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29 .\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
40 .Op Fl aCcdefHhjlmrSTuvwXxZ
41 .Op Fl O Ar fmt | Fl o Ar fmt
42 .Op Fl G Ar gid Ns Op , Ns Ar gid Ns Ar ...
45 .Op Fl p Ar pid Ns Op , Ns Ar pid Ns Ar ...
46 .Op Fl t Ar tty Ns Op , Ns Ar tty Ns Ar ...
47 .Op Fl U Ar user Ns Op , Ns Ar user Ns Ar ...
54 displays a header line, followed by lines containing information about
56 processes that have controlling terminals.
61 will also display processes that do not have controlling terminals.
63 A different set of processes can be selected for display by using any
65 .Fl a , G , p , T , t ,
69 If more than one of these options are given, then
71 will select all processes which are matched by at least one of the
74 For the processes which have been selected for display,
76 will usually display one line per process.
79 option may result in multiple output lines (one line per thread) for
81 By default all of these output lines are sorted first by controlling
82 terminal, then by process ID.
87 options will change the sort order.
88 If more than one sorting option was given, then the selected processes
89 will be sorted by the last sorting option which was specified.
91 For the processes which have been selected for display, the information
92 to display is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
97 The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID,
98 controlling terminal, state, CPU time (including both user and system time)
99 and associated command.
101 The options are as follows:
102 .Bl -tag -width indent
104 Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
106 .Va security.bsd.see_other_uids
107 sysctl is set to zero, this option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
111 column output to just contain the executable name,
112 rather than the full command line.
114 Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a
116 CPU calculation that ignores
118 time (this normally has
121 Arrange processes into descendancy order and prefix each command with
122 indentation text showing sibling and parent/child relationships.
127 options are also used, they control how sibling processes are sorted
128 relative to each other.
129 Note that this option has no effect if the
131 column is not the last column displayed.
133 Display the environment as well.
135 Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
136 This option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
138 Display information about processes which are running with the specified
143 threads associated with each process.
144 Depending on the threading package that
145 is in use, this may show only the process, only the kernel scheduled entities,
146 or all of the process threads.
148 Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
149 header per page of information.
151 Print information associated with the following keywords:
152 .Cm user , pid , ppid , pgid , sid , jobc , state , tt , time ,
156 List the set of keywords available for the
162 Display information associated with the following keywords:
163 .Cm uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , mwchan , state ,
168 Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
169 instead of the currently running system.
171 Sort by memory usage, instead of the combination of controlling
172 terminal and process ID.
174 Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default,
175 which is the kernel image the system has booted from.
177 Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
178 of keywords specified, after the process ID,
179 in the default information
181 Keywords may be appended with an equals
184 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
187 Display information associated with the space or comma separated
188 list of keywords specified.
189 The last keyword in the list may be appended with an equals
191 sign and a string that spans the rest of the argument, and can contain
192 space and comma characters.
193 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
195 Multiple keywords may also be given in the form of more than one
198 So the header texts for multiple keywords can be changed.
199 If all keywords have empty header texts, no header line is written.
201 Display information about processes which match the specified process IDs.
203 Sort by current CPU usage, instead of the combination of controlling
204 terminal and process ID.
206 Change the way the process times, namely cputime, systime, and usertime,
207 are calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.
209 Display information about processes attached to the device associated
210 with the standard input.
212 Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
214 Full pathnames, as well as abbreviations (see explanation of the
216 keyword) can be specified.
218 Display the processes belonging to the specified usernames.
220 Display information associated with the following keywords:
221 .Cm user , pid , %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time ,
230 Display information associated with the following keywords:
231 .Cm pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz ,
241 Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
245 option is specified more than once,
247 will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
248 Note that this option has no effect if the
250 column is not the last column displayed.
252 When displaying processes matched by other options, skip any processes
253 which do not have a controlling terminal.
254 This is the default behaviour.
256 When displaying processes matched by other options, include processes
257 which do not have a controlling terminal.
258 This is the opposite of the
265 are specified in the same command, then
267 will use the one which was specified last.
271 label to the list of keywords for which
273 will display information.
276 A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
277 Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
278 .Bl -tag -width lockname
280 The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
281 a minute of previous (real) time.
282 Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
283 be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
285 fields to exceed 100%.
