1 BMAKE(1) NetBSD General Commands Manual BMAKE(1)
4 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be -- maintain program dependencies
6 S
\bSY
\bYN
\bNO
\bOP
\bPS
\bSI
\bIS
\bS
7 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be [-
\b-B
\bBe
\bei
\bik
\bkN
\bNn
\bnq
\bqr
\brs
\bst
\btW
\bWw
\bwX
\bX] [-
\b-C
\bC _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by] [-
\b-D
\bD _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be] [-
\b-d
\bd _
\bf_
\bl_
\ba_
\bg_
\bs]
8 [-
\b-f
\bf _
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be] [-
\b-I
\bI _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by] [-
\b-J
\bJ _
\bp_
\br_
\bi_
\bv_
\ba_
\bt_
\be] [-
\b-j
\bj _
\bm_
\ba_
\bx_
\b__
\bj_
\bo_
\bb_
\bs]
9 [-
\b-m
\bm _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by] [-
\b-T
\bT _
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be] [-
\b-V
\bV _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be] [-
\b-v
\bv _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be]
10 [_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be_
\b=_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl_
\bu_
\be] [_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
12 D
\bDE
\bES
\bSC
\bCR
\bRI
\bIP
\bPT
\bTI
\bIO
\bON
\bN
13 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other pro-
14 grams. Its input is a list of specifications as to the files upon which
15 programs and other files depend. If no -
\b-f
\bf _
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be makefile option is
16 given, b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will try to open `_
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be' then `_
\bM_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be' in order to find
17 the specifications. If the file `_
\b._
\bd_
\be_
\bp_
\be_
\bn_
\bd' exists, it is read (see
20 This manual page is intended as a reference document only. For a more
21 thorough description of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be and makefiles, please refer to _
\bP_
\bM_
\ba_
\bk_
\be _
\b- _
\bA
22 _
\bT_
\bu_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bl.
24 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will prepend the contents of the _
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bF_
\bL_
\bA_
\bG_
\bS environment variable to
25 the command line arguments before parsing them.
27 The options are as follows:
29 -
\b-B
\bB Try to be backwards compatible by executing a single shell per
30 command and by executing the commands to make the sources of a
31 dependency line in sequence.
33 -
\b-C
\bC _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by
34 Change to _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by before reading the makefiles or doing any-
35 thing else. If multiple -
\b-C
\bC options are specified, each is inter-
36 preted relative to the previous one: -
\b-C
\bC _
\b/ -
\b-C
\bC _
\be_
\bt_
\bc is equivalent to
37 -
\b-C
\bC _
\b/_
\be_
\bt_
\bc.
39 -
\b-D
\bD _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be
40 Define _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be to be 1, in the global context.
42 -
\b-d
\bd _
\b[_
\b-_
\b]_
\bf_
\bl_
\ba_
\bg_
\bs
43 Turn on debugging, and specify which portions of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be are to
44 print debugging information. Unless the flags are preceded by
45 `-' they are added to the _
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bF_
\bL_
\bA_
\bG_
\bS environment variable and will
46 be processed by any child make processes. By default, debugging
47 information is printed to standard error, but this can be changed
48 using the _
\bF debugging flag. The debugging output is always
49 unbuffered; in addition, if debugging is enabled but debugging
50 output is not directed to standard output, then the standard out-
51 put is line buffered. _
\bF_
\bl_
\ba_
\bg_
\bs is one or more of the following:
53 _
\bA Print all possible debugging information; equivalent to
54 specifying all of the debugging flags.
56 _
\ba Print debugging information about archive searching and
59 _
\bC Print debugging information about current working direc-
62 _
\bc Print debugging information about conditional evaluation.
64 _
\bd Print debugging information about directory searching and
67 _
\be Print debugging information about failed commands and
70 _
\bF[+
\b+]_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be_
\bn_
\ba_
\bm_
\be
71 Specify where debugging output is written. This must be
72 the last flag, because it consumes the remainder of the
73 argument. If the character immediately after the `F'
74 flag is `+', then the file will be opened in append mode;
75 otherwise the file will be overwritten. If the file name
76 is `stdout' or `stderr' then debugging output will be
77 written to the standard output or standard error output
78 file descriptors respectively (and the `+' option has no
79 effect). Otherwise, the output will be written to the
80 named file. If the file name ends `.%d' then the `%d' is
83 _
\bf Print debugging information about loop evaluation.
85 _
\bg_
\b1 Print the input graph before making anything.
87 _
\bg_
\b2 Print the input graph after making everything, or before
90 _
\bg_
\b3 Print the input graph before exiting on error.
92 _
\bj Print debugging information about running multiple
95 _
\bl Print commands in Makefiles regardless of whether or not
96 they are prefixed by `@' or other "quiet" flags. Also
97 known as "loud" behavior.
99 _
\bM Print debugging information about "meta" mode decisions
102 _
\bm Print debugging information about making targets, includ-
103 ing modification dates.
105 _
\bn Don't delete the temporary command scripts created when
106 running commands. These temporary scripts are created in
107 the directory referred to by the TMPDIR environment vari-
108 able, or in _
\b/_
\bt_
\bm_
\bp if TMPDIR is unset or set to the empty
109 string. The temporary scripts are created by mkstemp(3),
110 and have names of the form _
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bX_
\bX_
\bX_
\bX_
\bX_
\bX. _
\bN_
\bO_
\bT_
\bE: This can
111 create many files in TMPDIR or _
\b/_
\bt_
\bm_
\bp, so use with care.
113 _
\bp Print debugging information about makefile parsing.
115 _
\bs Print debugging information about suffix-transformation
118 _
\bt Print debugging information about target list mainte-
121 _
\bV Force the -
\b-V
\bV option to print raw values of variables,
122 overriding the default behavior set via
123 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bA_
\bN_
\bD_
\b__
\bV_
\bA_
\bR_
\bI_
\bA_
\bB_
\bL_
\bE_
\bS.
125 _
\bv Print debugging information about variable assignment.
127 _
\bx Run shell commands with -
\b-x
\bx so the actual commands are
128 printed as they are executed.
130 -
\b-e
\be Specify that environment variables override macro assignments
133 -
\b-f
\bf _
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be
134 Specify a makefile to read instead of the default `_
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be'. If
135 _
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be is `-
\b-', standard input is read. Multiple makefiles may
136 be specified, and are read in the order specified.
138 -
\b-I
\bI _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by
139 Specify a directory in which to search for makefiles and included
140 makefiles. The system makefile directory (or directories, see
141 the -
\b-m
\bm option) is automatically included as part of this list.
143 -
\b-i
\bi Ignore non-zero exit of shell commands in the makefile. Equiva-
144 lent to specifying `-
\b-' before each command line in the makefile.
146 -
\b-J
\bJ _
\bp_
\br_
\bi_
\bv_
\ba_
\bt_
\be
147 This option should _
\bn_
\bo_
\bt be specified by the user.
149 When the _
\bj option is in use in a recursive build, this option is
150 passed by a make to child makes to allow all the make processes
151 in the build to cooperate to avoid overloading the system.
153 -
\b-j
\bj _
\bm_
\ba_
\bx_
\b__
\bj_
\bo_
\bb_
\bs
154 Specify the maximum number of jobs that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be may have running at
155 any one time. The value is saved in _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bJ_
\bO_
\bB_
\bS. Turns compati-
156 bility mode off, unless the _
\bB flag is also specified. When com-
157 patibility mode is off, all commands associated with a target are
158 executed in a single shell invocation as opposed to the tradi-
159 tional one shell invocation per line. This can break traditional
160 scripts which change directories on each command invocation and
161 then expect to start with a fresh environment on the next line.
162 It is more efficient to correct the scripts rather than turn
163 backwards compatibility on.
165 -
\b-k
\bk Continue processing after errors are encountered, but only on
166 those targets that do not depend on the target whose creation
169 -
\b-m
\bm _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by
170 Specify a directory in which to search for sys.mk and makefiles
171 included via the <_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be>-style include statement. The -
\b-m
\bm option
172 can be used multiple times to form a search path. This path will
173 override the default system include path: /usr/share/mk. Fur-
174 thermore the system include path will be appended to the search
175 path used for "_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be"-style include statements (see the -
\b-I
\bI
178 If a file or directory name in the -
\b-m
\bm argument (or the
179 MAKESYSPATH environment variable) starts with the string ".../"
180 then b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will search for the specified file or directory named
181 in the remaining part of the argument string. The search starts
182 with the current directory of the Makefile and then works upward
183 towards the root of the file system. If the search is success-
184 ful, then the resulting directory replaces the ".../" specifica-
185 tion in the -
\b-m
\bm argument. If used, this feature allows b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be to
186 easily search in the current source tree for customized sys.mk
187 files (e.g., by using ".../mk/sys.mk" as an argument).
189 -
\b-n
\bn Display the commands that would have been executed, but do not
190 actually execute them unless the target depends on the .MAKE spe-
191 cial source (see below).
193 -
\b-N
\bN Display the commands which would have been executed, but do not
194 actually execute any of them; useful for debugging top-level
195 makefiles without descending into subdirectories.
197 -
\b-q
\bq Do not execute any commands, but exit 0 if the specified targets
198 are up-to-date and 1, otherwise.
200 -
\b-r
\br Do not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile.
202 -
\b-s
\bs Do not echo any commands as they are executed. Equivalent to
203 specifying `@
\b@' before each command line in the makefile.
205 -
\b-T
\bT _
\bt_
\br_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be
206 When used with the -
\b-j
\bj flag, append a trace record to _
\bt_
\br_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be
207 for each job started and completed.
