1 <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN" [
2 <!ENTITY % articles.ent PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Articles Entity Set//EN">
5 <!ENTITY % release PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES Release Specification//EN">
11 <title>&os; &release.current; Release Notes</title>
13 <corpauthor>The &os; Project</corpauthor>
15 <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
28 <holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The &os; Documentation Project</holder>
31 <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
41 <para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
42 of the changes made to the &os; base system on the
43 &release.branch; development line.
44 This document lists applicable security advisories that were issued since
45 the last release, as well as significant changes to the &os;
47 Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
52 <title>Introduction</title>
54 <para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
56 describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
57 It also provides some notes on upgrading
58 from previous versions of &os;.</para>
60 <![ %release.type.current [
62 <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
63 apply represents the latest point along the &release.branch; development
64 branch since &release.branch; was created. Information regarding pre-built, binary
65 &release.type; distributions along this branch
66 can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
70 <![ %release.type.snapshot [
72 <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
73 apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
74 branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;.
76 pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
77 can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
81 <![ %release.type.release [
83 <para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
84 &release.type; distribution. It can be found at <ulink
85 url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors. More
86 information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
87 distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
88 url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
89 &os;</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
90 url="&url.books.handbook;/">&os;
91 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
95 <para>All users are encouraged to consult the release errata before
96 installing &os;. The errata document is updated with
97 <quote>late-breaking</quote> information discovered late in the
98 release cycle or after the release. Typically, it contains
99 information on known bugs, security advisories, and corrections to
100 documentation. An up-to-date copy of the errata for &os;
101 &release.current; can be found on the &os; Web site.</para>
106 <title>What's New</title>
108 <para>This section describes the most user-visible new or changed
109 features in &os; since &release.prev;, and changes shown in
110 Release Notes for the previous releases are marked as
111 <literal>[7.1R]</literal> and <literal>[7.2R]</literal>.</para>
113 <para>Typical release note items document recent security
114 advisories issued after &release.prev;, new drivers or hardware
115 support, new commands or options, major bug fixes, or
116 contributed software upgrades. They may also list changes to
117 major ports/packages or release engineering practices. Clearly
118 the release notes cannot list every single change made to &os;
119 between releases; this document focuses primarily on security
120 advisories, user-visible changes, and major architectural
123 <sect2 id="security">
124 <title>Security Advisories</title>
126 <para>Problems described in the following security advisories have
127 been fixed. For more information, consult the individual
128 advisories available from
129 <ulink url="http://security.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink>.</para>
131 <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="0">
133 <colspec colwidth="1*">
134 <colspec colwidth="1*">
135 <colspec colwidth="3*">
138 <entry>Advisory</entry>
146 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:05.openssh.asc"
147 >SA-08:05.openssh</ulink></entry>
148 <entry>17 April 2008</entry>
149 <entry><para>OpenSSH X11-forwarding privilege escalation</para></entry>
153 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:06.bind.asc"
154 >SA-08:06.bind</ulink></entry>
155 <entry>13 July 2008</entry>
156 <entry><para>DNS cache poisoning</para></entry>
160 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:07.amd64.asc"
161 >SA-08:07.amd64</ulink></entry>
162 <entry>3 September 2008</entry>
163 <entry><para>amd64 swapgs local privilege escalation</para></entry>
167 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:08.nmount.asc"
168 >SA-08:08.nmount</ulink></entry>
169 <entry>3 September 2008</entry>
170 <entry><para>&man.nmount.2; local arbitrary code execution</para></entry>
174 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:09.icmp6.asc"
175 >SA-08:09.icmp6</ulink></entry>
176 <entry>3 September 2008</entry>
177 <entry><para>Remote kernel panics on IPv6 connections</para></entry>
181 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:10.nd6.asc"
182 >SA-08:10.nd6</ulink></entry>
183 <entry>1 October 2008</entry>
184 <entry><para>IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol routing vulnerability</para></entry>
188 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:11.arc4random.asc"
189 >SA-08:11.arc4random</ulink></entry>
190 <entry>24 November 2008</entry>
191 <entry><para>&man.arc4random.9; predictable sequence vulnerability</para></entry>
195 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:12.ftpd.asc"
196 >SA-08:12.ftpd</ulink></entry>
197 <entry>23 December 2008</entry>
198 <entry><para>Cross-site request forgery in &man.ftpd.8;</para></entry>
202 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:13.protosw.asc"
203 >SA-08:13.protosw</ulink></entry>
204 <entry>23 December 2008</entry>
205 <entry><para>netgraph / bluetooth privilege escalation</para></entry>
209 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:01.lukemftpd.asc"
210 >SA-09:01.lukemftpd</ulink></entry>
211 <entry>07 January 2009</entry>
212 <entry><para>Cross-site request forgery in
213 &man.lukemftpd.8;</para></entry>
217 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:02.openssl.asc"
218 >SA-09:02.openssl</ulink></entry>
219 <entry>07 January 2009</entry>
220 <entry><para>OpenSSL incorrectly checks for malformed
221 signatures</para></entry>
225 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:03.ntpd.asc"
226 >SA-09:03.ntpd</ulink></entry>
227 <entry>13 January 2009</entry>
228 <entry><para>ntpd cryptographic signature
229 bypass</para></entry>
233 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:04.bind.asc"
234 >SA-09:04.bind</ulink></entry>
235 <entry>13 January 2009</entry>
236 <entry><para>BIND DNSSEC incorrect checks for
237 malformed signatures</para></entry>
241 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:05.telnetd.asc"
242 >SA-09:05.telnetd</ulink></entry>
243 <entry>16 February 2009</entry>
244 <entry><para>telnetd code execution
245 vulnerability</para></entry>
249 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:06.ktimer.asc"
250 >SA-09:06.ktimer</ulink></entry>
251 <entry>23 March 2009</entry>
252 <entry><para>Local privilege escalation</para></entry>
256 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:07.libc.asc"
257 >SA-09:07.libc</ulink></entry>
258 <entry>04 April 2009</entry>
259 <entry><para>Information leak in &man.db.3;</para></entry>
263 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:08.openssl.asc"
264 >SA-09:08.openssl</ulink></entry>
265 <entry>22 April 2009</entry>
266 <entry><para>Remotely exploitable crash in
267 OpenSSL</para></entry>
271 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:09.pipe.asc"
272 >SA-09:09.pipe</ulink></entry>
273 <entry>10 June 2009</entry>
274 <entry><para>Local information disclosure via direct pipe writes</para></entry>
278 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:10.ipv6.asc"
279 >SA-09:10.ipv6</ulink></entry>
280 <entry>10 June 2009</entry>
281 <entry><para>Missing permission check on SIOCSIFINFO_IN6 ioctl</para></entry>
285 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:11.ntpd.asc"
286 >SA-09:11.ntpd</ulink></entry>
287 <entry>10 June 2009</entry>
288 <entry><para>ntpd stack-based buffer-overflow vulnerability</para></entry>
292 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:12.bind.asc"
293 >SA-09:12.bind</ulink></entry>
294 <entry>29 July 2009</entry>
295 <entry><para>BIND &man.named.8; dynamic update message remote DoS</para></entry>
298 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:14.devfs.asc"
299 >SA-09:14.devfs</ulink></entry>
300 <entry>2 Oct 2009</entry>
301 <entry><para>Devfs / VFS NULL pointer race condition</para></entry>
309 <title>Kernel Changes</title>
311 <para role="8.0">The &os; <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel now
312 includes Trusted BSD MAC (Mandatory Access Control) support.
313 No MAC policy module is loaded by default.</para>
315 <para role="8.0" arch="i386">A loader
316 tunable <varname>hw.clflush_disable</varname> has been added
317 to avoid panic (trap 9)
318 at <function>map_invalidate_cache_range()</function> even if
319 Intel CPU is used. This tunable can be set
320 to <literal>-1</literal> (default), <literal>0</literal> and
321 <literal>1</literal>. The <literal>-1</literal> is same as
322 the current behavior, which automatically
323 disables <literal>CLFLUSH</literal> on Intel CPUs without
324 <literal>CPUID_SS</literal> (this should occurr on Xen
325 only). You can specify <literal>1</literal> when this panic
326 happens on non-Intel CPUs (such as AMD's). Because disabling
327 <literal>CLFLUSH</literal> can reduce performance, you can try
328 with setting <literal>0</literal> on Intel CPUs
329 without <literal>SS</literal> to
330 use <literal>CLFLUSH</literal> feature.</para>
332 <para role="8.0">The &os; newbus subsystem is now MPSAFE.</para>
334 <para role="8.0">The &man.jail.8; subsystem has been updated. Changes include:</para>
336 <itemizedlist role="7.2">
338 <para role="8.0">A new virtualization container
339 named <quote>vimage</quote> has been implemented. This is
340 not enabled by default. To enable this, add the following
341 kernel options to your kernel configuration file and
342 rebuild the kernel:</para>
344 <programlisting>options VIMAGE</programlisting>
346 <para>Note that <literal>options SCTP</literal> in the
347 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel is not compatible with
348 <literal>options VIMAGE</literal>. This limitation will
349 be fixed in the next release.</para>
351 <para>The vimage is a jail with a virtualized instance of
352 the &os; network stack. It can be created by using
353 &man.jail.8; command like this:</para>
355 <screen>&prompt.root; jail -c vnet name=<replaceable>vnet1</replaceable> host.hostname=<replaceable>vnet1.example.net</replaceable> path=/ persist</screen>
357 <para>The vimage has own loopback interface and a separated
358 network stack including the L3 routing tables. Network
359 interfaces on the system can be moved by using
360 &man.ifconfig.8; <option>vnet</option> option between the
361 different vimage jails and outside of them.</para>
363 <para>Furthermore, the &man.epair.4; pseudo-interface driver
364 has been added to help communication between vimage jails.
365 It emulates a pair of back-to-back connected Ethernet
366 interfaces. For example, the following commands create an
367 interface pair of &man.epair.4;:</para>
369 <screen>&prompt.root; ifconfig epair0 create
371 &prompt.root; ifconfig epair0a
372 epair0a: flags=8842<BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
373 ether 02:c0:64:00:07:0a
374 &prompt.root; ifconfig epair0b
375 epair0b: flags=8842<BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
376 ether 02:c0:64:00:08:0b</screen>
378 <para>The &man.epair.4; pseudo-interfaces and any physical
379 interfaces on the system can be moved between vimage jails
380 by using &man.ifconfig.8; <option>vnet</option> option as
381 described above. Even after half of an &man.epair.4; pair
382 is moved, the back-to-back connection still valid and can
383 be used for inter-jail communication.</para>
385 <para>Note that vimage is still considered as an
386 experimental feature.</para>
390 <para>A jail can now have arbitrary named parameters similar
391 to environmental variables and the fixed jail parameters
392 in the previous releases have been replaced with them.
