GNU-compatible import libs for third party
DLLs that were built with MS-Windows tools.
.Pp
.It  -k
.It  --kill-at
Specifies that when
.Xr dlltool
is creating the exports file it should not append the string
.Li @ <number> .
These numbers are called ordinal numbers and they represent another way of
accessing the function in a DLL, other than by name.
.Pp
.It  -A
.It  --add-stdcall-alias
Specifies that when
.Xr dlltool
is creating the exports file it should add aliases for stdcall symbols without
.Li @ <number>
in addition to the symbols with
.Li @ <number> .
.Pp
.It  -p
.It  --ext-prefix-alias Va prefix
Causes
.Xr dlltool
to create external aliases for all DLL imports with the specified prefix.
The aliases are created for both external and import symbols with no leading
underscore.
.Pp
.It  -x
.It  --no-idata4
Specifies that when
.Xr dlltool
is creating the exports and library files it should omit the
.Li .idata4
section. This is for compatibility with certain operating systems.
.Pp
.It  -c
.It  --no-idata5
Specifies that when
.Xr dlltool
is creating the exports and library files it should omit the
.Li .idata5
section. This is for compatibility with certain operating systems.
.Pp
.It  -i
.It  --interwork
Specifies that
.Xr dlltool
should mark the objects in the library file and exports file that it produces
as supporting interworking between ARM and Thumb code.
.Pp
.It  -n
.It  --nodelete
Makes
.Xr dlltool
preserve the temporary assembler files it used to create the exports file.
If this option is repeated then dlltool will also preserve the temporary object
files it uses to create the library file.
.Pp
.It  -t Va prefix
.It  --temp-prefix Va prefix
Makes
.Xr dlltool
use
.Va prefix
when constructing the names of temporary assembler and object files. By default,
the temp file prefix is generated from the pid.
.Pp
.It  -v
.It  --verbose
Make dlltool describe what it is doing.
.Pp
.It  -h
.It  --help
Displays a list of command line options and then exits.
.Pp
.It  -V
.It  --version
Displays dlltool's version number and then exits.
.Pp
.El
.Ss  The format of the Xr dlltool Pa .def file
A
.Pa .def
file contains any number of the following commands:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  Li NAME Va name Li [ , Va base Li ]
The result is going to be named
.Va name
.Li .exe .
.Pp
.It  Li LIBRARY Va name Li [ , Va base Li ]
The result is going to be named
.Va name
.Li .dll .
.Pp
.It  Li EXPORTS ( ( ( Va name1 Li [ = Va name2 Li ] ) | ( Va name1 Li = Va module-name Li . Va external-name Li ) )
.It  Li [ Va integer Li ] [ NONAME ] [ CONSTANT ] [ DATA ] [ PRIVATE ] ) *
Declares
.Va name1
as an exported symbol from the DLL, with optional ordinal number
.Va integer ,
or declares
.Va name1
as an alias (forward) of the function
.Va external-name
in the DLL
.Va module-name .
.Pp
.It  Li IMPORTS ( ( Va internal-name Li = Va module-name Li . Va integer Li ) | [ Va internal-name Li = ] Va module-name Li . Va external-name Li ) ) *
Declares that
.Va external-name
or the exported function whose ordinal number is
.Va integer
is to be imported from the file
.Va module-name .
If
.Va internal-name
is specified then this is the name that the imported function will be referred
to in the body of the DLL.
.Pp
.It  Li DESCRIPTION Va string
Puts
.Va string
into the output
.Pa .exp
file in the
.Li .rdata
section.
.Pp
.It  Li STACKSIZE Va number-reserve Li [, Va number-commit Li ]
.It  Li HEAPSIZE Va number-reserve Li [, Va number-commit Li ]
Generates
.Li --stack
or
.Li --heap
.Va number-reserve
,
.Va number-commit
in the output
.Li .drectve
section. The linker will see this and act upon it.
.Pp
.It  Li CODE Va attr Li +
.It  Li DATA Va attr Li +
.It  Li SECTIONS ( Va section-name Va attr Li  + ) *
Generates
.Li --attr
.Va section-name
.Va attr
in the output
.Li .drectve
section, where
.Va attr
is one of
.Li READ ,
.Li WRITE ,
.Li EXECUTE
or
.Li SHARED .
The linker will see this and act upon it.
