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42 <div class="refentry" lang="en">
43 <a name="man.dig"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
44 <div class="refnamediv">
46 <p>dig — DNS lookup utility</p>
48 <div class="refsynopsisdiv">
50 <div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dig</code> [@server] [<code class="option">-b <em class="replaceable"><code>address</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-m</code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port#</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-q <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>addr</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-y <em class="replaceable"><code>[<span class="optional">hmac:</span>]name:key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [name] [type] [class] [queryopt...]</p></div>
51 <div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dig</code> [<code class="option">-h</code>]</p></div>
52 <div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dig</code> [global-queryopt...] [query...]</p></div>
54 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
55 <a name="id2609165"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
56 <p><span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
57 (domain information groper) is a flexible tool
58 for interrogating DNS name servers. It performs DNS lookups and
59 displays the answers that are returned from the name server(s) that
60 were queried. Most DNS administrators use <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> to
61 troubleshoot DNS problems because of its flexibility, ease of use and
62 clarity of output. Other lookup tools tend to have less functionality
63 than <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>.
66 Although <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> is normally used with
68 arguments, it also has a batch mode of operation for reading lookup
69 requests from a file. A brief summary of its command-line arguments
70 and options is printed when the <code class="option">-h</code> option is given.
71 Unlike earlier versions, the BIND 9 implementation of
72 <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> allows multiple lookups to be issued
77 Unless it is told to query a specific name server,
78 <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will try each of the servers listed in
79 <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>. If no usable server addresses
80 are found, <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will send the query to the local
84 When no command line arguments or options are given,
85 <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will perform an NS query for "." (the root).
88 It is possible to set per-user defaults for <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> via
89 <code class="filename">${HOME}/.digrc</code>. This file is read and
91 are applied before the command line arguments.
94 The IN and CH class names overlap with the IN and CH top level
95 domains names. Either use the <code class="option">-t</code> and
96 <code class="option">-c</code> options to specify the type and class,
97 use the <code class="option">-q</code> the specify the domain name, or
98 use "IN." and "CH." when looking up these top level domains.
101 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
102 <a name="id2609268"></a><h2>SIMPLE USAGE</h2>
104 A typical invocation of <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> looks like:
106 <pre class="programlisting"> dig @server name type </pre>
111 <div class="variablelist"><dl>
112 <dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">server</code></span></dt>
115 is the name or IP address of the name server to query. This
116 can be an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation or an IPv6
117 address in colon-delimited notation. When the supplied
118 <em class="parameter"><code>server</code></em> argument is a hostname,
119 <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> resolves that name before querying
123 If no <em class="parameter"><code>server</code></em> argument is
124 provided, <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> consults
125 <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>; if an
126 address is found there, it queries the name server at
127 that address. If either of the <code class="option">-4</code> or
128 <code class="option">-6</code> options are in use, then
129 only addresses for the corresponding transport
130 will be tried. If no usable addresses are found,
131 <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will send the query to the
132 local host. The reply from the name server that
133 responds is displayed.
136 <dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">name</code></span></dt>
138 is the name of the resource record that is to be looked up.
140 <dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">type</code></span></dt>
142 indicates what type of query is required —
143 ANY, A, MX, SIG, etc.
144 <em class="parameter"><code>type</code></em> can be any valid query
146 <em class="parameter"><code>type</code></em> argument is supplied,
147 <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will perform a lookup for an
154 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
155 <a name="id2609872"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
157 The <code class="option">-b</code> option sets the source IP address of the query
158 to <em class="parameter"><code>address</code></em>. This must be a valid
160 one of the host's network interfaces or "0.0.0.0" or "::". An optional
162 may be specified by appending "#<port>"
165 The default query class (IN for internet) is overridden by the
166 <code class="option">-c</code> option. <em class="parameter"><code>class</code></em> is
168 class, such as HS for Hesiod records or CH for Chaosnet records.
171 The <code class="option">-f</code> option makes <span><strong class="command">dig </strong></span>
173 in batch mode by reading a list of lookup requests to process from the
174 file <em class="parameter"><code>filename</code></em>. The file contains a
176 queries, one per line. Each entry in the file should be organized in
177 the same way they would be presented as queries to
178 <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> using the command-line interface.
181 The <code class="option">-m</code> option enables memory usage debugging.
185 If a non-standard port number is to be queried, the
186 <code class="option">-p</code> option is used. <em class="parameter"><code>port#</code></em> is
187 the port number that <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will send its
189 instead of the standard DNS port number 53. This option would be used
190 to test a name server that has been configured to listen for queries
191 on a non-standard port number.
194 The <code class="option">-4</code> option forces <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
196 use IPv4 query transport. The <code class="option">-6</code> option forces
197 <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> to only use IPv6 query transport.