209 -
\b-t
\bt Rather than re-building a target as specified in the makefile,
210 create it or update its modification time to make it appear up-
213 -
\b-V
\bV _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be
214 Print the value of _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be. Do not build any targets. Multiple
215 instances of this option may be specified; the variables will be
216 printed one per line, with a blank line for each null or unde-
217 fined variable. The value printed is extracted from the global
218 context after all makefiles have been read. By default, the raw
219 variable contents (which may include additional unexpanded vari-
220 able references) are shown. If _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be contains a `$' then the
221 value will be recursively expanded to its complete resultant text
222 before printing. The expanded value will also be printed if
223 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bA_
\bN_
\bD_
\b__
\bV_
\bA_
\bR_
\bI_
\bA_
\bB_
\bL_
\bE_
\bS is set to true and the -
\b-d
\bdV
\bV option has not
224 been used to override it. Note that loop-local and target-local
225 variables, as well as values taken temporarily by global vari-
226 ables during makefile processing, are not accessible via this
227 option. The -
\b-d
\bdv
\bv debug mode can be used to see these at the cost
228 of generating substantial extraneous output.
230 -
\b-v
\bv _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be
231 Like -
\b-V
\bV but the variable is always expanded to its complete
234 -
\b-W
\bW Treat any warnings during makefile parsing as errors.
236 -
\b-w
\bw Print entering and leaving directory messages, pre and post pro-
239 -
\b-X
\bX Don't export variables passed on the command line to the environ-
240 ment individually. Variables passed on the command line are
241 still exported via the _
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bF_
\bL_
\bA_
\bG_
\bS environment variable. This
242 option may be useful on systems which have a small limit on the
243 size of command arguments.
245 _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be_
\b=_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl_
\bu_
\be
246 Set the value of the variable _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be to _
\bv_
\ba_
\bl_
\bu_
\be. Normally, all
247 values passed on the command line are also exported to sub-makes
248 in the environment. The -
\b-X
\bX flag disables this behavior. Vari-
249 able assignments should follow options for POSIX compatibility
250 but no ordering is enforced.
252 There are seven different types of lines in a makefile: file dependency
253 specifications, shell commands, variable assignments, include statements,
254 conditional directives, for loops, and comments.
256 In general, lines may be continued from one line to the next by ending
257 them with a backslash (`\'). The trailing newline character and initial
258 whitespace on the following line are compressed into a single space.
260 F
\bFI
\bIL
\bLE
\bE D
\bDE
\bEP
\bPE
\bEN
\bND
\bDE
\bEN
\bNC
\bCY
\bY S
\bSP
\bPE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIF
\bFI
\bIC
\bCA
\bAT
\bTI
\bIO
\bON
\bNS
\bS
261 Dependency lines consist of one or more targets, an operator, and zero or
262 more sources. This creates a relationship where the targets ``depend''
263 on the sources and are usually created from them. The exact relationship
264 between the target and the source is determined by the operator that sep-
265 arates them. The three operators are as follows:
267 :
\b: A target is considered out-of-date if its modification time is less
268 than those of any of its sources. Sources for a target accumulate
269 over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target is
270 removed if b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is interrupted.
272 !
\b! Targets are always re-created, but not until all sources have been
273 examined and re-created as necessary. Sources for a target accumu-
274 late over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target
275 is removed if b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is interrupted.
277 :
\b::
\b: If no sources are specified, the target is always re-created. Oth-
278 erwise, a target is considered out-of-date if any of its sources
279 has been modified more recently than the target. Sources for a
280 target do not accumulate over dependency lines when this operator
281 is used. The target will not be removed if b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is interrupted.
283 Targets and sources may contain the shell wildcard values `?', `*', `[]',
284 and `{}'. The values `?', `*', and `[]' may only be used as part of the
285 final component of the target or source, and must be used to describe
286 existing files. The value `{}' need not necessarily be used to describe
287 existing files. Expansion is in directory order, not alphabetically as
290 S
\bSH
\bHE
\bEL
\bLL
\bL C
\bCO
\bOM
\bMM
\bMA
\bAN
\bND
\bDS
\bS
291 Each target may have associated with it one or more lines of shell com-
292 mands, normally used to create the target. Each of the lines in this
293 script _
\bm_
\bu_
\bs_
\bt be preceded by a tab. (For historical reasons, spaces are
294 not accepted.) While targets can appear in many dependency lines if
295 desired, by default only one of these rules may be followed by a creation
296 script. If the `:
\b::
\b:' operator is used, however, all rules may include
297 scripts and the scripts are executed in the order found.
299 Each line is treated as a separate shell command, unless the end of line
300 is escaped with a backslash (`\') in which case that line and the next
301 are combined. If the first characters of the command are any combination
302 of `@
\b@', `+
\b+', or `-
\b-', the command is treated specially. A `@
\b@' causes the
303 command not to be echoed before it is executed. A `+
\b+' causes the command
304 to be executed even when -
\b-n
\bn is given. This is similar to the effect of
305 the .MAKE special source, except that the effect can be limited to a sin-
306 gle line of a script. A `-
\b-' in compatibility mode causes any non-zero
307 exit status of the command line to be ignored.
309 When b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is run in jobs mode with -
\b-j
\bj _
\bm_
\ba_
\bx_
\b__
\bj_
\bo_
\bb_
\bs, the entire script for
310 the target is fed to a single instance of the shell. In compatibility
311 (non-jobs) mode, each command is run in a separate process. If the com-
312 mand contains any shell meta characters (`#=|^(){};&<>*?[]:$`\\n') it
313 will be passed to the shell; otherwise b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will attempt direct execu-
314 tion. If a line starts with `-
\b-' and the shell has ErrCtl enabled then
315 failure of the command line will be ignored as in compatibility mode.
316 Otherwise `-
\b-' affects the entire job; the script will stop at the first
317 command line that fails, but the target will not be deemed to have
320 Makefiles should be written so that the mode of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be operation does not
321 change their behavior. For example, any command which needs to use
322 ``cd'' or ``chdir'' without potentially changing the directory for subse-
323 quent commands should be put in parentheses so it executes in a subshell.
324 To force the use of one shell, escape the line breaks so as to make the
325 whole script one command. For example:
327 avoid-chdir-side-effects:
328 @echo Building $@ in `pwd`
329 @(cd ${.CURDIR} && ${MAKE} $@)
332 ensure-one-shell-regardless-of-mode:
333 @echo Building $@ in `pwd`; \
334 (cd ${.CURDIR} && ${MAKE} $@); \
337 Since b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will chdir(2) to `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' before executing any targets, each
338 child process starts with that as its current working directory.
340 V
\bVA
\bAR
\bRI
\bIA
\bAB
\bBL
\bLE
\bE A
\bAS
\bSS
\bSI
\bIG
\bGN
\bNM
\bME
\bEN
\bNT
\bTS
\bS
341 Variables in make are much like variables in the shell, and, by tradi-
342 tion, consist of all upper-case letters.
344 V
\bVa
\bar
\bri
\bia
\bab
\bbl
\ble
\be a
\bas
\bss
\bsi
\big
\bgn
\bnm
\bme
\ben
\bnt
\bt m
\bmo
\bod
\bdi
\bif
\bfi
\bie
\ber
\brs
\bs
345 The five operators that can be used to assign values to variables are as
348 =
\b= Assign the value to the variable. Any previous value is overrid-
351 +
\b+=
\b= Append the value to the current value of the variable.
353 ?
\b?=
\b= Assign the value to the variable if it is not already defined.
355 :
\b:=
\b= Assign with expansion, i.e. expand the value before assigning it
356 to the variable. Normally, expansion is not done until the vari-
357 able is referenced. _
\bN_
\bO_
\bT_
\bE: References to undefined variables are
358 _
\bn_
\bo_
\bt expanded. This can cause problems when variable modifiers
361 !
\b!=
\b= Expand the value and pass it to the shell for execution and
362 assign the result to the variable. Any newlines in the result
363 are replaced with spaces.
365 Any white-space before the assigned _
\bv_
\ba_
\bl_
\bu_
\be is removed; if the value is
366 being appended, a single space is inserted between the previous contents
367 of the variable and the appended value.
369 Variables are expanded by surrounding the variable name with either curly
370 braces (`{}') or parentheses (`()') and preceding it with a dollar sign
371 (`$'). If the variable name contains only a single letter, the surround-
372 ing braces or parentheses are not required. This shorter form is not
375 If the variable name contains a dollar, then the name itself is expanded
376 first. This allows almost arbitrary variable names, however names con-
377 taining dollar, braces, parenthesis, or whitespace are really best
380 If the result of expanding a variable contains a dollar sign (`$') the
381 string is expanded again.
383 Variable substitution occurs at three distinct times, depending on where
384 the variable is being used.
386 1. Variables in dependency lines are expanded as the line is read.
388 2. Variables in shell commands are expanded when the shell command is
391 3. ``.for'' loop index variables are expanded on each loop iteration.
392 Note that other variables are not expanded inside loops so the fol-
411 Because while ${a} contains ``1 2 3'' after the loop is executed,
412 ${b} contains ``${j} ${j} ${j}'' which expands to ``3 3 3'' since
413 after the loop completes ${j} contains ``3''.