287 The percentage of real memory used by this process.
289 Login class associated with the process.
291 The flags associated with the process as in
294 .Bl -column P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY 0x40000000
295 .It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001 Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
296 .It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002 Has a controlling terminal"
297 .It Dv "P_KTHREAD" Ta No "0x00004 Kernel thread"
298 .It Dv "P_FOLLOWFORK" Ta No "0x00008 Attach debugger to new children"
299 .It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010 Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
300 .It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020 Has started profiling"
301 .It Dv "P_STOPPROF" Ta No "0x00040 Has thread in requesting to stop prof"
302 .It Dv "P_HADTHREADS" Ta No "0x00080 Has had threads (no cleanup shortcuts)"
303 .It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100 Had set id privileges since last exec"
304 .It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200 System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
305 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_EXIT" Ta No "0x00400 Threads suspending should exit, not wait"
306 .It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800 Debugged process being traced"
307 .It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000 Someone is waiting for us"
308 .It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000 Working on exiting"
309 .It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000 Process called exec"
310 .It Dv "P_WKILLED" Ta No "0x08000 Killed, shall go to kernel/user boundary ASAP"
311 .It Dv "P_CONTINUED" Ta No "0x10000 Proc has continued from a stopped state"
312 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SIG" Ta No "0x20000 Stopped due to SIGSTOP/SIGTSTP"
313 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_TRACE" Ta No "0x40000 Stopped because of tracing"
314 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SINGLE" Ta No "0x80000 Only one thread can continue"
315 .It Dv "P_PROTECTED" Ta No "0x100000 Do not kill on memory overcommit"
316 .It Dv "P_SIGEVENT" Ta No "0x200000 Process pending signals changed"
317 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY" Ta No "0x400000 Threads should suspend at user boundary"
318 .It Dv "P_HWPMC" Ta No "0x800000 Process is using HWPMCs"
319 .It Dv "P_JAILED" Ta No "0x1000000 Process is in jail"
320 .It Dv "P_ORPHAN" Ta No "0x2000000 Orphaned by original parent, reparented to debugger"
321 .It Dv "P_INEXEC" Ta No "0x4000000 Process is in execve()"
322 .It Dv "P_STATCHILD" Ta No "0x8000000 Child process stopped or exited"
323 .It Dv "P_INMEM" Ta No "0x10000000 Loaded into memory"
324 .It Dv "P_SWAPPINGOUT" Ta No "0x20000000 Process is being swapped out"
325 .It Dv "P_SWAPPINGIN" Ta No "0x40000000 Process is being swapped in"
326 .It Dv "P_PPTRACE" Ta No "0x80000000" Ta "Vforked child issued ptrace(PT_TRACEME)"
329 The MAC label of the process.
331 The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
334 The exact time the command started, using the
339 The name of the lock that the process is currently blocked on.
340 If the name is invalid or unknown, then
344 The login name associated with the session the process is in (see
347 The event name if the process is blocked normally, or the lock name if
348 the process is blocked on a lock.
349 See the wchan and lockname keywords
352 The process scheduling increment (see
353 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
355 the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
357 The time the command started.
358 If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
363 If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
367 Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
371 The state is given by a sequence of characters, for example,
373 The first character indicates the run state of the process:
375 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
377 Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
379 Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
381 Marks a process that is waiting to acquire a lock.
383 Marks a runnable process.
385 Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
387 Marks a stopped process.
389 Marks an idle interrupt thread.
391 Marks a dead process (a
395 Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
398 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
400 The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
402 The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
404 The process is trying to exit.
406 Marks a process which is in
408 The hostname of the prison can be found in
409 .Pa /proc/ Ns Ao Ar pid Ac Ns Pa /status .
411 The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
414 The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
415 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
417 The process is a session leader.
419 The process is suspended during a
422 The process is swapped out.
424 The process is being traced or debugged.
427 An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
428 The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
430 or, for pseudo-terminals, the corresponding entry in
432 This is followed by a
434 if the process can no longer reach that
435 controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
436 The full pathname of the controlling terminal is available via the
440 The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
441 When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
442 trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
446 When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
447 has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
450 and a process which is blocked while trying
453 If the arguments cannot be located (usually because it has not been set, as is
454 the case of system processes and/or kernel threads) the command name is printed
455 within square brackets.
458 utility first tries to obtain the arguments cached by the kernel (if they were
459 shorter than the value of the
460 .Va kern.ps_arg_cache_limit
462 The process can change the arguments shown with
466 makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
467 process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
468 The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
469 is entitled to destroy this information.
470 The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
471 If the arguments are unavailable or do not agree with the ucomm keyword,
472 the value for the ucomm keyword is appended to the arguments in parentheses.
474 The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
476 Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
478 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm sigignore" -compact
480 percentage CPU usage (alias
483 percentage memory usage (alias
486 accounting flag (alias
489 command and arguments
495 command and arguments
497 number of copy-on-write faults
499 short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
501 data size (in Kbytes)
503 system-call emulation environment
505 elapsed running time, format
510 elapsed running time, in decimal integer seconds
512 the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
515 effective group ID (alias
518 group name (from egid) (alias
521 total blocks read (alias
534 lock currently blocked on (as a symbolic name)
536 login name of user who started the session
546 total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
548 total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
550 wait channel or lock currently blocked on
555 total involuntary context switches
557 number of threads tied to a process
559 total signals taken (alias
564 total voluntary context switches
566 wait channel (as an address)
568 total blocks written (alias
573 pageins (same as majflt)
583 core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
587 group name (from rgid)
591 realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
595 user name (from ruid)
599 pending signals (alias
602 caught signals (alias
605 ignored signals (alias
608 blocked signals (alias
611 sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
613 stack size (in Kbytes)
617 symbolic process state (alias
620 saved gid from a setgid executable
622 saved UID from a setuid executable
624 accumulated system CPU time
628 control terminal device number
630 accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias
633 control terminal process group ID
635 .\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
637 control terminal session ID
639 text size (in Kbytes)
641 control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
643 full name of control terminal
645 name to be used for accounting
647 effective user ID (alias
650 scheduling priority on return from system call (alias
657 accumulated user CPU time
659 virtual size in Kbytes (alias
662 wait channel (as a symbolic name)
664 exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
669 column displays bitmask of signals pending in the process queue when
671 option is not specified, otherwise the per-thread queue of pending signals
674 The following environment variables affect the execution of
676 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev COLUMNS"
678 If set, specifies the user's preferred output width in column positions.
681 attempts to automatically determine the terminal width.
684 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /boot/kernel/kernel" -compact
685 .It Pa /boot/kernel/kernel
686 default system namelist
702 For historical reasons, the
706 supports a different set of options from what is described by
708 and what is supported on
719 cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
720 process, the information it displays can never be exact.
724 utility does not correctly display argument lists containing multibyte