200 The <code class="option">-t</code> option sets the query type to
201 <em class="parameter"><code>type</code></em>. It can be any valid query type
203 supported in BIND 9. The default query type is "A", unless the
204 <code class="option">-x</code> option is supplied to indicate a reverse lookup.
205 A zone transfer can be requested by specifying a type of AXFR. When
206 an incremental zone transfer (IXFR) is required,
207 <em class="parameter"><code>type</code></em> is set to <code class="literal">ixfr=N</code>.
208 The incremental zone transfer will contain the changes made to the zone
209 since the serial number in the zone's SOA record was
210 <em class="parameter"><code>N</code></em>.
213 The <code class="option">-q</code> option sets the query name to
214 <em class="parameter"><code>name</code></em>. This useful do distinguish the
215 <em class="parameter"><code>name</code></em> from other arguments.
218 Reverse lookups — mapping addresses to names — are simplified by the
219 <code class="option">-x</code> option. <em class="parameter"><code>addr</code></em> is
221 address in dotted-decimal notation, or a colon-delimited IPv6 address.
222 When this option is used, there is no need to provide the
223 <em class="parameter"><code>name</code></em>, <em class="parameter"><code>class</code></em> and
224 <em class="parameter"><code>type</code></em> arguments. <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
225 automatically performs a lookup for a name like
226 <code class="literal">11.12.13.10.in-addr.arpa</code> and sets the
228 class to PTR and IN respectively. By default, IPv6 addresses are
229 looked up using nibble format under the IP6.ARPA domain.
230 To use the older RFC1886 method using the IP6.INT domain
231 specify the <code class="option">-i</code> option. Bit string labels (RFC2874)
232 are now experimental and are not attempted.
235 To sign the DNS queries sent by <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> and
237 responses using transaction signatures (TSIG), specify a TSIG key file
238 using the <code class="option">-k</code> option. You can also specify the TSIG
239 key itself on the command line using the <code class="option">-y</code> option;
240 <em class="parameter"><code>hmac</code></em> is the type of the TSIG, default HMAC-MD5,
241 <em class="parameter"><code>name</code></em> is the name of the TSIG key and
242 <em class="parameter"><code>key</code></em> is the actual key. The key is a
244 encoded string, typically generated by
245 <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>.
247 Caution should be taken when using the <code class="option">-y</code> option on
248 multi-user systems as the key can be visible in the output from
249 <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">ps</span>(1)</span>
250 or in the shell's history file. When
251 using TSIG authentication with <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>, the name
252 server that is queried needs to know the key and algorithm that is
253 being used. In BIND, this is done by providing appropriate
254 <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statements in
255 <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
258 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
259 <a name="id2662233"></a><h2>QUERY OPTIONS</h2>
260 <p><span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
261 provides a number of query options which affect
262 the way in which lookups are made and the results displayed. Some of
263 these set or reset flag bits in the query header, some determine which
264 sections of the answer get printed, and others determine the timeout
265 and retry strategies.
268 Each query option is identified by a keyword preceded by a plus sign
269 (<code class="literal">+</code>). Some keywords set or reset an
270 option. These may be preceded
271 by the string <code class="literal">no</code> to negate the meaning of
273 keywords assign values to options like the timeout interval. They
274 have the form <code class="option">+keyword=value</code>.
275 The query options are:
278 <div class="variablelist"><dl>
279 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]tcp</code></span></dt>
281 Use [do not use] TCP when querying name servers. The default
282 behavior is to use UDP unless an AXFR or IXFR query is
284 which case a TCP connection is used.
286 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]vc</code></span></dt>
288 Use [do not use] TCP when querying name servers. This alternate
289 syntax to <em class="parameter"><code>+[no]tcp</code></em> is
290 provided for backwards
291 compatibility. The "vc" stands for "virtual circuit".
293 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]ignore</code></span></dt>
295 Ignore truncation in UDP responses instead of retrying with TCP.
297 default, TCP retries are performed.