393 The jail name can now be used for identifying the jail in
394 &man.jexec.8; and &man.killall.1;.</para>
398 <para>Multiple IPv4 and/or IPv6 addresses per jail are now
399 supported. It is even possible to have jails without
400 an IP address at all, which basically gives one a chrooted
401 environment with restricted process view and no
406 <para>SCTP (&man.sctp.4;) with IPv6 in jails has been
411 <para>Specific CPU binding by using &man.cpuset.1; has been
412 implemented. Note that the current implementation allows
413 the superuser inside of the jail to change the CPU
414 bindings specified.</para>
418 <para>A &man.jail.8; can start with a specific route
423 <para>The &man.ddb.8; kernel debugger now supports a
424 <literal>show jails</literal> subcommand.</para>
428 <para>Compatibility support which permits 32-bit jail
429 binaries to be used on 64-bit systems to manage jails has
434 <para>Note that both version numbers of
435 <literal>jail</literal> and <literal>prison</literal> in
436 the &man.jail.8; have been updated for the new
441 <para role="8.0">The &man.ksyms.4;, kernel symbol table
442 interface driver has been added. It creates a character
443 device <filename>/dev/ksyms</filename> and provides
444 read-only access to a snapshot of the kernel symbol
447 <para role="8.0" arch="amd64,i386">The &os; Linux emulation
448 layer has been updated to version 2.6.16 and the default Linux
449 infrastructure port is
450 <filename>emulators/linux_base-f10</filename> (Fedora
453 <para role="8.0" arch="amd64,i386">The &os; virtual memory
454 subsystem now supports fully transparent use of
455 <application>superpages</application> for application memory;
456 application memory pages are dynamically promoted to or
457 demoted from superpages without any modification to
458 application code. This change offers the benefit of large
459 page sizes such as improved virtual memory efficiency and
460 reduced TLB (translation lookaside buffer) misses without
461 downsides like application changes and virtual memory
462 inflexibility. This can be enabled by setting a loader tunable
463 <varname>vm.pmap.pg_ps_enabled</varname> to
464 <literal>1</literal> and is enabled by default on
467 <para role="7.2">The &man.ddb.8; kernel debugger now supports a
468 <command>show mount</command> subcommand.</para>
470 <para role="7.2">The &os; DTrace subsystem now supports a probe for
471 process execution.</para>
473 <para role="7.2" arch="amd64">The &os; kernel virtual address
474 space has been increased to 6GB. This allows subsystems to use
475 larger virtual memory space than before. For example, the
476 &man.zfs.8; adaptive replacement cache (ARC) requires large
477 kernel memory space to cache file system data, so it benefits
478 from the increased address space. Note that the ceiling on
479 the kernel map size is now 60% of the size of physical memory
480 rather than an absolute quantity.</para>
482 <para role="7.2">The &man.kld.4; now supports installing 32-bit
483 system calls to the &os; syscall translation layer from kernel
486 <para role="7.2">The &man.ktr.4; now supports a new KTR tracepoint in the
487 <literal>KTR_CALLOUT</literal> class to note when a callout
488 routine finishes executing.</para>
490 <para role="7.2">Types of variables used to track the amount of allocated
491 System V shared memory have been changed from
492 <literal>int</literal> to <literal>size_t</literal>. This
493 makes it possible to use more than 2 GB of memory for shared
494 memory segments on 64-bit architectures. Please note the new
495 BUGS section in &man.shmctl.2; and
496 <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> for limitations of this
497 temporary solution.</para>
499 <para role="7.2">The &man.sysctl.3; leaf nodes have a flag to tag
500 themselves as MPSAFE now.</para>
502 <para role="7.2">The &os; 32-bit system call translation layer now
503 supports installing 32-bit system calls for
504 <literal>VFS_AIO</literal>.</para>
506 <para role="7.1">The &man.clock.gettime.2; and the related system calls now
507 support a clock ID <literal>CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID</literal>,
508 as defined in POSIX.</para>
510 <para role="7.1">The &man.cpuset.2; system call has been added. This is an
511 API for thread to CPU binding and CPU resource grouping and
514 <para role="7.1">The DTrace, a comprehensive dynamic tracing framework and
515 &man.dtrace.1; userland utility have been imported from
516 OpenSolaris. DTrace provides a powerful infrastructure to
517 permit administrators, developers, and service personnel to
518 concisely answer arbitrary questions about the behavior of the
519 operating system and user programs.</para>
521 <para role="7.1">The &man.ddb.4; kernel debugger now has an output capture
522 facility. Input and output from &man.ddb.4; can now be captured
523 to a memory buffer for later inspection using &man.sysctl.8; or
524 a textdump. The new <command>capture</command> command controls
527 <para role="7.1">The &man.ddb.4; debugger now supports a simple scripting
528 facility, which supports a set of named scripts consisting of a
529 set of &man.ddb.4; commands. These commands can be managed from
530 within &man.ddb.4; or with the use of the new &man.ddb.8;
531 utility. More details can be found in the &man.ddb.4; manual
534 <para role="7.1">The &man.ddb.4; <command>ex</command> command now supports
535 an <option>/S</option> mode which interprets and prints the
536 value at the requested address as a symbol. For example,
537 <userinput>ex /S <replaceable>aio_swake</replaceable></userinput>
538 prints the name of the function currently registered in
539 via <replaceable>aio_swake</replaceable> hook.</para>
541 <para role="7.1">The &man.ddb.4; <command>show conifhk</command> command has
542 been added. This lists hooks currently waiting for completion
543 in <function>run_interrupt_driven_config_hooks()</function>.</para>
545 <para role="7.1">The &man.fcntl.2; system call now supports
546 <literal>F_DUP2FD</literal> command. This is equivalent to
547 &man.dup.2;, and compatible with the Sun Solaris and the IBM
550 <para role="7.1">The &os;'s &man.linux.4; ABI support now implements
551 <function>sched_setaffinity()</function> and
552 <function>sched_getaffinity()</function> using real CPU affinity
553 setting primitives.</para>
555 <para role="7.1">The &man.procstat.1; utility has been added. This is a
556 process inspection utility which provides some of the missing
557 functionality from &man.procfs.5; and new functionality for monitoring
558 and debugging specific processes.</para>
560 <para role="7.1">The client side functionality of &man.rpc.lockd.8; has been
561 implemented in the &os; kernel. This implementation provides the
562 correct semantics for &man.flock.2; style locks which are used
563 by the &man.lockf.1; command line tool and the &man.pidfile.3;
564 library. It also implements recovery from server restarts and
565 ensures that dirty cache blocks are written to the server before
566 obtaining locks (allowing multiple clients to use file locking
567 to safely share data). Also, a new kernel option
568 <literal>options NFSLOCKD</literal> has been added and enabled
569 by default. If the kernel support is enabled, &man.rpc.lockd.8;
570 automatically detects and uses the functionality.</para>
572 <para role="7.1">The &os; kernel now supports a new textdump format of kernel
573 dumps. A textdump provides higher-level information via
574 mechanically generated/extracted debugging output, rather than a
575 simple memory dump. This facility can be used to generate brief
576 kernel bug reports that are rich in debugging information, but
577 are not dependent on kernel symbol tables or precisely
578 synchronized source code. More information can be found in the
579 &man.textdump.4; manual page.</para>
581 <para role="7.1">The &man.wait4.2; system call now supports
582 <option>WNOWAIT</option> flag to keep the process whose status
583 is returned in a waitable state and <option>WSTOPPED</option>
584 which is equivalent to <option>WUNTRACED</option>.</para>
586 <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386,sparc64">The &os; kernel now has
587 initial support of binding interrupts to CPUs.</para>
589 <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386"> The &man.sched.ule.4; scheduler is now the default
590 process scheduler in <filename>GENERIC</filename>
593 <para role="7.1">The sysctl
594 variables <varname>kern.features.compat_freebsd[456]</varname>
595 have been added. These are corresponding to the kernel options
596 <literal>COMPAT_FREEBSD[456]</literal>.</para>
599 <title>Boot Loader Changes</title>
601 <para role="8.0">The <application>boot0</application> boot
602 loader now preserves volume ID at offset
603 0x1b8 used in other operating systems </para>
605 <para role="8.0">The &man.boot0cfg.8; utility now supports a
606 new <option>-i</option> option to set the volume ID.</para>
608 <para role="7.2">The &man.boot.8; now supports 4-byte volume ID that
609 certain versions of &windows; put into the MBR and invoking
610 PXE by pressing the F6 key on some supported BIOSes.</para>
612 <para role="7.2" arch="i386">The &man.boot.8; BTX loader has been
613 improved. This fixes several boot issues on recent machines
614 reported for 7.1-RELEASE and before.</para>
616 <para role="7.2">The &man.loader.8; is now able to obtain DHCP options
617 from network boot via &man.kenv.2; variables.</para>
619 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.loader.8; has been fixed. Now the
620 following line works as expected:</para>
622 <programlisting>loader_conf_files="<replaceable>foo</replaceable> <replaceable>bar</replaceable> ${<replaceable>variable</replaceable>}"</programlisting>
624 <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386">The BTX kernel used by the boot
625 loader has been changed to invoke BIOS routines from real
626 mode. This change makes it possible to boot &os; from USB
629 <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386">A new gptboot boot loader has
630 been added to support booting from a GPT labeled disk. A
631 new <command>boot</command> command has been added to
632 &man.gpt.8;, which makes a GPT disk bootable by writing the
633 required bits of the boot loader, creating a new boot
634 partition if required.</para>
638 <title>Hardware Support</title>
640 <para role="8.0">The &os; now includes experimental support
641 for &arch.mips; platform.</para>
643 <para role="8.0">The &man.acpi.4; subsystem now supports the System
644 Resource Affinity Table (SRAT) used to describe affinity
645 relationships between CPUs and memory, ACPI 3.0 fields in
646 the MADT including X2APIC entries and UIDs for local SAPICs, and
647 ACPI 3.0 flags in the FADT.</para>
649 <para role="8.0" arch="powerpc">The &man.cpufreq.4; framework now
650 supports PowerPC G5, along with a skeleton SMU driver in order to slew
651 CPU voltage during frequency changes.</para>
653 <para role="8.0">The sec(4) driver has been added to provide
654 support for the integrated security engine found in
655 Freescale system-on-chip devices.</para>
657 <para role="8.0">The &os; TTY layer has been replaced with a
658 new one which has better support for SMP and robust resource
659 handling. A tty now has own mutex and it is expected to
660 improve scalability when compared to the old implementation
661 based on the Giant lock.</para>
663 <para role="8.0" arch="amd64,i386">The &man.uart.4; driver is now the
664 default driver for serial port devices in favor of the
665 &man.sio.4; driver. Note that the device nodes have been
667 <filename>/dev/cuad<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename> and
668 <filename>/dev/ttyd<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename> to
669 <filename>/dev/cuau<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename> and
670 <filename>/dev/ttyu<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename>.</para>
673 <para>Users who are upgrading will need to change their
674 kernel configurations and possibly also
675 <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> and
676 <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.</para>
679 <para role="8.0">The &os; USB subsystem has been reimplemented
680 to support modern devices and better SMP scalability. The
681 new implementation includes Giant-lock-free device drivers,
682 a Linux compatibility layer, &man.usbconfig.8; utility, full
683 support for split transaction and isochronous transaction,
684 and more. Device node names for USB devices are now in a
686 of <filename>/dev/usb/<replaceable>bus</replaceable>.<replaceable>dev</replaceable>.<replaceable>endpoint</replaceable></filename>,
687 and <filename>/dev/usbctl</filename> is the master device
688 node. Note that the &man.ugen.4; driver has nodes for each device as <filename>/dev/ugen<replaceable>bus</replaceable>.<replaceable>dev</replaceable></filename> for backward compatibility.</para>
690 <para role="7.2" arch="sparc64">&os; now supports Ultra SPARC III
691 (Cheetah) processor family.</para>
693 <para role="7.2">The &man.acpi.4; subsystem now supports a &man.sysctl.8;
694 variable <varname>debug.batt.batt_sleep_ms</varname>. On
695 some laptops with smart batteries, enabling battery
696 monitoring software causes keystrokes from &man.atkbd.4; to
697 be lost. This sysctl variable adds a delay in millisecond
698 to the status checking code as a workaround.</para>
700 <para role="7.2">The &man.acpi.asus.4; driver now supports Asus A8Sr
703 <para role="7.2" arch="powerpc">Support for the AltiVec, a floating point
704 and integer SIMD instruction set has been added.</para>
706 <para role="7.2">The &man.cpuctl.4; driver, which provides a special
707 device <filename>/dev/cpuctl</filename> as an interface to
708 the system CPU has been added. The &man.cpuctl.4;
709 functionality includes the ability to retrieve CPUID
710 information, read/write machine specific registers (MSR),
711 and perform CPU firmware updates.</para>
713 <para role="7.2">The &man.cpufreq.4; driver now supports an
714 <varname>hw.est.msr_info</varname> loader tunable. When
715 this is set to <literal>1</literal>, it attempts to build a
716 simple list containing just the high and low frequencies if
717 it cannot obtain a frequency list from either ACPI or the
718 static tables. This is disabled by default.</para>
720 <para role="7.2" arch="amd64,i386">CPU frequency change notifiers are now
721 disabled when the TSC is P-state invariant. Also, a new
723 <varname>kern.timecounter.invariant_tsc</varname> has been
724 added to force this behavior by setting it to
727 <para role="7.2">The &man.atkbd.4; driver now disables the interrupt
728 handler which is called from the keyboard callback function
729 when polled mode is enabled. This fixes the problem of
730 duplicated/missing characters at the mountroot prompt on
731 multi CPU systems while &man.kbdmux.4; is enabled.</para>
733 <para role="7.2">In the &man.pci.4; subsystem INTx is now disabled when
734 MSI/MSIX is enabled. This change fixes interrupt storm
735 related issues.</para>
737 <para role="7.2" arch="sparc64">The schizo(4) driver for Schizo
738 Fireplane/Safari to PCI 2.1 and Tomatillo JBus to PCI 2.2
739 bridges has been added.</para>
741 <para role="7.2">The &man.u3g.4; driver for USB based 3G cards and
742 dongles including Vodafone Mobile Connect Card 3G, Qualcomm
743 CDMA MSM, Huawei E220, Novatel U740, Sierra MC875U, and more
744 has been added. This provides support for the multiple
745 USB-to-serial interfaces exposed by many 3G USB/PC Card
746 modems, and the device is accessed through the &man.ucom.4;
747 driver which makes it behave like a &man.tty.4;.</para>
749 <para role="7.2">The &man.sched.ule.4; scheduler now supports
751 <varname>machdep.hyperthreading_enabled</varname> just like
752 &man.sched.4bsd.4;. Note that it cannot be modified at
755 <para role="7.1">The &man.cmx.4; driver, a driver for Omnikey CardMan 4040
756 PCMCIA smartcard readers, has been added.</para>
758 <para role="7.1" arch="sparc64">The &man.kbdmux.4; driver now
759 supports &arch.sparc64;. The &man.sunkbd.4; driver now
760 supports &man.atkbd.4; emulation like &man.ukbd.4;.</para>
762 <para role="7.1">The <filename>nvram(4)</filename> driver is now
765 <para role="7.1">An option of the &man.puc.4;
766 driver, <literal>PUC_FASTINTR</literal>, is no longer
769 <para role="7.1">The &man.psm.4; driver now attempts detection of Synaptics
770 touchpad before IntelliMouse. Some touchpads will pretend to
771 be IntelliMouse causing the IntelliMouse probe to work and the
772 Synaptics detection never to be done.</para>
774 <para role="7.1">The &man.uslcom.4; driver, a driver for Silicon
775 Laboratories CP2101/CP2102-based USB serial adapters, has been
776 imported from OpenBSD.</para>
779 <title>Multimedia Support</title>
781 <para role="8.0">The &os; audio subsystem has been improved.
