1 <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN" [
2 <!ENTITY % articles.ent PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Articles Entity Set//EN">
5 <!ENTITY % release PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES Release Specification//EN">
11 <title>&os; &release.current; Release Notes</title>
13 <corpauthor>The &os; Project</corpauthor>
15 <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
28 <holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The &os; Documentation Project</holder>
31 <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
41 <para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
42 of the changes made to the &os; base system on the
43 &release.branch; development line.
44 This document lists applicable security advisories that were issued since
45 the last release, as well as significant changes to the &os;
47 Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
52 <title>Introduction</title>
54 <para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
56 describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
57 It also provides some notes on upgrading
58 from previous versions of &os;.</para>
60 <![ %release.type.current [
62 <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
63 apply represents the latest point along the &release.branch; development
64 branch since &release.branch; was created. Information regarding pre-built, binary
65 &release.type; distributions along this branch
66 can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
70 <![ %release.type.snapshot [
72 <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
73 apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
74 branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;.
76 pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
77 can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
81 <![ %release.type.release [
83 <para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
84 &release.type; distribution. It can be found at <ulink
85 url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors. More
86 information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
87 distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
88 url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
89 &os;</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
90 url="&url.books.handbook;/">&os;
91 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
95 <para>All users are encouraged to consult the release errata before
96 installing &os;. The errata document is updated with
97 <quote>late-breaking</quote> information discovered late in the
98 release cycle or after the release. Typically, it contains
99 information on known bugs, security advisories, and corrections to
100 documentation. An up-to-date copy of the errata for &os;
101 &release.current; can be found on the &os; Web site.</para>
106 <title>What's New</title>
108 <para>This section describes the most user-visible new or changed
109 features in &os; since &release.prev;, and changes shown in
110 Release Notes for the previous releases are marked as
111 <literal>[7.1R]</literal> and <literal>[7.2R]</literal>.</para>
113 <para>Typical release note items document recent security
114 advisories issued after &release.prev;, new drivers or hardware
115 support, new commands or options, major bug fixes, or
116 contributed software upgrades. They may also list changes to
117 major ports/packages or release engineering practices. Clearly
118 the release notes cannot list every single change made to &os;
119 between releases; this document focuses primarily on security
120 advisories, user-visible changes, and major architectural
123 <sect2 id="security">
124 <title>Security Advisories</title>
126 <para>Problems described in the following security advisories have
127 been fixed. For more information, consult the individual
128 advisories available from
129 <ulink url="http://security.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink>.</para>
131 <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="0">
133 <colspec colwidth="1*">
134 <colspec colwidth="1*">
135 <colspec colwidth="3*">
138 <entry>Advisory</entry>
146 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:05.openssh.asc"
147 >SA-08:05.openssh</ulink></entry>
148 <entry>17 April 2008</entry>
149 <entry><para>OpenSSH X11-forwarding privilege escalation</para></entry>
153 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:06.bind.asc"
154 >SA-08:06.bind</ulink></entry>
155 <entry>13 July 2008</entry>
156 <entry><para>DNS cache poisoning</para></entry>
160 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:07.amd64.asc"
161 >SA-08:07.amd64</ulink></entry>
162 <entry>3 September 2008</entry>
163 <entry><para>amd64 swapgs local privilege escalation</para></entry>
167 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:08.nmount.asc"
168 >SA-08:08.nmount</ulink></entry>
169 <entry>3 September 2008</entry>
170 <entry><para>&man.nmount.2; local arbitrary code execution</para></entry>
174 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:09.icmp6.asc"
175 >SA-08:09.icmp6</ulink></entry>
176 <entry>3 September 2008</entry>
177 <entry><para>Remote kernel panics on IPv6 connections</para></entry>
181 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:10.nd6.asc"
182 >SA-08:10.nd6</ulink></entry>
183 <entry>1 October 2008</entry>
184 <entry><para>IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol routing vulnerability</para></entry>
188 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:11.arc4random.asc"
189 >SA-08:11.arc4random</ulink></entry>
190 <entry>24 November 2008</entry>
191 <entry><para>&man.arc4random.9; predictable sequence vulnerability</para></entry>
195 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:12.ftpd.asc"
196 >SA-08:12.ftpd</ulink></entry>
197 <entry>23 December 2008</entry>
198 <entry><para>Cross-site request forgery in &man.ftpd.8;</para></entry>
202 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:13.protosw.asc"
203 >SA-08:13.protosw</ulink></entry>
204 <entry>23 December 2008</entry>
205 <entry><para>netgraph / bluetooth privilege escalation</para></entry>
209 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:01.lukemftpd.asc"
210 >SA-09:01.lukemftpd</ulink></entry>
211 <entry>07 January 2009</entry>
212 <entry><para>Cross-site request forgery in
213 &man.lukemftpd.8;</para></entry>
217 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:02.openssl.asc"
218 >SA-09:02.openssl</ulink></entry>
219 <entry>07 January 2009</entry>
220 <entry><para>OpenSSL incorrectly checks for malformed
221 signatures</para></entry>
225 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:03.ntpd.asc"
226 >SA-09:03.ntpd</ulink></entry>
227 <entry>13 January 2009</entry>
228 <entry><para>ntpd cryptographic signature
229 bypass</para></entry>
233 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:04.bind.asc"
234 >SA-09:04.bind</ulink></entry>
235 <entry>13 January 2009</entry>
236 <entry><para>BIND DNSSEC incorrect checks for
237 malformed signatures</para></entry>
241 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:05.telnetd.asc"
242 >SA-09:05.telnetd</ulink></entry>
243 <entry>16 February 2009</entry>
244 <entry><para>telnetd code execution
245 vulnerability</para></entry>
249 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:06.ktimer.asc"
250 >SA-09:06.ktimer</ulink></entry>
251 <entry>23 March 2009</entry>
252 <entry><para>Local privilege escalation</para></entry>
256 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:07.libc.asc"
257 >SA-09:07.libc</ulink></entry>
258 <entry>04 April 2009</entry>
259 <entry><para>Information leak in &man.db.3;</para></entry>
263 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:08.openssl.asc"
264 >SA-09:08.openssl</ulink></entry>
265 <entry>22 April 2009</entry>
266 <entry><para>Remotely exploitable crash in
267 OpenSSL</para></entry>
271 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:09.pipe.asc"
272 >SA-09:09.pipe</ulink></entry>
273 <entry>10 June 2009</entry>
274 <entry><para>Local information disclosure via direct pipe writes</para></entry>
278 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:10.ipv6.asc"
279 >SA-09:10.ipv6</ulink></entry>
280 <entry>10 June 2009</entry>
281 <entry><para>Missing permission check on SIOCSIFINFO_IN6 ioctl</para></entry>
285 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:11.ntpd.asc"
286 >SA-09:11.ntpd</ulink></entry>
287 <entry>10 June 2009</entry>
288 <entry><para>ntpd stack-based buffer-overflow vulnerability</para></entry>
292 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:12.bind.asc"
293 >SA-09:12.bind</ulink></entry>
294 <entry>29 July 2009</entry>
295 <entry><para>BIND &man.named.8; dynamic update message remote DoS</para></entry>
298 <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:14.devfs.asc"
299 >SA-09:14.devfs</ulink></entry>
300 <entry>2 Oct 2009</entry>
301 <entry><para>Devfs / VFS NULL pointer race condition</para></entry>
309 <title>Kernel Changes</title>
311 <para role="8.0">The &os; <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel now
312 includes Trusted BSD MAC (Mandatory Access Control) support.
313 No MAC policy module is loaded by default.</para>
315 <para role="8.0" arch="i386">A loader
316 tunable <varname>hw.clflush_disable</varname> has been added
317 to avoid panic (trap 9)
318 at <function>map_invalidate_cache_range()</function> even if
319 Intel CPU is used. This tunable can be set
320 to <literal>-1</literal> (default), <literal>0</literal> and
321 <literal>1</literal>. The <literal>-1</literal> is same as
322 the current behavior, which automatically
323 disables <literal>CLFLUSH</literal> on Intel CPUs without
324 <literal>CPUID_SS</literal> (this should occurr on Xen
325 only). You can specify <literal>1</literal> when this panic
326 happens on non-Intel CPUs (such as AMD's). Because disabling
327 <literal>CLFLUSH</literal> can reduce performance, you can try
328 with setting <literal>0</literal> on Intel CPUs
329 without <literal>SS</literal> to
330 use <literal>CLFLUSH</literal> feature.</para>
332 <para role="8.0">The &man.jail.8; subsystem has been updated. Changes include:</para>
334 <itemizedlist role="7.2">
336 <para role="8.0">A new virtualization container
337 named <quote>vimage</quote> has been implemented. This is
338 not enabled by default. To enable this, add the following
339 kernel options to your kernel configuration file and
340 rebuild the kernel:</para>
342 <programlisting>options VIMAGE</programlisting>
344 <para>Note that <literal>options SCTP</literal> in the
345 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel is not compatible with
346 <literal>options VIMAGE</literal>. This limitation will
347 be fixed in the next release.</para>
349 <para>The vimage is a jail with a virtualized instance of
350 the &os; network stack. It can be created by using
351 &man.jail.8; command like this:</para>
353 <screen>&prompt.root; jail -c vnet name=<replaceable>vnet1</replaceable> host.hostname=<replaceable>vnet1.example.net</replaceable> path=/ persist</screen>
355 <para>The vimage has own loopback interface and a separated
356 network stack including the L3 routing tables. Network
357 interfaces on the system can be moved by using
358 &man.ifconfig.8; <option>vnet</option> option between the
359 different vimage jails and outside of them.</para>
361 <para>Furthermore, the &man.epair.4; pseudo-interface driver
362 has been added to help communication between vimage jails.
363 It emulates a pair of back-to-back connected Ethernet
364 interfaces. For example, the following commands create an
365 interface pair of &man.epair.4;:</para>
367 <screen>&prompt.root; ifconfig epair0 create
369 &prompt.root; ifconfig epair0a
370 epair0a: flags=8842<BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
371 ether 02:c0:64:00:07:0a
372 &prompt.root; ifconfig epair0b
373 epair0b: flags=8842<BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
374 ether 02:c0:64:00:08:0b</screen>
376 <para>The &man.epair.4; pseudo-interfaces and any physical
377 interfaces on the system can be moved between vimage jails
378 by using &man.ifconfig.8; <option>vnet</option> option as
379 described above. Even after half of an &man.epair.4; pair
380 is moved, the back-to-back connection still valid and can
381 be used for inter-jail communication.</para>
383 <para>Note that vimage is still considered as an
384 experimental feature.</para>
388 <para>A jail can now have arbitrary named parameters similar
389 to environmental variables and the fixed jail parameters
390 in the previous releases have been replaced with them.
