2 .\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
3 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
5 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
8 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
13 .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
14 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
15 .\" without specific prior written permission.
17 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
18 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
19 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
20 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
21 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
22 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
23 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
24 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
25 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
26 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
29 .\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
40 .Op Fl aCcdefHhjlmrSTuvwXxZ
41 .Op Fl O Ar fmt | Fl o Ar fmt
42 .Op Fl G Ar gid Ns Op , Ns Ar gid Ns Ar ...
45 .Op Fl p Ar pid Ns Op , Ns Ar pid Ns Ar ...
46 .Op Fl t Ar tty Ns Op , Ns Ar tty Ns Ar ...
47 .Op Fl U Ar user Ns Op , Ns Ar user Ns Ar ...
54 displays a header line, followed by lines containing information about
56 processes that have controlling terminals.
58 A different set of processes can be selected for display by using any
60 .Fl a , G , p , T , t ,
64 If more than one of these options are given, then
66 will select all processes which are matched by at least one of the
69 For the processes which have been selected for display,
71 will usually display one line per process.
74 option may result in multiple output lines (one line per thread) for
76 By default all of these output lines are sorted first by controlling
77 terminal, then by process ID.
82 options will change the sort order.
83 If more than one sorting option was given, then the selected processes
84 will be sorted by the last sorting option which was specified.
86 For the processes which have been selected for display, the information
87 to display is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
92 The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID,
93 controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time),
94 state, and associated command.
96 The process file system (see
98 should be mounted when
100 is executed, otherwise not all information will be available.
102 The options are as follows:
103 .Bl -tag -width indent
105 Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
106 This will skip any processes which do not have a controlling terminal,
109 option is also specified.
110 This can be disabled by setting the
111 .Va security.bsd.see_other_uids
116 column output to just contain the executable name,
117 rather than the full command line.
119 Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a
121 CPU calculation that ignores
123 time (this normally has
126 Arrange processes into descendancy order and prefix each command with
127 indentation text showing sibling and parent/child relationships.
132 options are also used, they control how sibling processes are sorted
133 relative to eachother.
135 Display the environment as well.
137 Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
138 This option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
140 Display information about processes which are running with the specified
145 threads associated with each process.
146 Depending on the threading package that
147 is in use, this may show only the process, only the kernel scheduled entities,
148 or all of the process threads.
150 Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
151 header per page of information.
153 Print information associated with the following keywords:
154 .Cm user , pid , ppid , pgid , sid , jobc , state , tt , time ,
158 List the set of keywords available for the
164 Display information associated with the following keywords:
165 .Cm uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , mwchan , state ,
170 Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
171 instead of the currently running system.
173 Sort by memory usage, instead of the combination of controlling
174 terminal and process ID.
176 Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default,
177 which is the kernel image the system has booted from.
179 Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
180 of keywords specified, after the process ID,
181 in the default information
183 Keywords may be appended with an equals
186 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
189 Display information associated with the space or comma separated
190 list of keywords specified.
191 The last keyword in the list may be appended with an equals
193 sign and a string that spans the rest of the argument, and can contain
194 space and comma characters.
195 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
197 Multiple keywords may also be given in the form of more than one
200 So the header texts for multiple keywords can be changed.
201 If all keywords have empty header texts, no header line is written.
203 Display information about processes which match the specified process IDs.
205 Sort by current CPU usage, instead of the combination of controlling
206 terminal and process ID.
208 Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
209 children to their parent process.
211 Display information about processes attached to the device associated
212 with the standard input.
214 Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
217 Display the processes belonging to the specified usernames.
219 Display information associated with the following keywords:
220 .Cm user , pid , %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time ,
229 Display information associated with the following keywords:
230 .Cm pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz ,
240 Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
244 option is specified more than once,
246 will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
248 When displaying processes matched by other options, skip any processes
249 which do not have a controlling terminal.
251 When displaying processes matched by other options, include processes
252 which do not have a controlling terminal.
253 This is the opposite of the
260 are specified in the same command, then
262 will use the one which was specified last.
266 label to the list of keywords for which
268 will display information.
271 A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
272 Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
273 .Bl -tag -width lockname
275 The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
276 a minute of previous (real) time.
277 Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
278 be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
280 fields to exceed 100%.