415 V
\bVa
\bar
\bri
\bia
\bab
\bbl
\ble
\be c
\bcl
\bla
\bas
\bss
\bse
\bes
\bs
416 The four different classes of variables (in order of increasing prece-
419 Environment variables
420 Variables defined as part of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be's environment.
423 Variables defined in the makefile or in included makefiles.
425 Command line variables
426 Variables defined as part of the command line.
429 Variables that are defined specific to a certain target.
431 Local variables are all built in and their values vary magically from
432 target to target. It is not currently possible to define new local vari-
433 ables. The seven local variables are as follows:
435 _
\b._
\bA_
\bL_
\bL_
\bS_
\bR_
\bC The list of all sources for this target; also known as
438 _
\b._
\bA_
\bR_
\bC_
\bH_
\bI_
\bV_
\bE The name of the archive file; also known as `_
\b!'.
440 _
\b._
\bI_
\bM_
\bP_
\bS_
\bR_
\bC In suffix-transformation rules, the name/path of the
441 source from which the target is to be transformed (the
442 ``implied'' source); also known as `_
\b<'. It is not
443 defined in explicit rules.
445 _
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bM_
\bB_
\bE_
\bR The name of the archive member; also known as `_
\b%'.
447 _
\b._
\bO_
\bO_
\bD_
\bA_
\bT_
\bE The list of sources for this target that were deemed out-
448 of-date; also known as `_
\b?'.
450 _
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX The file prefix of the target, containing only the file
451 portion, no suffix or preceding directory components;
452 also known as `_
\b*'. The suffix must be one of the known
453 suffixes declared with .
\b.S
\bSU
\bUF
\bFF
\bFI
\bIX
\bXE
\bES
\bS or it will not be recog-
456 _
\b._
\bT_
\bA_
\bR_
\bG_
\bE_
\bT The name of the target; also known as `_
\b@'. For compati-
457 bility with other makes this is an alias for .
\b.A
\bAR
\bRC
\bCH
\bHI
\bIV
\bVE
\bE in
458 archive member rules.
460 The shorter forms (`_
\b>', `_
\b!', `_
\b<', `_
\b%', `_
\b?', `_
\b*', and `_
\b@') are permitted
461 for backward compatibility with historical makefiles and legacy POSIX
462 make and are not recommended.
464 Variants of these variables with the punctuation followed immediately by
465 `D' or `F', e.g. `_
\b$_
\b(_
\b@_
\bD_
\b)', are legacy forms equivalent to using the `:H'
466 and `:T' modifiers. These forms are accepted for compatibility with AT&T
467 System V UNIX makefiles and POSIX but are not recommended.
469 Four of the local variables may be used in sources on dependency lines
470 because they expand to the proper value for each target on the line.
471 These variables are `_
\b._
\bT_
\bA_
\bR_
\bG_
\bE_
\bT', `_
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX', `_
\b._
\bA_
\bR_
\bC_
\bH_
\bI_
\bV_
\bE', and `_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bM_
\bB_
\bE_
\bR'.
473 A
\bAd
\bdd
\bdi
\bit
\bti
\bio
\bon
\bna
\bal
\bl b
\bbu
\bui
\bil
\blt
\bt-
\b-i
\bin
\bn v
\bva
\bar
\bri
\bia
\bab
\bbl
\ble
\bes
\bs
474 In addition, b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be sets or knows about the following variables:
476 _
\b$ A single dollar sign `$', i.e. `$$' expands to a single
479 _
\b._
\bA_
\bL_
\bL_
\bT_
\bA_
\bR_
\bG_
\bE_
\bT_
\bS The list of all targets encountered in the Makefile. If
480 evaluated during Makefile parsing, lists only those tar-
481 gets encountered thus far.
483 _
\b._
\bC_
\bU_
\bR_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR A path to the directory where b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be was executed. Refer
484 to the description of `PWD' for more details.
486 _
\b._
\bI_
\bN_
\bC_
\bL_
\bU_
\bD_
\bE_
\bD_
\bF_
\bR_
\bO_
\bM_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR
487 The directory of the file this Makefile was included
490 _
\b._
\bI_
\bN_
\bC_
\bL_
\bU_
\bD_
\bE_
\bD_
\bF_
\bR_
\bO_
\bM_
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE
491 The filename of the file this Makefile was included from.
493 MAKE The name that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be was executed with (_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\bv_
\b[_
\b0_
\b]). For
494 compatibility b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be also sets _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE with the same value.
495 The preferred variable to use is the environment variable
496 MAKE because it is more compatible with other versions of
497 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be and cannot be confused with the special target with
500 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bD_
\bE_
\bP_
\bE_
\bN_
\bD_
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE
501 Names the makefile (default `_
\b._
\bd_
\be_
\bp_
\be_
\bn_
\bd') from which gener-
502 ated dependencies are read.
504 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bA_
\bN_
\bD_
\b__
\bV_
\bA_
\bR_
\bI_
\bA_
\bB_
\bL_
\bE_
\bS
505 A boolean that controls the default behavior of the -
\b-V
\bV
506 option. If true, variable values printed with -
\b-V
\bV are
507 fully expanded; if false, the raw variable contents
508 (which may include additional unexpanded variable refer-
511 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bO_
\bR_
\bT_
\bE_
\bD The list of variables exported by b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be.
513 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bJ_
\bO_
\bB_
\bS The argument to the -
\b-j
\bj option.
515 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bJ_
\bO_
\bB_
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX
516 If b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is run with _
\bj then output for each target is
517 prefixed with a token `--- target ---' the first part of
518 which can be controlled via _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bJ_
\bO_
\bB_
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX. If
519 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bJ_
\bO_
\bB_
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX is empty, no token is printed.
521 .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX=${.newline}---${.MAKE:T}[${.MAKE.PID}]
522 would produce tokens like `---make[1234] target ---' mak-
523 ing it easier to track the degree of parallelism being
526 MAKEFLAGS The environment variable `MAKEFLAGS' may contain anything
527 that may be specified on b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be's command line. Anything
528 specified on b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be's command line is appended to the
529 `MAKEFLAGS' variable which is then entered into the envi-
530 ronment for all programs which b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be executes.
532 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bL_
\bE_
\bV_
\bE_
\bL The recursion depth of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be. The initial instance of
533 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will be 0, and an incremented value is put into the
534 environment to be seen by the next generation. This
535 allows tests like: .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0 to protect
536 things which should only be evaluated in the initial
537 instance of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be.
539 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE_
\b__
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bE_
\bR_
\bE_
\bN_
\bC_
\bE
540 The ordered list of makefile names (default `_
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be',
541 `_
\bM_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be') that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will look for.
543 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE_
\bS
544 The list of makefiles read by b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be, which is useful for
545 tracking dependencies. Each makefile is recorded only
546 once, regardless of the number of times read.
548 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bO_
\bD_
\bE Processed after reading all makefiles. Can affect the
549 mode that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be runs in. It can contain a number of key-
552 _
\bc_
\bo_
\bm_
\bp_
\ba_
\bt Like -
\b-B
\bB, puts b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be into "compat"
555 _
\bm_
\be_
\bt_
\ba Puts b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be into "meta" mode, where
556 meta files are created for each tar-
557 get to capture the command run, the
558 output generated and if filemon(4)
559 is available, the system calls which
560 are of interest to b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be. The cap-
561 tured output can be very useful when
564 _
\bc_
\bu_
\br_
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\bO_
\bk_
\b= _
\bb_
\bf Normally b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will not create .meta
565 files in `_
\b._
\bC_
\bU_
\bR_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR'. This can be
566 overridden by setting _
\bb_
\bf to a value
567 which represents True.
569 _
\bm_
\bi_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg_
\b-_
\bm_
\be_
\bt_
\ba_
\b= _
\bb_
\bf If _
\bb_
\bf is True, then a missing .meta
570 file makes the target out-of-date.
572 _
\bm_
\bi_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg_
\b-_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be_
\bm_
\bo_
\bn_
\b= _
\bb_
\bf If _
\bb_
\bf is True, then missing filemon
573 data makes the target out-of-date.
575 _
\bn_
\bo_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be_
\bm_
\bo_
\bn Do not use filemon(4).
577 _
\be_
\bn_
\bv For debugging, it can be useful to
578 include the environment in the .meta
581 _
\bv_
\be_
\br_
\bb_
\bo_
\bs_
\be If in "meta" mode, print a clue
582 about the target being built. This
583 is useful if the build is otherwise
584 running silently. The message
585 printed the value of:
586 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX.
588 _
\bi_
\bg_
\bn_
\bo_
\br_
\be_
\b-_
\bc_
\bm_
\bd Some makefiles have commands which
589 are simply not stable. This keyword
590 causes them to be ignored for deter-
591 mining whether a target is out of
592 date in "meta" mode. See also
593 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOM
\bME
\bET
\bTA
\bA_
\b_C
\bCM
\bMP
\bP.
595 _
\bs_
\bi_
\bl_
\be_
\bn_
\bt_
\b= _
\bb_
\bf If _
\bb_
\bf is True, when a .meta file is
596 created, mark the target .
\b.S
\bSI
\bIL
\bLE
\bEN
\bNT
\bT.
598 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bB_
\bA_
\bI_
\bL_
\bI_
\bW_
\bI_
\bC_
\bK
599 In "meta" mode, provides a list of prefixes which match
600 the directories controlled by b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be. If a file that was
601 generated outside of _
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR but within said bailiwick is
602 missing, the current target is considered out-of-date.
604 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bC_
\bR_
\bE_
\bA_
\bT_
\bE_
\bD
605 In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the
606 meta files updated. If not empty, it can be used to
607 trigger processing of _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE_
\bS.
609 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE_
\bS
610 In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the
611 meta files used (updated or not). This list can be used
612 to process the meta files to extract dependency informa-
615 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bI_
\bG_
\bN_
\bO_
\bR_
\bE_
\b__
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bH_
\bS
616 Provides a list of path prefixes that should be ignored;
617 because the contents are expected to change over time.