391 The jail name can now be used for identifying the jail in
392 &man.jexec.8; and &man.killall.1;.</para>
396 <para>Multiple IPv4 and/or IPv6 addresses per jail are now
397 supported. It is even possible to have jails without
398 an IP address at all, which basically gives one a chrooted
399 environment with restricted process view and no
404 <para>SCTP (&man.sctp.4;) with IPv6 in jails has been
409 <para>Specific CPU binding by using &man.cpuset.1; has been
410 implemented. Note that the current implementation allows
411 the superuser inside of the jail to change the CPU
412 bindings specified.</para>
416 <para>A &man.jail.8; can start with a specific route
421 <para>The &man.ddb.8; kernel debugger now supports a
422 <literal>show jails</literal> subcommand.</para>
426 <para>Compatibility support which permits 32-bit jail
427 binaries to be used on 64-bit systems to manage jails has
432 <para>Note that both version numbers of
433 <literal>jail</literal> and <literal>prison</literal> in
434 the &man.jail.8; have been updated for the new
439 <para role="8.0">The &man.ksyms.4;, kernel symbol table
440 interface driver has been added. It creates a character
441 device <filename>/dev/ksyms</filename> and provides
442 read-only access to a snapshot of the kernel symbol
445 <para role="8.0" arch="amd64,i386">The &os; Linux emulation
446 layer has been updated to version 2.6.16 and the default Linux
447 infrastructure port is
448 <filename>emulators/linux_base-f10</filename> (Fedora
451 <para role="8.0" arch="amd64,i386">The &os; virtual memory
452 subsystem now supports fully transparent use of
453 <application>superpages</application> for application memory;
454 application memory pages are dynamically promoted to or
455 demoted from superpages without any modification to
456 application code. This change offers the benefit of large
457 page sizes such as improved virtual memory efficiency and
458 reduced TLB (translation lookaside buffer) misses without
459 downsides like application changes and virtual memory
460 inflexibility. This can be enabled by setting a loader tunable
461 <varname>vm.pmap.pg_ps_enabled</varname> to
462 <literal>1</literal> and is enabled by default on
465 <para role="7.2">The &man.ddb.8; kernel debugger now supports a
466 <command>show mount</command> subcommand.</para>
468 <para role="7.2">The &os; DTrace subsystem now supports a probe for
469 process execution.</para>
471 <para role="7.2" arch="amd64">The &os; kernel virtual address
472 space has been increased to 6GB. This allows subsystems to use
473 larger virtual memory space than before. For example, the
474 &man.zfs.8; adaptive replacement cache (ARC) requires large
475 kernel memory space to cache file system data, so it benefits
476 from the increased address space. Note that the ceiling on
477 the kernel map size is now 60% of the size of physical memory
478 rather than an absolute quantity.</para>
480 <para role="7.2">The &man.kld.4; now supports installing 32-bit
481 system calls to the &os; syscall translation layer from kernel
484 <para role="7.2">The &man.ktr.4; now supports a new KTR tracepoint in the
485 <literal>KTR_CALLOUT</literal> class to note when a callout
486 routine finishes executing.</para>
488 <para role="7.2">Types of variables used to track the amount of allocated
489 System V shared memory have been changed from
490 <literal>int</literal> to <literal>size_t</literal>. This
491 makes it possible to use more than 2 GB of memory for shared
492 memory segments on 64-bit architectures. Please note the new
493 BUGS section in &man.shmctl.2; and
494 <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> for limitations of this
495 temporary solution.</para>
497 <para role="7.2">The &man.sysctl.3; leaf nodes have a flag to tag
498 themselves as MPSAFE now.</para>
500 <para role="7.2">The &os; 32-bit system call translation layer now
501 supports installing 32-bit system calls for
502 <literal>VFS_AIO</literal>.</para>
504 <para role="7.1">The &man.clock.gettime.2; and the related system calls now
505 support a clock ID <literal>CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID</literal>,
506 as defined in POSIX.</para>
508 <para role="7.1">The &man.cpuset.2; system call has been added. This is an
509 API for thread to CPU binding and CPU resource grouping and
512 <para role="7.1">The DTrace, a comprehensive dynamic tracing framework and
513 &man.dtrace.1; userland utility have been imported from
514 OpenSolaris. DTrace provides a powerful infrastructure to
515 permit administrators, developers, and service personnel to
516 concisely answer arbitrary questions about the behavior of the
517 operating system and user programs.</para>
519 <para role="7.1">The &man.ddb.4; kernel debugger now has an output capture
520 facility. Input and output from &man.ddb.4; can now be captured
521 to a memory buffer for later inspection using &man.sysctl.8; or
522 a textdump. The new <command>capture</command> command controls
525 <para role="7.1">The &man.ddb.4; debugger now supports a simple scripting
526 facility, which supports a set of named scripts consisting of a
527 set of &man.ddb.4; commands. These commands can be managed from
528 within &man.ddb.4; or with the use of the new &man.ddb.8;
529 utility. More details can be found in the &man.ddb.4; manual
532 <para role="7.1">The &man.ddb.4; <command>ex</command> command now supports
533 an <option>/S</option> mode which interprets and prints the
534 value at the requested address as a symbol. For example,
535 <userinput>ex /S <replaceable>aio_swake</replaceable></userinput>
536 prints the name of the function currently registered in
537 via <replaceable>aio_swake</replaceable> hook.</para>
539 <para role="7.1">The &man.ddb.4; <command>show conifhk</command> command has
540 been added. This lists hooks currently waiting for completion
541 in <function>run_interrupt_driven_config_hooks()</function>.</para>
543 <para role="7.1">The &man.fcntl.2; system call now supports
544 <literal>F_DUP2FD</literal> command. This is equivalent to
545 &man.dup.2;, and compatible with the Sun Solaris and the IBM
548 <para role="7.1">The &os;'s &man.linux.4; ABI support now implements
549 <function>sched_setaffinity()</function> and
550 <function>sched_getaffinity()</function> using real CPU affinity
551 setting primitives.</para>
553 <para role="7.1">The &man.procstat.1; utility has been added. This is a
554 process inspection utility which provides some of the missing
555 functionality from &man.procfs.5; and new functionality for monitoring
556 and debugging specific processes.</para>
558 <para role="7.1">The client side functionality of &man.rpc.lockd.8; has been
559 implemented in the &os; kernel. This implementation provides the
560 correct semantics for &man.flock.2; style locks which are used
561 by the &man.lockf.1; command line tool and the &man.pidfile.3;
562 library. It also implements recovery from server restarts and
563 ensures that dirty cache blocks are written to the server before
564 obtaining locks (allowing multiple clients to use file locking
565 to safely share data). Also, a new kernel option
566 <literal>options NFSLOCKD</literal> has been added and enabled
567 by default. If the kernel support is enabled, &man.rpc.lockd.8;
568 automatically detects and uses the functionality.</para>
570 <para role="7.1">The &os; kernel now supports a new textdump format of kernel
571 dumps. A textdump provides higher-level information via
572 mechanically generated/extracted debugging output, rather than a
573 simple memory dump. This facility can be used to generate brief
574 kernel bug reports that are rich in debugging information, but
575 are not dependent on kernel symbol tables or precisely
576 synchronized source code. More information can be found in the
577 &man.textdump.4; manual page.</para>
579 <para role="7.1">The &man.wait4.2; system call now supports
580 <option>WNOWAIT</option> flag to keep the process whose status
581 is returned in a waitable state and <option>WSTOPPED</option>
582 which is equivalent to <option>WUNTRACED</option>.</para>
584 <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386,sparc64">The &os; kernel now has
585 initial support of binding interrupts to CPUs.</para>
587 <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386"> The &man.sched.ule.4; scheduler is now the default
588 process scheduler in <filename>GENERIC</filename>
591 <para role="7.1">The sysctl
592 variables <varname>kern.features.compat_freebsd[456]</varname>
593 have been added. These are corresponding to the kernel options
594 <literal>COMPAT_FREEBSD[456]</literal>.</para>
597 <title>Boot Loader Changes</title>
599 <para role="8.0">The <application>boot0</application> boot
600 loader now preserves volume ID at offset
601 0x1b8 used in other operating systems </para>
603 <para role="8.0">The &man.boot0cfg.8; utility now supports a
604 new <option>-i</option> option to set the volume ID.</para>
606 <para role="7.2">The &man.boot.8; now supports 4-byte volume ID that
607 certain versions of &windows; put into the MBR and invoking
608 PXE by pressing the F6 key on some supported BIOSes.</para>
610 <para role="7.2" arch="i386">The &man.boot.8; BTX loader has been
611 improved. This fixes several boot issues on recent machines
612 reported for 7.1-RELEASE and before.</para>
614 <para role="7.2">The &man.loader.8; is now able to obtain DHCP options
615 from network boot via &man.kenv.2; variables.</para>
617 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.loader.8; has been fixed. Now the
618 following line works as expected:</para>
620 <programlisting>loader_conf_files="<replaceable>foo</replaceable> <replaceable>bar</replaceable> ${<replaceable>variable</replaceable>}"</programlisting>
622 <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386">The BTX kernel used by the boot
623 loader has been changed to invoke BIOS routines from real
624 mode. This change makes it possible to boot &os; from USB
627 <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386">A new gptboot boot loader has
628 been added to support booting from a GPT labeled disk. A
629 new <command>boot</command> command has been added to
630 &man.gpt.8;, which makes a GPT disk bootable by writing the
631 required bits of the boot loader, creating a new boot
632 partition if required.</para>
636 <title>Hardware Support</title>
638 <para role="8.0">The &os; now includes experimental support
639 for &arch.mips; platform.</para>
641 <para role="8.0">The &man.acpi.4; subsystem now supports the System
642 Resource Affinity Table (SRAT) used to describe affinity
643 relationships between CPUs and memory, ACPI 3.0 fields in
644 the MADT including X2APIC entries and UIDs for local SAPICs, and
645 ACPI 3.0 flags in the FADT.</para>
647 <para role="8.0" arch="powerpc">The &man.cpufreq.4; framework now
648 supports PowerPC G5, along with a skeleton SMU driver in order to slew
649 CPU voltage during frequency changes.</para>
651 <para role="8.0">The sec(4) driver has been added to provide
652 support for the integrated security engine found in
653 Freescale system-on-chip devices.</para>
655 <para role="8.0">The &os; TTY layer has been replaced with a
656 new one which has better support for SMP and robust resource
657 handling. A tty now has own mutex and it is expected to
658 improve scalability when compared to the old implementation
659 based on the Giant lock.</para>
661 <para role="8.0" arch="amd64,i386">The &man.uart.4; driver is now the
662 default driver for serial port devices in favor of the
663 &man.sio.4; driver. Note that the device nodes have been
665 <filename>/dev/cuad<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename> and
666 <filename>/dev/ttyd<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename> to
667 <filename>/dev/cuau<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename> and
668 <filename>/dev/ttyu<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename>.</para>
671 <para>Users who are upgrading will need to change their
672 kernel configurations and possibly also
673 <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> and
674 <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.</para>
677 <para role="8.0">The &os; USB subsystem has been reimplemented
678 to support modern devices and better SMP scalability. The
679 new implementation includes Giant-lock-free device drivers,
680 a Linux compatibility layer, &man.usbconfig.8; utility, full
681 support for split transaction and isochronous transaction,
682 and more. Device node names for USB devices are now in a
684 of <filename>/dev/usb/<replaceable>bus</replaceable>.<replaceable>dev</replaceable>.<replaceable>endpoint</replaceable></filename>,
685 and <filename>/dev/usbctl</filename> is the master device
686 node. Note that the &man.ugen.4; driver has nodes for each device as <filename>/dev/ugen<replaceable>bus</replaceable>.<replaceable>dev</replaceable></filename> for backward compatibility.</para>