782 The changes include volume per channel, high quality
783 fixed-point band-limited SINC sampling rate converter,
784 bit-perfect mode, transparent/adaptive virtual channel,
785 and exclusive stream. For more details, see the
786 &man.snd.4; manual page.</para>
788 <para role="7.2">The &man.agp.4; driver now supports Intel G4X series
789 graphics chipsets.</para>
791 <para role="7.2">The Direct Rendering Manager
792 (<application>DRM</application>), a kernel module that
793 gives direct hardware access to DRI clients, has been
794 updated. Support for AMD/ATI r500, r600, r700, and IGP
795 based chips, XGI V3XE/V5/V8, and Intel i915 chipsets has
796 been improved.</para>
798 <para role="7.2">A new loader tunable <varname>hw.drm.msi</varname> has
799 been added to control if DRM uses MSI or not. This is set
800 to <literal>1</literal> (enabled) by default.</para>
802 <para role="7.2">The snd_au88x0(4) driver for Aureal Vortex
803 1/2/Advantage PCI has been removed because it has been
804 broken for a long time.</para>
806 <para role="7.2">The &man.snd.hda.4; driver has been updated. These
807 changes include support for multiple codecs per HDA bus,
808 multiple functional groups per codec, multiple audio
809 devices per functional group, digital (SPDIF/HDMI) audio
810 input/output, suspend/resume, and part of multichannel
813 <para role="7.2">Note that due to added HDMI audio and
814 logical audio devices support, the updated driver often
815 provides several PCM devices. This means that in some
816 cases the system default audio device no longer
817 corresponds to the users's habitual audio connectors. In
818 such cases the default device can be specified in audio
819 applications' setup or defined globally via
820 <varname>hw.snd.default_unit</varname> sysctl variable, as
821 described in the &man.sound.4; manual page.</para>
823 <para role="7.1">The &man.agp.4; driver now supports the
824 Intel G33 and G45.</para>
826 <para role="7.1" arch="i386">The <filename>dpms(4)</filename> driver has
827 been added to use the VESA BIOS for DPMS during suspend and
830 <para role="7.1">The <application>DRM</application> kernel driver now
831 supports i915 GME devices.</para>
835 <title>Network Interface Support</title>
837 <para role="8.0">The &man.bwi.4; driver has been added to
838 provide support for Broadcom BCM43xx IEEE 802.11b/g wireless
839 network interfaces.</para>
841 <para role="8.0" arch="sparc64">The &man.cas.4; driver has
842 been added to provide support for Sun Cassini/Cassini+ and
843 National Semiconductor DP83065 Saturn Gigabit Ethernet
846 <para role="8.0">The &man.cxgbtool.8; now supports an
847 interactive mode for scripting of repeatedly performed
850 <para role="8.0">The &man.fxp.4; driver has been improved. Changes include:</para>
854 <para role="8.0">The multicast filter re-programming
855 is now more robust.</para>
859 <para role="7.2">The checksum offload feature can be controlled by
860 &man.ifconfig.8; now.</para>
864 <para role="7.2">Rx checksum offload support for 82559 or later
865 controllers has been added.</para>
869 <para role="7.2">TSO (TCP Segmentation Offload) support for 82550
870 and 82551 controllers has been added.</para>
874 <para role="7.2">WoL (Wake on LAN) support for 82550, 82551, 82558,
875 and 82559-based controllers has been added. Note that
876 ICH based controllers are treated as 82559, and 82557,
877 earlier revisions of 82558, and 82559ER have no WoL
882 <para role="7.2">VLAN hardware tag insertion/stripping support and
883 Tx/Rx checksum offload for VLAN frames support has
884 been added. Note that the VLAN hardware assistance is
885 available only on 82550 or 82551-based
890 <para role="8.0">The &man.miibus.4; driver now supports
891 the Marvell 88E3016.</para>
893 <para role="8.0">The &man.msk.4; driver now supports Yukon
894 FE+ A0 including 88E8040, 88E8040T, 88E8048 and
897 <para role="8.0">The &man.mwl.4; driver has been added to
898 provide support for Marvell 88W8363 IEEE 802.11n wireless
899 network devices.</para>
901 <para role="8.0">The &man.mxge.4; driver now supports some newer
902 revisions and 10GBASE-LRM and 10GBASE-Twinax media
903 types. The firmware version has been updated to 1.4.43.</para>
905 <para role="8.0">The &man.nge.4; driver has been improved and
906 now works on all platforms.</para>
908 <para role="8.0">The &man.uath.4; driver for USB wireless LAN
909 adapter based on Atheros AR5005UG and AR5005UX chipsets
910 has been added. The &man.uathload.8; utility, a firmware
911 loader for the Atheros USB wireless driver has also been
914 <para role="8.0">The &man.urtw.4; driver has been added to
915 provide support for Realtek RTL8187B/L USB IEEE 802.11b/g
916 wireless network devices.</para>
918 <para role="8.0">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports TX
919 checksum offload.</para>
921 <para role="7.2">The &man.ae.4; driver now supports WoL
922 (Wake on LAN).</para>
924 <para role="7.2" arch="amd64,i386">The &man.ale.4; driver is now
925 included in the <filename>GENERIC</filename>
928 <para role="7.2">The &man.ath.hal.4;, Atheros Hardware Access Layer,
929 has been updated to the open source version.</para>
931 <para role="7.2">The &man.axe.4; driver has been improved in
932 performance by eliminating extra context switches and now
933 supports the Apple USB Ethernet adapter.</para>
935 <para role="7.2">The &man.bce.4; driver's firmware has been updated to
936 the latest version (4.6.X).</para>
938 <para role="7.2">The ciphy(4) driver now supports Vitesse VSC8211
941 <para role="7.2">The &man.cxgb.4; driver has been updated to firmware
942 revision 4.7 and now supports hardware MAC
945 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.igb.4; driver, which prevented the
946 loader tunable <varname>hw.igb.ave_latency</varname> from
947 working, has been fixed.</para>
949 <para role="7.2">The &man.ixgbe.4; driver has been updated to
950 version 1.7.4.</para>
952 <para role="7.2">The &man.jme.4; driver now supports newer JMicron
953 JMC250/JMC260 revisions.</para>
955 <para role="7.2">The &man.msk.4; driver has been improved. An issue
956 which made it hang up in a certain condition has been
957 fixed. Hardware MAC statistics support has been added
958 and users can get the information via sysctl variables
960 <varname>dev.msk.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.stats</varname>.</para>
962 <para role="7.2">The &man.nfe.4; driver now supports hardware MAC
965 <para role="7.2">The &man.re.4; driver has been improved. It now
966 detects the link status. A new loader tunable
967 <varname>hw.re.prefer_iomap</varname> has been added, to
968 disable memory register mapping. This tunable is
969 <literal>0</literal> for all controllers except RTL8169SC
972 <para role="7.2">The &man.rl.4; driver has been improved. It now
973 detects the link status and a bug which prevented it from
974 working on systems with more than 4GB memory has been
977 <para role="7.2">A bug in &man.sis.4; on VLAN tagged frame handling has
980 <para role="7.2">The &man.txp.4; driver now works on all supported
981 architectures. Support has been added for &man.altq.4;,
982 WoL, checksum offload when VLAN enabled, and link state
983 change handling has been improved, and new sysctl
985 <varname>dev.txp.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.stats</varname>
986 for MAC statistics have been added. New sysctl variables
987 <varname>dev.txp.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.process_limit</varname>
988 has been added, to control how many received frames should
989 be served in Rx handler (set to 64 by default and valid
990 ranges are 16 to 128 in unit of frames). The firmware has
991 been updated to the latest version.</para>
993 <para role="7.1">The &man.ae.4; driver has been added to provide
994 support for the Attansic/Atheros L2 FastEthernet
997 <para role="7.1">The &man.jme.4; driver has been added to
998 provide support for PCIe adapters based on JMicron JMC250
999 gigabit Ethernet and JMC260 fast Ethernet controllers.</para>
1001 <para role="7.1">The &man.age.4; driver has been added to
1002 provide support for Attansic/Atheros L1 gigabit Ethernet
1005 <para role="7.1">The &man.malo.4; driver has been added to
1006 provide support for Marvell Libertas 88W8335 based PCI network
1009 <para role="7.1">The bm(4) driver has been added to
1010 provide support for Apple Big Mac (BMAC) Ethernet controller,
1011 found on various Apple G3 models.</para>
1013 <para role="7.1">The et(4) driver has been added to
1014 provide support for Agere ET1310 10/100/Gigabit Ethernet
1017 <para role="7.1">The &man.glxsb.4; driver has been added
1018 to provide support for the Security Block in AMD Geode LX
1021 <para role="7.1">The &man.ale.4; driver has been added to provide support
1022 for Atheros AR8121/AR8113/AR8114 Gigabit/Fast Ethernet controllers.