618 The default list includes: `_
\b/_
\bd_
\be_
\bv _
\b/_
\be_
\bt_
\bc _
\b/_
\bp_
\br_
\bo_
\bc _
\b/_
\bt_
\bm_
\bp _
\b/_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\b/_
\br_
\bu_
\bn
619 _
\b/_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\b/_
\bt_
\bm_
\bp'
621 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bI_
\bG_
\bN_
\bO_
\bR_
\bE_
\b__
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bT_
\bE_
\bR_
\bN_
\bS
622 Provides a list of patterns to match against pathnames.
623 Ignore any that match.
625 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bI_
\bG_
\bN_
\bO_
\bR_
\bE_
\b__
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bT_
\bE_
\bR
626 Provides a list of variable modifiers to apply to each
627 pathname. Ignore if the expansion is an empty string.
629 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX
630 Defines the message printed for each meta file updated in
631 "meta verbose" mode. The default value is:
632 Building ${.TARGET:H:tA}/${.TARGET:T}
634 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bO_
\bV_
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bI_
\bD_
\bE_
\bS This variable is used to record the names of variables
635 assigned to on the command line, so that they may be
636 exported as part of `MAKEFLAGS'. This behavior can be
637 disabled by assigning an empty value to `_
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bO_
\bV_
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bI_
\bD_
\bE_
\bS'
638 within a makefile. Extra variables can be exported from
639 a makefile by appending their names to `_
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bO_
\bV_
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bI_
\bD_
\bE_
\bS'.
640 `MAKEFLAGS' is re-exported whenever `_
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bO_
\bV_
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bI_
\bD_
\bE_
\bS' is
643 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bH_
\b__
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE_
\bM_
\bO_
\bN
644 If b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be was built with filemon(4) support, this is set
645 to the path of the device node. This allows makefiles to
646 test for this support.
648 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bP_
\bI_
\bD The process-id of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be.
650 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bP_
\bP_
\bI_
\bD The parent process-id of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be.
652 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bS_
\bA_
\bV_
\bE_
\b__
\bD_
\bO_
\bL_
\bL_
\bA_
\bR_
\bS
653 value should be a boolean that controls whether `$$' are
654 preserved when doing `:=' assignments. The default is
655 false, for backwards compatibility. Set to true for com-
656 patability with other makes. If set to false, `$$'
657 becomes `$' per normal evaluation rules.
659 _
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b__
\bP_
\bR_
\bI_
\bN_
\bT_
\b__
\bV_
\bA_
\bR_
\b__
\bO_
\bN_
\b__
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR
660 When b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be stops due to an error, it sets `_
\b._
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR_
\b__
\bT_
\bA_
\bR_
\bG_
\bE_
\bT'
661 to the name of the target that failed, `_
\b._
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR_
\b__
\bC_
\bM_
\bD' to
662 the commands of the failed target, and in "meta" mode, it
663 also sets `_
\b._
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR_
\b__
\bC_
\bW_
\bD' to the getcwd(3), and
664 `_
\b._
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR_
\b__
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b__
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE' to the path of the meta file (if any)
665 describing the failed target. It then prints its name
666 and the value of `_
\b._
\bC_
\bU_
\bR_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' as well as the value of any
667 variables named in `_
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b__
\bP_
\bR_
\bI_
\bN_
\bT_
\b__
\bV_
\bA_
\bR_
\b__
\bO_
\bN_
\b__
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR'.
669 _
\b._
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\bl_
\bi_
\bn_
\be This variable is simply assigned a newline character as
670 its value. This allows expansions using the :
\b:@
\b@ modifier
671 to put a newline between iterations of the loop rather
672 than a space. For example, the printing of
673 `_
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b__
\bP_
\bR_
\bI_
\bN_
\bT_
\b__
\bV_
\bA_
\bR_
\b__
\bO_
\bN_
\b__
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR' could be done as
674 ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@}.
676 _
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR A path to the directory where the targets are built. Its
677 value is determined by trying to chdir(2) to the follow-
678 ing directories in order and using the first match:
680 1. ${MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR}
682 (Only if `MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX' is set in the environ-
683 ment or on the command line.)
687 (Only if `MAKEOBJDIR' is set in the environment or
688 on the command line.)
690 3. ${.CURDIR}_
\b/_
\bo_
\bb_
\bj_
\b.${MACHINE}
692 4. ${.CURDIR}_
\b/_
\bo_
\bb_
\bj
694 5. _
\b/_
\bu_
\bs_
\br_
\b/_
\bo_
\bb_
\bj_
\b/${.CURDIR}
698 Variable expansion is performed on the value before it's
699 used, so expressions such as
700 ${.CURDIR:S,^/usr/src,/var/obj,}
701 may be used. This is especially useful with
704 `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' may be modified in the makefile via the special
705 target `.
\b.O
\bOB
\bBJ
\bJD
\bDI
\bIR
\bR'. In all cases, b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will chdir(2) to
706 the specified directory if it exists, and set `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR'
707 and `PWD' to that directory before executing any targets.
709 _
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bR_
\bS_
\bE_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR A path to the directory of the current `_
\bM_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be' being
712 _
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bR_
\bS_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE The basename of the current `_
\bM_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be' being parsed.
713 This variable and `_
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bR_
\bS_
\bE_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' are both set only while the
714 `_
\bM_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be_
\bs' are being parsed. If you want to retain
715 their current values, assign them to a variable using
716 assignment with expansion: (`:
\b:=
\b=').
718 _
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bH A variable that represents the list of directories that
719 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will search for files. The search list should be
720 updated using the target `_
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bH' rather than the vari-
723 PWD Alternate path to the current directory. b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be normally
724 sets `_
\b._
\bC_
\bU_
\bR_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' to the canonical path given by getcwd(3).
725 However, if the environment variable `PWD' is set and
726 gives a path to the current directory, then b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be sets
727 `_
\b._
\bC_
\bU_
\bR_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' to the value of `PWD' instead. This behavior
728 is disabled if `MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX' is set or `MAKEOBJDIR'
729 contains a variable transform. `PWD' is set to the value
730 of `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' for all programs which b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be executes.
732 .TARGETS The list of targets explicitly specified on the command
735 VPATH Colon-separated (``:'') lists of directories that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be
736 will search for files. The variable is supported for
737 compatibility with old make programs only, use `_
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bH'
740 V
\bVa
\bar
\bri
\bia
\bab
\bbl
\ble
\be m
\bmo
\bod
\bdi
\bif
\bfi
\bie
\ber
\brs
\bs
741 Variable expansion may be modified to select or modify each word of the
742 variable (where a ``word'' is white-space delimited sequence of charac-
743 ters). The general format of a variable expansion is as follows:
745 ${variable[:modifier[:...]]}
747 Each modifier begins with a colon, which may be escaped with a backslash
750 A set of modifiers can be specified via a variable, as follows:
752 modifier_variable=modifier[:...]
753 ${variable:${modifier_variable}[:...]}
755 In this case the first modifier in the modifier_variable does not start
756 with a colon, since that must appear in the referencing variable. If any
757 of the modifiers in the modifier_variable contain a dollar sign (`$'),
758 these must be doubled to avoid early expansion.
760 The supported modifiers are:
762 :
\b:E
\bE Replaces each word in the variable with its suffix.
764 :
\b:H
\bH Replaces each word in the variable with everything but the last com-
767 :
\b:M
\bM_
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn
768 Select only those words that match _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn. The standard shell
769 wildcard characters (`*', `?', and `[]') may be used. The wildcard
770 characters may be escaped with a backslash (`\'). As a consequence
771 of the way values are split into words, matched, and then joined, a
774 will normalize the inter-word spacing, removing all leading and
775 trailing space, and converting multiple consecutive spaces to single
778 :
\b:N
\bN_
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn
779 This is identical to `:
\b:M
\bM', but selects all words which do not match
780 _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn.
782 :
\b:O
\bO Order every word in variable alphabetically. To sort words in
783 reverse order use the `:
\b:O
\bO:
\b:[
\b[-
\b-1
\b1.
\b..
\b.1
\b1]
\b]' combination of modifiers.
785 :
\b:O
\bOx
\bx Randomize words in variable. The results will be different each
786 time you are referring to the modified variable; use the assignment
787 with expansion (`:
\b:=
\b=') to prevent such behavior. For example,
789 LIST= uno due tre quattro
790 RANDOM_LIST= ${LIST:Ox}
791 STATIC_RANDOM_LIST:= ${LIST:Ox}
794 @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}"
795 @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}"
796 @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}"
797 @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}"
798 may produce output similar to:
805 :
\b:Q
\bQ Quotes every shell meta-character in the variable, so that it can be
806 passed safely through recursive invocations of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be.
808 :
\b:R
\bR Replaces each word in the variable with everything but its suffix.
810 :
\b:r
\bra
\ban
\bng
\bge
\be[
\b[=
\b=c
\bco
\bou
\bun
\bnt
\bt]
\b]
811 The value is an integer sequence representing the words of the orig-
812 inal value, or the supplied _
\bc_
\bo_
\bu_
\bn_
\bt.
814 :
\b:g
\bgm
\bmt
\bti
\bim
\bme
\be[
\b[=
\b=u
\but
\btc
\bc]
\b]
815 The value is a format string for strftime(3), using gmtime(3). If a
816 _
\bu_
\bt_
\bc value is not provided or is 0, the current time is used.
819 Compute a 32-bit hash of the value and encode it as hex digits.
821 :
\b:l
\blo
\boc
\bca
\bal
\blt
\bti
\bim
\bme
\be[
\b[=
\b=u
\but
\btc
\bc]
\b]
822 The value is a format string for strftime(3), using localtime(3).
823 If a _
\bu_
\bt_
\bc value is not provided or is 0, the current time is used.
