2 .\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
3 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
5 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
8 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
13 .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
14 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
15 .\" without specific prior written permission.
17 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
18 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
19 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
20 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
21 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
22 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
23 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
24 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
25 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
26 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
29 .\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
40 .Op Fl aCcdefHhjlmrSTuvwXxZ
41 .Op Fl O Ar fmt | Fl o Ar fmt
42 .Op Fl G Ar gid Ns Op , Ns Ar gid Ns Ar ...
43 .Op Fl J Ar jid Ns Op , Ns Ar jid Ns Ar ...
46 .Op Fl p Ar pid Ns Op , Ns Ar pid Ns Ar ...
47 .Op Fl t Ar tty Ns Op , Ns Ar tty Ns Ar ...
48 .Op Fl U Ar user Ns Op , Ns Ar user Ns Ar ...
55 displays a header line, followed by lines containing information about
57 processes that have controlling terminals.
62 will also display processes that do not have controlling terminals.
64 A different set of processes can be selected for display by using any
66 .Fl a , G , J , p , T , t ,
70 If more than one of these options are given, then
72 will select all processes which are matched by at least one of the
75 For the processes which have been selected for display,
77 will usually display one line per process.
80 option may result in multiple output lines (one line per thread) for
82 By default all of these output lines are sorted first by controlling
83 terminal, then by process ID.
88 options will change the sort order.
89 If more than one sorting option was given, then the selected processes
90 will be sorted by the last sorting option which was specified.
92 For the processes which have been selected for display, the information
93 to display is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
98 The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID,
99 controlling terminal, state, CPU time (including both user and system time)
100 and associated command.
102 The options are as follows:
103 .Bl -tag -width indent
105 Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
107 .Va security.bsd.see_other_uids
108 sysctl is set to zero, this option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
112 column output to just contain the executable name,
113 rather than the full command line.
115 Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a
117 CPU calculation that ignores
119 time (this normally has
122 Arrange processes into descendancy order and prefix each command with
123 indentation text showing sibling and parent/child relationships.
128 options are also used, they control how sibling processes are sorted
129 relative to each other.
130 Note that this option has no effect if the
132 column is not the last column displayed.
134 Display the environment as well.
136 Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
137 This option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
139 Display information about processes which are running with the specified
144 threads associated with each process.
145 Depending on the threading package that
146 is in use, this may show only the process, only the kernel scheduled entities,
147 or all of the process threads.
149 Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
150 header per page of information.
152 Print information associated with the following keywords:
153 .Cm user , pid , ppid , pgid , sid , jobc , state , tt , time ,
157 Display information about processes which match the specified jail IDs.
158 This may be either the
166 to display only host processes.
171 List the set of keywords available for the
177 Display information associated with the following keywords:
178 .Cm uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , mwchan , state ,
183 Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
184 instead of the currently running system.
186 Sort by memory usage, instead of the combination of controlling
187 terminal and process ID.
189 Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default,
190 which is the kernel image the system has booted from.
192 Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
193 of keywords specified, after the process ID,
194 in the default information
196 Keywords may be appended with an equals
199 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
202 Display information associated with the space or comma separated
203 list of keywords specified.
204 The last keyword in the list may be appended with an equals
206 sign and a string that spans the rest of the argument, and can contain
207 space and comma characters.
208 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
210 Multiple keywords may also be given in the form of more than one
213 So the header texts for multiple keywords can be changed.
214 If all keywords have empty header texts, no header line is written.
216 Display information about processes which match the specified process IDs.
218 Sort by current CPU usage, instead of the combination of controlling
219 terminal and process ID.
221 Change the way the process times, namely cputime, systime, and usertime,
222 are calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.
224 Display information about processes attached to the device associated
225 with the standard input.
227 Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
229 Full pathnames, as well as abbreviations (see explanation of the
231 keyword) can be specified.
233 Display the processes belonging to the specified usernames.
235 Display information associated with the following keywords:
236 .Cm user , pid , %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time ,
245 Display information associated with the following keywords:
246 .Cm pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz ,
256 Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
260 option is specified more than once,
262 will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
263 Note that this option has no effect if the
265 column is not the last column displayed.
267 When displaying processes matched by other options, skip any processes
268 which do not have a controlling terminal.
269 This is the default behaviour.
271 When displaying processes matched by other options, include processes
272 which do not have a controlling terminal.
273 This is the opposite of the
280 are specified in the same command, then
282 will use the one which was specified last.
286 label to the list of keywords for which
288 will display information.
291 A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
292 Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
293 .Bl -tag -width lockname
295 The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
296 a minute of previous (real) time.
297 Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
298 be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
300 fields to exceed 100%.