1023 This driver is not enabled in <filename>GENERIC</filename>
1024 kernels for this release.</para>
1026 <para role="7.1">The &man.em.4; driver has been split into two drivers
1027 with some common parts. The &man.em.4; driver will continue
1028 to support adapters up to the 82575, as well as new
1029 client/desktop adapters. A new &man.igb.4; driver
1030 will support new server adapters.</para>
1032 <para role="7.1">The &man.hme.4; driver has been improved.</para>
1034 <para role="7.1">A bug in some of the &man.miibus.4; supported drivers that
1035 IEEE 802.3 auto-negotiation was performed in a wrong order,
1036 has been fixed. Now it chooses the correct technologies
1037 supported by IEEE 802.3 in the order described in Annex
1040 <para role="7.1">A workaround has been added for a bug in TCP/UDP
1041 hardware checksum offload of the &man.msk.4; driver for
1042 short frames. Note that for frames that requires hardware
1043 VLAN tag insertion, the checksum offload workaround does not
1044 work due to changes of checksum offset in mbuf after the
1045 VLAN tag. So disabling hardware checksum offload for the
1046 VLAN interface is needed in such cases.</para>
1048 <para role="7.1">The &man.ndis.4; NDIS miniport driver wrapper has been
1051 <para role="7.1">The &man.sf.4; driver has been improved and now supports
1052 checksum offloading.</para>
1054 <para role="7.1">The &man.stge.4; driver now supports WOL (Wake on
1057 <para role="7.1">The &man.vr.4; driver has been improved.</para>
1059 <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386"> The &man.wpi.4; driver has
1060 been updated to include a number of stability fixes.</para>
1064 <sect3 id="net-proto">
1065 <title>Network Protocols</title>
1067 <para role="8.0">The &os; netisr framework has been
1068 reimplemented for parallel threading support. This is a
1069 kernel network dispatch interface which allows device
1070 drivers (and other packet sources) to direct packets to
1071 protocols for directly dispatched or deferred processing.
1072 The new implementation supports up to one netisr thread per
1073 CPU, and several benchmarks on SMP machines show substantial
1074 performance improvement over the previous version.</para>
1076 <para role="8.0">A bug in the &man.gif.4; that EtherIP packets
1077 sent by combination of &man.if.bridge.4; and &man.gif.4;
1078 have a reversed version field has been fixed. If you need
1079 to communicate with older &os; releases via EtherIP, use new
1080 flags <literal>accept_rev_ethip_ver</literal>
1081 and <literal>send_rev_ethip_ver</literal> to control
1082 handling the reversed version field. These can be set by
1083 &man.ifconfig.8 utility to &man.gif.4; interfaces. The
1084 EtherIP implementation found on &os; 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.0,
1085 7.1, and 7.2 had an interoperability issue because it sent
1086 the incorrect EtherIP packets and discarded the correct
1087 ones. For more details, see &man.gif.4; manual page.</para>
1089 <para role="8.0">The IGMPv3 and SSM (Source-Specific Multicast)
1090 including IPv6 SSM and MLDv2 have been added. Although the
1091 old KAME MLDv2 hooks have been replaced with the new
1092 implementation, the related kernel programming interfaces have been
1095 <para role="8.0">The multicast routing code has been improved
1096 and the IPv4 and IPv6 support has been split.</para>
1098 <para role="8.0">The &os; now supports the upcoming Wireless
1099 Mesh standard, IEEE 802.11s. The current implementation is
1100 based on the March 2009 D3.0 draft version.</para>
1102 <para role="8.0">The wireless network support layer (net80211)
1103 now uses pseudo-interfaces named as
1104 <literal>wlan<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal> instead
1105 of a device driver name like <literal>em0</literal>
1107 <literal>wlan<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal>
1108 interface is created by &man.ifconfig.8; as an instance of
1109 the parent interface and used for actual communication
1110 similar to &man.vlan.4, IEEE 802.1Q VLAN network interface.
1111 Note that multiple instances (to realize multiple BSSes with
1112 a single AP device, for example) can be created if the
1113 parent interface supports it. For more details, see
1114 &man.ifconfig.8; manual page.</para>
1116 <para role="8.0">The net80211 layer now supports TDMA for long
1117 distance point-to-point links using &man.ath.4;
1120 <para role="8.0">An infrastructure for caching flows as a means
1121 of accelerating L2 and L3 lookups has been added. This is
1122 called <quote>flow table</quote> and enabled by default on
1123 &arch.amd64 and &arch.i386; platforms. This also provides
1124 stateful load balancing when used
1125 with <literal>RADIX_MPATH</literal>
1127 <para role="8.0">The &os; L2 address translation table has been
1128 reimplemented to reduce lock contention on parallel
1129 processing and simplify the routing logic. The new
1130 implementation has L2 address translation tables for both
1131 ARP (for IPv4) and NDP (for IPv6) which are separated from
1132 the L3 routing tables, and supports flow table caches for both
1133 the routing table and the L2 information. One of the
1134 user-visible changes is that a concept of cloned route (a
1135 route generated by an entry
1136 with <literal>RTF_CLONING</literal> flag) is deprecated.
1137 This means routing flags <literal>RTF_CLONING</literal>,
1138 <literal>RTF_WASCLONE</literal>,
1139 and <literal>RTF_LLINFO</literal> are obsolete.</para>
1141 <para role="8.0">The &man.ipsec.4; subsystem now supports
1142 NAT-Traversal (RFC 3948). This is disabled by default. To
1143 enable this add the following kernel option and rebuild the
1146 <programlisting>device crypto
1148 options IPSEC_NAT_T</programlisting>
1150 <para role="7.2">IPv4 source address selection for unbound sockets has
1151 been implemented as follows:</para>
1155 <para>If we found a route, use the address corresponding
1156 to the outgoing interface.</para>
1160 <para role="7.2">Otherwise we assume the foreign address is reachable
1161 on a directly connected network and try to find a
1162 corresponding interface to take the source address
1167 <para role="7.2">As a last resort use the default jail address.</para>
1171 <para role="7.2">This also changes the semantics of selecting the IP for
1172 processes within a &man.jail.8; as it now uses the same
1173 logic as outside the &man.jail.8;.</para>
1175 <para role="7.2">The TCP MD5 Signature Option (RFC 2385) for IPv6 has
1176 been implemented in the same way it has been implemented for
1179 <para role="7.2">The &man.ng.netflow.4; Netgraph node now includes
1180 support for generating egress netflow instead or in addition
1181 to ingress. An <literal>NGM_NETFLOW_SETCONFIG</literal>
1182 control message has been added to control the new
1183 functionality.</para>
1185 <para role="7.2">The &man.tap.4; Ethernet tunnel software network
1186 interface now supports a new <literal>TAPGIFNAME</literal>
1187 character device ioctl. This is a convenient shortcut to
1188 obtain the network interface name using a file descriptor to
1189 a character device.</para>
1191 <para role="7.2">The &man.tap.4; now supports
1192 <literal>SIOCSIFMTU</literal> ioctl to set a higher MTU than
1193 1500 (ETHERMTU). This allows &man.tap.4; devices to be
1194 added to the same bridge (which requires all interface
1195 members to have the same MTU) with an interface configured
1196 for jumbo frames.</para>
1198 <para role="7.2">The domains list for handling the list of supported
1199 domains in the &man.unix.4; (UNIX domain protocol family)
1200 subsystem is now MPSAFE.</para>
1202 <para role="7.1">The &man.arp.8; utility now
1203 supports <literal>reject</literal>
1204 and <literal>blackhole</literal> keywords. In the entry
1205 marked as <literal>reject</literal>, traffic to the host will
1206 be discarded and the sender will be notified the host is
1207 unreachable. In the entry marked as <literal>blackhole</literal>,
1208 traffic is discarded but the sender is not notified.</para>
1210 <para role="7.1">The &man.bpf.4; now supports an
1211 ioctl <literal>BIOCSETFNR</literal>. This is just like
1212 <literal>BIOCSETF</literal>, but it does not drop all the
1213 packets buffered on the descriptor and reset the
1216 <para role="7.1">The &man.if.bridge.4; interface can limit the
1217 number of source MACs that can be behind a bridge interface
1218 via <literal>ifmaxaddr</literal> parameter of
1219 &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
1221 <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.carp.4; interface configuration which
1222 leads to a system panic has been fixed.</para>
1224 <para role="7.1">The &man.dummynet.4; subsystem now supports
1225 <literal>fast</literal> mode operation which allows certain
1226 packets to bypass the dummynet scheduler. This can achieve
1227 lower latency and lower overhead when the packet flow is under
1228 the pipe bandwidth, and eliminate recursion in the subsystem.
1229 The new sysctl variable
1230 <varname>net.inet.ip.dummynet.io_fast</varname> has been
1231 added to enable this feature.</para>
1233 <para role="7.1">The &man.enc.4; interface now supports sysctl
1234 variables to control whether the firewalls or &man.bpf.4;
1235 will see inner and outer headers or just inner or outer
1236 headers for incoming and outgoing IPsec packets.</para>
1238 <para role="7.1">The &man.gre.4; now supports
1239 ioctls <literal>GRESKEY</literal>
1240 and <literal>GREGKEY</literal> which allows set or get GRE
1241 key used for outgoing packets.</para>
1243 <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.ipsec.4; subsystem that PMTU was broken
1244 in those cases when there was a route with a lower MTU than
1245 the MTU of the outgoing interface, has been fixed.</para>
1247 <para role="7.1">The netatm subsystem has been removed due to
1248 lacking multiprocessor support.</para>
1250 <para role="7.1">The &man.ng.nat.4; now supports redirect functionality
1251 in <filename>libalias</filename>. For more details, see the
1254 <para role="7.1">The &man.ng.pptpgre.4; now supports multiple hooks like
1255 &man.ng.l2tp.4;, to use one pair of pptpgre and ksocket nodes for all
1256 calls between two peers.</para>
1258 <para role="7.1">The &man.resolver.3; now allows underscore in domain
1259 names. Although this is a violation of RFC 1034 [STD 13], it is
1260 accepted by certain name servers as well as other popular operating
1261 systems' resolver library.</para>
1263 <para role="7.1">A socket option <literal>TCP_CONGESTION</literal> for TCP
1264 sockets has been added. This is for setting and retrieving the
1265 congestion control algorithm. The name used is to allow
1266 compatibility with Linux.</para>
1268 <para role="7.1">The &man.rwlock.9; has been used throughout
1269 the <varname>inpcbinfo</varname> and <varname>inpcb</varname>
1270 infrastructure, and protocols that depend on that
1271 infrastructure, including UDP, TCP, and IP raw sockets to
1272 reduce the lock contentions.</para>
1274 <para role="7.1">The &os; now supports multiple routing tables. To
1275 enable this, the following steps are needed:</para>
1277 <itemizedlist role="7.1">
1279 <para>Add the following kernel configuration option and
1280 rebuild the kernel. The <literal>2</literal> is the number
1281 of FIB (Forward Information Base, synonym for a routing
1282 table here). The maximum value is 16.</para>
1284 <programlisting>options ROUTETABLES=2</programlisting>
1286 <para>The procedure for rebuilding the &os; kernel is
1287 described in the <ulink
1288 url="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html#AEN30408">&os;
1289 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
1291 <para>This number can be modified on boot time. To do so, add
1292 the following to <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> and
1293 reboot the system:</para>
1295 <programlisting>net.fibs=6</programlisting>
1299 <para>Set a loader tunable <varname>net.my_fibnum</varname> if
1300 needed. This means the default number of routing tables.