688 <para role="7.2" arch="sparc64">&os; now supports Ultra SPARC III
689 (Cheetah) processor family.</para>
691 <para role="7.2">The &man.acpi.4; subsystem now supports a &man.sysctl.8;
692 variable <varname>debug.batt.batt_sleep_ms</varname>. On
693 some laptops with smart batteries, enabling battery
694 monitoring software causes keystrokes from &man.atkbd.4; to
695 be lost. This sysctl variable adds a delay in millisecond
696 to the status checking code as a workaround.</para>
698 <para role="7.2">The &man.acpi.asus.4; driver now supports Asus A8Sr
701 <para role="7.2" arch="powerpc">Support for the AltiVec, a floating point
702 and integer SIMD instruction set has been added.</para>
704 <para role="7.2">The &man.cpuctl.4; driver, which provides a special
705 device <filename>/dev/cpuctl</filename> as an interface to
706 the system CPU has been added. The &man.cpuctl.4;
707 functionality includes the ability to retrieve CPUID
708 information, read/write machine specific registers (MSR),
709 and perform CPU firmware updates.</para>
711 <para role="7.2">The &man.cpufreq.4; driver now supports an
712 <varname>hw.est.msr_info</varname> loader tunable. When
713 this is set to <literal>1</literal>, it attempts to build a
714 simple list containing just the high and low frequencies if
715 it cannot obtain a frequency list from either ACPI or the
716 static tables. This is disabled by default.</para>
718 <para role="7.2" arch="amd64,i386">CPU frequency change notifiers are now
719 disabled when the TSC is P-state invariant. Also, a new
721 <varname>kern.timecounter.invariant_tsc</varname> has been
722 added to force this behavior by setting it to
725 <para role="7.2">The &man.atkbd.4; driver now disables the interrupt
726 handler which is called from the keyboard callback function
727 when polled mode is enabled. This fixes the problem of
728 duplicated/missing characters at the mountroot prompt on
729 multi CPU systems while &man.kbdmux.4; is enabled.</para>
731 <para role="7.2">In the &man.pci.4; subsystem INTx is now disabled when
732 MSI/MSIX is enabled. This change fixes interrupt storm
733 related issues.</para>
735 <para role="7.2" arch="sparc64">The schizo(4) driver for Schizo
736 Fireplane/Safari to PCI 2.1 and Tomatillo JBus to PCI 2.2
737 bridges has been added.</para>
739 <para role="7.2">The &man.u3g.4; driver for USB based 3G cards and
740 dongles including Vodafone Mobile Connect Card 3G, Qualcomm
741 CDMA MSM, Huawei E220, Novatel U740, Sierra MC875U, and more
742 has been added. This provides support for the multiple
743 USB-to-serial interfaces exposed by many 3G USB/PC Card
744 modems, and the device is accessed through the &man.ucom.4;
745 driver which makes it behave like a &man.tty.4;.</para>
747 <para role="7.2">The &man.sched.ule.4; scheduler now supports
749 <varname>machdep.hyperthreading_enabled</varname> just like
750 &man.sched.4bsd.4;. Note that it cannot be modified at
753 <para role="7.1">The &man.cmx.4; driver, a driver for Omnikey CardMan 4040
754 PCMCIA smartcard readers, has been added.</para>
756 <para role="7.1" arch="sparc64">The &man.kbdmux.4; driver now
757 supports &arch.sparc64;. The &man.sunkbd.4; driver now
758 supports &man.atkbd.4; emulation like &man.ukbd.4;.</para>
760 <para role="7.1">The <filename>nvram(4)</filename> driver is now
763 <para role="7.1">An option of the &man.puc.4;
764 driver, <literal>PUC_FASTINTR</literal>, is no longer
767 <para role="7.1">The &man.psm.4; driver now attempts detection of Synaptics
768 touchpad before IntelliMouse. Some touchpads will pretend to
769 be IntelliMouse causing the IntelliMouse probe to work and the
770 Synaptics detection never to be done.</para>
772 <para role="7.1">The &man.uslcom.4; driver, a driver for Silicon
773 Laboratories CP2101/CP2102-based USB serial adapters, has been
774 imported from OpenBSD.</para>
777 <title>Multimedia Support</title>
779 <para role="8.0">The &os; audio subsystem has been improved.
780 The changes include volume per channel, high quality
781 fixed-point band-limited SINC sampling rate converter,
782 bit-perfect mode, transparent/adaptive virtual channel,
783 and exclusive stream. For more details, see the
784 &man.snd.4; manual page.</para>
786 <para role="7.2">The &man.agp.4; driver now supports Intel G4X series
787 graphics chipsets.</para>
789 <para role="7.2">The Direct Rendering Manager
790 (<application>DRM</application>), a kernel module that
791 gives direct hardware access to DRI clients, has been
792 updated. Support for AMD/ATI r500, r600, r700, and IGP
793 based chips, XGI V3XE/V5/V8, and Intel i915 chipsets has
794 been improved.</para>
796 <para role="7.2">A new loader tunable <varname>hw.drm.msi</varname> has
797 been added to control if DRM uses MSI or not. This is set
798 to <literal>1</literal> (enabled) by default.</para>
800 <para role="7.2">The snd_au88x0(4) driver for Aureal Vortex
801 1/2/Advantage PCI has been removed because it has been
802 broken for a long time.</para>
804 <para role="7.2">The &man.snd.hda.4; driver has been updated. These
805 changes include support for multiple codecs per HDA bus,
806 multiple functional groups per codec, multiple audio
807 devices per functional group, digital (SPDIF/HDMI) audio
808 input/output, suspend/resume, and part of multichannel
811 <para role="7.2">Note that due to added HDMI audio and
812 logical audio devices support, the updated driver often
813 provides several PCM devices. This means that in some
814 cases the system default audio device no longer
815 corresponds to the users's habitual audio connectors. In
816 such cases the default device can be specified in audio
817 applications' setup or defined globally via
818 <varname>hw.snd.default_unit</varname> sysctl variable, as
819 described in the &man.sound.4; manual page.</para>
821 <para role="7.1">The &man.agp.4; driver now supports the
822 Intel G33 and G45.</para>
824 <para role="7.1" arch="i386">The <filename>dpms(4)</filename> driver has
825 been added to use the VESA BIOS for DPMS during suspend and
828 <para role="7.1">The <application>DRM</application> kernel driver now
829 supports i915 GME devices.</para>
833 <title>Network Interface Support</title>
835 <para role="8.0">The &man.bwi.4; driver has been added to
836 provide support for Broadcom BCM43xx IEEE 802.11b/g wireless
837 network interfaces.</para>
839 <para role="8.0" arch="sparc64">The &man.cas.4; driver has
840 been added to provide support for Sun Cassini/Cassini+ and
841 National Semiconductor DP83065 Saturn Gigabit Ethernet
844 <para role="8.0">The &man.cxgbtool.8; now supports an
845 interactive mode for scripting of repeatedly performed
848 <para role="8.0">The &man.fxp.4; driver has been improved. Changes include:</para>
852 <para role="8.0">The multicast filter re-programming
853 is now more robust.</para>
857 <para role="7.2">The checksum offload feature can be controlled by
858 &man.ifconfig.8; now.</para>
862 <para role="7.2">Rx checksum offload support for 82559 or later
863 controllers has been added.</para>
867 <para role="7.2">TSO (TCP Segmentation Offload) support for 82550
868 and 82551 controllers has been added.</para>
872 <para role="7.2">WoL (Wake on LAN) support for 82550, 82551, 82558,
873 and 82559-based controllers has been added. Note that
874 ICH based controllers are treated as 82559, and 82557,
875 earlier revisions of 82558, and 82559ER have no WoL
880 <para role="7.2">VLAN hardware tag insertion/stripping support and
881 Tx/Rx checksum offload for VLAN frames support has
882 been added. Note that the VLAN hardware assistance is
883 available only on 82550 or 82551-based
888 <para role="8.0">The &man.miibus.4; driver now supports
889 the Marvell 88E3016.</para>
891 <para role="8.0">The &man.msk.4; driver now supports Yukon
892 FE+ A0 including 88E8040, 88E8040T, 88E8048 and
895 <para role="8.0">The &man.mwl.4; driver has been added to
896 provide support for Marvell 88W8363 IEEE 802.11n wireless
897 network devices.</para>
899 <para role="8.0">The &man.mxge.4; driver now supports some newer
900 revisions and 10GBASE-LRM and 10GBASE-Twinax media
901 types. The firmware version has been updated to 1.4.43.</para>
903 <para role="8.0">The &man.nge.4; driver has been improved and
904 now works on all platforms.</para>
906 <para role="8.0">The &man.uath.4; driver for USB wireless LAN
907 adapter based on Atheros AR5005UG and AR5005UX chipsets
908 has been added. The &man.uathload.8; utility, a firmware
909 loader for the Atheros USB wireless driver has also been
912 <para role="8.0">The &man.urtw.4; driver has been added to
913 provide support for Realtek RTL8187B/L USB IEEE 802.11b/g
914 wireless network devices.</para>
916 <para role="8.0">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports TX
917 checksum offload.</para>
919 <para role="7.2">The &man.ae.4; driver now supports WoL
920 (Wake on LAN).</para>
922 <para role="7.2" arch="amd64,i386">The &man.ale.4; driver is now
923 included in the <filename>GENERIC</filename>
926 <para role="7.2">The &man.ath.hal.4;, Atheros Hardware Access Layer,
927 has been updated to the open source version.</para>
929 <para role="7.2">The &man.axe.4; driver has been improved in
930 performance by eliminating extra context switches and now
931 supports the Apple USB Ethernet adapter.</para>
933 <para role="7.2">The &man.bce.4; driver's firmware has been updated to
934 the latest version (4.6.X).</para>
936 <para role="7.2">The ciphy(4) driver now supports Vitesse VSC8211
939 <para role="7.2">The &man.cxgb.4; driver has been updated to firmware
940 revision 4.7 and now supports hardware MAC
943 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.igb.4; driver, which prevented the
944 loader tunable <varname>hw.igb.ave_latency</varname> from
945 working, has been fixed.</para>
947 <para role="7.2">The &man.ixgbe.4; driver has been updated to
948 version 1.7.4.</para>
950 <para role="7.2">The &man.jme.4; driver now supports newer JMicron
951 JMC250/JMC260 revisions.</para>
953 <para role="7.2">The &man.msk.4; driver has been improved. An issue
954 which made it hang up in a certain condition has been
955 fixed. Hardware MAC statistics support has been added
956 and users can get the information via sysctl variables
958 <varname>dev.msk.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.stats</varname>.</para>
960 <para role="7.2">The &man.nfe.4; driver now supports hardware MAC
963 <para role="7.2">The &man.re.4; driver has been improved. It now
964 detects the link status. A new loader tunable
965 <varname>hw.re.prefer_iomap</varname> has been added, to
966 disable memory register mapping. This tunable is
967 <literal>0</literal> for all controllers except RTL8169SC
970 <para role="7.2">The &man.rl.4; driver has been improved. It now
971 detects the link status and a bug which prevented it from
972 working on systems with more than 4GB memory has been
975 <para role="7.2">A bug in &man.sis.4; on VLAN tagged frame handling has
978 <para role="7.2">The &man.txp.4; driver now works on all supported
979 architectures. Support has been added for &man.altq.4;,
980 WoL, checksum offload when VLAN enabled, and link state
981 change handling has been improved, and new sysctl
983 <varname>dev.txp.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.stats</varname>
984 for MAC statistics have been added. New sysctl variables
985 <varname>dev.txp.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.process_limit</varname>
986 has been added, to control how many received frames should
987 be served in Rx handler (set to 64 by default and valid
988 ranges are 16 to 128 in unit of frames). The firmware has
989 been updated to the latest version.</para>
991 <para role="7.1">The &man.ae.4; driver has been added to provide
992 support for the Attansic/Atheros L2 FastEthernet
995 <para role="7.1">The &man.jme.4; driver has been added to
996 provide support for PCIe adapters based on JMicron JMC250
997 gigabit Ethernet and JMC260 fast Ethernet controllers.</para>
999 <para role="7.1">The &man.age.4; driver has been added to
1000 provide support for Attansic/Atheros L1 gigabit Ethernet
1003 <para role="7.1">The &man.malo.4; driver has been added to
1004 provide support for Marvell Libertas 88W8335 based PCI network
1007 <para role="7.1">The bm(4) driver has been added to
1008 provide support for Apple Big Mac (BMAC) Ethernet controller,
1009 found on various Apple G3 models.</para>
1011 <para role="7.1">The et(4) driver has been added to
1012 provide support for Agere ET1310 10/100/Gigabit Ethernet
1015 <para role="7.1">The &man.glxsb.4; driver has been added
1016 to provide support for the Security Block in AMD Geode LX
1019 <para role="7.1">The &man.ale.4; driver has been added to provide support
1020 for Atheros AR8121/AR8113/AR8114 Gigabit/Fast Ethernet controllers.