825 :
\b:t
\btA
\bA Attempt to convert variable to an absolute path using realpath(3),
826 if that fails, the value is unchanged.
828 :
\b:t
\btl
\bl Converts variable to lower-case letters.
831 Words in the variable are normally separated by a space on expan-
832 sion. This modifier sets the separator to the character _
\bc. If _
\bc is
833 omitted, then no separator is used. The common escapes (including
834 octal numeric codes), work as expected.
836 :
\b:t
\btu
\bu Converts variable to upper-case letters.
838 :
\b:t
\btW
\bW Causes the value to be treated as a single word (possibly containing
839 embedded white space). See also `:
\b:[
\b[*
\b*]
\b]'.
841 :
\b:t
\btw
\bw Causes the value to be treated as a sequence of words delimited by
842 white space. See also `:
\b:[
\b[@
\b@]
\b]'.
844 :
\b:S
\bS/_
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg/_
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg/[1
\b1g
\bgW
\bW]
845 Modify the first occurrence of _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg in the variable's value,
846 replacing it with _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg. If a `g' is appended to the last
847 slash of the pattern, all occurrences in each word are replaced. If
848 a `1' is appended to the last slash of the pattern, only the first
849 word is affected. If a `W' is appended to the last slash of the
850 pattern, then the value is treated as a single word (possibly con-
851 taining embedded white space). If _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg begins with a caret
852 (`^'), _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg is anchored at the beginning of each word. If
853 _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg ends with a dollar sign (`$'), it is anchored at the end
854 of each word. Inside _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg, an ampersand (`&') is replaced by
855 _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg (without any `^' or `$'). Any character may be used as a
856 delimiter for the parts of the modifier string. The anchoring,
857 ampersand and delimiter characters may be escaped with a backslash
860 Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside both
861 _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg and _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg with the single exception that a backslash
862 is used to prevent the expansion of a dollar sign (`$'), not a pre-
863 ceding dollar sign as is usual.
865 :
\b:C
\bC/_
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn/_
\br_
\be_
\bp_
\bl_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bm_
\be_
\bn_
\bt/[1
\b1g
\bgW
\bW]
866 The :
\b:C
\bC modifier is just like the :
\b:S
\bS modifier except that the old and
867 new strings, instead of being simple strings, are an extended regu-
868 lar expression (see regex(3)) string _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn and an ed(1)-style
869 string _
\br_
\be_
\bp_
\bl_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bm_
\be_
\bn_
\bt. Normally, the first occurrence of the pattern
870 _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn in each word of the value is substituted with _
\br_
\be_
\bp_
\bl_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bm_
\be_
\bn_
\bt.
871 The `1' modifier causes the substitution to apply to at most one
872 word; the `g' modifier causes the substitution to apply to as many
873 instances of the search pattern _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn as occur in the word or
874 words it is found in; the `W' modifier causes the value to be
875 treated as a single word (possibly containing embedded white space).
876 Note that `1' and `g' are orthogonal; the former specifies whether
877 multiple words are potentially affected, the latter whether multiple
878 substitutions can potentially occur within each affected word.
880 As for the :
\b:S
\bS modifier, the _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn and _
\br_
\be_
\bp_
\bl_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bm_
\be_
\bn_
\bt are subjected to
881 variable expansion before being parsed as regular expressions.
883 :
\b:T
\bT Replaces each word in the variable with its last component.
885 :
\b:u
\bu Remove adjacent duplicate words (like uniq(1)).
887 :
\b:?
\b?_
\bt_
\br_
\bu_
\be_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg:
\b:_
\bf_
\ba_
\bl_
\bs_
\be_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg
888 If the variable name (not its value), when parsed as a .if condi-
889 tional expression, evaluates to true, return as its value the
890 _
\bt_
\br_
\bu_
\be_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg, otherwise return the _
\bf_
\ba_
\bl_
\bs_
\be_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg. Since the variable
891 name is used as the expression, :? must be the first modifier after
892 the variable name itself - which will, of course, usually contain
893 variable expansions. A common error is trying to use expressions
895 ${NUMBERS:M42:?match:no}
896 which actually tests defined(NUMBERS), to determine is any words
897 match "42" you need to use something like:
898 ${"${NUMBERS:M42}" != "":?match:no}.
900 _
\b:_
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg_
\b=_
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg
901 This is the AT&T System V UNIX style variable substitution. It must
902 be the last modifier specified. If _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg or _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg do not
903 contain the pattern matching character _
\b% then it is assumed that
904 they are anchored at the end of each word, so only suffixes or
905 entire words may be replaced. Otherwise _
\b% is the substring of
906 _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg to be replaced in _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg.
908 Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside both
909 _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg and _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg with the single exception that a backslash
910 is used to prevent the expansion of a dollar sign (`$'), not a pre-
911 ceding dollar sign as is usual.
913 :
\b:@
\b@_
\bt_
\be_
\bm_
\bp@
\b@_
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg@
\b@
914 This is the loop expansion mechanism from the OSF Development Envi-
915 ronment (ODE) make. Unlike .
\b.f
\bfo
\bor
\br loops expansion occurs at the time
916 of reference. Assign _
\bt_
\be_
\bm_
\bp to each word in the variable and evaluate
917 _
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg. The ODE convention is that _
\bt_
\be_
\bm_
\bp should start and end with a
919 ${LINKS:@.LINK.@${LN} ${TARGET} ${.LINK.}@}
921 However a single character variable is often more readable:
922 ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@}
924 :
\b:_
\b_[
\b[=
\b=v
\bva
\bar
\br]
\b]
925 Save the current variable value in `$_' or the named _
\bv_
\ba_
\br for later
926 reference. Example usage:
928 M_cmpv.units = 1 1000 1000000
929 M_cmpv = S,., ,g:_:range:@i@+ $${_:[-$$i]} \
930 \* $${M_cmpv.units:[$$i]}@:S,^,expr 0 ,1:sh
932 .if ${VERSION:${M_cmpv}} < ${3.1.12:L:${M_cmpv}}
934 Here `$_' is used to save the result of the `:S' modifier which is
935 later referenced using the index values from `:range'.
937 :
\b:U
\bU_
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl
938 If the variable is undefined _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl is the value. If the variable
939 is defined, the existing value is returned. This is another ODE
940 make feature. It is handy for setting per-target CFLAGS for
942 ${_${.TARGET:T}_CFLAGS:U${DEF_CFLAGS}}
943 If a value is only required if the variable is undefined, use:
946 :
\b:D
\bD_
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl
947 If the variable is defined _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl is the value.
949 :
\b:L
\bL The name of the variable is the value.
951 :
\b:P
\bP The path of the node which has the same name as the variable is the
952 value. If no such node exists or its path is null, then the name of
953 the variable is used. In order for this modifier to work, the name
954 (node) must at least have appeared on the rhs of a dependency.
956 :
\b:!
\b!_
\bc_
\bm_
\bd!
\b!
957 The output of running _
\bc_
\bm_
\bd is the value.
959 :
\b:s
\bsh
\bh If the variable is non-empty it is run as a command and the output
960 becomes the new value.
962 :
\b::
\b:=
\b=_
\bs_
\bt_
\br
963 The variable is assigned the value _
\bs_
\bt_
\br after substitution. This
964 modifier and its variations are useful in obscure situations such as
965 wanting to set a variable when shell commands are being parsed.
966 These assignment modifiers always expand to nothing, so if appearing
967 in a rule line by themselves should be preceded with something to
968 keep b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be happy.
970 The `:
\b::
\b:' helps avoid false matches with the AT&T System V UNIX style
971 :
\b:=
\b= modifier and since substitution always occurs the :
\b::
\b:=
\b= form is
974 :
\b::
\b:?
\b?=
\b=_
\bs_
\bt_
\br
975 As for :
\b::
\b:=
\b= but only if the variable does not already have a value.
977 :
\b::
\b:+
\b+=
\b=_
\bs_
\bt_
\br
978 Append _
\bs_
\bt_
\br to the variable.
980 :
\b::
\b:!
\b!=
\b=_
\bc_
\bm_
\bd
981 Assign the output of _
\bc_
\bm_
\bd to the variable.
983 :
\b:[
\b[_
\br_
\ba_
\bn_
\bg_
\be]
\b]
984 Selects one or more words from the value, or performs other opera-
985 tions related to the way in which the value is divided into words.
987 Ordinarily, a value is treated as a sequence of words delimited by
988 white space. Some modifiers suppress this behavior, causing a value
989 to be treated as a single word (possibly containing embedded white
990 space). An empty value, or a value that consists entirely of white-
991 space, is treated as a single word. For the purposes of the `:
\b:[
\b[]
\b]'
992 modifier, the words are indexed both forwards using positive inte-
993 gers (where index 1 represents the first word), and backwards using
994 negative integers (where index -1 represents the last word).
996 The _
\br_
\ba_
\bn_
\bg_
\be is subjected to variable expansion, and the expanded
997 result is then interpreted as follows:
999 _
\bi_
\bn_
\bd_
\be_
\bx Selects a single word from the value.
1001 _
\bs_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bt.
\b..
\b._
\be_
\bn_
\bd
1002 Selects all words from _
\bs_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bt to _
\be_
\bn_
\bd, inclusive. For example,
1003 `:
\b:[
\b[2
\b2.
\b..
