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29 .\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
32 .Dd September 18, 2012
40 .Op Fl aCcdefHhjlmrSTuvwXxZ
41 .Op Fl O Ar fmt | Fl o Ar fmt
42 .Op Fl G Ar gid Ns Op , Ns Ar gid Ns Ar ...
45 .Op Fl p Ar pid Ns Op , Ns Ar pid Ns Ar ...
46 .Op Fl t Ar tty Ns Op , Ns Ar tty Ns Ar ...
47 .Op Fl U Ar user Ns Op , Ns Ar user Ns Ar ...
54 displays a header line, followed by lines containing information about
56 processes that have controlling terminals.
61 will also display processes that do not have controlling terminals.
63 A different set of processes can be selected for display by using any
65 .Fl a , G , p , T , t ,
69 If more than one of these options are given, then
71 will select all processes which are matched by at least one of the
74 For the processes which have been selected for display,
76 will usually display one line per process.
79 option may result in multiple output lines (one line per thread) for
81 By default all of these output lines are sorted first by controlling
82 terminal, then by process ID.
87 options will change the sort order.
88 If more than one sorting option was given, then the selected processes
89 will be sorted by the last sorting option which was specified.
91 For the processes which have been selected for display, the information
92 to display is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
97 The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID,
98 controlling terminal, state, CPU time (including both user and system time)
99 and associated command.
101 The process file system (see
103 should be mounted when
105 is executed, otherwise not all information will be available.
107 The options are as follows:
108 .Bl -tag -width indent
110 Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
112 .Va security.bsd.see_other_uids
113 sysctl is set to zero, this option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
117 column output to just contain the executable name,
118 rather than the full command line.
120 Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a
122 CPU calculation that ignores
124 time (this normally has
127 Arrange processes into descendancy order and prefix each command with
128 indentation text showing sibling and parent/child relationships.
133 options are also used, they control how sibling processes are sorted
134 relative to eachother.
136 Display the environment as well.
138 Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
139 This option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
141 Display information about processes which are running with the specified
146 threads associated with each process.
147 Depending on the threading package that
148 is in use, this may show only the process, only the kernel scheduled entities,
149 or all of the process threads.
151 Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
152 header per page of information.
154 Print information associated with the following keywords:
155 .Cm user , pid , ppid , pgid , sid , jobc , state , tt , time ,
159 List the set of keywords available for the
165 Display information associated with the following keywords:
166 .Cm uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , mwchan , state ,
171 Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
172 instead of the currently running system.
174 Sort by memory usage, instead of the combination of controlling
175 terminal and process ID.
177 Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default,
178 which is the kernel image the system has booted from.
180 Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
181 of keywords specified, after the process ID,
182 in the default information
184 Keywords may be appended with an equals
187 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
190 Display information associated with the space or comma separated
191 list of keywords specified.
192 The last keyword in the list may be appended with an equals
194 sign and a string that spans the rest of the argument, and can contain
195 space and comma characters.
196 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
198 Multiple keywords may also be given in the form of more than one
201 So the header texts for multiple keywords can be changed.
202 If all keywords have empty header texts, no header line is written.
204 Display information about processes which match the specified process IDs.
206 Sort by current CPU usage, instead of the combination of controlling
207 terminal and process ID.
209 Change the way the process times, namely cputime, systime, and usertime,
210 are calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.
212 Display information about processes attached to the device associated
213 with the standard input.
215 Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
217 Full pathnames, as well as abbreviations (see explanation of the
219 keyword) can be specified.
221 Display the processes belonging to the specified usernames.
223 Display information associated with the following keywords:
224 .Cm user , pid , %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time ,
233 Display information associated with the following keywords:
234 .Cm pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz ,
244 Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
248 option is specified more than once,
250 will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
252 When displaying processes matched by other options, skip any processes
253 which do not have a controlling terminal.
255 When displaying processes matched by other options, include processes
256 which do not have a controlling terminal.
257 This is the opposite of the
264 are specified in the same command, then
266 will use the one which was specified last.
270 label to the list of keywords for which
272 will display information.
275 A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
276 Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
277 .Bl -tag -width lockname
279 The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
280 a minute of previous (real) time.
281 Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
282 be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
284 fields to exceed 100%.
