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29 .\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
40 .Op Fl aCcdefHhjlmrSTuvwXxZ
41 .Op Fl O Ar fmt | Fl o Ar fmt
42 .Op Fl G Ar gid Ns Op , Ns Ar gid Ns Ar ...
45 .Op Fl p Ar pid Ns Op , Ns Ar pid Ns Ar ...
46 .Op Fl t Ar tty Ns Op , Ns Ar tty Ns Ar ...
47 .Op Fl U Ar user Ns Op , Ns Ar user Ns Ar ...
54 displays a header line, followed by lines containing information about
56 processes that have controlling terminals.
61 will also display processes that do not have controlling terminals.
63 A different set of processes can be selected for display by using any
65 .Fl a , G , p , T , t ,
69 If more than one of these options are given, then
71 will select all processes which are matched by at least one of the
74 For the processes which have been selected for display,
76 will usually display one line per process.
79 option may result in multiple output lines (one line per thread) for
81 By default all of these output lines are sorted first by controlling
82 terminal, then by process ID.
87 options will change the sort order.
88 If more than one sorting option was given, then the selected processes
89 will be sorted by the last sorting option which was specified.
91 For the processes which have been selected for display, the information
92 to display is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
97 The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID,
98 controlling terminal, state, CPU time (including both user and system time)
99 and associated command.
101 The process file system (see
103 should be mounted when
105 is executed, otherwise not all information will be available.
107 The options are as follows:
108 .Bl -tag -width indent
110 Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
112 .Va security.bsd.see_other_uids
113 sysctl is set to zero, this option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
117 column output to just contain the executable name,
118 rather than the full command line.
120 Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a
122 CPU calculation that ignores
124 time (this normally has
127 Arrange processes into descendancy order and prefix each command with
128 indentation text showing sibling and parent/child relationships.
133 options are also used, they control how sibling processes are sorted
134 relative to each other.
135 Note that this option has no effect if the
137 column is not the last column displayed.
139 Display the environment as well.
141 Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
142 This option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
144 Display information about processes which are running with the specified
149 threads associated with each process.
150 Depending on the threading package that
151 is in use, this may show only the process, only the kernel scheduled entities,
152 or all of the process threads.
154 Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
155 header per page of information.
157 Print information associated with the following keywords:
158 .Cm user , pid , ppid , pgid , sid , jobc , state , tt , time ,
162 List the set of keywords available for the
168 Display information associated with the following keywords:
169 .Cm uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , mwchan , state ,
174 Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
175 instead of the currently running system.
177 Sort by memory usage, instead of the combination of controlling
178 terminal and process ID.
180 Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default,
181 which is the kernel image the system has booted from.
183 Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
184 of keywords specified, after the process ID,
185 in the default information
187 Keywords may be appended with an equals
190 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
193 Display information associated with the space or comma separated
194 list of keywords specified.
195 The last keyword in the list may be appended with an equals
197 sign and a string that spans the rest of the argument, and can contain
198 space and comma characters.
199 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
201 Multiple keywords may also be given in the form of more than one
204 So the header texts for multiple keywords can be changed.
205 If all keywords have empty header texts, no header line is written.
207 Display information about processes which match the specified process IDs.
209 Sort by current CPU usage, instead of the combination of controlling
210 terminal and process ID.
212 Change the way the process times, namely cputime, systime, and usertime,
213 are calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.
215 Display information about processes attached to the device associated
216 with the standard input.
218 Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
220 Full pathnames, as well as abbreviations (see explanation of the
222 keyword) can be specified.
224 Display the processes belonging to the specified usernames.
226 Display information associated with the following keywords:
227 .Cm user , pid , %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time ,
236 Display information associated with the following keywords:
237 .Cm pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz ,
247 Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
251 option is specified more than once,
253 will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
254 Note that this option has no effect if the
256 column is not the last column displayed.
258 When displaying processes matched by other options, skip any processes
259 which do not have a controlling terminal.
260 This is the default behaviour.
262 When displaying processes matched by other options, include processes
263 which do not have a controlling terminal.
264 This is the opposite of the
271 are specified in the same command, then
273 will use the one which was specified last.
277 label to the list of keywords for which
279 will display information.
282 A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
283 Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
284 .Bl -tag -width lockname
286 The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
287 a minute of previous (real) time.
288 Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
289 be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
291 fields to exceed 100%.