1301 If not specified, <literal>0</literal> will be used.</para>
1305 <para>Set a loader tunable
1306 <varname>net.add_addr_allfibs</varname> if needed. This
1307 enables to add routes to all FIBs for new interfaces by
1308 default. When this is set to <literal>0</literal>, it will
1309 only allocate routes on interface changes for the FIB of the
1310 caller when adding a new set of addresses to an interface.
1311 Note that this tunable is set to <literal>1</literal> by
1316 <para>To select one of the FIBs, the new &man.setfib.1; utility
1317 can be used. This set an associated FIB with the process. For
1320 <screen>&prompt.root; setfib -3 ping target.example.com</screen>
1322 <para>The FIB #3 will be used for the &man.ping.8; command.</para>
1324 <para>The FIB which the packet will be associated with will be
1325 determined in the following rules:</para>
1327 <itemizedlist role="7.1">
1329 <para>All packets which have a FIB associated with them will
1330 use the FIB. If not, FIB #0 will be used.</para>
1334 <para>A packet received on an interface for forwarding uses
1339 <para>A TCP listen socket associated with an FIB will generate
1340 accept sockets which are associated with the same FIB.</para>
1344 <para>A packet generated in response to other packet uses the
1345 FIB associated with the packet being responded to.</para>
1349 <para>A packet generated on tunnel interfaces such as
1350 &man.gif.4; and &man.tun.4; will be encapsulated using the
1351 FIB of the process which set up the tunnel.</para>
1355 <para>Routing messages will be associated with the process's
1360 <para>Also, the &man.ipfw.8; now supports an action rule
1361 <literal>setfib</literal>. The following action:</para>
1363 <programlisting>setfib <replaceable>fibnum</replaceable></programlisting>
1365 <para>will make the matched packet use the FIB specified in
1366 <replaceable>fibnum</replaceable>. The rule processing
1367 continues at the next rule.</para>
1371 <title>Disks and Storage</title>
1373 <para role="8.0">The &os; CAM SCSI subsystem (&man.cam.4;) now
1374 includes experimental support for ATA/SATA/AHCI-compliant
1375 devices. This is disabled by default. To enable this,
1376 adding the following kernel options to your kernel
1377 configuration file and rebuild the kernel:</para>
1379 <programlisting>device ahci
1380 device siis</programlisting>
1382 <para role="8.0">The current implementation supports
1383 AHCI-compliant controllers and SiliconImage
1384 SiI3124/SiI3132/SiI3531 controllers. The device node of an
1385 ATA drive is <literal>ada</literal> and an ATAPI
1386 drive is <literal>cd</literal>.</para>
1388 <para role="8.0">The &os; iSCSI initiator implementation has
1389 been improved and supports IPv6.</para>
1391 <para role="8.0">A userland utility &man.mfiutil.8; for the
1392 &man.mfi.4; devices has been added. This includes basic
1393 features to monitor controller, array, and drive status,
1394 change basic attributes, create/delete arrays and spares,
1395 and flush the controller firmware. Note that this is a
1396 small utility, not a replacement of MegaCLI in the Ports
1397 Collection which is supported officially and provides more
1398 functionality.</para>
1400 <para role="8.0">A userland utility &man.mptutil.8; for the
1401 &man.mpi.4; devices has been added. This includes basic
1402 features to monitor controller, array, and drive status,
1403 change basic attributes, and create/delete arrays and
1406 <para role="8.0">The &man.siis.4; driver has been added to
1407 provide support for SiliconImage SiI3124/3132/3531 SATA2
1408 controllers. It supports Serial ATA and ATAPI devices, port
1409 multipliers (including FIS-based switching), hardware
1410 command queues (31 commands per port) and Native Command
1413 <para role="7.2">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports Marvell PATA M88SX6121.</para>
1415 <para role="7.2">The &man.ata.4; driver now recognizes nForce MCP67 and
1416 MCP73 SATA controllers as AHCI.</para>
1418 <para role="7.2">The &man.ataraid.4; driver now includes preliminary support
1419 for DDF metadata found on Adaptec HostRAID controllers.
1420 Note that spares and rebuilds are not supported yet.</para>
1422 <para role="7.2">The &man.cam.4; SCSI subsystem now supports a new sysctl
1423 variable <varname>kern.cam.cd.retry_count</varname>. This
1424 controls the number of retries for the CD media. When
1425 trying to read scratched or damaged CDs and DVDs, the
1426 default mechanism is sub-optimal, and programs like
1427 <application>ddrescue</application> do much better if you
1428 turn off the retries entirely since their algorithms do it
1429 by themselves. This value is set to <literal>4</literal>
1430 (for a total of 5 attempts) by default. Setting it to
1431 <literal>0</literal> turns off all retry attempts.</para>
1433 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.ciss.4; driver which caused low
1434 <quote>max device openings</quote> count and led to poor
1435 performance has been fixed.</para>
1437 <para role="7.2">The &man.glabel.8; GEOM class now supports a new
1438 UFS-based label called <literal>ufsid</literal> that can be
1439 used to reference UFS-carrying devices by the unique file
1440 system ID. This file system ID is automatically generated
1441 and detected when the &man.glabel.8; GEOM class is enabled. An
1442 example of this new label is:
1443 <filename>/dev/ufsid/48e69c8b5c8e1b43</filename>. The
1444 benefit of using GEOM labels in general is to avoid problems
1445 of device renaming when shifting drives or
1448 <para role="7.2">The &man.gjournal.8; GEOM class now supports the root
1449 file system. Previously, an unclean shutdown would make it
1450 impossible to mount the root file system at boot.</para>
1452 <para role="7.2">The &man.gpart.8; utility has been updated. The APM
1453 scheme now supports Tivo Series 1 partitions (read only), a
1454 new EBR scheme to support Extended Boot Records has been
1455 added, the BSD scheme now support bootcode, and bugs in the
1456 PC98 and VTOC8 schemes have been fixed.</para>
1458 <para role="7.2">An issue in &man.gvinum.8; with access permissions
1459 to underlying disks used by a gvinum plex has been fixed.
1460 If the plex is a raid5 plex and is being written to, parity data might
1461 have to be read from the underlying disks, requiring them to be opened for
1462 reading as well as writing.</para>
1464 <para role="7.2">The &man.hptmv.4; driver has been updated to version
1465 1.16 from HighPoint.</para>
1467 <para role="7.2">The &man.mmc.4; and &man.mmcsd.4; drivers now support MMC
1468 and SDHC cards, high speed timing, wide bus, and multiblock
1471 <para role="7.2" arch="sparc64">The &man.mpt.4; driver is now in the
1472 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel.</para>
1474 <para role="7.2">The &man.sdhci.4; driver has been added. This supports
1475 PCI devices with class 8 and subclass 5 according to the SD
1476 Host Controller Specification.</para>
1478 <para role="7.2">The &man.sdhci.4; driver now supports kernel dumping and
1479 a sysctl variable <varname>hw.sdhci.debug</varname> for debug
1482 <para role="7.2">The &man.twa.4; driver now supports 64-bit DMA.</para>
1484 <para role="7.2">The &man.mmc.4; &man.mmcsd.4;, and &man.sdhci.4; driver
1485 are now included as kernel modules.</para>
1487 <para role="7.1">The &man.aac.4; driver now supports 64-bit array support
1488 for RAIDs larger than 2TB and simultaneous opens of the device
1489 for issuing commands to the controller.</para>
1491 <para role="7.1">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports a loader variable
1492 <varname>hw.ata.ata_dma_check_80pin</varname>. This can be
1493 used to disable the 80pin cable check on broken systems such
1494 as certain laptops and Soekris boards. The default value is
1495 <literal>1</literal>.</para>
1497 <para role="7.1">A data corruption problem of the &man.ata.4; driver on
1498 ServerWorks HT1000 chipsets has been fixed.</para>
1500 <para role="7.1">The &man.ciss.4; driver now supports a loader tunable
1501 <varname>hw.ciss.nop_message_heartbeat</varname> for
1502 NOP-message polling in <function>ciss_periodic()</function>.
1503 This can be used as a workaround for
1504 <literal>ADAPTER HEARTBEAT FAILED</literal> issue.
1505 The default value is <literal>0</literal> (disabled).</para>
1507 <para role="7.1">The <filename>geom_part</filename> GEOM class can be built
1508 as a kernel module.</para>
1510 <para role="7.1">The <filename>geom_linux_lvm</filename> GEOM class can be
1511 built as a kernel module.</para>
1513 <para role="7.1">The &man.hptrr.4; driver has been updated to version 1.2
1514 from Highpoint.</para>
1516 <para role="7.1">A buffer overflow in the &man.iir.4; driver has been
1517 fixed. This likely fixes a great number of weird problems
1518 that have been reported with this driver.</para>
1520 <para role="7.1">The &man.mpt.4; driver now supports <literal>mpt_user</literal>
1523 <para role="7.1">The &man.rr232x.4; driver has been superseded by
1524 &man.hptrr.4; driver.</para>
1526 <para role="7.1">The &man.twa.4; driver has been improved with regard to
1527 stability on machines with a plenty of memory and high CPU
1532 <title>File Systems</title>
1534 <para role="8.0"><quote>dangerously dedicated</quote> mode for
1535 the UFS file system is no longer supported.</para>
1538 <para>Such disks will need to be reformatted to work with
1539 this release.</para>
1542 <para role="8.0">The &man.gvinum.8; now supports commands
1543 found in the old vinum implementation including
1544 <command>attach</command>, <command>detach</command>,
1545 <command>start</command>, <command>stop</command>,
1546 <command>concat</command>, <command>mirror</command>,
1547 <command>stripe</command>, and
1548 <command>raid5</command>.</para>
1550 <para role="8.0">The &man.gvinum.8; now
1551 supports <literal>grow</literal> command to make it easier
1552 for users to extend plexes without having to understand all
1553 of the implementation internals.</para>
1555 <para role="8.0">The &os; NFS subsystem now
1556 supports <literal>RPCSEC_GSS</literal> authentication on
1557 both the client and server. This replaces the RPC
1558 implementation of the NFS client and server with the newer
1559 RPC implementation originally developed to support the NFS
1560 Lock Manager. It supports both the new RPC implementation
1561 and the older legacy implementation inherited from the
1562 original NFS codebase and the default is to use the new one.
