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29 <div class="navheader">
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31 <tr><th colspan="3" align="center"><span class="application">named</span></th></tr>
32 <tr>
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41 </div>
42 <div class="refentry" lang="en">
43 <a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
44 <div class="refnamediv">
45 <h2>Name</h2>
46 <p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
47 </div>
48 <div class="refsynopsisdiv">
49 <h2>Synopsis</h2>
50 <div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code>  [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
51 </div>
52 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
53 <a name="id2642459"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
54 <p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
55       is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
56       part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC.  For more
57       information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
58     </p>
59 <p>
60       When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
61       will
62       read the default configuration file
63       <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
64       data, and listen for queries.
65     </p>
66 </div>
67 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
68 <a name="id2642490"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
69 <div class="variablelist"><dl>
70 <dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
71 <dd><p>
72             Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
73             <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
74             exclusive.
75           </p></dd>
76 <dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
77 <dd><p>
78             Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
79             <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
80             exclusive.
81           </p></dd>
82 <dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
83 <dd><p>
84             Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
85             configuration file instead of the default,
86             <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>.  To
87             ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
88             to work after the server has changed its working
89             directory due to to a possible
90             <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
91             file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
92             an absolute pathname.
93           </p></dd>
94 <dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
95 <dd><p>
96             Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
97             Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
98             more verbose as the debug level increases.
99           </p></dd>
100 <dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></span></dt>
101 <dd><p>
102             Use a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
103             it supports, for instance re-signing with private keys from
104             a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
105             <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em>
106             defaults to pkcs11, the empty name resets it to no engine.
107           </p></dd>
108 <dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
109 <dd><p>
110             Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
111           </p></dd>
112 <dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
113 <dd><p>
114             Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
115             to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
116           </p></dd>
117 <dt><span class="term">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em></span></dt>
118 <dd><p>
119             Sets the default memory context options.  Currently
120             the only supported option is
121             <em class="replaceable"><code>external</code></em>,
122             which causes the internal memory manager to be bypassed
123             in favor of system-provided memory allocation functions.
124           </p></dd>
125 <dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
126 <dd><p>
127             Turn on memory usage debugging flags.  Possible flags are
128             <em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
129             <em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
130             <em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
131             <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
132             <em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
133             These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
134             <code class="filename">&lt;isc/mem.h&gt;</code>.
135           </p></dd>
136 <dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
137 <dd><p>
138             Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
139             to take advantage of multiple CPUs.  If not specified,
140             <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
141             number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
142             If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
143             single worker thread will be created.
144           </p></dd>
145 <dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
146 <dd><p>
147             Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>.  If not
148             specified, the default is port 53.
149           </p></dd>
150 <dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
151 <dd>
152 <p>
153             Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
154           </p>
155 <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
156 <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
157 <p>
158               This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
159               and may be removed or changed in a future release.
160             </p>
161 </div>
162 </dd>
163 <dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
164 <dd>
165 <p>
166             Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
167             <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
168           </p>
169 <div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
170 <h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
171 <p>
172               This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
173               of users.
174               The use of this option could even be harmful because the
175               specified value may exceed the limitation of the
176               underlying system API.
177               It is therefore set only when the default configuration
178               causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
179               operational environment is known to support the
180               specified number of sockets.
181               Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
182               fewer than the specified value because
183               <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
184               for its internal use.
185             </p>
186 </div>
187 </dd>
188 <dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
189 <dd>
190 <p>Chroot
191             to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
192             processing the command line arguments, but before
193             reading the configuration file.
194           </p>
195 <div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
196 <h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
197 <p>
198               This option should be used in conjunction with the
199               <code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
200               running as root doesn't enhance security on most
201               systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
202               defined allows a process with root privileges to
203               escape a chroot jail.
204             </p>
205 </div>
206 </dd>
207 <dt><span class="term">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></span></dt>
208 <dd><p>
209             Use <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em>
210             worker threads to listen for incoming UDP packets on each
211             address.  If not specified, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
212             calculate a default value based on the number of detected
213             CPUs: 1 for 1 CPU, 2 for 2-4 CPUs, and the number of
214             detected CPUs divided by 2 for values higher than 4.
215             If <code class="option">-n</code> has been set to a higher value than
216             the number of detected CPUs, then <code class="option">-U</code> may
217             be increased as high as that value, but no higher.
218           </p></dd>
219 <dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
220 <dd>
221 <p>Setuid
222             to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
223             privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
224             listen on privileged ports.
225           </p>
226 <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
227 <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
228 <p>
229               On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
230                         capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
231               except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
232               a
233               privileged port and set process resource limits.
234               Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
235               option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
236               run
237               on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
238               later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
239               to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
240             </p>
241 </div>
242 </dd>
243 <dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
244 <dd><p>
245             Report the version number and exit.
246           </p></dd>
247 <dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
248 <dd><p>
249             Report the version number and build options, and exit.
250           </p></dd>
251 <dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
252 <dd>
253 <p>
254             Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
255             cache of the default view.
256           </p>
257 <div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
258 <h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
259 <p>
260               This option must not be used.  It is only of interest
261               to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
262               future release.
263             </p>
264 </div>
265 </dd>
266 </dl></div>
267 </div>
268 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
269 <a name="id2681466"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
270 <p>
271       In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
272       the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
273       instead.
274     </p>
275 <div class="variablelist"><dl>
276 <dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
277 <dd><p>
278             Force a reload of the server.
279           </p></dd>
280 <dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
281 <dd><p>
282             Shut down the server.
283           </p></dd>
284 </dl></div>
285 <p>
286       The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
287     </p>
288 </div>
289 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
290 <a name="id2681585"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
291 <p>
292       The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
293       to describe in detail here.  A complete description is provided
294       in the
295       <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
296     </p>
297 <p>
298       <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
299       (file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
300       created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
301       need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
302       should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
303       <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
304     </p>
305 </div>
306 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
307 <a name="id2681634"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
308 <div class="variablelist"><dl>
309 <dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
310 <dd><p>
311             The default configuration file.
312           </p></dd>
313 <dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
314 <dd><p>
315             The default process-id file.
316           </p></dd>
317 </dl></div>
318 </div>
319 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
320 <a name="id2681677"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
321 <p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
322       <em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
323       <em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
324       <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
325       <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
326       <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
327       <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
328       <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
329       <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
330     </p>
331 </div>
332 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
333 <a name="id2681748"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
334 <p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
335     </p>
336 </div>
337 </div>
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357 <p style="text-align: center;">BIND 9.9.8-P4 (Extended Support Version)</p>
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