1021 This driver is not enabled in <filename>GENERIC</filename>
1022 kernels for this release.</para>
1024 <para role="7.1">The &man.em.4; driver has been split into two drivers
1025 with some common parts. The &man.em.4; driver will continue
1026 to support adapters up to the 82575, as well as new
1027 client/desktop adapters. A new &man.igb.4; driver
1028 will support new server adapters.</para>
1030 <para role="7.1">The &man.hme.4; driver has been improved.</para>
1032 <para role="7.1">A bug in some of the &man.miibus.4; supported drivers that
1033 IEEE 802.3 auto-negotiation was performed in a wrong order,
1034 has been fixed. Now it chooses the correct technologies
1035 supported by IEEE 802.3 in the order described in Annex
1038 <para role="7.1">A workaround has been added for a bug in TCP/UDP
1039 hardware checksum offload of the &man.msk.4; driver for
1040 short frames. Note that for frames that requires hardware
1041 VLAN tag insertion, the checksum offload workaround does not
1042 work due to changes of checksum offset in mbuf after the
1043 VLAN tag. So disabling hardware checksum offload for the
1044 VLAN interface is needed in such cases.</para>
1046 <para role="7.1">The &man.ndis.4; NDIS miniport driver wrapper has been
1049 <para role="7.1">The &man.sf.4; driver has been improved and now supports
1050 checksum offloading.</para>
1052 <para role="7.1">The &man.stge.4; driver now supports WOL (Wake on
1055 <para role="7.1">The &man.vr.4; driver has been improved.</para>
1057 <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386"> The &man.wpi.4; driver has
1058 been updated to include a number of stability fixes.</para>
1062 <sect3 id="net-proto">
1063 <title>Network Protocols</title>
1065 <para role="8.0">The &os; netisr framework has been
1066 reimplemented for parallel threading support. This is a
1067 kernel network dispatch interface which allows device
1068 drivers (and other packet sources) to direct packets to
1069 protocols for directly dispatched or deferred processing.
1070 The new implementation supports up to one netisr thread per
1071 CPU, and several benchmarks on SMP machines show substantial
1072 performance improvement over the previous version.</para>
1074 <para role="8.0">A bug in the &man.gif.4; that EtherIP packets
1075 sent by combination of &man.if.bridge.4; and &man.gif.4;
1076 have a reversed version field has been fixed. If you need
1077 to communicate with older &os; releases via EtherIP, use new
1078 flags <literal>accept_rev_ethip_ver</literal>
1079 and <literal>send_rev_ethip_ver</literal> to control
1080 handling the reversed version field. These can be set by
1081 &man.ifconfig.8 utility to &man.gif.4; interfaces. The
1082 EtherIP implementation found on &os; 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.0,
1083 7.1, and 7.2 had an interoperability issue because it sent
1084 the incorrect EtherIP packets and discarded the correct
1085 ones. For more details, see &man.gif.4; manual page.</para>
1087 <para role="8.0">The IGMPv3 and SSM (Source-Specific Multicast)
1088 including IPv6 SSM and MLDv2 have been added. Although the
1089 old KAME MLDv2 hooks have been replaced with the new
1090 implementation, the related kernel programming interfaces have been
1093 <para role="8.0">The multicast routing code has been improved
1094 and the IPv4 and IPv6 support has been split.</para>
1096 <para role="8.0">The &os; now supports the upcoming Wireless
1097 Mesh standard, IEEE 802.11s. The current implementation is
1098 based on the March 2009 D3.0 draft version.</para>
1100 <para role="8.0">The wireless network support layer (net80211)
1101 now uses pseudo-interfaces named as
1102 <literal>wlan<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal> instead
1103 of a device driver name like <literal>em0</literal>
1105 <literal>wlan<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal>
1106 interface is created by &man.ifconfig.8; as an instance of
1107 the parent interface and used for actual communication
1108 similar to &man.vlan.4, IEEE 802.1Q VLAN network interface.
1109 Note that multiple instances (to realize multiple BSSes with
1110 a single AP device, for example) can be created if the
1111 parent interface supports it. For more details, see
1112 &man.ifconfig.8; manual page.</para>
1114 <para role="8.0">The net80211 layer now supports TDMA for long
1115 distance point-to-point links using &man.ath.4;
1118 <para role="8.0">An infrastructure for caching flows as a means
1119 of accelerating L2 and L3 lookups has been added. This is
1120 called <quote>flow table</quote> and enabled by default on
1121 &arch.amd64 and &arch.i386; platforms. This also provides
1122 stateful load balancing when used
1123 with <literal>RADIX_MPATH</literal>
1125 <para role="8.0">The &os; L2 address translation table has been
1126 reimplemented to reduce lock contention on parallel
1127 processing and simplify the routing logic. The new
1128 implementation has L2 address translation tables for both
1129 ARP (for IPv4) and NDP (for IPv6) which are separated from
1130 the L3 routing tables, and supports flow table caches for both
1131 the routing table and the L2 information. One of the
1132 user-visible changes is that a concept of cloned route (a
1133 route generated by an entry
1134 with <literal>RTF_CLONING</literal> flag) is deprecated.
1135 This means routing flags <literal>RTF_CLONING</literal>,
1136 <literal>RTF_WASCLONE</literal>,
1137 and <literal>RTF_LLINFO</literal> are obsolete.</para>
1139 <para role="8.0">The &man.ipsec.4; subsystem now supports
1140 NAT-Traversal (RFC 3948). This is disabled by default. To
1141 enable this add the following kernel option and rebuild the
1144 <programlisting>device crypto
1146 options IPSEC_NAT_T</programlisting>
1148 <para role="7.2">IPv4 source address selection for unbound sockets has
1149 been implemented as follows:</para>
1153 <para>If we found a route, use the address corresponding
1154 to the outgoing interface.</para>
1158 <para role="7.2">Otherwise we assume the foreign address is reachable
1159 on a directly connected network and try to find a
1160 corresponding interface to take the source address
1165 <para role="7.2">As a last resort use the default jail address.</para>
1169 <para role="7.2">This also changes the semantics of selecting the IP for
1170 processes within a &man.jail.8; as it now uses the same
1171 logic as outside the &man.jail.8;.</para>
1173 <para role="7.2">The TCP MD5 Signature Option (RFC 2385) for IPv6 has
1174 been implemented in the same way it has been implemented for
1177 <para role="7.2">The &man.ng.netflow.4; Netgraph node now includes
1178 support for generating egress netflow instead or in addition
1179 to ingress. An <literal>NGM_NETFLOW_SETCONFIG</literal>
1180 control message has been added to control the new
1181 functionality.</para>
1183 <para role="7.2">The &man.tap.4; Ethernet tunnel software network
1184 interface now supports a new <literal>TAPGIFNAME</literal>
1185 character device ioctl. This is a convenient shortcut to
1186 obtain the network interface name using a file descriptor to
1187 a character device.</para>
1189 <para role="7.2">The &man.tap.4; now supports
1190 <literal>SIOCSIFMTU</literal> ioctl to set a higher MTU than
1191 1500 (ETHERMTU). This allows &man.tap.4; devices to be
1192 added to the same bridge (which requires all interface
1193 members to have the same MTU) with an interface configured
1194 for jumbo frames.</para>
1196 <para role="7.2">The domains list for handling the list of supported
1197 domains in the &man.unix.4; (UNIX domain protocol family)
1198 subsystem is now MPSAFE.</para>
1200 <para role="7.1">The &man.arp.8; utility now
1201 supports <literal>reject</literal>
1202 and <literal>blackhole</literal> keywords. In the entry
1203 marked as <literal>reject</literal>, traffic to the host will
1204 be discarded and the sender will be notified the host is
1205 unreachable. In the entry marked as <literal>blackhole</literal>,
1206 traffic is discarded but the sender is not notified.</para>
1208 <para role="7.1">The &man.bpf.4; now supports an
1209 ioctl <literal>BIOCSETFNR</literal>. This is just like
1210 <literal>BIOCSETF</literal>, but it does not drop all the
1211 packets buffered on the descriptor and reset the
1214 <para role="7.1">The &man.if.bridge.4; interface can limit the
1215 number of source MACs that can be behind a bridge interface
1216 via <literal>ifmaxaddr</literal> parameter of
1217 &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
1219 <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.carp.4; interface configuration which
1220 leads to a system panic has been fixed.</para>
1222 <para role="7.1">The &man.dummynet.4; subsystem now supports
1223 <literal>fast</literal> mode operation which allows certain
1224 packets to bypass the dummynet scheduler. This can achieve
1225 lower latency and lower overhead when the packet flow is under
1226 the pipe bandwidth, and eliminate recursion in the subsystem.