293 The percentage of real memory used by this process.
295 Login class associated with the process.
297 The flags associated with the process as in
300 .Bl -column P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY 0x40000000
301 .It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001 Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
302 .It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002 Has a controlling terminal"
303 .It Dv "P_KTHREAD" Ta No "0x00004 Kernel thread"
304 .It Dv "P_FOLLOWFORK" Ta No "0x00008 Attach debugger to new children"
305 .It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010 Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
306 .It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020 Has started profiling"
307 .It Dv "P_STOPPROF" Ta No "0x00040 Has thread in requesting to stop prof"
308 .It Dv "P_HADTHREADS" Ta No "0x00080 Has had threads (no cleanup shortcuts)"
309 .It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100 Had set id privileges since last exec"
310 .It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200 System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
311 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_EXIT" Ta No "0x00400 Threads suspending should exit, not wait"
312 .It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800 Debugged process being traced"
313 .It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000 Someone is waiting for us"
314 .It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000 Working on exiting"
315 .It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000 Process called exec"
316 .It Dv "P_WKILLED" Ta No "0x08000 Killed, shall go to kernel/user boundary ASAP"
317 .It Dv "P_CONTINUED" Ta No "0x10000 Proc has continued from a stopped state"
318 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SIG" Ta No "0x20000 Stopped due to SIGSTOP/SIGTSTP"
319 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_TRACE" Ta No "0x40000 Stopped because of tracing"
320 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SINGLE" Ta No "0x80000 Only one thread can continue"
321 .It Dv "P_PROTECTED" Ta No "0x100000 Do not kill on memory overcommit"
322 .It Dv "P_SIGEVENT" Ta No "0x200000 Process pending signals changed"
323 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY" Ta No "0x400000 Threads should suspend at user boundary"
324 .It Dv "P_HWPMC" Ta No "0x800000 Process is using HWPMCs"
325 .It Dv "P_JAILED" Ta No "0x1000000 Process is in jail"
326 .It Dv "P_INEXEC" Ta No "0x4000000 Process is in execve()"
327 .It Dv "P_STATCHILD" Ta No "0x8000000 Child process stopped or exited"
328 .It Dv "P_INMEM" Ta No "0x10000000 Loaded into memory"
329 .It Dv "P_SWAPPINGOUT" Ta No "0x20000000 Process is being swapped out"
330 .It Dv "P_SWAPPINGIN" Ta No "0x40000000 Process is being swapped in"
333 The MAC label of the process.
335 The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
338 The exact time the command started, using the
343 The name of the lock that the process is currently blocked on.
344 If the name is invalid or unknown, then
348 The login name associated with the session the process is in (see
351 The event name if the process is blocked normally, or the lock name if
352 the process is blocked on a lock.
353 See the wchan and lockname keywords
356 The process scheduling increment (see
357 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
359 the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
361 The time the command started.
362 If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
367 If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
371 Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
375 The state is given by a sequence of characters, for example,
377 The first character indicates the run state of the process:
379 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
381 Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
383 Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
385 Marks a process that is waiting to acquire a lock.
387 Marks a runnable process.
389 Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
391 Marks a stopped process.
393 Marks an idle interrupt thread.
395 Marks a dead process (a
399 Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
402 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
404 The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
406 The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
408 The process is trying to exit.
410 Marks a process which is in
412 The hostname of the prison can be found in
413 .Pa /proc/ Ns Ao Ar pid Ac Ns Pa /status .
415 The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
418 The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
419 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
421 The process is a session leader.
423 The process is suspended during a
426 The process is swapped out.
428 The process is being traced or debugged.
431 An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
432 The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
434 or, for pseudo-terminals, the corresponding entry in
436 This is followed by a
438 if the process can no longer reach that
439 controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
440 The full pathname of the controlling terminal is available via the
444 The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
445 When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
446 trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
450 When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
451 has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
454 and a process which is blocked while trying
457 If the arguments cannot be located (usually because it has not been set, as is
458 the case of system processes and/or kernel threads) the command name is printed
459 within square brackets.
462 utility first tries to obtain the arguments cached by the kernel (if they were
463 shorter than the value of the
464 .Va kern.ps_arg_cache_limit
466 The process can change the arguments shown with
470 makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
471 process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
472 The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
473 is entitled to destroy this information.
474 The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
475 If the arguments are unavailable or do not agree with the ucomm keyword,
476 the value for the ucomm keyword is appended to the arguments in parentheses.
478 The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
480 Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
482 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm sigignore" -compact
484 percentage CPU usage (alias
487 percentage memory usage (alias
490 accounting flag (alias
493 command and arguments
499 command and arguments
501 short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
503 system-call emulation environment
505 elapsed running time, format
510 elapsed running time, in decimal integer seconds
512 the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
515 effective group ID (alias
518 group name (from egid) (alias
521 total blocks read (alias
534 lock currently blocked on (as a symbolic name)
536 login name of user who started the session
546 total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
548 total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
550 wait channel or lock currently blocked on
555 total involuntary context switches
557 number of threads tied to a process
559 total signals taken (alias
564 total voluntary context switches
566 wait channel (as an address)
568 total blocks written (alias
573 pageins (same as majflt)
583 core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
587 group name (from rgid)
591 realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
595 user name (from ruid)
599 pending signals (alias
602 caught signals (alias
605 ignored signals (alias
608 blocked signals (alias
611 sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
615 symbolic process state (alias
618 saved gid from a setgid executable
620 saved UID from a setuid executable
622 accumulated system CPU time
626 control terminal device number
628 accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias
631 control terminal process group ID
633 .\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
635 control terminal session ID
637 text size (in Kbytes)
639 control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
641 full name of control terminal
643 name to be used for accounting
645 effective user ID (alias
648 scheduling priority on return from system call (alias
655 accumulated user CPU time
657 virtual size in Kbytes (alias
660 wait channel (as a symbolic name)
662 exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
667 column displays bitmask of signals pending in the process queue when
669 option is not specified, otherwise the per-thread queue of pending signals
672 The following environment variables affect the execution of
674 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev COLUMNS"
676 If set, specifies the user's preferred output width in column positions.
679 attempts to automatically determine the terminal width.
682 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /boot/kernel/kernel" -compact
683 .It Pa /boot/kernel/kernel
684 default system namelist
703 For historical reasons, the
707 supports a different set of options from what is described by
709 and what is supported on
720 cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
721 process, the information it displays can never be exact.
725 utility does not correctly display argument lists containing multibyte