.Pp
.El
.Sh  readelf
.Bd -literal -offset indent
readelf [-a|--all]
        [-h|--file-header]
        [-l|--program-headers|--segments]
        [-S|--section-headers|--sections]
        [-g|--section-groups]
        [-t|--section-details]
        [-e|--headers]
        [-s|--syms|--symbols]
        [-n|--notes]
        [-r|--relocs]
        [-u|--unwind]
        [-d|--dynamic]
        [-V|--version-info]
        [-A|--arch-specific]
        [-D|--use-dynamic]
        [-x <number or name>|--hex-dump=<number or name>]
        [-w[liaprmfFsoR]|
         --debug-dump[=line,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges]]
        [-I|-histogram]
        [-v|--version]
        [-W|--wide]
        [-H|--help]
        elffile...
.Ed
.Pp
.Xr readelf
displays information about one or more ELF format object files. The options
control what particular information to display.
.Pp
.Va elffile
\&...are the object files to be examined. 32-bit and 64-bit ELF files are supported,
as are archives containing ELF files.
.Pp
This program performs a similar function to
.Xr objdump
but it goes into more detail and it exists independently of the bfd library,
so if there is a bug in bfd then readelf will not be affected.
.Pp
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are equivalent.
At least one option besides
.Li -v
or
.Li -H
must be given.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  -a
.It  --all
Equivalent to specifying
.Op --file-header ,
.Op --program-headers ,
.Op --sections ,
.Op --symbols ,
.Op --relocs ,
.Op --dynamic ,
.Op --notes
and
.Op --version-info .
.Pp
.It  -h
.It  --file-header
Displays the information contained in the ELF header at the start of the file.
.Pp
.It  -l
.It  --program-headers
.It  --segments
Displays the information contained in the file's segment headers, if it has
any.
.Pp
.It  -S
.It  --sections
.It  --section-headers
Displays the information contained in the file's section headers, if it has
any.
.Pp
.It  -g
.It  --section-groups
Displays the information contained in the file's section groups, if it has
any.
.Pp
.It  -t
.It  --section-details
Displays the detailed section information. Implies
.Op -S .
.Pp
.It  -s
.It  --symbols
.It  --syms
Displays the entries in symbol table section of the file, if it has one.
.Pp
.It  -e
.It  --headers
Display all the headers in the file. Equivalent to
.Op -h -l -S .
.Pp
.It  -n
.It  --notes
Displays the contents of the NOTE segments and/or sections, if any.
.Pp
.It  -r
.It  --relocs
Displays the contents of the file's relocation section, if it has one.
.Pp
.It  -u
.It  --unwind
Displays the contents of the file's unwind section, if it has one. Only the
unwind sections for IA64 ELF files are currently supported.
.Pp
.It  -d
.It  --dynamic
Displays the contents of the file's dynamic section, if it has one.
.Pp
.It  -V
.It  --version-info
Displays the contents of the version sections in the file, it they exist.
.Pp
.It  -A
.It  --arch-specific
Displays architecture-specific information in the file, if there is any.
.Pp
.It  -D
.It  --use-dynamic
When displaying symbols, this option makes
.Xr readelf
use the symbol table in the file's dynamic section, rather than the one in
the symbols section.
.Pp
.It  -x <number or name>
.It  --hex-dump=<number or name>
Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal dump. A number
identifies a particular section by index in the section table; any other string
identifies all sections with that name in the object file.
.Pp
.It  -w[liaprmfFsoR]
.It  --debug-dump[=line,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges]
Displays the contents of the debug sections in the file, if any are present.
If one of the optional letters or words follows the switch then only data
found in those specific sections will be dumped.
.Pp
.It  -I
.It  --histogram
Display a histogram of bucket list lengths when displaying the contents of
the symbol tables.
.Pp
.It  -v
.It  --version
Display the version number of readelf.
.Pp
.It  -W
.It  --wide
Don't break output lines to fit into 80 columns. By default
.Xr readelf
breaks section header and segment listing lines for 64-bit ELF files, so that
they fit into 80 columns. This option causes
.Xr readelf
to print each section header resp. each segment one a single line, which is
far more readable on terminals wider than 80 columns.
.Pp
.It  -H
.It  --help
Display the command line options understood by
.Xr readelf .
.Pp
.El
.Sh  Common Options
The following command-line options are supported by all of the programs described
in this manual.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It  @ Va file
Read command-line options from
.Va file .
The options read are inserted in place of the original @
.Va file
option. If
.Va file
does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated literally,
and not removed.
.Pp
Options in
.Va file
are separated by whitespace. A whitespace character may be included in an
option by surrounding the entire option in either single or double quotes.
Any character (including a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character
to be included with a backslash. The
.Va file
may itself contain additional @
.Va file
options; any such options will be processed recursively.
.Pp
.It  --help
Display the command-line options supported by the program.