286 The percentage of real memory used by this process.
288 The flags associated with the process as in
291 .Bl -column P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY 0x40000000
292 .It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001 Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
293 .It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002 Has a controlling terminal"
294 .It Dv "P_KTHREAD" Ta No "0x00004 Kernel thread"
295 .It Dv "P_FOLLOWFORK" Ta No "0x00008 Attach debugger to new children"
296 .It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010 Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
297 .It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020 Has started profiling"
298 .It Dv "P_STOPPROF" Ta No "0x00040 Has thread in requesting to stop prof"
299 .It Dv "P_HADTHREADS" Ta No "0x00080 Has had threads (no cleanup shortcuts)"
300 .It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100 Had set id privileges since last exec"
301 .It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200 System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
302 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_EXIT" Ta No "0x00400 Threads suspending should exit, not wait"
303 .It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800 Debugged process being traced"
304 .It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000 Someone is waiting for us"
305 .It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000 Working on exiting"
306 .It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000 Process called exec"
307 .It Dv "P_WKILLED" Ta No "0x08000 Killed, shall go to kernel/user boundary ASAP"
308 .It Dv "P_CONTINUED" Ta No "0x10000 Proc has continued from a stopped state"
309 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SIG" Ta No "0x20000 Stopped due to SIGSTOP/SIGTSTP"
310 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_TRACE" Ta No "0x40000 Stopped because of tracing"
311 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SINGLE" Ta No "0x80000 Only one thread can continue"
312 .It Dv "P_PROTECTED" Ta No "0x100000 Do not kill on memory overcommit"
313 .It Dv "P_SIGEVENT" Ta No "0x200000 Process pending signals changed"
314 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY" Ta No "0x400000 Threads should suspend at user boundary"
315 .It Dv "P_HWPMC" Ta No "0x800000 Process is using HWPMCs"
316 .It Dv "P_JAILED" Ta No "0x1000000 Process is in jail"
317 .It Dv "P_INEXEC" Ta No "0x4000000 Process is in execve()"
318 .It Dv "P_STATCHILD" Ta No "0x8000000 Child process stopped or exited"
319 .It Dv "P_INMEM" Ta No "0x10000000 Loaded into memory"
320 .It Dv "P_SWAPPINGOUT" Ta No "0x20000000 Process is being swapped out"
321 .It Dv "P_SWAPPINGIN" Ta No "0x40000000 Process is being swapped in"
324 The MAC label of the process.
326 The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
329 The exact time the command started, using the
334 The name of the lock that the process is currently blocked on.
335 If the name is invalid or unknown, then
339 The login name associated with the session the process is in (see
342 The event name if the process is blocked normally, or the lock name if
343 the process is blocked on a lock.
344 See the wchan and lockname keywords
347 The process scheduling increment (see
348 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
350 the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
352 The time the command started.
353 If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
358 If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
362 Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
366 The state is given by a sequence of characters, for example,
368 The first character indicates the run state of the process:
370 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
372 Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
374 Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
376 Marks a process that is waiting to acquire a lock.
378 Marks a runnable process.
380 Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
382 Marks a stopped process.
384 Marks an idle interrupt thread.
386 Marks a dead process (a
390 Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
393 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
395 The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
397 The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
399 The process is trying to exit.
401 Marks a process which is in
403 The hostname of the prison can be found in
404 .Pa /proc/ Ns Ao Ar pid Ac Ns Pa /status .
406 The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
409 The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
410 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
412 The process is a session leader.
414 The process is suspended during a
417 The process is swapped out.
419 The process is being traced or debugged.
422 An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
423 The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
425 or, for pseudo-terminals, the corresponding entry in
427 This is followed by a
429 if the process can no longer reach that
430 controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
431 The full pathname of the controlling terminal is available via the
435 The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
436 When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
437 trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
441 When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
442 has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
445 and a process which is blocked while trying
448 If the arguments cannot be located (usually because it has not been set, as is
449 the case of system processes and/or kernel threads) the command name is printed
450 within square brackets.
453 utility first tries to obtain the arguments cached by the kernel (if they were
454 shorter than the value of the
455 .Va kern.ps_arg_cache_limit
457 The process can change the arguments shown with
461 makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
462 process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
463 The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
464 is entitled to destroy this information.
465 The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
466 If the arguments are unavailable or do not agree with the ucomm keyword,
467 the value for the ucomm keyword is appended to the arguments in parentheses.
469 The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
471 Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
473 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm sigignore" -compact
475 percentage CPU usage (alias
478 percentage memory usage (alias
481 accounting flag (alias
484 command and arguments
488 command and arguments
490 number of copy-on-write faults
492 short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
494 data size (in Kbytes)
498 the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
501 total blocks read (alias
514 lock currently blocked on (as a symbolic name)
516 login name of user who started the session
524 total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
526 total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
528 wait channel or lock currently blocked on
533 total involuntary context switches
535 total signals taken (alias
540 total voluntary context switches
542 wait channel (as an address)
544 total blocks written (alias
549 pageins (same as majflt)
561 core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
565 group name (from rgid)
567 reverse link on run queue, or 0
571 realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
575 user name (from ruid)
579 pending signals (alias
582 caught signals (alias
585 ignored signals (alias
588 blocked signals (alias
591 sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
593 stack size (in Kbytes)
597 symbolic process state (alias
600 saved gid from a setgid executable
602 saved UID from a setuid executable
604 accumulated system CPU time
608 control terminal device number
610 accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias
613 control terminal process group ID
615 .\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
617 control terminal session ID
619 text size (in Kbytes)
621 control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
623 full name of control terminal
627 name to be used for accounting
631 scheduling priority on return from system call (alias
636 accumulated user CPU time
638 virtual size in Kbytes (alias
641 wait channel (as a symbolic name)
643 exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
648 column displays bitmask of signals pending in the process queue when
650 option is not specified, otherwise the per-thread queue of pending signals
653 The following environment variables affect the execution of
655 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev COLUMNS"
657 If set, specifies the user's preferred output width in column positions.
660 attempts to automatically determine the terminal width.
663 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /boot/kernel/kernel" -compact
664 .It Pa /boot/kernel/kernel
665 default system namelist
684 For historical reasons, the
688 supports a different set of options from what is described by
690 and what is supported on
701 cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
702 process, the information it displays can never be exact.
706 utility does not correctly display argument lists containing multibyte