\b.-
\b-1
\b1]
\b]' selects all words from the second word to the last
1004 word. If _
\bs_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bt is greater than _
\be_
\bn_
\bd, then the words are out-
1005 put in reverse order. For example, `:
\b:[
\b[-
\b-1
\b1.
\b..
\b.1
\b1]
\b]' selects all
1006 the words from last to first.
1008 *
\b* Causes subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a single
1009 word (possibly containing embedded white space). Analogous
1010 to the effect of "$*" in Bourne shell.
1012 0 Means the same as `:
\b:[
\b[*
\b*]
\b]'.
1014 @
\b@ Causes subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a sequence
1015 of words delimited by white space. Analogous to the effect
1016 of "$@" in Bourne shell.
1018 #
\b# Returns the number of words in the value.
1020 I
\bIN
\bNC
\bCL
\bLU
\bUD
\bDE
\bE S
\bST
\bTA
\bAT
\bTE
\bEM
\bME
\bEN
\bNT
\bTS
\bS,
\b, C
\bCO
\bON
\bND
\bDI
\bIT
\bTI
\bIO
\bON
\bNA
\bAL
\bLS
\bS A
\bAN
\bND
\bD F
\bFO
\bOR
\bR L
\bLO
\bOO
\bOP
\bPS
\bS
1021 Makefile inclusion, conditional structures and for loops reminiscent of
1022 the C programming language are provided in b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be. All such structures
1023 are identified by a line beginning with a single dot (`.') character.
1024 Files are included with either .
\b.i
\bin
\bnc
\bcl
\blu
\bud
\bde
\be <_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be> or .
\b.i
\bin
\bnc
\bcl
\blu
\bud
\bde
\be "_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be". Vari-
1025 ables between the angle brackets or double quotes are expanded to form
1026 the file name. If angle brackets are used, the included makefile is
1027 expected to be in the system makefile directory. If double quotes are
1028 used, the including makefile's directory and any directories specified
1029 using the -
\b-I
\bI option are searched before the system makefile directory.
1030 For compatibility with other versions of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be `include file ...' is also
1033 If the include statement is written as .
\b.-
\b-i
\bin
\bnc
\bcl
\blu
\bud
\bde
\be or as .
\b.s
\bsi
\bin
\bnc
\bcl
\blu
\bud
\bde
\be then
1034 errors locating and/or opening include files are ignored.
1036 If the include statement is written as .
\b.d
\bdi
\bin
\bnc
\bcl
\blu
\bud
\bde
\be not only are errors
1037 locating and/or opening include files ignored, but stale dependencies
1038 within the included file will be ignored just like _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bD_
\bE_
\bP_
\bE_
\bN_
\bD_
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE.
1040 Conditional expressions are also preceded by a single dot as the first
1041 character of a line. The possible conditionals are as follows:
1043 .
\b.e
\ber
\brr
\bro
\bor
\br _
\bm_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\ba_
\bg_
\be
1044 The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and
1045 line number, then b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will exit.
1047 .
\b.e
\bex
\bxp
\bpo
\bor
\brt
\bt _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.
1048 Export the specified global variable. If no variable list is
1049 provided, all globals are exported except for internal variables
1050 (those that start with `.'). This is not affected by the -
\b-X
\bX
1051 flag, so should be used with caution. For compatibility with
1052 other b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be programs `export variable=value' is also accepted.
1054 Appending a variable name to _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bO_
\bR_
\bT_
\bE_
\bD is equivalent to
1055 exporting a variable.
1057 .
\b.e
\bex
\bxp
\bpo
\bor
\brt
\bt-
\b-e
\ben
\bnv
\bv _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.
1058 The same as `.export', except that the variable is not appended
1059 to _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bO_
\bR_
\bT_
\bE_
\bD. This allows exporting a value to the environ-
1060 ment which is different from that used by b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be internally.
1062 .
\b.e
\bex
\bxp
\bpo
\bor
\brt
\bt-
\b-l
\bli
\bit
\bte
\ber
\bra
\bal
\bl _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.
1063 The same as `.export-env', except that variables in the value are
1066 .
\b.i
\bin
\bnf
\bfo
\bo _
\bm_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\ba_
\bg_
\be
1067 The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and
1070 .
\b.u
\bun
\bnd
\bde
\bef
\bf _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be
1071 Un-define the specified global variable. Only global variables
1074 .
\b.u
\bun
\bne
\bex
\bxp
\bpo
\bor
\brt
\bt _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.
1075 The opposite of `.export'. The specified global _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be will be
1076 removed from _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bO_
\bR_
\bT_
\bE_
\bD. If no variable list is provided,
1077 all globals are unexported, and _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bO_
\bR_
\bT_
\bE_
\bD deleted.
1079 .
\b.u
\bun
\bne
\bex
\bxp
\bpo
\bor
\brt
\bt-
\b-e
\ben
\bnv
\bv
1080 Unexport all globals previously exported and clear the environ-
1081 ment inherited from the parent. This operation will cause a mem-
1082 ory leak of the original environment, so should be used spar-
1083 ingly. Testing for _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bL_
\bE_
\bV_
\bE_
\bL being 0, would make sense. Also
1084 note that any variables which originated in the parent environ-
1085 ment should be explicitly preserved if desired. For example:
1087 .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0
1093 Would result in an environment containing only `PATH', which is
1094 the minimal useful environment. Actually `.MAKE.LEVEL' will also
1095 be pushed into the new environment.
1097 .
\b.w
\bwa
\bar
\brn
\bni
\bin
\bng
\bg _
\bm_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\ba_
\bg_
\be
1098 The message prefixed by `_
\bw_
\ba_
\br_
\bn_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg_
\b:' is printed along with the name
1099 of the makefile and line number.
1101 .
\b.i
\bif
\bf [!]_
\be_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\be_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1102 Test the value of an expression.
1104 .
\b.i
\bif
\bfd
\bde
\bef
\bf [!]_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1105 Test the value of a variable.
1107 .
\b.i
\bif
\bfn
\bnd
\bde
\bef
\bf [!]_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1108 Test the value of a variable.
1110 .
\b.i
\bif
\bfm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be [!]_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1111 Test the target being built.
1113 .
\b.i
\bif
\bfn
\bnm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be [!] _
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1114 Test the target being built.
1116 .
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be Reverse the sense of the last conditional.
1118 .
\b.e
\bel
\bli
\bif
\bf [!] _
\be_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\be_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1119 A combination of `.
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be' followed by `.
\b.i
\bif
\bf'.
1121 .
\b.e
\bel
\bli
\bif
\bfd
\bde
\bef
\bf [!]_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1122 A combination of `.
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be' followed by `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfd
\bde
\bef
\bf'.
1124 .
\b.e
\bel
\bli
\bif
\bfn
\bnd
\bde
\bef
\bf [!]_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1125 A combination of `.
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be' followed by `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfn
\bnd
\bde
\bef
\bf'.
1127 .
\b.e
\bel
\bli
\bif
\bfm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be [!]_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1128 A combination of `.
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be' followed by `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be'.
1130 .
\b.e
\bel
\bli
\bif
\bfn
\bnm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be [!]_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1131 A combination of `.
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be' followed by `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfn
\bnm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be'.
1133 .
\b.e
\ben
\bnd
\bdi
\bif
\bf End the body of the conditional.
1135 The _
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br may be any one of the following:
1137 |
\b||
\b| Logical OR.
1139 &
\b&&
\b& Logical AND; of higher precedence than ``||''.
1141 As in C, b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will only evaluate a conditional as far as is necessary to
1142 determine its value. Parentheses may be used to change the order of
1143 evaluation. The boolean operator `!
\b!' may be used to logically negate an
1144 entire conditional. It is of higher precedence than `&
\b&&
\b&'.
1146 The value of _
\be_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn may be any of the following:
1148 d
\bde
\bef
\bfi
\bin
\bne
\bed
\bd Takes a variable name as an argument and evaluates to true if
1149 the variable has been defined.
1151 m
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1152 target was specified as part of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be's command line or was
1153 declared the default target (either implicitly or explicitly,
1154 see _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bI_
\bN) before the line containing the conditional.
1156 e
\bem
\bmp
\bpt
\bty
\by Takes a variable, with possible modifiers, and evaluates to true
1157 if the expansion of the variable would result in an empty
1160 e
\bex
\bxi
\bis
\bst
\bts
\bs Takes a file name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1161 file exists. The file is searched for on the system search path
1162 (see _
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bH).
1164 t
\bta
\bar
\brg
\bge
\bet
\bt Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1165 target has been defined.
1167 c
\bco
\bom
\bmm
\bma
\ban
\bnd
\bds
\bs
1168 Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1169 target has been defined and has commands associated with it.
1171 _
\bE_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn may also be an arithmetic or string comparison. Variable
1172 expansion is performed on both sides of the comparison, after which the
1173 integral values are compared. A value is interpreted as hexadecimal if
1174 it is preceded by 0x, otherwise it is decimal; octal numbers are not sup-
1175 ported. The standard C relational operators are all supported. If after
1176 variable expansion, either the left or right hand side of a `=
\b==
\b=' or `!
\b!=
\b='
1177 operator is not an integral value, then string comparison is performed
1178 between the expanded variables. If no relational operator is given, it
1179 is assumed that the expanded variable is being compared against 0 or an
1180 empty string in the case of a string comparison.
1182 When b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is evaluating one of these conditional expressions, and it
1183 encounters a (white-space separated) word it doesn't recognize, either
1184 the ``make'' or ``defined'' expression is applied to it, depending on the
1185 form of the conditional. If the form is `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfd
\bde
\bef
\bf', `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfn
\bnd
\bde
\bef
\bf', or `.