.Pp
.It  --version
Display the version number of the program.
.Pp
.El
.Sh  Selecting the Target System
You can specify two aspects of the target system to the GNU binary file utilities,
each in several ways:
.Pp
.Bl -bullet
.It
the target
.Pp
.It
the architecture
.El
.Pp
In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in order
of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those listed later.
.Pp
The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the programs
you are running were configured. If they were configured with
.Op --enable-targets=all ,
the commands list most of the available values, but a few are left out; not
all targets can be configured in at once because some of them can only be
configured
.Em native
(on hosts with the same type as the target system).
.Pp
.Ss  Target Selection
A
.Em target
is an object file format. A given target may be supported for multiple architectures
(see Section
.Dq Architecture Selection ) .
A target selection may also have variations for different operating systems
or architectures.
.Pp
The command to list valid target values is
.Li objdump -i
(the first column of output contains the relevant information).
.Pp
Some sample values are:
.Li a.out-hp300bsd ,
.Li ecoff-littlemips ,
.Li a.out-sunos-big .
.Pp
You can also specify a target using a configuration triplet. This is the same
sort of name that is passed to
.Pa configure
to specify a target. When you use a configuration triplet as an argument,
it must be fully canonicalized. You can see the canonical version of a triplet
by running the shell script
.Pa config.sub
which is included with the sources.
.Pp
Some sample configuration triplets are:
.Li m68k-hp-bsd ,
.Li mips-dec-ultrix ,
.Li sparc-sun-sunos .
.Pp
.Em  Xr objdump Target
.Pp
Ways to specify:
.Pp
.Bl -enum
.It
command line option:
.Op -b
or
.Op --target
.Pp
.It
environment variable
.Li GNUTARGET
.Pp
.It
deduced from the input file
.El
.Pp
.Em  Xr objcopy and Xr strip Input Target
.Pp
Ways to specify:
.Pp
.Bl -enum
.It
command line options:
.Op -I
or
.Op --input-target ,
or
.Op -F
or
.Op --target
.Pp
.It
environment variable
.Li GNUTARGET
.Pp
.It
deduced from the input file
.El
.Pp
.Em  Xr objcopy and Xr strip Output Target
.Pp
Ways to specify:
.Pp
.Bl -enum
.It
command line options:
.Op -O
or
.Op --output-target ,
or
.Op -F
or
.Op --target
.Pp
.It
the input target (see \(lq
.Xr objcopy
and
.Xr strip
Input Target\(rq above)
.Pp
.It
environment variable
.Li GNUTARGET
.Pp
.It
deduced from the input file
.El
.Pp
.Em  Xr nm, Xr size, and Xr strings Target
.Pp
Ways to specify:
.Pp
.Bl -enum
.It
command line option:
.Op --target
.Pp
.It
environment variable
.Li GNUTARGET
.Pp
.It
deduced from the input file
.El
.Pp
.Ss  Architecture Selection
An
.Em architecture
is a type of cpu on which an object file is to run. Its name may contain a
colon, separating the name of the processor family from the name of the particular
cpu.
.Pp
The command to list valid architecture values is
.Li objdump -i
(the second column contains the relevant information).
.Pp
Sample values:
.Li m68k:68020 ,
.Li mips:3000 ,
.Li sparc .
.Pp
.Em  Xr objdump Architecture
.Pp
Ways to specify:
.Pp
.Bl -enum
.It
command line option:
.Op -m
or
.Op --architecture
.Pp
.It
deduced from the input file
.El
.Pp
.Em  Xr objcopy, Xr nm, Xr size, Xr strings Architecture
.Pp
Ways to specify:
.Pp
.Bl -enum
.It
deduced from the input file
.El
.Pp
.Sh  Reporting Bugs
Your bug reports play an essential role in making the binary utilities reliable.
.Pp
Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or it
may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is to help
the entire community by making the next version of the binary utilities work
better. Bug reports are your contribution to their maintenance.
.Pp
In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the information
that enables us to fix the bug.
.Pp
.Ss  Have You Found a Bug?
If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines:
.Pp
.Bl -bullet
.It
If a binary utility gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is a
bug. Reliable utilities never crash.
.Pp
.It
If a binary utility produces an error message for valid input, that is a bug.
.Pp
.It
If you are an experienced user of binary utilities, your suggestions for improvement
are welcome in any case.
.El
.Pp
.Ss  How to Report Bugs
A number of companies and individuals offer support for GNU products. If you
obtained the binary utilities from a support organization, we recommend you
contact that organization first.
.Pp
You can find contact information for many support companies and individuals
in the file
.Pa etc/SERVICE
in the GNU Emacs distribution.