282 The percentage of real memory used by this process.
284 The flags associated with the process as in
287 .Bl -column P_STOPPED_SINGLE 0x4000000
288 .It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001 Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
289 .It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002 Has a controlling terminal"
290 .It Dv "P_KTHREAD" Ta No "0x00004 Kernel thread"
291 .It Dv "P_NOLOAD" Ta No "0x00008 Ignore during load avg calculations"
292 .It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010 Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
293 .It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020 Has started profiling"
294 .It Dv "P_STOPPROF" Ta No "0x00040 Has thread in requesting to stop prof"
295 .It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100 Had set id privileges since last exec"
296 .It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200 System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
297 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_EXIT" Ta No "0x00400 Threads suspending should exit, not wait"
298 .It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800 Debugged process being traced"
299 .It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000 Someone is waiting for us"
300 .It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000 Working on exiting"
301 .It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000 Process called exec"
302 .It Dv "P_CONTINUED" Ta No "0x10000 Proc has continued from a stopped state"
303 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SIG" Ta No "0x20000 Stopped due to SIGSTOP/SIGTSTP"
304 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_TRACE" Ta No "0x40000 Stopped because of tracing"
305 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SINGLE" Ta No "0x80000 Only one thread can continue"
306 .It Dv "P_PROTECTED" Ta No "0x100000 Do not kill on memory overcommit"
307 .It Dv "P_SIGEVENT" Ta No "0x200000 Process pending signals changed"
308 .It Dv "P_JAILED" Ta No "0x1000000 Process is in jail"
309 .It Dv "P_INEXEC" Ta No "0x4000000 Process is in execve()"
312 The MAC label of the process.
314 The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
317 The exact time the command started, using the
322 The name of the lock that the process is currently blocked on.
323 If the name is invalid or unknown, then
327 The login name associated with the session the process is in (see
330 The event name if the process is blocked normally, or the lock name if
331 the process is blocked on a lock.
332 See the wchan and lockname keywords
335 The process scheduling increment (see
336 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
338 the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
340 The time the command started.
341 If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
346 If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
350 Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
354 The state is given by a sequence of characters, for example,
356 The first character indicates the run state of the process:
358 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
360 Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
362 Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
364 Marks a process that is waiting to acquire a lock.
366 Marks a runnable process.
368 Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
370 Marks a stopped process.
372 Marks an idle interrupt thread.
374 Marks a dead process (a
378 Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
381 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
383 The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
385 The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
387 The process is trying to exit.
389 Marks a process which is in
391 The hostname of the prison can be found in
392 .Pa /proc/ Ns Ao Ar pid Ac Ns Pa /status .
394 The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
397 The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
398 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
400 The process is a session leader.
402 The process is suspended during a
405 The process is swapped out.
407 The process is being traced or debugged.
410 An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
411 The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
415 This is followed by a
417 if the process can no longer reach that
418 controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
420 The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
421 When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
422 trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
426 When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
427 has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
430 and a process which is blocked while trying
433 If the arguments cannot be located (usually because it has not been set, as is
434 the case of system processes and/or kernel threads) the command name is printed
435 within square brackets.
438 utility first tries to obtain the arguments cached by the kernel (if they were
439 shorter than the value of the
440 .Va kern.ps_arg_cache_limit
442 The process can change the arguments shown with
446 makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
447 process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
448 The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
449 is entitled to destroy this information.
450 The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
451 If the arguments are unavailable or do not agree with the ucomm keyword,
452 the value for the ucomm keyword is appended to the arguments in parentheses.
454 The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
456 Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
458 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm sigignore" -compact
460 percentage CPU usage (alias
463 percentage memory usage (alias
466 accounting flag (alias
469 command and arguments
473 command and arguments
475 short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
479 the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
482 total blocks read (alias
495 lock currently blocked on (as a symbolic name)
497 login name of user who started the session
505 total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
507 total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
509 wait channel or lock currently blocked on
514 total involuntary context switches
516 total signals taken (alias
521 total voluntary context switches
523 wait channel (as an address)
525 total blocks written (alias
530 pageins (same as majflt)
542 core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
546 group name (from rgid)
548 reverse link on run queue, or 0
552 realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
556 user name (from ruid)
560 pending signals (alias
563 caught signals (alias
566 ignored signals (alias
569 blocked signals (alias
572 sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
576 symbolic process state (alias
579 saved gid from a setgid executable
581 saved UID from a setuid executable
583 control terminal device number
585 accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias
588 control terminal process group ID
590 .\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
592 control terminal session ID
594 text size (in Kbytes)
596 control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
598 full name of control terminal
602 name to be used for accounting
606 scheduling priority on return from system call (alias
611 virtual size in Kbytes (alias
614 wait channel (as a symbolic name)
616 exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
619 The following environment variables affect the execution of
621 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev COLUMNS"
623 If set, specifies the user's preferred output width in column positions.
626 attempts to automatically determine the terminal width.
629 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /boot/kernel/kernel" -compact
630 .It Pa /boot/kernel/kernel
631 default system namelist
650 For historical reasons, the
654 supports a different set of options from what is described by
656 and what is supported on
667 cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
668 process, the information it displays can never be exact.
672 utility does not correctly display argument lists containing multibyte