1227 The new sysctl variable
1228 <varname>net.inet.ip.dummynet.io_fast</varname> has been
1229 added to enable this feature.</para>
1231 <para role="7.1">The &man.enc.4; interface now supports sysctl
1232 variables to control whether the firewalls or &man.bpf.4;
1233 will see inner and outer headers or just inner or outer
1234 headers for incoming and outgoing IPsec packets.</para>
1236 <para role="7.1">The &man.gre.4; now supports
1237 ioctls <literal>GRESKEY</literal>
1238 and <literal>GREGKEY</literal> which allows set or get GRE
1239 key used for outgoing packets.</para>
1241 <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.ipsec.4; subsystem that PMTU was broken
1242 in those cases when there was a route with a lower MTU than
1243 the MTU of the outgoing interface, has been fixed.</para>
1245 <para role="7.1">The netatm subsystem has been removed due to
1246 lacking multiprocessor support.</para>
1248 <para role="7.1">The &man.ng.nat.4; now supports redirect functionality
1249 in <filename>libalias</filename>. For more details, see the
1252 <para role="7.1">The &man.ng.pptpgre.4; now supports multiple hooks like
1253 &man.ng.l2tp.4;, to use one pair of pptpgre and ksocket nodes for all
1254 calls between two peers.</para>
1256 <para role="7.1">The &man.resolver.3; now allows underscore in domain
1257 names. Although this is a violation of RFC 1034 [STD 13], it is
1258 accepted by certain name servers as well as other popular operating
1259 systems' resolver library.</para>
1261 <para role="7.1">A socket option <literal>TCP_CONGESTION</literal> for TCP
1262 sockets has been added. This is for setting and retrieving the
1263 congestion control algorithm. The name used is to allow
1264 compatibility with Linux.</para>
1266 <para role="7.1">The &man.rwlock.9; has been used throughout
1267 the <varname>inpcbinfo</varname> and <varname>inpcb</varname>
1268 infrastructure, and protocols that depend on that
1269 infrastructure, including UDP, TCP, and IP raw sockets to
1270 reduce the lock contentions.</para>
1272 <para role="7.1">The &os; now supports multiple routing tables. To
1273 enable this, the following steps are needed:</para>
1275 <itemizedlist role="7.1">
1277 <para>Add the following kernel configuration option and
1278 rebuild the kernel. The <literal>2</literal> is the number
1279 of FIB (Forward Information Base, synonym for a routing
1280 table here). The maximum value is 16.</para>
1282 <programlisting>options ROUTETABLES=2</programlisting>
1284 <para>The procedure for rebuilding the &os; kernel is
1285 described in the <ulink
1286 url="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html#AEN30408">&os;
1287 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
1289 <para>This number can be modified on boot time. To do so, add
1290 the following to <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> and
1291 reboot the system:</para>
1293 <programlisting>net.fibs=6</programlisting>
1297 <para>Set a loader tunable <varname>net.my_fibnum</varname> if
1298 needed. This means the default number of routing tables.
1299 If not specified, <literal>0</literal> will be used.</para>
1303 <para>Set a loader tunable
1304 <varname>net.add_addr_allfibs</varname> if needed. This
1305 enables to add routes to all FIBs for new interfaces by
1306 default. When this is set to <literal>0</literal>, it will
1307 only allocate routes on interface changes for the FIB of the
1308 caller when adding a new set of addresses to an interface.
1309 Note that this tunable is set to <literal>1</literal> by
1314 <para>To select one of the FIBs, the new &man.setfib.1; utility
1315 can be used. This set an associated FIB with the process. For
1318 <screen>&prompt.root; setfib -3 ping target.example.com</screen>
1320 <para>The FIB #3 will be used for the &man.ping.8; command.</para>
1322 <para>The FIB which the packet will be associated with will be
1323 determined in the following rules:</para>
1325 <itemizedlist role="7.1">
1327 <para>All packets which have a FIB associated with them will
1328 use the FIB. If not, FIB #0 will be used.</para>
1332 <para>A packet received on an interface for forwarding uses
1337 <para>A TCP listen socket associated with an FIB will generate
1338 accept sockets which are associated with the same FIB.</para>
1342 <para>A packet generated in response to other packet uses the
1343 FIB associated with the packet being responded to.</para>
1347 <para>A packet generated on tunnel interfaces such as
1348 &man.gif.4; and &man.tun.4; will be encapsulated using the
1349 FIB of the process which set up the tunnel.</para>
1353 <para>Routing messages will be associated with the process's
1358 <para>Also, the &man.ipfw.8; now supports an action rule
1359 <literal>setfib</literal>. The following action:</para>
1361 <programlisting>setfib <replaceable>fibnum</replaceable></programlisting>
1363 <para>will make the matched packet use the FIB specified in
1364 <replaceable>fibnum</replaceable>. The rule processing
1365 continues at the next rule.</para>
1369 <title>Disks and Storage</title>
1371 <para role="8.0">The &os; CAM SCSI subsystem (&man.cam.4;) now
1372 includes experimental support for ATA/SATA/AHCI-compliant
1373 devices. This is disabled by default. To enable this,
1374 adding the following kernel options to your kernel
1375 configuration file and rebuild the kernel:</para>
1377 <programlisting>device ahci
1378 device siis</programlisting>
1380 <para role="8.0">The current implementation supports
1381 AHCI-compliant controllers and SiliconImage
1382 SiI3124/SiI3132/SiI3531 controllers. The device node of an
1383 ATA drive is <literal>ada</literal> and an ATAPI
1384 drive is <literal>cd</literal>.</para>
1386 <para role="8.0">The &os; iSCSI initiator implementation has
1387 been improved and supports IPv6.</para>
1389 <para role="8.0">A userland utility &man.mfiutil.8; for the
1390 &man.mfi.4; devices has been added. This includes basic
1391 features to monitor controller, array, and drive status,
1392 change basic attributes, create/delete arrays and spares,
1393 and flush the controller firmware. Note that this is a
1394 small utility, not a replacement of MegaCLI in the Ports
1395 Collection which is supported officially and provides more
1396 functionality.</para>
1398 <para role="8.0">A userland utility &man.mptutil.8; for the
1399 &man.mpi.4; devices has been added. This includes basic
1400 features to monitor controller, array, and drive status,
1401 change basic attributes, and create/delete arrays and
1404 <para role="8.0">The &man.siis.4; driver has been added to
1405 provide support for SiliconImage SiI3124/3132/3531 SATA2
1406 controllers. It supports Serial ATA and ATAPI devices, port
1407 multipliers (including FIS-based switching), hardware
1408 command queues (31 commands per port) and Native Command
1411 <para role="7.2">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports Marvell PATA M88SX6121.</para>
1413 <para role="7.2">The &man.ata.4; driver now recognizes nForce MCP67 and
1414 MCP73 SATA controllers as AHCI.</para>
1416 <para role="7.2">The &man.ataraid.4; driver now includes preliminary support
1417 for DDF metadata found on Adaptec HostRAID controllers.
1418 Note that spares and rebuilds are not supported yet.</para>
1420 <para role="7.2">The &man.cam.4; SCSI subsystem now supports a new sysctl
1421 variable <varname>kern.cam.cd.retry_count</varname>. This
1422 controls the number of retries for the CD media. When
1423 trying to read scratched or damaged CDs and DVDs, the
1424 default mechanism is sub-optimal, and programs like
1425 <application>ddrescue</application> do much better if you
1426 turn off the retries entirely since their algorithms do it
1427 by themselves. This value is set to <literal>4</literal>
1428 (for a total of 5 attempts) by default. Setting it to
1429 <literal>0</literal> turns off all retry attempts.</para>
1431 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.ciss.4; driver which caused low
1432 <quote>max device openings</quote> count and led to poor
1433 performance has been fixed.</para>
1435 <para role="7.2">The &man.glabel.8; GEOM class now supports a new
1436 UFS-based label called <literal>ufsid</literal> that can be
1437 used to reference UFS-carrying devices by the unique file
1438 system ID. This file system ID is automatically generated
1439 and detected when the &man.glabel.8; GEOM class is enabled. An
1440 example of this new label is:
1441 <filename>/dev/ufsid/48e69c8b5c8e1b43</filename>. The
1442 benefit of using GEOM labels in general is to avoid problems
1443 of device renaming when shifting drives or
1446 <para role="7.2">The &man.gjournal.8; GEOM class now supports the root
1447 file system. Previously, an unclean shutdown would make it
1448 impossible to mount the root file system at boot.</para>
1450 <para role="7.2">The &man.gpart.8; utility has been updated. The APM
1451 scheme now supports Tivo Series 1 partitions (read only), a
1452 new EBR scheme to support Extended Boot Records has been
1453 added, the BSD scheme now support bootcode, and bugs in the
1454 PC98 and VTOC8 schemes have been fixed.</para>
1456 <para role="7.2">An issue in &man.gvinum.8; with access permissions
1457 to underlying disks used by a gvinum plex has been fixed.
1458 If the plex is a raid5 plex and is being written to, parity data might
1459 have to be read from the underlying disks, requiring them to be opened for
1460 reading as well as writing.</para>
1462 <para role="7.2">The &man.hptmv.4; driver has been updated to version
1463 1.16 from HighPoint.</para>
1465 <para role="7.2">The &man.mmc.4; and &man.mmcsd.4; drivers now support MMC
1466 and SDHC cards, high speed timing, wide bus, and multiblock
1469 <para role="7.2" arch="sparc64">The &man.mpt.4; driver is now in the
1470 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel.</para>
1472 <para role="7.2">The &man.sdhci.4; driver has been added. This supports
1473 PCI devices with class 8 and subclass 5 according to the SD
1474 Host Controller Specification.</para>
1476 <para role="7.2">The &man.sdhci.4; driver now supports kernel dumping and
1477 a sysctl variable <varname>hw.sdhci.debug</varname> for debug
1480 <para role="7.2">The &man.twa.4; driver now supports 64-bit DMA.</para>
1482 <para role="7.2">The &man.mmc.4; &man.mmcsd.4;, and &man.sdhci.4; driver
1483 are now included as kernel modules.</para>
1485 <para role="7.1">The &man.aac.4; driver now supports 64-bit array support
1486 for RAIDs larger than 2TB and simultaneous opens of the device
1487 for issuing commands to the controller.</para>
1489 <para role="7.1">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports a loader variable
1490 <varname>hw.ata.ata_dma_check_80pin</varname>. This can be
1491 used to disable the 80pin cable check on broken systems such
1492 as certain laptops and Soekris boards. The default value is
1493 <literal>1</literal>.</para>
1495 <para role="7.1">A data corruption problem of the &man.ata.4; driver on
1496 ServerWorks HT1000 chipsets has been fixed.</para>
1498 <para role="7.1">The &man.ciss.4; driver now supports a loader tunable
1499 <varname>hw.ciss.nop_message_heartbeat</varname> for
1500 NOP-message polling in <function>ciss_periodic()</function>.
1501 This can be used as a workaround for
1502 <literal>ADAPTER HEARTBEAT FAILED</literal> issue.