1563 To use <literal>RPCSEC_GSS</literal> on either client or
1564 server, you must build a kernel which includes
1565 the <literal>KGSSAPI</literal> option and the &man.crypto.4;
1566 device. For more details, see &man.gssd.8; manual
1569 <para role="8.0">The &os; NFS subsystem now includes a new,
1570 experimental implementation with support for NFSv2, NFSv3, and
1571 NFSv4. This is not enabled by default. To enable this, add
1572 the following kernel options to your kernel configuration
1573 file and rebuild the kernel:</para>
1575 <programlisting role="8.0">options NFSCL # for NFS client
1576 options NFSD # for NFS server</programlisting>
1578 <para role="8.0">The fstype for &man.mount.8; program is
1579 <literal>newnfs</literal>, and &man.mount.newnfs.8; program
1580 has also been added. The old, unmaintained NFSv4 client
1581 based on an implementation from the University of Michigan was
1582 removed from the &os; source tree.</para>
1584 <para role="8.0">The &os; NFS subsystem now uses TCP as the
1585 default transport.</para>
1587 <para role="8.0">The shared vnode locking for pathname lookups
1588 in the &man.VFS.9; subsystem has been improved. This is
1589 enabled by default. Setting a sysctl variable
1590 <varname>vfs.lookup_shared</varname> to <literal>0</literal>
1591 disables it. Note that the
1592 <literal>LOOKUP_SHARED</literal> kernel option equivalent to
1593 the sysctl variable has been removed.</para>
1595 <para role="8.0">The <application>ZFS</application> file system
1596 has been updated to version 13. The changes include ZFS
1597 operations by a regular user, L2ARC, ZFS Intent Log on
1598 separated disks (slog), sparse volumes, and so on.</para>
1600 <para role="7.2">The semantics of &man.acl.3; extended access control
1601 lists has been changed as follows:</para>
1603 <itemizedlist role="7.2">
1605 <para>The inode modification time (mtime) is not updated
1606 when extended attributes are added, modified, or removed.</para>
1610 <para>The inode access time (atime) is not updated
1611 when extended attributes are queried.</para>
1615 <para role="7.2">The &os; NFS file system now supports a sysctl variable
1616 <varname>vfs.nfs.prime_access_cache</varname> to determine
1617 whether or not <function>nfs_getattr()</function> will use
1618 an ACCESS RPC to prime the access cache instead of a simple
1619 GETATTR RPC. This is because on many NFS servers an ACCESS
1620 RPC is much more expensive to service than a GETATTR RPC for
1621 files in an NFSv3 mount. The sysctl variable is enabled by
1622 default to maintain the previous behavior.</para>
1624 <para role="7.2">The &os; UDF file system now supports a fifo.</para>
1626 <para role="7.1">The &man.fdescfs.5; is now MPSAFE.</para>
1628 <para role="7.1">The &man.gpart.8; now supports BSD disklabels (option
1629 <literal>GEOM_PART_BSD</literal>) and
1630 VTOC8 disklabels (option
1631 <literal>GEOM_PART_VTOC8</literal>).</para>
1633 <para role="7.1">The &man.gvinum.8; now accepts <replaceable>volume</replaceable>
1634 parameter when creating a plex.</para>
1636 <para role="7.1">A pathname lookup bug of a UNIX domain socket in the
1637 <filename>unionfs(7)</filename> has been fixed.</para>
1641 <sect2 id="userland">
1642 <title>Userland Changes</title>
1644 <para role="8.0">The GCC stack protection (also known as
1645 ProPolice) has been enabled in the &os; base system.</para>
1647 <para role="8.0">A BSD-licensed &man.ar.1; utility has been added
1648 in favor of one in <application>GNU binutils</application> and
1649 it is now the default utility for building the &os; base
1652 <para role="8.0">The &man.awk.1; utility now supports 64 files.
1653 The upper limit was 20 in prior releases.</para>
1655 <para role="8.0">The &man.bsnmpd.1; program now supports OIDs
1658 <para role="8.0">The &man.camcontrol.8; program now supports a
1659 new modularized ATA kernel module and various ATA
1662 <para role="8.0">The &man.cat.1; and &man.cp.1; now use a larger
1663 buffer if the number of pages of the physical memory on the
1664 system is grater than 32k. This reduces the number of context
1667 <para role="8.0">A new BSD-licensed &man.cpio.1; utility has been
1668 added in favor of <application>GNU cpio</application> and it
1669 is now the default utility in the &os; base system.</para>
1671 <para role="8.0">A script for the &man.crashinfo.8; utility for
1672 simple analysis of crash dump has been added. It generates a
1673 text file containing the output of several commands run against
1674 the core dump such as &man.kgdb.1; (stack trace), &man.ps.1;,
1680 &man.fstat.1;.</para>
1682 <para role="8.0">The &man.df.1; utility's <option>-h</option>
1683 flag now supports displaying inode counts in a human-readable
1684 format when a flag <option>-i</option> is specified.</para>
1686 <para role="8.0">The &man.df.1; utility now supports
1687 a <option>-T</option> flag to display file system type in each
1690 <para role="8.0">A bug in the &man.dhclient.8; that can create a
1691 malformed <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> has been
1694 <para role="8.0">The &man.dhclient.8; now uses an
1695 <option>-n</option> flag when invoking &man.route.8; command.
1696 This eliminates a long delay in the case that it gets a lease
1697 but DNS service is not working.</para>
1699 <para role="8.0">The &man.dhclient.8; utility now
1700 uses <literal>68</literal> (bootpc) as the source port for
1701 unicast <literal>DHCPREQUEST</literal> packets instead of
1702 allowing the protocol stack to pick a random source port.
1703 This fixes the behavior where &man.dhclient.8; would never
1704 transition from <literal>RENEWING</literal>
1705 to <literal>BOUND</literal> without going
1706 through <literal>REBINDING</literal> in some networks which
1707 has a tight policy on DHCP spoofing.</para>
1709 <para role="8.0">The &man.env.1; utility now supports a
1710 <option>-u <replaceable>name</replaceable></option> option
1711 that completely unsets the given name instead of setting it to
1712 a null value.</para>
1714 <para role="8.0">The &man.find.1; utility now supports a number
1715 of primaries found in <application>GNU find</application>
1716 including <option>-ignore_readdir_race</option>,
1717 <option>-noignore_readdir_race</option>,
1718 <option>-noleaf</option>, <option>-gid</option>,
1719 <option>-uid</option>, <option>-wholename</option>,
1720 <option>-iwholename</option>, <option>-mount</option>,
1721 <option>-d</option>, <option>-lname</option>,
1722 <option>-ilname</option>, <option>-quit</option>,
1723 <option>-samefile</option>, and <option>-true</option>.</para>
1725 <para role="8.0">The &man.fsck.8; utility now supports a
1726 <option>-r</option> flag to free up excess unused inodes.
1727 Decreasing the number of preallocated inodes reduces the
1728 running time of future runs of fsck and frees up space that
1729 can allocated to files. This flag is ignored when running in
1732 <para role="8.0">The &man.freebsd-update.8; now supports backing
1733 up the old kernel when installing a new kernel. The backup
1734 kernel will be written
1735 to <filename>/boot/kernel.old</filename> if the directory does
1736 not exist or the directory was created by freebsd-update in a
1737 previous backup. Otherwise the &man.freebsd-update.8; will
1738 generate a new directory name for use by the backup. This is
1739 enabled by default.</para>
1741 <para role="8.0">The &man.gpt.8; program has been removed in
1742 favor of &man.gpart.8;.</para>
1744 <para role="8.0">The &man.gzip.1; utility now supports
1745 uncompressing files which are created
1746 by <application>pack</application> found in some commercial
1747 UNIX-like systems.</para>
1749 <para role="8.0">The &man.i2c.8; utility for diagnostics of I2C has
1752 <para role="8.0">The &man.ifconfig.8; now
1753 supports <option>vnet</option> and <option>-vnet</option>
1754 option to allow moving interfaces between jails with
1757 <para role="8.0">A BSD-licensed <filename>libdwarf</filename>
1758 library has been added for DTrace clients.</para>
1760 <para role="8.0">The <filename>libmsun</filename> library now supports
1761 <function>acosl()</function>,
1762 <function>asinl()</function>,
1763 <function>atanl()</function>,
1764 <function>atan2l()</function>,
1765 <function>cargl()</function>,
1766 <function>csqrtl()</function>,
1767 <function>fmodl()</function>,
1768 <function>hypotl()</function>,
1770 <function>remquol()</function>
1773 <para role="8.0">The <filename>libproc</filename>
1774 library has been added for DTrace clients.</para>
1776 <para role="8.0">The &man.mtest.8; utility now supports IPv6.</para>
1778 <para role="8.0">The &man.mount.8; program now supports
1780 mountprog=<replaceable>filename</replaceable></option> option
1781 to allow an alternative program to be used for mounting a file
1782 system. This is useful for non-&man.nmount.2; based file
1783 systems such as FUSE.</para>
1785 <para role="8.0">The &man.nfscbd.8;, &man.nfsuserd.8;,
1786 &man.nfsdumpstate.8;, and &man.nfsrevoke.8; utilities for the
1787 new NFSv4 subsystem has been added.</para>
1789 <para role="8.0">The &man.pmcannotate.8; utility has been added.
1790 This prints out sources of a tool (in C or assembly) with
1791 inlined profiling informations retrieved by a prior
1792 &man.pmcstat.8; analysis.</para>
1794 <para role="8.0">The &man.route.8; utility now
1795 supports <command>show</command>,
1796 <command>weights</command>, and <command>sticky</command>
1797 commands. For more details, see the &man.route.8; manual
1800 <para role="8.0">The &man.rtld.1; now supports a new
1801 environment variable <varname>LD_ELF_HINTS_PATH</varname> for
1802 overriding the rtld hints file. This environment variable
1803 would be ignored if the process uses setuid and/or setgid.
1804 This feature gives a convenient way to use a custom set of
1805 shared library that is not in the default location.</para>
1807 <para role="8.0">The &man.rtld.1; now supports the dynamic
1808 string token substitution in the rpath and soneeded pathes. The
1809 <varname>$ORIGIN</varname>,
1810 <varname>$OSNAME</varname>,
1811 <varname>$OSREL</varname>
1812 and <varname>$PLATFORM</varname>
1813 tokens are supported. Enabling
1814 the substitution requires <literal>DF_ORIGIN</literal>
1815 flag in <literal>DT_FLAGS</literal> or
1816 <literal>DF_1_ORIGIN</literal> if
1817 <literal>DF_FLAGS_1</literal>, that may be set
1818 with <option>-z</option> origin <application>GNU
1819 ld</application> flag. This translation is unconditionally
1820 disabled for setuid/setgid processes.
1821 The <varname>$ORIGIN</varname> translation relies on
1822 the <literal>AT_EXECPATH</literal> auxinfo supplied by the
1825 <para role="8.0">It is no longer possible to create UFS
1826 filesystems in <quote>dangerously dedicated</quote> mode using
1827 &man.sysinstall.8; since this mode is no longer supported.</para>
1829 <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; menus have been simplified
1830 to reduce confusion and duplication with other parts of the
1831 system. The <application>Xorg</application> window system
1832 should be installed just like any other package.
1833 Configuration of <application>Linux</application> and
1834 <application>OSF/1</application> emulation should be done via
1835 kernel rebuilds. Support for installation from tape media was
1836 removed as it was believed to be broken. Obsolete code to
1837 support <literal>OLDCARD</literal> was also
1840 <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; now understands how to use
1841 unsliced USB drives as installation source media via
1842 <filename>/dev/da<replaceable>X</replaceable><replaceable>a</replaceable></filename></para>
1844 <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; now recognizes the new
1845 <filename>/dev/ada<replaceable>X</replaceable></filename> disk
1846 devices, if compiled into the kernel.</para>
1848 <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; now uses the
1849 <filename>freebsd-doc-<replaceable>*</replaceable></filename>
1850 packages for localized documents.</para>
1852 <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; now ejects the CDROM after
1853 installation if it was used as source media.</para>
1855 <para role="8.0">The &man.traceroute.8; and &man.traceroute6.8;
1857 <option>-a</option> flag to display AS number corresponding to
1858 the lookup IP address on each hop. It will query the number to
1859 WHOIS server specified in <option>-A</option> option. If
1860 no <option>-A</option> is
1861 specified, <hostid>whois.radb.net</hostid> will be used as the
1862 default value.</para>
1864 <para role="8.0">The &man.tzsetup.8; now supports
1865 an <option>-s</option> flag to skip the question about
1866 adjusting the clock to UTC.</para>
1868 <para role="8.0">The &man.wake.8; utility, a tool to send Wake on
1869 LAN frames to hosts on a local Ethernet network has been
1872 <para role="8.0">The &man.ypserv.8; program now
1873 supports <filename>shadow.byname</filename>
1874 and <filename>shadow.byuid</filename> maps.</para>
1876 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.atacontrol.8; utility, which prevents it
1877 from working when <filename>/usr</filename> is not mounted or
1878 invoked from <filename>/rescue</filename>, has been
1881 <para role="7.2">The &man.btpand.8; daemon from NetBSD has been added.