.Pp
The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
.Sy report all the facts .
If you are not sure whether to state a fact or leave it out, state it!
.Pp
Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the problem
and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might assume that the
name of a file you use in an example does not matter. Well, probably it does
not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is a stray memory reference which
happens to fetch from the location where that pathname is stored in memory;
perhaps, if the pathname were different, the contents of that location would
fool the utility into doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe
and give a specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to
do, and the most helpful.
.Pp
Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the bug
if it is new to us. Therefore, always write your bug reports on the assumption
that the bug has not been reported previously.
.Pp
Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, \(lqDoes this ring a bell?\(rq
This cannot help us fix a bug, so it is basically useless. We respond by asking
for enough details to enable us to investigate. You might as well expedite
matters by sending them to begin with.
.Pp
To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:
.Pp
.Bl -bullet
.It
The version of the utility. Each utility announces it if you start it with
the
.Op --version
argument.
.Pp
Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for the
bug in the current version of the binary utilities.
.Pp
.It
Any patches you may have applied to the source, including any patches made
to the
.Li BFD
library.
.Pp
.It
The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and version
number.
.Pp
.It
What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the utilities---e.g. \(lq
.Li gcc-2.7
\(rq\&.
.Pp
.It
The command arguments you gave the utility to observe the bug. To guarantee
you will not omit something important, list them all. A copy of the Makefile
(or the output from make) is sufficient.
.Pp
If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong and
then we might not encounter the bug.
.Pp
.It
A complete input file, or set of input files, that will reproduce the bug.
If the utility is reading an object file or files, then it is generally most
helpful to send the actual object files.
.Pp
If the source files were produced exclusively using GNU programs (e.g.,
.Xr gcc ,
.Xr gas ,
and/or the GNU
.Xr ld ) ,
then it may be OK to send the source files rather than the object files. In
this case, be sure to say exactly what version of
.Xr gcc ,
or whatever, was used to produce the object files. Also say how
.Xr gcc ,
or whatever, was configured.
.Pp
.It
A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is incorrect.
For example, \(lqIt gets a fatal signal.\(rq
.Pp
Of course, if the bug is that the utility gets a fatal signal, then we will
certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might not notice
unless it is glaringly wrong. You might as well not give us a chance to make
a mistake.
.Pp
Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still say
so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as your copy of
the utility is out of sync, or you have encountered a bug in the C library
on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might crash and ours would
not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when ours fails to crash, we would
know that the bug was not happening for us. If you had not told us to expect
a crash, then we would not be able to draw any conclusion from our observations.
.Pp
.It
If you wish to suggest changes to the source, send us context diffs, as generated
by
.Xr diff
with the
.Op -u ,
.Op -c ,
or
.Op -p
option. Always send diffs from the old file to the new file. If you wish to
discuss something in the
.Xr ld
source, refer to it by context, not by line number.
.Pp
The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your sources.
Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us.
.El
.Pp
Here are some things that are not necessary:
.Pp
.Bl -bullet
.It
A description of the envelope of the bug.
.Pp
Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating which changes
to the input file will make the bug go away and which changes will not affect
it.
.Pp
This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we will
find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger with breakpoints,
not by pure deduction from a series of examples. We recommend that you save
your time for something else.
.Pp
Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report
.Em instead
of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the output will
be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take less time, and so
on.
.Pp
However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this, report
the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used.
.Pp
.It
A patch for the bug.
.Pp
A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit the
necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that a patch
is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide to fix the
problem another way, or we might not understand it at all.
.Pp
Sometimes with programs as complicated as the binary utilities it is very
hard to construct an example that will make the program follow a certain path
through the code. If you do not send us the example, we will not be able to
construct one, so we will not be able to verify that the bug is fixed.
.Pp
And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your patch
should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will help us
to understand.
.Pp
.It
A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.
.Pp
Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such things
without first using the debugger to find the facts.
.El
.Pp
.Sh  GNU Free Documentation License
.Bd -filled -offset indent
Copyright (C) 2000, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin Street,
Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
.Pp
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license
document, but changing it is not allowed.
.Ed
.Pp
.Bl -enum
.It
PREAMBLE
.Pp
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written
document \(lqfree\(rq in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom
to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially
or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and
publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.
.Pp
This License is a kind of \(lqcopyleft\(rq, which means that derivative works of the
document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU
General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
.Pp
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software,
because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come
with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this
License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual
work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed
book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction
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.Pp
.It
APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
.Pp
This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice placed
by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this
License. The \(lqDocument\(rq, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as \(lqyou.\(rq
.Pp
A \(lqModified Version\(rq of the Document means any work containing the Document
or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated
into another language.