1503 The default value is <literal>0</literal> (disabled).</para>
1505 <para role="7.1">The <filename>geom_part</filename> GEOM class can be built
1506 as a kernel module.</para>
1508 <para role="7.1">The <filename>geom_linux_lvm</filename> GEOM class can be
1509 built as a kernel module.</para>
1511 <para role="7.1">The &man.hptrr.4; driver has been updated to version 1.2
1512 from Highpoint.</para>
1514 <para role="7.1">A buffer overflow in the &man.iir.4; driver has been
1515 fixed. This likely fixes a great number of weird problems
1516 that have been reported with this driver.</para>
1518 <para role="7.1">The &man.mpt.4; driver now supports <literal>mpt_user</literal>
1521 <para role="7.1">The &man.rr232x.4; driver has been superseded by
1522 &man.hptrr.4; driver.</para>
1524 <para role="7.1">The &man.twa.4; driver has been improved with regard to
1525 stability on machines with a plenty of memory and high CPU
1530 <title>File Systems</title>
1532 <para role="8.0"><quote>dangerously dedicated</quote> mode for
1533 the UFS file system is no longer supported.</para>
1536 <para>Such disks will need to be reformatted to work with
1537 this release.</para>
1540 <para role="8.0">The &man.gvinum.8; now supports commands
1541 found in the old vinum implementation including
1542 <command>attach</command>, <command>detach</command>,
1543 <command>start</command>, <command>stop</command>,
1544 <command>concat</command>, <command>mirror</command>,
1545 <command>stripe</command>, and
1546 <command>raid5</command>.</para>
1548 <para role="8.0">The &man.gvinum.8; now
1549 supports <literal>grow</literal> command to make it easier
1550 for users to extend plexes without having to understand all
1551 of the implementation internals.</para>
1553 <para role="8.0">The &os; NFS subsystem now
1554 supports <literal>RPCSEC_GSS</literal> authentication on
1555 both the client and server. This replaces the RPC
1556 implementation of the NFS client and server with the newer
1557 RPC implementation originally developed to support the NFS
1558 Lock Manager. It supports both the new RPC implementation
1559 and the older legacy implementation inherited from the
1560 original NFS codebase and the default is to use the new one.
1561 To use <literal>RPCSEC_GSS</literal> on either client or
1562 server, you must build a kernel which includes
1563 the <literal>KGSSAPI</literal> option and the &man.crypto.4;
1564 device. For more details, see &man.gssd.8; manual
1567 <para role="8.0">The &os; NFS subsystem now includes a new,
1568 experimental implementation with support for NFSv2, NFSv3, and
1569 NFSv4. This is not enabled by default. To enable this, add
1570 the following kernel options to your kernel configuration
1571 file and rebuild the kernel:</para>
1573 <programlisting role="8.0">options NFSCL # for NFS client
1574 options NFSD # for NFS server</programlisting>
1576 <para role="8.0">The fstype for &man.mount.8; program is
1577 <literal>newnfs</literal>, and &man.mount.newnfs.8; program
1578 has also been added. The old, unmaintained NFSv4 client
1579 based on an implementation from the University of Michigan was
1580 removed from the &os; source tree.</para>
1582 <para role="8.0">The &os; NFS subsystem now uses TCP as the
1583 default transport.</para>
1585 <para role="8.0">The shared vnode locking for pathname lookups
1586 in the &man.VFS.9; subsystem has been improved. This is
1587 enabled by default. Setting a sysctl variable
1588 <varname>vfs.lookup_shared</varname> to <literal>0</literal>
1589 disables it. Note that the
1590 <literal>LOOKUP_SHARED</literal> kernel option equivalent to
1591 the sysctl variable has been removed.</para>
1593 <para role="8.0">The <application>ZFS</application> file system
1594 has been updated to version 13. The changes include ZFS
1595 operations by a regular user, L2ARC, ZFS Intent Log on
1596 separated disks (slog), sparse volumes, and so on.</para>
1598 <para role="7.2">The semantics of &man.acl.3; extended access control
1599 lists has been changed as follows:</para>
1601 <itemizedlist role="7.2">
1603 <para>The inode modification time (mtime) is not updated
1604 when extended attributes are added, modified, or removed.</para>
1608 <para>The inode access time (atime) is not updated
1609 when extended attributes are queried.</para>
1613 <para role="7.2">The &os; NFS file system now supports a sysctl variable
1614 <varname>vfs.nfs.prime_access_cache</varname> to determine
1615 whether or not <function>nfs_getattr()</function> will use
1616 an ACCESS RPC to prime the access cache instead of a simple
1617 GETATTR RPC. This is because on many NFS servers an ACCESS
1618 RPC is much more expensive to service than a GETATTR RPC for
1619 files in an NFSv3 mount. The sysctl variable is enabled by
1620 default to maintain the previous behavior.</para>
1622 <para role="7.2">The &os; UDF file system now supports a fifo.</para>
1624 <para role="7.1">The &man.fdescfs.5; is now MPSAFE.</para>
1626 <para role="7.1">The &man.gpart.8; now supports BSD disklabels (option
1627 <literal>GEOM_PART_BSD</literal>) and
1628 VTOC8 disklabels (option
1629 <literal>GEOM_PART_VTOC8</literal>).</para>
1631 <para role="7.1">The &man.gvinum.8; now accepts <replaceable>volume</replaceable>
1632 parameter when creating a plex.</para>
1634 <para role="7.1">A pathname lookup bug of a UNIX domain socket in the
1635 <filename>unionfs(7)</filename> has been fixed.</para>
1639 <sect2 id="userland">
1640 <title>Userland Changes</title>
1642 <para role="8.0">The GCC stack protection (also known as
1643 ProPolice) has been enabled in the &os; base system.</para>
1645 <para role="8.0">A BSD-licensed &man.ar.1; utility has been added
1646 in favor of one in <application>GNU binutils</application> and
1647 it is now the default utility for building the &os; base
1650 <para role="8.0">The &man.awk.1; utility now supports 64 files.
1651 The upper limit was 20 in prior releases.</para>
1653 <para role="8.0">The &man.bsnmpd.1; program now supports OIDs
1656 <para role="8.0">The &man.camcontrol.8; program now supports a
1657 new modularized ATA kernel module and various ATA
1660 <para role="8.0">The &man.cat.1; and &man.cp.1; now use a larger
1661 buffer if the number of pages of the physical memory on the
1662 system is grater than 32k. This reduces the number of context
1665 <para role="8.0">A new BSD-licensed &man.cpio.1; utility has been
1666 added in favor of <application>GNU cpio</application> and it
1667 is now the default utility in the &os; base system.</para>
1669 <para role="8.0">A script for the &man.crashinfo.8; utility for
1670 simple analysis of crash dump has been added. It generates a
1671 text file containing the output of several commands run against
1672 the core dump such as &man.kgdb.1; (stack trace), &man.ps.1;,
1678 &man.fstat.1;.</para>
1680 <para role="8.0">The &man.df.1; utility's <option>-h</option>
1681 flag now supports displaying inode counts in a human-readable
1682 format when a flag <option>-i</option> is specified.</para>
1684 <para role="8.0">The &man.df.1; utility now supports
1685 a <option>-T</option> flag to display file system type in each
1688 <para role="8.0">A bug in the &man.dhclient.8; that can create a
1689 malformed <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> has been
1692 <para role="8.0">The &man.dhclient.8; now uses an
1693 <option>-n</option> flag when invoking &man.route.8; command.
1694 This eliminates a long delay in the case that it gets a lease
1695 but DNS service is not working.</para>
1697 <para role="8.0">The &man.dhclient.8; utility now
1698 uses <literal>68</literal> (bootpc) as the source port for
1699 unicast <literal>DHCPREQUEST</literal> packets instead of
1700 allowing the protocol stack to pick a random source port.
1701 This fixes the behavior where &man.dhclient.8; would never
1702 transition from <literal>RENEWING</literal>
1703 to <literal>BOUND</literal> without going
1704 through <literal>REBINDING</literal> in some networks which
1705 has a tight policy on DHCP spoofing.</para>
1707 <para role="8.0">The &man.env.1; utility now supports a
1708 <option>-u <replaceable>name</replaceable></option> option
1709 that completely unsets the given name instead of setting it to
1710 a null value.</para>
1712 <para role="8.0">The &man.find.1; utility now supports a number
1713 of primaries found in <application>GNU find</application>
1714 including <option>-ignore_readdir_race</option>,
1715 <option>-noignore_readdir_race</option>,
1716 <option>-noleaf</option>, <option>-gid</option>,
1717 <option>-uid</option>, <option>-wholename</option>,
1718 <option>-iwholename</option>, <option>-mount</option>,
1719 <option>-d</option>, <option>-lname</option>,
1720 <option>-ilname</option>, <option>-quit</option>,
1721 <option>-samefile</option>, and <option>-true</option>.</para>
1723 <para role="8.0">The &man.fsck.8; utility now supports a
1724 <option>-r</option> flag to free up excess unused inodes.
1725 Decreasing the number of preallocated inodes reduces the
1726 running time of future runs of fsck and frees up space that
1727 can allocated to files. This flag is ignored when running in
1730 <para role="8.0">The &man.freebsd-update.8; now supports backing
1731 up the old kernel when installing a new kernel. The backup
1732 kernel will be written
1733 to <filename>/boot/kernel.old</filename> if the directory does
1734 not exist or the directory was created by freebsd-update in a
1735 previous backup. Otherwise the &man.freebsd-update.8; will
1736 generate a new directory name for use by the backup. This is
1737 enabled by default.</para>
1739 <para role="8.0">The &man.gpt.8; program has been removed in
1740 favor of &man.gpart.8;.</para>
1742 <para role="8.0">The &man.gzip.1; utility now supports
1743 uncompressing files which are created
1744 by <application>pack</application> found in some commercial
1745 UNIX-like systems.</para>
1747 <para role="8.0">The &man.i2c.8; utility for diagnostics of I2C has
1750 <para role="8.0">The &man.ifconfig.8; now
1751 supports <option>vnet</option> and <option>-vnet</option>
1752 option to allow moving interfaces between jails with
1755 <para role="8.0">A BSD-licensed <filename>libdwarf</filename>
1756 library has been added for DTrace clients.</para>
1758 <para role="8.0">The <filename>libmsun</filename> library now supports
1759 <function>acosl()</function>,
1760 <function>asinl()</function>,
1761 <function>atanl()</function>,
1762 <function>atan2l()</function>,
1763 <function>cargl()</function>,
1764 <function>csqrtl()</function>,
1765 <function>fmodl()</function>,
1766 <function>hypotl()</function>,
1768 <function>remquol()</function>
1771 <para role="8.0">The <filename>libproc</filename>
1772 library has been added for DTrace clients.</para>
1774 <para role="8.0">The &man.mtest.8; utility now supports IPv6.</para>
1776 <para role="8.0">The &man.mount.8; program now supports
1778 mountprog=<replaceable>filename</replaceable></option> option
1779 to allow an alternative program to be used for mounting a file
1780 system. This is useful for non-&man.nmount.2; based file
1781 systems such as FUSE.</para>
1783 <para role="8.0">The &man.nfscbd.8;, &man.nfsuserd.8;,
1784 &man.nfsdumpstate.8;, and &man.nfsrevoke.8; utilities for the
1785 new NFSv4 subsystem has been added.</para>
1787 <para role="8.0">The &man.pmcannotate.8; utility has been added.