1882 This daemon provides support for Bluetooth Network Access
1883 Point (NAP), Group Ad-hoc Network (GN) and Personal Area
1884 Network User (PANU) profiles.</para>
1886 <para role="7.2">The &man.cpucontrol.8; utility has been added to
1887 control &man.cpuctl.4; pseudo-device.</para>
1889 <para role="7.2">The &man.ncal.1; utility now supports multibyte
1892 <para role="7.2">The &man.newfs.8; utility now supports
1893 operations on a regular file.</para>
1895 <para role="7.2">The &man.config.8; utility now supports
1896 multiple <varname>makeoption</varname> lines.</para>
1898 <para role="7.2">The &man.csup.1; utility now supports CVSMode to fetch a
1899 complete CVS repository. Note that the rsync transfer mode is
1900 currently disabled.</para>
1902 <para role="7.2">The &man.dirname.1; utility now accepts multiple arguments
1903 in the same way that &man.basename.1; does.</para>
1905 <para role="7.2">The &man.du.1; utility now supports an <option>-l</option>
1906 flag. When specified, the &man.du.1; utility counts a file
1907 with multiple hard links as multiple different files.</para>
1909 <para role="7.2">The &man.du.1; utility now supports an <option>-A</option> flag
1910 to display the apparent size instead of the disk usage. This can be
1911 helpful when operating on compressed volumes or sparse files.</para>
1913 <para role="7.2">The &man.du.1; utility now supports a <option>-B
1914 <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable></option> option to
1915 calculate block counts in blocks of
1916 <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable> bytes. This is different
1917 from the <option>-k</option> or <option>-m</option> options or
1918 setting <varname>BLOCKSIZE</varname> and gives an estimate of
1919 how much space the examined file hierarchy would require on a
1920 file system with the given
1921 <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable>. Unless in
1922 <option>-A</option> mode, <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable>
1923 is rounded up to the next multiple of 512.</para>
1925 <para role="7.2">The &man.dumpfs.8; utility now supports an
1926 <option>-f</option> flag, which causes it to list all free
1927 fragments in the file system by fragment (block) number. This
1928 new mode does the necessary arithmetic to generate absolute
1929 fragment numbers rather than the cg-relative numbers printed
1930 in the default mode.</para>
1932 <para role="7.2">If <option>-f</option> is passed once, contiguous fragment
1933 ranges are collapsed into an X-Y format as free block lists
1934 are currently printed in regular dumpfs output. If specified
1935 twice, all block numbers are printed individually, allowing
1936 both compact and more script-friendly representation.</para>
1938 <para role="7.2">The &man.fetch.1; utility now supports an
1939 <option>-i</option> flag which supports the If-Modified-Since
1940 HTTP 1.1 request. If specified it will cause the file to be
1941 downloaded only if it is more recent than the mtime of the
1942 local file. Also, <application>libfetch</application> now
1943 accepts the mtime in the url structure and a flag to indicate
1944 when this behavior is desired.</para>
1946 <para role="7.2">The &man.fsck.8; utility now supports a
1947 <option>-C</option> flag for <literal>check clean</literal>
1948 mode. This checks if the file system was dismounted cleanly
1949 first and then skip file system checks if true. Otherwise it
1950 does full checks.</para>
1952 <para role="7.2">The &man.fsck.8; utility now supports a
1953 <option>-D</option> flag for damaged recovery mode, which will
1954 enable certain aggressive operations that can make
1955 &man.fsck.8; to survive with file systems that has very
1956 serious data damage. This is a useful last resort when on
1957 disk data damage is very serious and causes &man.fsck.8; to
1960 <para role="7.2">The &man.getaddrinfo.3; function now supports SCTP.</para>
1962 <para role="7.2">A bug was fixed in the &man.ipfw.8; utility which displays
1963 extra messages for a NAT rule even when a <option>-q</option>
1964 flag is specified.</para>
1966 <para role="7.2">The &man.ln.1; utility now supports a <option>-w</option>
1967 flag to check if the source file actually exists. When the
1968 flag is specified and the file does not exist, &man.ln.1; will
1969 issue a warning message.</para>
1971 <para role="8.0">The &man.ln.1; utility now allows creating hard
1972 links to symbolic links because the POSIX.1-2008 requires this
1973 behavior for <option>-L</option> and <option>-P</option>
1976 <para role="8.0">The &man.lpr.1; utility now support
1977 an <option>-m</option> flag to send an email after the job is
1978 completed and a <option>-t</option> option to set the job
1981 <para role="7.2">The &man.make.1; utility now supports a
1982 <option>-p</option> flag to print the input graph only,
1983 without executing any commands. The output is the same as
1984 <option>-d g1</option>. When combined with <option>-f
1985 /dev/null</option>, only the built-in rules of make are
1988 <para role="7.2">The &man.make.1; utility now supports a
1989 <option>-Q</option> flag to cause file banners not to be
1990 generated in addition to the same effect of a
1991 <option>-q</option> flag when a <option>-j</option> option is
1994 <para role="7.2">The &man.make.1; utility now supports the
1995 <varname>.MAKE.JOB.PREFIX</varname> variable. If
1996 <option>-j</option> and <option>-v</option> are specified, its
1997 output for each target is prefixed with a token <literal>---
1998 <replaceable>target</replaceable> ---</literal> the first part
1999 of which can be controlled via the variable.</para>
2001 <para role="7.2">The &man.make.1; utility now supports
2002 <varname>.MAKE.PID</varname> and <varname>.MAKE.PPID</varname>
2003 variable. These are set to process ID of the &man.make.1;
2004 process and its parent process respectively.</para>
2006 <para role="7.2">The &man.makefs.8; utility to create a file system image
2007 from a directory tree has been added.</para>
2009 <para role="7.2">The &man.mergemaster.8; utility now supports an
2010 <option>-F</option> option to automatically install files that
2011 differ only in their version control ID strings.</para>
2013 <para role="7.2">The &man.mount.8; utility now supports an <option>-o
2014 mountprog=<replaceable>/somewhere/mount_xxx</replaceable></option>
2015 option to force it to use the specified program to mount the
2016 file system instead of calling &man.nmount.2; directly. This
2017 is useful when you want to use third party programs such as
2018 FUSE, for example.</para>
2020 <para role="7.2">The &man.netstat.1; utility now reports &man.unix.4;
2021 sockets' listen queue statistics when an <option>-L</option>
2022 flag is specified.</para>
2024 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.netstat.1; utility has been fixed. It
2025 crashed with the following options in the previous
2028 <screen role="7.2">&prompt.user; netstat -m -N foo</screen>
2030 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.netstat.1; utility has been fixed. The
2031 <option>-ss</option> option now works in the icmp6 section as
2034 <para role="7.2">The &man.pciconf.8; utility now supports a
2035 <option>-b</option> flag, which lists any base address
2036 registers (BAR) that are assigned resources for each
2039 <para role="7.2">The &man.powerd.8; program has been improved. Changes
2040 include reasonable CPU load estimation on SMP systems and a
2041 new mode named as <literal>hiadaptive</literal> for AC-powered
2042 systems. The <literal>hiadaptive</literal> mode raises the
2043 CPU frequency twice as fast as <literal>adaptive</literal>, it
2044 drops the CPU frequency 4 times slower, prefers twice lower
2045 CPU load and has an additional delay before leaving the
2046 highest frequency after the period of maximum load.</para>
2048 <para role="8.0">The &man.revoke.1; utility has been added. This
2049 is a wrapper of &man.revoke.2; syscall.</para>
2051 <para role="7.2">The &man.stat.1; utility now displays an octal
2052 representation of suid, sgid and sticky bits when the
2053 <option>-x</option> flag is specified.</para>
2055 <para role="7.2">The &man.strndup.3; function has been added.</para>
2057 <para role="8.0">The &man.tftpd.8; program now supports
2058 a <option>-W</option> option. This is almost the same as
2059 a <option>-w</option> option but will generate unique named
2060 based on the submitted filename, a &man.strftime.3; format
2061 string, and a two digit sequence number. The time format
2062 string can be set by an <option>-F</option> option.</para>
2064 <para role="7.2">The &man.wc.1; utility now supports an <option>-L</option>
2065 flag to output the number of characters in the longest input
2068 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.rpc.yppasswdd.8; program, which causes
2069 it to leave a zombie process when a password or default shell
2070 is changed, has been fixed.</para>
2072 <para role="7.1">The &man.adduser.8; utility now supports
2073 a <option>-M</option> option to set the mode of a new user's
2074 home directory.</para>
2076 <para role="7.1">The &man.atacontrol.8; utility now supports
2077 a <command>spindown</command> command to set or report timeout
2078 after which the device will be spun down.</para>
2080 <para role="7.1">The &man.chflags.1; now supports a <option>-v</option> flag for
2081 verbose output, a <option>-f</option> flag to ignore errors,
2082 and <option>-h</option> to allow setting flags on symbolic links
2083 with the same semantics as (for example) &man.chmod.1;.</para>
2085 <para role="7.1">The &man.cp.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag, which is
2086 equivalent to <option>-RpP</option> flags.</para>
2088 <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.cp.1; utility which prevents POSIX.1e ACL (see
2089 also &man.acl.3;) from copying properly has been fixed.</para>
2091 <para role="7.1">The &man.cron.8; utility now supports <option>-m</option> flag which
2092 overrides the default mail recipient for cron mails unless explicitly
2093 provided by <literal>MAILTO=</literal> line in <filename>crontab</filename>
2096 <para role="7.1">The &man.dhclient.8; now supports more options described in
2097 &man.dhcp-options.5;.</para>
2099 <para role="7.1">The &man.dhclient.8; now
2100 supports <function>is_default_interface()</function> function
2101 which determines if this interface is one with the default
2104 <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.dhclient.8; that prevents removal of the
2105 default route from working has been fixed.</para>
2107 <para role="7.1">The &man.environ.7;, environment array of strings now
2108 supports unsetting a variable by setting the first character to
2109 NULL. This is required by third-party software such as
2110 <application>Dovecot</application>
2111 and <application>Postfix</application>.</para>
2113 <para role="7.1">The &man.fdisk.8; now supports a <option>-q</option> flag to
2114 not display any warnings.</para>
2116 <para role="7.1">The &man.fetch.1; program and <filename>libfetch</filename>
2117 library now supports a <varname>NO_PROXY</varname> environment
2118 variable. This specifies comma- or whitespace-separated list of
2119 host names for which proxies should not be used. If a single
2120 asterisk is specified, the use of proxies is disabled.</para>
2122 <para role="7.1">The &man.ffsll.3; and &man.flsll.3; functions have been added.