299 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+domain=somename</code></span></dt>
301 Set the search list to contain the single domain
302 <em class="parameter"><code>somename</code></em>, as if specified in
304 <span><strong class="command">domain</strong></span> directive in
305 <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>, and enable
307 processing as if the <em class="parameter"><code>+search</code></em>
310 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]search</code></span></dt>
312 Use [do not use] the search list defined by the searchlist or
314 directive in <code class="filename">resolv.conf</code> (if
316 The search list is not used by default.
318 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]showsearch</code></span></dt>
320 Perform [do not perform] a search showing intermediate
323 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]defname</code></span></dt>
325 Deprecated, treated as a synonym for <em class="parameter"><code>+[no]search</code></em>
327 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]aaonly</code></span></dt>
329 Sets the "aa" flag in the query.
331 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]aaflag</code></span></dt>
333 A synonym for <em class="parameter"><code>+[no]aaonly</code></em>.
335 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]adflag</code></span></dt>
337 Set [do not set] the AD (authentic data) bit in the
338 query. This requests the server to return whether
339 all of the answer and authority sections have all
340 been validated as secure according to the security
341 policy of the server. AD=1 indicates that all records
342 have been validated as secure and the answer is not
343 from a OPT-OUT range. AD=0 indicate that some part
344 of the answer was insecure or not validated.
346 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]cdflag</code></span></dt>
348 Set [do not set] the CD (checking disabled) bit in the query.
350 requests the server to not perform DNSSEC validation of
353 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]cl</code></span></dt>
355 Display [do not display] the CLASS when printing the record.
357 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]ttlid</code></span></dt>
359 Display [do not display] the TTL when printing the record.
361 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]recurse</code></span></dt>
363 Toggle the setting of the RD (recursion desired) bit in the
365 This bit is set by default, which means <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
366 normally sends recursive queries. Recursion is automatically
368 when the <em class="parameter"><code>+nssearch</code></em> or
369 <em class="parameter"><code>+trace</code></em> query options are
372 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]nssearch</code></span></dt>
374 When this option is set, <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
376 authoritative name servers for the zone containing the name
378 looked up and display the SOA record that each name server has
382 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]trace</code></span></dt>
384 Toggle tracing of the delegation path from the root name servers
386 the name being looked up. Tracing is disabled by default. When
387 tracing is enabled, <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> makes
389 resolve the name being looked up. It will follow referrals from
391 root servers, showing the answer from each server that was used
395 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]cmd</code></span></dt>
397 Toggles the printing of the initial comment in the output
399 the version of <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> and the query
401 been applied. This comment is printed by default.
403 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]short</code></span></dt>
405 Provide a terse answer. The default is to print the answer in a
408 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]identify</code></span></dt>
410 Show [or do not show] the IP address and port number that
412 answer when the <em class="parameter"><code>+short</code></em> option
414 short form answers are requested, the default is not to show the
415 source address and port number of the server that provided the
418 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]comments</code></span></dt>
420 Toggle the display of comment lines in the output. The default
424 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]stats</code></span></dt>
426 This query option toggles the printing of statistics: when the
428 was made, the size of the reply and so on. The default
430 to print the query statistics.
432 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]qr</code></span></dt>
434 Print [do not print] the query as it is sent.
435 By default, the query is not printed.
437 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]question</code></span></dt>
439 Print [do not print] the question section of a query when an
441 returned. The default is to print the question section as a
444 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]answer</code></span></dt>
446 Display [do not display] the answer section of a reply. The
450 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]authority</code></span></dt>
452 Display [do not display] the authority section of a reply. The
453 default is to display it.
455 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]additional</code></span></dt>
457 Display [do not display] the additional section of a reply.
458 The default is to display it.
460 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]all</code></span></dt>
462 Set or clear all display flags.
464 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+time=T</code></span></dt>
467 Sets the timeout for a query to
468 <em class="parameter"><code>T</code></em> seconds. The default
469 timeout is 5 seconds.
470 An attempt to set <em class="parameter"><code>T</code></em> to less
472 in a query timeout of 1 second being applied.
474 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+tries=T</code></span></dt>
476 Sets the number of times to try UDP queries to server to
477 <em class="parameter"><code>T</code></em> instead of the default, 3.
479 <em class="parameter"><code>T</code></em> is less than or equal to
481 tries is silently rounded up to 1.
483 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+retry=T</code></span></dt>
485 Sets the number of times to retry UDP queries to server to
486 <em class="parameter"><code>T</code></em> instead of the default, 2.
488 <em class="parameter"><code>+tries</code></em>, this does not include
492 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+ndots=D</code></span></dt>
494 Set the number of dots that have to appear in
495 <em class="parameter"><code>name</code></em> to <em class="parameter"><code>D</code></em> for it to be
496 considered absolute. The default value is that defined using
498 ndots statement in <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>, or 1 if no
499 ndots statement is present. Names with fewer dots are
501 relative names and will be searched for in the domains listed in
503 <code class="option">search</code> or <code class="option">domain</code> directive in
504 <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>.
506 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+bufsize=B</code></span></dt>
508 Set the UDP message buffer size advertised using EDNS0 to
509 <em class="parameter"><code>B</code></em> bytes. The maximum and minimum sizes
510 of this buffer are 65535 and 0 respectively. Values outside
511 this range are rounded up or down appropriately.