1788 This prints out sources of a tool (in C or assembly) with
1789 inlined profiling informations retrieved by a prior
1790 &man.pmcstat.8; analysis.</para>
1792 <para role="8.0">The &man.route.8; utility now
1793 supports <command>show</command>,
1794 <command>weights</command>, and <command>sticky</command>
1795 commands. For more details, see the &man.route.8; manual
1798 <para role="8.0">The &man.rtld.1; now supports a new
1799 environment variable <varname>LD_ELF_HINTS_PATH</varname> for
1800 overriding the rtld hints file. This environment variable
1801 would be ignored if the process uses setuid and/or setgid.
1802 This feature gives a convenient way to use a custom set of
1803 shared library that is not in the default location.</para>
1805 <para role="8.0">The &man.rtld.1; now supports the dynamic
1806 string token substitution in the rpath and soneeded pathes. The
1807 <varname>$ORIGIN</varname>,
1808 <varname>$OSNAME</varname>,
1809 <varname>$OSREL</varname>
1810 and <varname>$PLATFORM</varname>
1811 tokens are supported. Enabling
1812 the substitution requires <literal>DF_ORIGIN</literal>
1813 flag in <literal>DT_FLAGS</literal> or
1814 <literal>DF_1_ORIGIN</literal> if
1815 <literal>DF_FLAGS_1</literal>, that may be set
1816 with <option>-z</option> origin <application>GNU
1817 ld</application> flag. This translation is unconditionally
1818 disabled for setuid/setgid processes.
1819 The <varname>$ORIGIN</varname> translation relies on
1820 the <literal>AT_EXECPATH</literal> auxinfo supplied by the
1823 <para role="8.0">It is no longer possible to create UFS
1824 filesystems in <quote>dangerously dedicated</quote> mode using
1825 &man.sysinstall.8; since this mode is no longer supported.</para>
1827 <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; menus have been simplified
1828 to reduce confusion and duplication with other parts of the
1829 system. The <application>Xorg</application> window system
1830 should be installed just like any other package.
1831 Configuration of <application>Linux</application> and
1832 <application>OSF/1</application> emulation should be done via
1833 kernel rebuilds. Support for installation from tape media was
1834 removed as it was believed to be broken. Obsolete code to
1835 support <literal>OLDCARD</literal> was also
1838 <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; now understands how to use
1839 unsliced USB drives as installation source media via
1840 <filename>/dev/da<replaceable>X</replaceable><replaceable>a</replaceable></filename></para>
1842 <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; now recognizes the new
1843 <filename>/dev/ada<replaceable>X</replaceable></filename> disk
1844 devices, if compiled into the kernel.</para>
1846 <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; now uses the
1847 <filename>freebsd-doc-<replaceable>*</replaceable></filename>
1848 packages for localized documents.</para>
1850 <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; now ejects the CDROM after
1851 installation if it was used as source media.</para>
1853 <para role="8.0">The &man.traceroute.8; and &man.traceroute6.8;
1855 <option>-a</option> flag to display AS number corresponding to
1856 the lookup IP address on each hop. It will query the number to
1857 WHOIS server specified in <option>-A</option> option. If
1858 no <option>-A</option> is
1859 specified, <hostid>whois.radb.net</hostid> will be used as the
1860 default value.</para>
1862 <para role="8.0">The &man.tzsetup.8; now supports
1863 an <option>-s</option> flag to skip the question about
1864 adjusting the clock to UTC.</para>
1866 <para role="8.0">The &man.wake.8; utility, a tool to send Wake on
1867 LAN frames to hosts on a local Ethernet network has been
1870 <para role="8.0">The &man.ypserv.8; program now
1871 supports <filename>shadow.byname</filename>
1872 and <filename>shadow.byuid</filename> maps.</para>
1874 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.atacontrol.8; utility, which prevents it
1875 from working when <filename>/usr</filename> is not mounted or
1876 invoked from <filename>/rescue</filename>, has been
1879 <para role="7.2">The &man.btpand.8; daemon from NetBSD has been added.
1880 This daemon provides support for Bluetooth Network Access
1881 Point (NAP), Group Ad-hoc Network (GN) and Personal Area
1882 Network User (PANU) profiles.</para>
1884 <para role="7.2">The &man.cpucontrol.8; utility has been added to
1885 control &man.cpuctl.4; pseudo-device.</para>
1887 <para role="7.2">The &man.ncal.1; utility now supports multibyte
1890 <para role="7.2">The &man.newfs.8; utility now supports
1891 operations on a regular file.</para>
1893 <para role="7.2">The &man.config.8; utility now supports
1894 multiple <varname>makeoption</varname> lines.</para>
1896 <para role="7.2">The &man.csup.1; utility now supports CVSMode to fetch a
1897 complete CVS repository. Note that the rsync transfer mode is
1898 currently disabled.</para>
1900 <para role="7.2">The &man.dirname.1; utility now accepts multiple arguments
1901 in the same way that &man.basename.1; does.</para>
1903 <para role="7.2">The &man.du.1; utility now supports an <option>-l</option>
1904 flag. When specified, the &man.du.1; utility counts a file
1905 with multiple hard links as multiple different files.</para>
1907 <para role="7.2">The &man.du.1; utility now supports an <option>-A</option> flag
1908 to display the apparent size instead of the disk usage. This can be
1909 helpful when operating on compressed volumes or sparse files.</para>
1911 <para role="7.2">The &man.du.1; utility now supports a <option>-B
1912 <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable></option> option to
1913 calculate block counts in blocks of
1914 <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable> bytes. This is different
1915 from the <option>-k</option> or <option>-m</option> options or
1916 setting <varname>BLOCKSIZE</varname> and gives an estimate of
1917 how much space the examined file hierarchy would require on a
1918 file system with the given
1919 <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable>. Unless in
1920 <option>-A</option> mode, <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable>
1921 is rounded up to the next multiple of 512.</para>
1923 <para role="7.2">The &man.dumpfs.8; utility now supports an
1924 <option>-f</option> flag, which causes it to list all free
1925 fragments in the file system by fragment (block) number. This
1926 new mode does the necessary arithmetic to generate absolute
1927 fragment numbers rather than the cg-relative numbers printed
1928 in the default mode.</para>
1930 <para role="7.2">If <option>-f</option> is passed once, contiguous fragment
1931 ranges are collapsed into an X-Y format as free block lists
1932 are currently printed in regular dumpfs output. If specified
1933 twice, all block numbers are printed individually, allowing
1934 both compact and more script-friendly representation.</para>
1936 <para role="7.2">The &man.fetch.1; utility now supports an
1937 <option>-i</option> flag which supports the If-Modified-Since
1938 HTTP 1.1 request. If specified it will cause the file to be
1939 downloaded only if it is more recent than the mtime of the
1940 local file. Also, <application>libfetch</application> now
1941 accepts the mtime in the url structure and a flag to indicate
1942 when this behavior is desired.</para>
1944 <para role="7.2">The &man.fsck.8; utility now supports a
1945 <option>-C</option> flag for <literal>check clean</literal>
1946 mode. This checks if the file system was dismounted cleanly
1947 first and then skip file system checks if true. Otherwise it
1948 does full checks.</para>
1950 <para role="7.2">The &man.fsck.8; utility now supports a
1951 <option>-D</option> flag for damaged recovery mode, which will
1952 enable certain aggressive operations that can make
1953 &man.fsck.8; to survive with file systems that has very
1954 serious data damage. This is a useful last resort when on
1955 disk data damage is very serious and causes &man.fsck.8; to
1958 <para role="7.2">The &man.getaddrinfo.3; function now supports SCTP.</para>
1960 <para role="7.2">A bug was fixed in the &man.ipfw.8; utility which displays
1961 extra messages for a NAT rule even when a <option>-q</option>
1962 flag is specified.</para>
1964 <para role="7.2">The &man.ln.1; utility now supports a <option>-w</option>
1965 flag to check if the source file actually exists. When the
1966 flag is specified and the file does not exist, &man.ln.1; will
1967 issue a warning message.</para>
1969 <para role="8.0">The &man.ln.1; utility now allows creating hard
1970 links to symbolic links because the POSIX.1-2008 requires this
1971 behavior for <option>-L</option> and <option>-P</option>
1974 <para role="8.0">The &man.lpr.1; utility now support
1975 an <option>-m</option> flag to send an email after the job is
1976 completed and a <option>-t</option> option to set the job
1979 <para role="7.2">The &man.make.1; utility now supports a
1980 <option>-p</option> flag to print the input graph only,
1981 without executing any commands. The output is the same as
1982 <option>-d g1</option>. When combined with <option>-f
1983 /dev/null</option>, only the built-in rules of make are
1986 <para role="7.2">The &man.make.1; utility now supports a
1987 <option>-Q</option> flag to cause file banners not to be
1988 generated in addition to the same effect of a
1989 <option>-q</option> flag when a <option>-j</option> option is
1992 <para role="7.2">The &man.make.1; utility now supports the
1993 <varname>.MAKE.JOB.PREFIX</varname> variable. If
1994 <option>-j</option> and <option>-v</option> are specified, its
1995 output for each target is prefixed with a token <literal>---
1996 <replaceable>target</replaceable> ---</literal> the first part
1997 of which can be controlled via the variable.</para>
1999 <para role="7.2">The &man.make.1; utility now supports
2000 <varname>.MAKE.PID</varname> and <varname>.MAKE.PPID</varname>
2001 variable. These are set to process ID of the &man.make.1;
2002 process and its parent process respectively.</para>
2004 <para role="7.2">The &man.makefs.8; utility to create a file system image
2005 from a directory tree has been added.</para>
2007 <para role="7.2">The &man.mergemaster.8; utility now supports an
2008 <option>-F</option> option to automatically install files that
2009 differ only in their version control ID strings.</para>
2011 <para role="7.2">The &man.mount.8; utility now supports an <option>-o
2012 mountprog=<replaceable>/somewhere/mount_xxx</replaceable></option>
2013 option to force it to use the specified program to mount the
2014 file system instead of calling &man.nmount.2; directly. This
2015 is useful when you want to use third party programs such as
2016 FUSE, for example.</para>
2018 <para role="7.2">The &man.netstat.1; utility now reports &man.unix.4;