\b.i
\bif
\bf'
1186 the ``defined'' expression is applied. Similarly, if the form is
1187 `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be' or `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfn
\bnm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be, t
\bth
\bhe
\be' ``make'' expression is applied.
1189 If the conditional evaluates to true the parsing of the makefile contin-
1190 ues as before. If it evaluates to false, the following lines are
1191 skipped. In both cases this continues until a `.
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be' or `.
\b.e
\ben
\bnd
\bdi
\bif
\bf' is
1194 For loops are typically used to apply a set of rules to a list of files.
1195 The syntax of a for loop is:
1197 .
\b.f
\bfo
\bor
\br _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be [_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.] i
\bin
\bn _
\be_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn
1199 .
\b.e
\ben
\bnd
\bdf
\bfo
\bor
\br
1201 After the for e
\bex
\bxp
\bpr
\bre
\bes
\bss
\bsi
\bio
\bon
\bn is evaluated, it is split into words. On each
1202 iteration of the loop, one word is taken and assigned to each v
\bva
\bar
\bri
\bia
\bab
\bbl
\ble
\be,
1203 in order, and these v
\bva
\bar
\bri
\bia
\bab
\bbl
\ble
\bes
\bs are substituted into the m
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be-
\b-r
\bru
\bul
\ble
\bes
\bs inside
1204 the body of the for loop. The number of words must come out even; that
1205 is, if there are three iteration variables, the number of words provided
1206 must be a multiple of three.
1208 C
\bCO
\bOM
\bMM
\bME
\bEN
\bNT
\bTS
\bS
1209 Comments begin with a hash (`#') character, anywhere but in a shell com-
1210 mand line, and continue to the end of an unescaped new line.
1212 S
\bSP
\bPE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIA
\bAL
\bL S
\bSO
\bOU
\bUR
\bRC
\bCE
\bES
\bS (
\b(A
\bAT
\bTT
\bTR
\bRI
\bIB
\bBU
\bUT
\bTE
\bES
\bS)
\b)
1213 .
\b.E
\bEX
\bXE
\bEC
\bC Target is never out of date, but always execute commands any-
1216 .
\b.I
\bIG
\bGN
\bNO
\bOR
\bRE
\bE Ignore any errors from the commands associated with this tar-
1217 get, exactly as if they all were preceded by a dash (`-').
1219 .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAD
\bDE
\bE Mark all sources of this target as being up-to-date.
1221 .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE Execute the commands associated with this target even if the -
\b-n
\bn
1222 or -
\b-t
\bt options were specified. Normally used to mark recursive
1223 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\bes.
1225 .
\b.M
\bME
\bET
\bTA
\bA Create a meta file for the target, even if it is flagged as
1226 .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY, .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE, or .
\b.S
\bSP
\bPE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIA
\bAL
\bL. Usage in conjunction with .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE is
1227 the most likely case. In "meta" mode, the target is out-of-
1228 date if the meta file is missing.
1230 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOM
\bME
\bET
\bTA
\bA Do not create a meta file for the target. Meta files are also
1231 not created for .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY, .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE, or .
\b.S
\bSP
\bPE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIA
\bAL
\bL targets.
1233 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOM
\bME
\bET
\bTA
\bA_
\b_C
\bCM
\bMP
\bP
1234 Ignore differences in commands when deciding if target is out
1235 of date. This is useful if the command contains a value which
1236 always changes. If the number of commands change, though, the
1237 target will still be out of date. The same effect applies to
1238 any command line that uses the variable _
\b._
\bO_
\bO_
\bD_
\bA_
\bT_
\bE, which can be
1239 used for that purpose even when not otherwise needed or
1243 skip-compare-for-some:
1244 @echo this will be compared
1245 @echo this will not ${.OODATE:M.NOMETA_CMP}
1246 @echo this will also be compared
1248 The :
\b:M
\bM pattern suppresses any expansion of the unwanted vari-
1251 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOP
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH Do not search for the target in the directories specified by
1252 .
\b.P
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH.
1254 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOT
\bTM
\bMA
\bAI
\bIN
\bN Normally b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be selects the first target it encounters as the
1255 default target to be built if no target was specified. This
1256 source prevents this target from being selected.
1258 .
\b.O
\bOP
\bPT
\bTI
\bIO
\bON
\bNA
\bAL
\bL
1259 If a target is marked with this attribute and b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be can't fig-
1260 ure out how to create it, it will ignore this fact and assume
1261 the file isn't needed or already exists.
1263 .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY The target does not correspond to an actual file; it is always
1264 considered to be out of date, and will not be created with the
1265 -
\b-t
\bt option. Suffix-transformation rules are not applied to
1266 .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY targets.
1268 .
\b.P
\bPR
\bRE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIO
\bOU
\bUS
\bS
1269 When b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is interrupted, it normally removes any partially
1270 made targets. This source prevents the target from being
1273 .
\b.R
\bRE
\bEC
\bCU
\bUR
\bRS
\bSI
\bIV
\bVE
\bE
1274 Synonym for .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE.
1276 .
\b.S
\bSI
\bIL
\bLE
\bEN
\bNT
\bT Do not echo any of the commands associated with this target,
1277 exactly as if they all were preceded by an at sign (`@').
1279 .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bE Turn the target into b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be's version of a macro. When the tar-
1280 get is used as a source for another target, the other target
1281 acquires the commands, sources, and attributes (except for
1282 .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bE) of the source. If the target already has commands, the
1283 .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bE target's commands are appended to them.
1285 .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bEB
\bBE
\bEF
\bFO
\bOR
\bRE
\bE
1286 Exactly like .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bE, but prepend the .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bEB
\bBE
\bEF
\bFO
\bOR
\bRE
\bE target commands
1289 .
\b.W
\bWA
\bAI
\bIT
\bT If .
\b.W
\bWA
\bAI
\bIT
\bT appears in a dependency line, the sources that precede
1290 it are made before the sources that succeed it in the line.
1291 Since the dependents of files are not made until the file
1292 itself could be made, this also stops the dependents being
1293 built unless they are needed for another branch of the depen-
1294 dency tree. So given:
1305 the output is always `a', `b1', `b', `x'.
1306 The ordering imposed by .
\b.W
\bWA
\bAI
\bIT
\bT is only relevant for parallel
1309 S
\bSP
\bPE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIA
\bAL
\bL T
\bTA
\bAR
\bRG
\bGE
\bET
\bTS
\bS
1310 Special targets may not be included with other targets, i.e. they must be
1311 the only target specified.
1313 .
\b.B
\bBE
\bEG
\bGI
\bIN
\bN Any command lines attached to this target are executed before
1314 anything else is done.
1316 .
\b.D
\bDE
\bEF
\bFA
\bAU
\bUL
\bLT
\bT
1317 This is sort of a .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bE rule for any target (that was used only
1318 as a source) that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be can't figure out any other way to cre-
1319 ate. Only the shell script is used. The .
\b.I
\bIM
\bMP
\bPS
\bSR
\bRC
\bC variable of a
1320 target that inherits .
\b.D
\bDE
\bEF
\bFA
\bAU
\bUL
\bLT
\bT's commands is set to the target's
1323 .
\b.D
\bDE
\bEL
\bLE
\bET
\bTE
\bE_
\b_O
\bON
\bN_
\b_E
\bER
\bRR
\bRO
\bOR
\bR
1324 If this target is present in the makefile, it globally causes
1325 make to delete targets whose commands fail. (By default, only
1326 targets whose commands are interrupted during execution are
1327 deleted. This is the historical behavior.) This setting can be
1328 used to help prevent half-finished or malformed targets from
1329 being left around and corrupting future rebuilds.
1331 .
\b.E
\bEN
\bND
\bD Any command lines attached to this target are executed after
1332 everything else is done.
1334 .
\b.E
\bER
\bRR
\bRO
\bOR
\bR Any command lines attached to this target are executed when
1335 another target fails. The .
\b.E
\bER
\bRR
\bRO
\bOR
\bR_
\b_T
\bTA
\bAR
\bRG
\bGE
\bET
\bT variable is set to the
1336 target that failed. See also M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE_
\b_P
\bPR
\bRI
\bIN
\bNT
\bT_
\b_V
\bVA
\bAR
\bR_
\b_O
\bON
\bN_
\b_E
\bER
\bRR
\bRO
\bOR
\bR.
1338 .
\b.I
\bIG
\bGN
\bNO
\bOR
\bRE
\bE Mark each of the sources with the .
\b.I
\bIG
\bGN
\bNO
\bOR
\bRE
\bE attribute. If no
1339 sources are specified, this is the equivalent of specifying the
1342 .
\b.I
\bIN
\bNT
\bTE
\bER
\bRR
\bRU
\bUP
\bPT
\bT
1343 If b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is interrupted, the commands for this target will be
1346 .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAI
\bIN
\bN If no target is specified when b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is invoked, this target
1349 .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bEF
\bFL
\bLA
\bAG
\bGS
\bS
1350 This target provides a way to specify flags for b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be when the
1351 makefile is used. The flags are as if typed to the shell,
1352 though the -
\b-f
\bf option will have no effect.
1354 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOP
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH Apply the .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOP
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH attribute to any specified sources.
1356 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOT
\bTP
\bPA
\bAR
\bRA
\bAL
\bLL
\bLE
\bEL
\bL
1357 Disable parallel mode.
1359 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bO_
\b_P
\bPA
\bAR
\bRA
\bAL
\bLL
\bLE
\bEL
\bL
1360 Synonym for .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOT
\bTP
\bPA
\bAR
\bRA
\bAL
\bLL
\bLE
\bEL
\bL, for compatibility with other pmake
1363 .