2123 These functions are the same as &man.ffs.3; and &man.fls.3; except that
2124 they accept long long as the arguments.</para>
2126 <para role="7.1">The &man.fortune.6; program now supports
2127 <varname>FORTUNE_PATH</varname> environment variable to specify
2128 search path of the fortune files.</para>
2130 <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.fortune.6; program that prevents
2131 <option>-e</option> option with multiple files from working has
2134 <para role="7.1">The &man.freebsd-update.conf.5; now supports
2135 <literal>IDSIgnorePaths</literal> statement.</para>
2137 <para role="7.1">The &man.fwcontrol.8; utility now supports <option>-f
2138 <replaceable>node</replaceable></option> option which specifies
2139 <replaceable>node</replaceable> as the root node on the next bus
2142 <para role="7.1" arch="sparc64"> The &man.gcc.1; now
2143 accepts <option>-mcpu</option> option properly; it was hardcoded
2144 as <option>-mcpu=ultrasparc</option>.</para>
2146 <para role="7.1">The &man.ifconfig.8; command now supports
2147 display of WPS IE (Wireless Provisioning Services Information
2150 <para role="7.1">The &man.kgdb.1; command now supports
2151 an <command>add-kld <replaceable>kld</replaceable></command>
2152 command to locate a &man.kld.4; and load its symbols.</para>
2154 <para role="7.1">The &man.kgdb.1; command now has a shared library backend for kernel
2155 files that treats &man.kld.4; as shared libraries and
2156 auto-loading symbols for &man.kld.4; on startup.</para>
2158 <para role="7.1">The &man.kgdb.1; now supports a <command>tid</command> command
2159 and other kernel module related commands even for a remote
2162 <para role="7.1">The &man.kvm.getcptime.3; function to obtain the global CPU
2163 time statistics from the kernel has been added.</para>
2165 <para role="7.1">The <filename>libalias</filename> library now supports
2166 <literal>PORT</literal> and
2167 <literal>EPRT</literal>
2168 FTP commands in lowercase.</para>
2170 <para role="7.1">The &man.man.1; now includes a limited support of
2171 &man.bzip2.1;-compressed manual pages.</para>
2173 <para role="7.1">The &man.mdconfig.8; command now supports a
2174 <option>-v</option> (verbose) flag to <option>-l</option>
2175 command. It shows size and backing store of all &man.md.4;
2176 devices at one time.</para>
2178 <para role="7.1">The &man.memrchr.3; function has been added. This behaves
2179 like &man.memchr.3; except that it locates the last occurrence
2180 of the specified character in the string.</para>
2182 <para role="7.1">The incorrect output grammar of &man.morse.6; program has
2185 <para role="7.1">The &man.mountd.8; utility now supports <option>-h
2186 <replaceable>bindip</replaceable></option> option which
2187 specifies IP addresses to bind to for TCP and UDP requests.
2188 This option may be specified multiple times. If no
2189 <option>-h</option> option is specified,
2190 <literal>INADDR_ANY</literal> will be used. Note that when
2191 specifying IP addresses with this option, it will
2192 automatically add <literal>127.0.0.1</literal> and if IPv6 is
2193 enabled, <literal>::1</literal> to the list.</para>
2195 <para role="7.1">The &man.moused.8; utility now supports <option>-L</option>
2196 flag which changes the speed of scrolling and changes
2197 <option>-U</option> option behavior to only affect the scroll
2200 <para role="7.1">The &man.mv.1; command now support POSIX
2201 specification when moving a directory to an existing directory
2202 across devices.</para>
2204 <para role="7.1">The &man.periodic.8; now supports
2205 <varname>daily_status_mail_rejects_shorten</varname>
2206 configuration variable in &man.periodic.conf.5;. This allows
2207 the rejected mail reports to tally the rejects per blacklist
2208 without providing details about individual sender hosts. The
2209 default configuration keeps the reports in their original
2212 <para role="7.1">The &man.ping6.8; now uses exit status of
2213 <literal>0</literal> and <literal>2</literal> in the same manner
2214 as &man.ping.8;.</para>
2216 <para role="7.1">The &man.ping6.8; now supports an <option>-o</option> flag,
2217 which makes &man.ping6.8; exit successfully after receiving one
2218 reply packet.</para>
2220 <para role="7.1">The &man.ping6.8; now supports <option>-r</option>
2221 and <option>-R</option> flags, which are equivalent to
2222 &man.ping.8;'s <option>-a</option> and <option>-A</option>
2223 flags, respectively.</para>
2225 <para role="7.1">The minimum allowed interval of &man.ping6.8; has been
2226 decreased to 0.000001 from 0.01.</para>
2228 <para role="7.1">The &man.realpath.1; utility now supports
2229 a <option>-q</option> flag to suppress warnings and
2230 accepts multiple paths on its command line.</para>
2232 <para role="7.1">The &man.rfcomm.pppd.8; now supports a <option>-D</option>
2233 flag to register DUN (Dial-Up Networking) service in addition to
2234 the LAN (LAN Access Using PPP) service.</para>
2236 <para role="7.1">The &man.sdpd.8; now supports a <literal>NAP</literal>,
2237 <literal>GN</literal>, and <literal>PANU</literal>
2240 <para role="7.1">The &man.setkey.8; utility now accepts
2241 <literal>esp</literal> as a protocol name
2242 for the <command>spdadd</command> command.</para>
2244 <para role="7.1">A bug in &man.telnetd.8; that caused it to
2245 attempt authentication even when <option>-a off</option>
2246 option is specified has been fixed.</para>
2248 <para role="7.1">The &man.top.1; and &man.vmstat.8; commands now
2249 support <option>-P</option> flag which displays per-CPU
2252 <para role="7.1">The &man.uuid.enc.le.3;, &man.uuid.dec.le.3;,
2253 &man.uuid.enc.be.3;, and &man.uuid.dec.be.3; functions have been
2254 added. These functions encode/decode a binary representation of
2257 <para role="7.1">The &man.watch.8; utility now supports more than 10
2258 &man.snp.4; devices at a time.</para>
2260 <para role="7.1">The &man.ypserv.8; daemon now supports a
2261 <option>-P</option> option to specify the port number on which
2262 it should listen.</para>
2264 <sect3 id="rc-scripts">
2265 <title><filename>/etc/rc.d</filename> Scripts</title>
2267 <para role="7.1">The &man.rc.conf.5; now supports
2268 <varname>dummynet_enable</varname> variable which allow
2269 &man.dummynet.4; kernel module to be loaded when
2270 <varname>firewall_enable</varname> is <literal>YES</literal>.</para>
2272 <para role="7.1">The <filename>ntpd</filename> &man.rc.8; script
2273 can work with no configuration file
2274 <filename>/etc/ntp.conf</filename> now.</para>
2276 <para role="7.1">The <filename>ppp</filename> &man.rc.8;
2277 script now supports multiple instances. For more details,
2278 see the description of <varname>ppp_profile</varname>
2279 variable in &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>
2281 <para role="7.1">The <filename>sysctl</filename> &man.rc.8; script now
2282 supports loading <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf.local</filename> in
2283 addition to <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename>.</para>
2285 <para role="7.1">The &man.rc.conf.5; now supports configuration of
2286 interfaces and attached networks for firewall rule set by
2287 <filename>rc.firewall</filename> when
2288 <varname>firewall_type</varname> is <literal>simple</literal> or
2289 <literal>client</literal>. See
2290 <varname>firewall_client_net</varname>,
2291 <varname>firewall_simple_iif</varname>,
2292 <varname>firewall_simple_inet</varname>,
2293 <varname>firewall_simple_oif</varname>, and
2294 <varname>firewall_simple_onet</varname>.</para>
2298 <sect2 id="contrib">
2299 <title>Contributed Software</title>
2301 <para role="8.0"><application>ISC BIND</application> has been updated to
2302 version 9.6.1rc1.</para>
2304 <para role="8.0">The <application>ACPI-CA</application> has been
2305 updated to 20090521.</para>
2307 <para role="8.0">The <application>ee</application> (easy editor) has
2308 been updated to 1.5.0. This version is now licensed under a
2309 2-clause BSD license, instead of the Artistic license.</para>
2311 <para role="8.0">The <application>hostapd</application> has been updated to
2312 version 0.6.8 + radius ACL support.</para>
2314 <para role="8.0">The <application>less</application> has been updated to
2315 version v436.</para>
2317 <para role="8.0">The <filename>libarchive</filename> library has
2318 been updated to version 2.7.0.</para>
2320 <para role="8.0">The <filename>libexpat</filename> library has
2321 been updated from version 1.95.5 to version 2.0.1.</para>
2323 <para role="8.0">The <filename>ncurses</filename> library has been updated
2324 to version 5.7-20081102.</para>
2326 <para role="8.0"><application>OpenBSM</application> 1.1 from
2327 Trusted BSD Project has been merged.</para>
2329 <para role="8.0"><application>TCPDUMP</application> has been
2330 updated to 4.0.0.</para>
2332 <para role="8.0">The timezone database has been updated
2333 to the <application>tzdata2009f</application> release.</para>
2335 <para role="8.0"><application>wpa_supplicant</application> has been updated to
2336 version 0.6.8</para>
2338 <para role="8.0">The <application>ZFS</application> file system
2339 has been updated from version 6 to version 13.</para>
2341 <para role="7.1">The <application>am-utils</application> has been updated from
2342 version 6.0.10p1 to version 6.1.5.</para>
2344 <para role="7.1">The <application>awk</application> has been updated from 1 May
2345 2007 release to the 23 October 2007 release.</para>
2347 <para role="7.1">The <application>bzip2</application> has been updated from
2348 version 1.0.4 to version 1.0.5.</para>
2350 <para role="7.1">The <application>CVS</application> has been updated to
2351 version 1.11.22.1.</para>
2353 <para role="7.1"><application>NTP</application> has been updated to version
2356 <para role="7.1"><application>OpenPAM</application> has been updated from the
2357 Figwort release to the Hydrangea release.</para>
2359 <para role="7.1"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated from
2360 version 4.5p1 to version 5.1p1.</para>
2362 <para role="7.1">The &man.resolver.3; library has been updated to
2363 one of <application>ISC BIND</application> 9.4.3.</para>
2365 <para role="7.1"><application>sendmail</application> has been updated from
2366 version 8.14.2 to version 8.14.3.</para>
2370 <title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>
2372 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.pkg.create.1; utility, which
2373 prevented the <option>-n</option> flag from working has been
2376 <para role="7.2">The &os; Ports Collection now supports multiple
2377 &man.make.1; jobs in some supported ports. This is
2378 automatically enabled when a port is marked as
2379 <varname>MAKE_JOBS_SAFE</varname> and improves CPU utilization
2380 at the build stage by passing an option
2381 <option>-j<replaceable>X</replaceable></option> to the top
2382 level <filename>Makefile</filename> from the vendor. The
2383 number <replaceable>X</replaceable> is set to the number of
2384 CPUs by default, and can be set by users via a &man.make.1;
2385 variable <varname>MAKE_JOBS_NUMBER</varname>. For more
2386 details, see <filename>ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk</filename>.</para>
2390 <title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>
2392 <para role="8.0">The supported version of
2393 the <application>GNOME</application> desktop environment
2394 (<filename role="package">x11/gnome2</filename>) has been
2395 updated to 2.26.3.</para>
2397 <para role="8.0">The supported version of
2398 the <application>KDE</application> desktop environment
2399 (<filename role="package">x11/kde4</filename>) has been
2400 updated to 4.3.1.</para>
2404 <sect1 id="upgrade">
2405 <title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>
2407 <para arch="amd64,i386">Upgrades between RELEASE versions (and
2408 snapshots of the various security branches) are supported using
2409 the &man.freebsd-update.8; utility. The binary upgrade
2410 procedure will update unmodified userland utilities, as well as
2411 unmodified GENERIC or SMP kernels distributed as a part of an
2412 official &os; release. The &man.freebsd-update.8; utility
2413 requires that the host being upgraded has Internet
2414 connectivity.</para>
2416 <para>An older form of binary upgrade is supported through the
2417 <command>Upgrade</command> option from the main
2418 &man.sysinstall.8; menu on CDROM distribution media. This type
2419 of binary upgrade may be useful on non-&arch.i386;,
2420 non-&arch.amd64; machines or on systems with no Internet
2421 connectivity.</para>
2423 <para>Source-based upgrades (those based on recompiling the &os;
2424 base system from source code) from previous versions are
2425 supported, according to the instructions in
2426 <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename>.</para>
2429 <para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
2430 backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration
projects / FreeBSD / stable / 8.git / blob