.Pp
A \(lqSecondary Section\(rq is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document
that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors
of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters)
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of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
.Pp
The \(lqInvariant Sections\(rq are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated,
as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document
is released under this License.
.Pp
The \(lqCover Texts\(rq are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover
Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released
under this License.
.Pp
A \(lqTransparent\(rq copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented
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Transparent file format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
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\(lqTransparent\(rq is called \(lqOpaque.\(rq
.Pp
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.Pp
The \(lqTitle Page\(rq means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such
following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License
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any title page as such, \(lqTitle Page\(rq means the text near the most prominent
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.Pp
.It
VERBATIM COPYING
.Pp
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially
or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and
the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced
in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of
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enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
.Pp
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you
may publicly display copies.
.Pp
.It
COPYING IN QUANTITY
.Pp
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, and
the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies
in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover
Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers
must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.
The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally
prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title
of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying
in other respects.
.Pp
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly,
you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual
cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
.Pp
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more
than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along
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computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy of the Document,
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If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when
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year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through
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.Pp
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document
well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance
to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
.Pp
.It
MODIFICATIONS
.Pp
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions
of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version
under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of
the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified
Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
things in the Modified Version:
.Pp
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from
that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if
there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may
use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that
version gives permission.  B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more
persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of
the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).  C.
State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version,
as the publisher.  D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. 
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to
the other copyright notices.  F. Include, immediately after the copyright
notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum
below.  G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.  H. Include
an unaltered copy of this License.  I. Preserve the section entitled \(lqHistory\(rq,
and its title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.
If there is no section entitled \(lqHistory\(rq in the Document, create one stating
the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title
Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous
sentence.  J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the
network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based
on. These may be placed in the \(lqHistory\(rq section. You may omit a network location
for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself,
or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. 
K. In any section entitled \(lqAcknowledgements\(rq or \(lqDedications\(rq, preserve the section's
title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the
contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.  L. Preserve
all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in
their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of
the section titles.  M. Delete any section entitled \(lqEndorsements.\(rq Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.  N. Do not retitle any existing
section as \(lqEndorsements\(rq or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. 
.Pp
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that
qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document,
you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant.
To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section
titles.
.Pp
You may add a section entitled \(lqEndorsements\(rq, provided it contains nothing
but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example,
statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization
as the authoritative definition of a standard.
.Pp
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage
of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts
in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover
Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If
the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously
added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf
of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
.Pp
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give
permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement
of any Modified Version.
.Pp
.It
COMBINING DOCUMENTS
.Pp
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License,
under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided
that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of
the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections
of your combined work in its license notice.
.Pp
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there
are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents,
make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in
parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section
if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section
titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined
work.
.Pp
In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled \(lqHistory\(rq in the
various original documents, forming one section entitled \(lqHistory\(rq; likewise
combine any sections entitled \(lqAcknowledgements\(rq, and any sections entitled
\(lqDedications.\(rq You must delete all sections entitled \(lqEndorsements.\(rq
.Pp
.It
COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
.Pp
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released
under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the
various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided
that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of
the documents in all other respects.
.Pp
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License
into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects
regarding verbatim copying of that document.
.Pp
.It
AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
.Pp
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent
documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium,
does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided
no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation
is called an \(lqaggregate\(rq, and this License does not apply to the other self-contained
works thus compiled with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled,
if they are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
.Pp
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of
the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire
aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround
only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers
around the whole aggregate.
.Pp
.It
TRANSLATION
.Pp
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations
of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections
with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders,
but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition
to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation
of this License provided that you also include the original English version
of this License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the
original English version of this License, the original English version will
prevail.
.Pp
.It
TERMINATION
.Pp
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify,
sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate
your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies,
or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated
so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
.Pp
.It
FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
.Pp
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar
in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new
problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
.Pp
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License \(lqor any
later version\(rq applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has
been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version
ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
.Pp
.El
.Ss  ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices
just after the title page:
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent

Copyright (C)  year  your name.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with the
Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts being list.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License."

.Ed
.Pp
If you have no Invariant Sections, write \(lqwith no Invariant Sections\(rq instead
of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover Texts, write
\(lqno Front-Cover Texts\(rq instead of \(lqFront-Cover Texts being
.Va list
\(rq; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
.Pp
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend
releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license,
such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.
.Pp
.Sh  Binutils Index