512 Values other than zero will cause a EDNS query to be sent.
514 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+edns=#</code></span></dt>
516 Specify the EDNS version to query with. Valid values
517 are 0 to 255. Setting the EDNS version will cause a
518 EDNS query to be sent. <code class="option">+noedns</code> clears the
519 remembered EDNS version.
521 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]multiline</code></span></dt>
523 Print records like the SOA records in a verbose multi-line
524 format with human-readable comments. The default is to print
525 each record on a single line, to facilitate machine parsing
526 of the <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> output.
528 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]onesoa</code></span></dt>
530 Print only one (starting) SOA record when performing
531 an AXFR. The default is to print both the starting and
534 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]fail</code></span></dt>
536 Do not try the next server if you receive a SERVFAIL. The
538 to not try the next server which is the reverse of normal stub
542 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]besteffort</code></span></dt>
544 Attempt to display the contents of messages which are malformed.
545 The default is to not display malformed answers.
547 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]dnssec</code></span></dt>
549 Requests DNSSEC records be sent by setting the DNSSEC OK bit
551 in the OPT record in the additional section of the query.
553 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]sigchase</code></span></dt>
555 Chase DNSSEC signature chains. Requires dig be compiled with
558 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+trusted-key=####</code></span></dt>
561 Specifies a file containing trusted keys to be used with
562 <code class="option">+sigchase</code>. Each DNSKEY record must be
566 If not specified, <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will look for
567 <code class="filename">/etc/trusted-key.key</code> then
568 <code class="filename">trusted-key.key</code> in the current directory.
571 Requires dig be compiled with -DDIG_SIGCHASE.
574 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]topdown</code></span></dt>
576 When chasing DNSSEC signature chains perform a top-down
578 Requires dig be compiled with -DDIG_SIGCHASE.
580 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]nsid</code></span></dt>
582 Include an EDNS name server ID request when sending a query.
584 <dt><span class="term"><code class="option">+[no]keepopen</code></span></dt>
586 Keep the TCP socket open between queries and reuse it rather
587 than creating a new TCP socket for each lookup. The default
588 is <code class="option">+nokeepopen</code>.
595 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
596 <a name="id2663265"></a><h2>MULTIPLE QUERIES</h2>
598 The BIND 9 implementation of <span><strong class="command">dig </strong></span>
600 specifying multiple queries on the command line (in addition to
601 supporting the <code class="option">-f</code> batch file option). Each of those
602 queries can be supplied with its own set of flags, options and query
606 In this case, each <em class="parameter"><code>query</code></em> argument
608 individual query in the command-line syntax described above. Each
609 consists of any of the standard options and flags, the name to be
610 looked up, an optional query type and class and any query options that
611 should be applied to that query.
614 A global set of query options, which should be applied to all queries,
615 can also be supplied. These global query options must precede the
616 first tuple of name, class, type, options, flags, and query options
617 supplied on the command line. Any global query options (except
618 the <code class="option">+[no]cmd</code> option) can be
619 overridden by a query-specific set of query options. For example:
621 <pre class="programlisting">
622 dig +qr www.isc.org any -x 127.0.0.1 isc.org ns +noqr
625 shows how <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> could be used from the
627 to make three lookups: an ANY query for <code class="literal">www.isc.org</code>, a
628 reverse lookup of 127.0.0.1 and a query for the NS records of
629 <code class="literal">isc.org</code>.
631 A global query option of <em class="parameter"><code>+qr</code></em> is
633 that <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> shows the initial query it made
635 lookup. The final query has a local query option of
636 <em class="parameter"><code>+noqr</code></em> which means that <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>
637 will not print the initial query when it looks up the NS records for
638 <code class="literal">isc.org</code>.
641 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
642 <a name="id2663418"></a><h2>IDN SUPPORT</h2>
644 If <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> has been built with IDN (internationalized
645 domain name) support, it can accept and display non-ASCII domain names.
646 <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> appropriately converts character encoding of
647 domain name before sending a request to DNS server or displaying a
648 reply from the server.
649 If you'd like to turn off the IDN support for some reason, defines
650 the <code class="envar">IDN_DISABLE</code> environment variable.
651 The IDN support is disabled if the variable is set when
652 <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> runs.
655 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
656 <a name="id2663447"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
657 <p><code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>
659 <p><code class="filename">${HOME}/.digrc</code>
662 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
663 <a name="id2663468"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
664 <p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">host</span>(1)</span>,
665 <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named</span>(8)</span>,
666 <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
667 <em class="citetitle">RFC1035</em>.
670 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
671 <a name="id2663506"></a><h2>BUGS</h2>
673 There are probably too many query options.
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