\b.O
\bOB
\bBJ
\bJD
\bDI
\bIR
\bR The source is a new value for `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR'. If it exists, b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be
1364 will chdir(2) to it and update the value of `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR'.
1366 .
\b.O
\bOR
\bRD
\bDE
\bER
\bR The named targets are made in sequence. This ordering does not
1367 add targets to the list of targets to be made. Since the depen-
1368 dents of a target do not get built until the target itself could
1369 be built, unless `a' is built by another part of the dependency
1370 graph, the following is a dependency loop:
1375 The ordering imposed by .
\b.O
\bOR
\bRD
\bDE
\bER
\bR is only relevant for parallel
1378 .
\b.P
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH The sources are directories which are to be searched for files
1379 not found in the current directory. If no sources are speci-
1380 fied, any previously specified directories are deleted. If the
1381 source is the special .
\b.D
\bDO
\bOT
\bTL
\bLA
\bAS
\bST
\bT target, then the current working
1382 directory is searched last.
1384 .
\b.P
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH.
\b._
\bs_
\bu_
\bf_
\bf_
\bi_
\bx
1385 Like .
\b.P
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH but applies only to files with a particular suffix.
1386 The suffix must have been previously declared with .
\b.S
\bSU
\bUF
\bFF
\bFI
\bIX
\bXE
\bES
\bS.
1388 .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY Apply the .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY attribute to any specified sources.
1390 .
\b.P
\bPR
\bRE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIO
\bOU
\bUS
\bS
1391 Apply the .
\b.P
\bPR
\bRE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIO
\bOU
\bUS
\bS attribute to any specified sources. If no
1392 sources are specified, the .
\b.P
\bPR
\bRE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIO
\bOU
\bUS
\bS attribute is applied to
1393 every target in the file.
1395 .
\b.S
\bSH
\bHE
\bEL
\bLL
\bL Sets the shell that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will use to execute commands. The
1396 sources are a set of _
\bf_
\bi_
\be_
\bl_
\bd_
\b=_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl_
\bu_
\be pairs.
1398 _
\bn_
\ba_
\bm_
\be This is the minimal specification, used to select
1399 one of the built-in shell specs; _
\bs_
\bh, _
\bk_
\bs_
\bh, and _
\bc_
\bs_
\bh.
1401 _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bh Specifies the path to the shell.
1403 _
\bh_
\ba_
\bs_
\bE_
\br_
\br_
\bC_
\bt_
\bl Indicates whether the shell supports exit on error.
1405 _
\bc_
\bh_
\be_
\bc_
\bk The command to turn on error checking.
1407 _
\bi_
\bg_
\bn_
\bo_
\br_
\be The command to disable error checking.
1409 _
\be_
\bc_
\bh_
\bo The command to turn on echoing of commands executed.
1411 _
\bq_
\bu_
\bi_
\be_
\bt The command to turn off echoing of commands exe-
1414 _
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\bt_
\be_
\br The output to filter after issuing the _
\bq_
\bu_
\bi_
\be_
\bt com-
1415 mand. It is typically identical to _
\bq_
\bu_
\bi_
\be_
\bt.
1417 _
\be_
\br_
\br_
\bF_
\bl_
\ba_
\bg The flag to pass the shell to enable error checking.
1419 _
\be_
\bc_
\bh_
\bo_
\bF_
\bl_
\ba_
\bg The flag to pass the shell to enable command echo-
1422 _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\bl_
\bi_
\bn_
\be The string literal to pass the shell that results in
1423 a single newline character when used outside of any
1427 .SHELL: name=ksh path=/bin/ksh hasErrCtl=true \
1428 check="set -e" ignore="set +e" \
1429 echo="set -v" quiet="set +v" filter="set +v" \
1430 echoFlag=v errFlag=e newline="'\n'"
1432 .
\b.S
\bSI
\bIL
\bLE
\bEN
\bNT
\bT Apply the .
\b.S
\bSI
\bIL
\bLE
\bEN
\bNT
\bT attribute to any specified sources. If no
1433 sources are specified, the .
\b.S
\bSI
\bIL
\bLE
\bEN
\bNT
\bT attribute is applied to every
1434 command in the file.
1436 .
\b.S
\bST
\bTA
\bAL
\bLE
\bE This target gets run when a dependency file contains stale
1437 entries, having _
\b._
\bA_
\bL_
\bL_
\bS_
\bR_
\bC set to the name of that dependency file.
1439 .
\b.S
\bSU
\bUF
\bFF
\bFI
\bIX
\bXE
\bES
\bS
1440 Each source specifies a suffix to b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be. If no sources are
1441 specified, any previously specified suffixes are deleted. It
1442 allows the creation of suffix-transformation rules.
1448 cc -o ${.TARGET} -c ${.IMPSRC}
1450 E
\bEN
\bNV
\bVI
\bIR
\bRO
\bON
\bNM
\bME
\bEN
\bNT
\bT
1451 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be uses the following environment variables, if they exist: MACHINE,
1452 MACHINE_ARCH, MAKE, MAKEFLAGS, MAKEOBJDIR, MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX, MAKESYSPATH,
1455 MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX and MAKEOBJDIR may only be set in the environment or on
1456 the command line to b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be and not as makefile variables; see the descrip-
1457 tion of `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' for more details.
1459 F
\bFI
\bIL
\bLE
\bES
\bS
1460 .depend list of dependencies
1461 Makefile list of dependencies
1462 makefile list of dependencies
1463 sys.mk system makefile
1464 /usr/share/mk system makefile directory
1466 C
\bCO
\bOM
\bMP
\bPA
\bAT
\bTI
\bIB
\bBI
\bIL
\bLI
\bIT
\bTY
\bY
1467 The basic make syntax is compatible between different versions of make;
1468 however the special variables, variable modifiers and conditionals are
1471 O
\bOl
\bld
\bde
\ber
\br v
\bve
\ber
\brs
\bsi
\bio
\bon
\bns
\bs
1472 An incomplete list of changes in older versions of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be:
1474 The way that .for loop variables are substituted changed after NetBSD 5.0
1475 so that they still appear to be variable expansions. In particular this
1476 stops them being treated as syntax, and removes some obscure problems
1477 using them in .if statements.
1479 The way that parallel makes are scheduled changed in NetBSD 4.0 so that
1480 .ORDER and .WAIT apply recursively to the dependent nodes. The algo-
1481 rithms used may change again in the future.
1483 O
\bOt
\bth
\bhe
\ber
\br m
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be d
\bdi
\bia
\bal
\ble
\bec
\bct
\bts
\bs
1484 Other make dialects (GNU make, SVR4 make, POSIX make, etc.) do not sup-
1485 port most of the features of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be as described in this manual. Most
1488 +
\b+
\bo
\bo The .
\b.W
\bWA
\bAI
\bIT
\bT and .
\b.O
\bOR
\bRD
\bDE
\bER
\bR declarations and most functionality per-
1489 taining to parallelization. (GNU make supports parallelization
1490 but lacks these features needed to control it effectively.)
1492 +
\b+
\bo
\bo Directives, including for loops and conditionals and most of
1493 the forms of include files. (GNU make has its own incompatible
1494 and less powerful syntax for conditionals.)
1496 +
\b+
\bo
\bo All built-in variables that begin with a dot.
1498 +
\b+
\bo
\bo Most of the special sources and targets that begin with a dot,
1499 with the notable exception of .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY, .
\b.P
\bPR
\bRE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIO
\bOU
\bUS
\bS, and .
\b.S
\bSU
\bUF
\bFF
\bFI
\bIX
\bXE
\bES
\bS.
1501 +
\b+
\bo
\bo Variable modifiers, except for the
1503 string substitution, which does not portably support globbing
1504 with `%' and historically only works on declared suffixes.
1506 +
\b+
\bo
\bo The $
\b$>
\b> variable even in its short form; most makes support this
1507 functionality but its name varies.
1509 Some features are somewhat more portable, such as assignment with +
\b+=
\b=, ?
\b?=
\b=,
1510 and !
\b!=
\b=. The .
\b.P
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH functionality is based on an older feature V
\bVP
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH found
1511 in GNU make and many versions of SVR4 make; however, historically its
1512 behavior is too ill-defined (and too buggy) to rely upon.
1514 The $
\b$@
\b@ and $
\b$<
\b< variables are more or less universally portable, as is the
1515 $
\b$(
\b(M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE)
\b) variable. Basic use of suffix rules (for files only in the cur-
1516 rent directory, not trying to chain transformations together, etc.) is
1517 also reasonably portable.
1519 S
\bSE
\bEE
\bE A
\bAL
\bLS
\bSO
\bO
1522 H
\bHI
\bIS
\bST
\bTO
\bOR
\bRY
\bY
1523 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is derived from NetBSD make(1). It uses autoconf to facilitate
1524 portability to other platforms.
1526 A make command appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. This make implementation
1527 is based on Adam De Boor's pmake program which was written for Sprite at
1528 Berkeley. It was designed to be a parallel distributed make running jobs
1529 on different machines using a daemon called ``customs''.
1531 Historically the target/dependency ``FRC'' has been used to FoRCe
1532 rebuilding (since the target/dependency does not exist... unless someone
1533 creates an ``FRC'' file).
1536 The make syntax is difficult to parse without actually acting of the
1537 data. For instance finding the end of a variable use should involve
1538 scanning each the modifiers using the correct terminator for each field.
1539 In many places make just counts {} and () in order to find the end of a
1542 There is no way of escaping a space character in a filename.
1544 NetBSD 7.1_RC1 June 22, 2017 NetBSD 7.1_RC1