.\" Copyright (c) 1983 The Regents of the University of California.
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"	@(#)methodology.ms	6.2 (Berkeley) 4/16/91
.\"
.ds RH Methodology
.NH
Methodology
.PP
Our goal was to evaluate the performance of the target peripherals
in an environment as much like our 4.2BSD UNIX systems as possible.
There are two basic approaches to creating this kind of test environment.
These might be termed the \fIindirect\fR and the \fIdirect\fR approach.
The approach used by DEC in producing most of the performance data
on the UDA50/RA81 system under VMS is what we term the indirect
approach.
We chose to use the direct approach.
.PP
The indirect approach used by DEC involves two steps.
First, the environment in which performance is to be evaluated
is parameterized.
In this case, the disk I/O characteristics of VMS were measured
as to the distribution of various sizes of accesses and the proportion
of reads and writes.
This parameterization of
typical
I/O activity was termed a
``vax mix.''
The second stage involves simulating this mixture of I/O activities
with the devices to be tested and noting the total volume of transactions
processed per unit time by each system.
.PP
The problems encountered with this indirect approach often
have to do with the completeness and correctness of the parameterization
of the context environment.
For example, the 
``vax mix''
model constructed for DECs tests uses a random distribution of seeks
to the blocks read or written.
It is not likely that any real system produces a distribution
of disk transfer locations which is truly random and does not
exhibit strong locality characteristics.
.PP
The methodology chosen by us is direct
in the sense that it uses the standard structured file system mechanism present
in the 4.2BSD UNIX operating system to create the sequence of locations
and sizes of reads and writes to the benchmarked equipment.
We simply create, write, and read
files as they would be by user's activities.
The disk space allocation and disk cacheing mechanism built into
UNIX is used to produce the actual device reads and writes as well
as to determine their size and location on the disk.
We measure and compare the rate at which these 
.I
user files
.R
can be written, rewritten, or read.
.PP
The advantage of this approach is the implicit accuracy in
testing in the same environment in which the peripheral
will be used.
Although this system does not account for the I/O produced
by some paging and swapping, in our memory rich environment
these activities account for a relatively small portion
of the total disk activity.
.PP
A more significant disadvantage to the direct approach
is the occasional difficulty we have in accounting for our
measured results.
The apparently straight-forward activity of reading or writing a logical file
on disk can produce a complex mixture of disk traffic.
File I/O is supported by a file management system that
buffers disk traffic through an internal cache,
which allows writes to ba handled asynchronously.
Reads must be done synchronously,
however this restriction is moderated by the use of read-ahead.
Small changes in the performance of the disk controller
subsystem can result in large and unexpected
changes in the file system performance,
as it may change the characteristics of the memory contention
experienced by the processor.
.ds RH Tests
.bp