302 The percentage of real memory used by this process.
304 Login class associated with the process.
306 The flags associated with the process as in
309 .Bl -column P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY 0x40000000
310 .It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001 Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
311 .It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002 Has a controlling terminal"
312 .It Dv "P_KTHREAD" Ta No "0x00004 Kernel thread"
313 .It Dv "P_FOLLOWFORK" Ta No "0x00008 Attach debugger to new children"
314 .It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010 Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
315 .It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020 Has started profiling"
316 .It Dv "P_STOPPROF" Ta No "0x00040 Has thread in requesting to stop prof"
317 .It Dv "P_HADTHREADS" Ta No "0x00080 Has had threads (no cleanup shortcuts)"
318 .It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100 Had set id privileges since last exec"
319 .It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200 System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
320 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_EXIT" Ta No "0x00400 Threads suspending should exit, not wait"
321 .It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800 Debugged process being traced"
322 .It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000 Someone is waiting for us"
323 .It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000 Working on exiting"
324 .It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000 Process called exec"
325 .It Dv "P_WKILLED" Ta No "0x08000 Killed, shall go to kernel/user boundary ASAP"
326 .It Dv "P_CONTINUED" Ta No "0x10000 Proc has continued from a stopped state"
327 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SIG" Ta No "0x20000 Stopped due to SIGSTOP/SIGTSTP"
328 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_TRACE" Ta No "0x40000 Stopped because of tracing"
329 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SINGLE" Ta No "0x80000 Only one thread can continue"
330 .It Dv "P_PROTECTED" Ta No "0x100000 Do not kill on memory overcommit"
331 .It Dv "P_SIGEVENT" Ta No "0x200000 Process pending signals changed"
332 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY" Ta No "0x400000 Threads should suspend at user boundary"
333 .It Dv "P_HWPMC" Ta No "0x800000 Process is using HWPMCs"
334 .It Dv "P_JAILED" Ta No "0x1000000 Process is in jail"
335 .It Dv "P_ORPHAN" Ta No "0x2000000 Orphaned by original parent, reparented to debugger"
336 .It Dv "P_INEXEC" Ta No "0x4000000 Process is in execve()"
337 .It Dv "P_STATCHILD" Ta No "0x8000000 Child process stopped or exited"
338 .It Dv "P_INMEM" Ta No "0x10000000 Loaded into memory"
339 .It Dv "P_SWAPPINGOUT" Ta No "0x20000000 Process is being swapped out"
340 .It Dv "P_SWAPPINGIN" Ta No "0x40000000 Process is being swapped in"
341 .It Dv "P_PPTRACE" Ta No "0x80000000" Ta "Vforked child issued ptrace(PT_TRACEME)"
344 The MAC label of the process.
346 The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
349 The exact time the command started, using the
354 The name of the lock that the process is currently blocked on.
355 If the name is invalid or unknown, then
359 The login name associated with the session the process is in (see
362 The event name if the process is blocked normally, or the lock name if
363 the process is blocked on a lock.
364 See the wchan and lockname keywords
367 The process scheduling increment (see
368 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
370 the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
372 The time the command started.
373 If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
378 If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
382 Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
386 The state is given by a sequence of characters, for example,
388 The first character indicates the run state of the process:
390 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
392 Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
394 Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
396 Marks a process that is waiting to acquire a lock.
398 Marks a runnable process.
400 Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
402 Marks a stopped process.
404 Marks an idle interrupt thread.
406 Marks a dead process (a
410 Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
413 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
415 The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
417 The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
419 The process is trying to exit.
421 Marks a process which is in
423 The hostname of the prison can be found in
424 .Pa /proc/ Ns Ao Ar pid Ac Ns Pa /status .
426 The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
429 The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
430 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
432 The process is a session leader.
434 The process is suspended during a
437 The process is swapped out.
439 The process is being traced or debugged.
442 An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
443 The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
445 or, for pseudo-terminals, the corresponding entry in
447 This is followed by a
449 if the process can no longer reach that
450 controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
451 The full pathname of the controlling terminal is available via the
455 The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
456 When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
457 trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
461 When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
462 has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
465 and a process which is blocked while trying
468 If the arguments cannot be located (usually because it has not been set, as is
469 the case of system processes and/or kernel threads) the command name is printed
470 within square brackets.
473 utility first tries to obtain the arguments cached by the kernel (if they were
474 shorter than the value of the
475 .Va kern.ps_arg_cache_limit
477 The process can change the arguments shown with
481 makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
482 process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
483 The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
484 is entitled to destroy this information.
485 The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
486 If the arguments are unavailable or do not agree with the ucomm keyword,
487 the value for the ucomm keyword is appended to the arguments in parentheses.
489 The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
491 Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
493 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm sigignore" -compact
495 percentage CPU usage (alias
498 percentage memory usage (alias
501 accounting flag (alias
504 command and arguments
510 command and arguments
512 number of copy-on-write faults
514 short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
516 data size (in Kbytes)
518 system-call emulation environment
520 elapsed running time, format
525 elapsed running time, in decimal integer seconds
527 the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
530 effective group ID (alias
533 group name (from egid) (alias
536 total blocks read (alias
549 lock currently blocked on (as a symbolic name)
551 login name of user who started the session
561 total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
563 total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
565 wait channel or lock currently blocked on
570 total involuntary context switches
572 number of threads tied to a process
574 total signals taken (alias
579 total voluntary context switches
581 wait channel (as an address)
583 total blocks written (alias
588 pageins (same as majflt)
598 core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
602 group name (from rgid)
606 realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
610 user name (from ruid)
614 pending signals (alias
617 caught signals (alias
620 ignored signals (alias
623 blocked signals (alias
626 sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
628 stack size (in Kbytes)
632 symbolic process state (alias
635 saved gid from a setgid executable
637 saved UID from a setuid executable
639 accumulated system CPU time
643 control terminal device number
645 accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias
648 control terminal process group ID
650 .\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
652 control terminal session ID
654 text size (in Kbytes)
656 control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
658 full name of control terminal
660 name to be used for accounting
662 effective user ID (alias
665 scheduling priority on return from system call (alias
672 accumulated user CPU time
674 virtual size in Kbytes (alias
677 wait channel (as a symbolic name)
679 exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
684 column displays bitmask of signals pending in the process queue when
686 option is not specified, otherwise the per-thread queue of pending signals
689 The following environment variables affect the execution of
691 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev COLUMNS"
693 If set, specifies the user's preferred output width in column positions.
696 attempts to automatically determine the terminal width.
699 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /boot/kernel/kernel" -compact
700 .It Pa /boot/kernel/kernel
701 default system namelist
717 For historical reasons, the
721 supports a different set of options from what is described by
723 and what is supported on
734 cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
735 process, the information it displays can never be exact.
739 utility does not correctly display argument lists containing multibyte