2019 sockets' listen queue statistics when an <option>-L</option>
2020 flag is specified.</para>
2022 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.netstat.1; utility has been fixed. It
2023 crashed with the following options in the previous
2026 <screen role="7.2">&prompt.user; netstat -m -N foo</screen>
2028 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.netstat.1; utility has been fixed. The
2029 <option>-ss</option> option now works in the icmp6 section as
2032 <para role="7.2">The &man.pciconf.8; utility now supports a
2033 <option>-b</option> flag, which lists any base address
2034 registers (BAR) that are assigned resources for each
2037 <para role="7.2">The &man.powerd.8; program has been improved. Changes
2038 include reasonable CPU load estimation on SMP systems and a
2039 new mode named as <literal>hiadaptive</literal> for AC-powered
2040 systems. The <literal>hiadaptive</literal> mode raises the
2041 CPU frequency twice as fast as <literal>adaptive</literal>, it
2042 drops the CPU frequency 4 times slower, prefers twice lower
2043 CPU load and has an additional delay before leaving the
2044 highest frequency after the period of maximum load.</para>
2046 <para role="8.0">The &man.revoke.1; utility has been added. This
2047 is a wrapper of &man.revoke.2; syscall.</para>
2049 <para role="7.2">The &man.stat.1; utility now displays an octal
2050 representation of suid, sgid and sticky bits when the
2051 <option>-x</option> flag is specified.</para>
2053 <para role="7.2">The &man.strndup.3; function has been added.</para>
2055 <para role="8.0">The &man.tftpd.8; program now supports
2056 a <option>-W</option> option. This is almost the same as
2057 a <option>-w</option> option but will generate unique named
2058 based on the submitted filename, a &man.strftime.3; format
2059 string, and a two digit sequence number. The time format
2060 string can be set by an <option>-F</option> option.</para>
2062 <para role="7.2">The &man.wc.1; utility now supports an <option>-L</option>
2063 flag to output the number of characters in the longest input
2066 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.rpc.yppasswdd.8; program, which causes
2067 it to leave a zombie process when a password or default shell
2068 is changed, has been fixed.</para>
2070 <para role="7.1">The &man.adduser.8; utility now supports
2071 a <option>-M</option> option to set the mode of a new user's
2072 home directory.</para>
2074 <para role="7.1">The &man.atacontrol.8; utility now supports
2075 a <command>spindown</command> command to set or report timeout
2076 after which the device will be spun down.</para>
2078 <para role="7.1">The &man.chflags.1; now supports a <option>-v</option> flag for
2079 verbose output, a <option>-f</option> flag to ignore errors,
2080 and <option>-h</option> to allow setting flags on symbolic links
2081 with the same semantics as (for example) &man.chmod.1;.</para>
2083 <para role="7.1">The &man.cp.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag, which is
2084 equivalent to <option>-RpP</option> flags.</para>
2086 <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.cp.1; utility which prevents POSIX.1e ACL (see
2087 also &man.acl.3;) from copying properly has been fixed.</para>
2089 <para role="7.1">The &man.cron.8; utility now supports <option>-m</option> flag which
2090 overrides the default mail recipient for cron mails unless explicitly
2091 provided by <literal>MAILTO=</literal> line in <filename>crontab</filename>
2094 <para role="7.1">The &man.dhclient.8; now supports more options described in
2095 &man.dhcp-options.5;.</para>
2097 <para role="7.1">The &man.dhclient.8; now
2098 supports <function>is_default_interface()</function> function
2099 which determines if this interface is one with the default
2102 <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.dhclient.8; that prevents removal of the
2103 default route from working has been fixed.</para>
2105 <para role="7.1">The &man.environ.7;, environment array of strings now
2106 supports unsetting a variable by setting the first character to
2107 NULL. This is required by third-party software such as
2108 <application>Dovecot</application>
2109 and <application>Postfix</application>.</para>
2111 <para role="7.1">The &man.fdisk.8; now supports a <option>-q</option> flag to
2112 not display any warnings.</para>
2114 <para role="7.1">The &man.fetch.1; program and <filename>libfetch</filename>
2115 library now supports a <varname>NO_PROXY</varname> environment
2116 variable. This specifies comma- or whitespace-separated list of
2117 host names for which proxies should not be used. If a single
2118 asterisk is specified, the use of proxies is disabled.</para>
2120 <para role="7.1">The &man.ffsll.3; and &man.flsll.3; functions have been added.
2121 These functions are the same as &man.ffs.3; and &man.fls.3; except that
2122 they accept long long as the arguments.</para>
2124 <para role="7.1">The &man.fortune.6; program now supports
2125 <varname>FORTUNE_PATH</varname> environment variable to specify
2126 search path of the fortune files.</para>
2128 <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.fortune.6; program that prevents
2129 <option>-e</option> option with multiple files from working has
2132 <para role="7.1">The &man.freebsd-update.conf.5; now supports
2133 <literal>IDSIgnorePaths</literal> statement.</para>
2135 <para role="7.1">The &man.fwcontrol.8; utility now supports <option>-f
2136 <replaceable>node</replaceable></option> option which specifies
2137 <replaceable>node</replaceable> as the root node on the next bus
2140 <para role="7.1" arch="sparc64"> The &man.gcc.1; now
2141 accepts <option>-mcpu</option> option properly; it was hardcoded
2142 as <option>-mcpu=ultrasparc</option>.</para>
2144 <para role="7.1">The &man.ifconfig.8; command now supports
2145 display of WPS IE (Wireless Provisioning Services Information
2148 <para role="7.1">The &man.kgdb.1; command now supports
2149 an <command>add-kld <replaceable>kld</replaceable></command>
2150 command to locate a &man.kld.4; and load its symbols.</para>
2152 <para role="7.1">The &man.kgdb.1; command now has a shared library backend for kernel
2153 files that treats &man.kld.4; as shared libraries and
2154 auto-loading symbols for &man.kld.4; on startup.</para>
2156 <para role="7.1">The &man.kgdb.1; now supports a <command>tid</command> command
2157 and other kernel module related commands even for a remote
2160 <para role="7.1">The &man.kvm.getcptime.3; function to obtain the global CPU
2161 time statistics from the kernel has been added.</para>
2163 <para role="7.1">The <filename>libalias</filename> library now supports
2164 <literal>PORT</literal> and
2165 <literal>EPRT</literal>
2166 FTP commands in lowercase.</para>
2168 <para role="7.1">The &man.man.1; now includes a limited support of
2169 &man.bzip2.1;-compressed manual pages.</para>
2171 <para role="7.1">The &man.mdconfig.8; command now supports a
2172 <option>-v</option> (verbose) flag to <option>-l</option>
2173 command. It shows size and backing store of all &man.md.4;
2174 devices at one time.</para>
2176 <para role="7.1">The &man.memrchr.3; function has been added. This behaves
2177 like &man.memchr.3; except that it locates the last occurrence
2178 of the specified character in the string.</para>
2180 <para role="7.1">The incorrect output grammar of &man.morse.6; program has
2183 <para role="7.1">The &man.mountd.8; utility now supports <option>-h
2184 <replaceable>bindip</replaceable></option> option which
2185 specifies IP addresses to bind to for TCP and UDP requests.
2186 This option may be specified multiple times. If no
2187 <option>-h</option> option is specified,
2188 <literal>INADDR_ANY</literal> will be used. Note that when
2189 specifying IP addresses with this option, it will
2190 automatically add <literal>127.0.0.1</literal> and if IPv6 is
2191 enabled, <literal>::1</literal> to the list.</para>
2193 <para role="7.1">The &man.moused.8; utility now supports <option>-L</option>
2194 flag which changes the speed of scrolling and changes
2195 <option>-U</option> option behavior to only affect the scroll
2198 <para role="7.1">The &man.mv.1; command now support POSIX
2199 specification when moving a directory to an existing directory
2200 across devices.</para>
2202 <para role="7.1">The &man.periodic.8; now supports
2203 <varname>daily_status_mail_rejects_shorten</varname>
2204 configuration variable in &man.periodic.conf.5;. This allows
2205 the rejected mail reports to tally the rejects per blacklist
2206 without providing details about individual sender hosts. The
2207 default configuration keeps the reports in their original
2210 <para role="7.1">The &man.ping6.8; now uses exit status of
2211 <literal>0</literal> and <literal>2</literal> in the same manner
2212 as &man.ping.8;.</para>
2214 <para role="7.1">The &man.ping6.8; now supports an <option>-o</option> flag,
2215 which makes &man.ping6.8; exit successfully after receiving one
2216 reply packet.</para>
2218 <para role="7.1">The &man.ping6.8; now supports <option>-r</option>
2219 and <option>-R</option> flags, which are equivalent to
2220 &man.ping.8;'s <option>-a</option> and <option>-A</option>
2221 flags, respectively.</para>
2223 <para role="7.1">The minimum allowed interval of &man.ping6.8; has been
2224 decreased to 0.000001 from 0.01.</para>
2226 <para role="7.1">The &man.realpath.1; utility now supports
2227 a <option>-q</option> flag to suppress warnings and
2228 accepts multiple paths on its command line.</para>
2230 <para role="7.1">The &man.rfcomm.pppd.8; now supports a <option>-D</option>
2231 flag to register DUN (Dial-Up Networking) service in addition to
2232 the LAN (LAN Access Using PPP) service.</para>
2234 <para role="7.1">The &man.sdpd.8; now supports a <literal>NAP</literal>,
2235 <literal>GN</literal>, and <literal>PANU</literal>
2238 <para role="7.1">The &man.setkey.8; utility now accepts
2239 <literal>esp</literal> as a protocol name
2240 for the <command>spdadd</command> command.</para>
2242 <para role="7.1">A bug in &man.telnetd.8; that caused it to
2243 attempt authentication even when <option>-a off</option>
2244 option is specified has been fixed.</para>
2246 <para role="7.1">The &man.top.1; and &man.vmstat.8; commands now
2247 support <option>-P</option> flag which displays per-CPU
2250 <para role="7.1">The &man.uuid.enc.le.3;, &man.uuid.dec.le.3;,
2251 &man.uuid.enc.be.3;, and &man.uuid.dec.be.3; functions have been
2252 added. These functions encode/decode a binary representation of
2255 <para role="7.1">The &man.watch.8; utility now supports more than 10
2256 &man.snp.4; devices at a time.</para>
2258 <para role="7.1">The &man.ypserv.8; daemon now supports a
2259 <option>-P</option> option to specify the port number on which
2260 it should listen.</para>
2262 <sect3 id="rc-scripts">
2263 <title><filename>/etc/rc.d</filename> Scripts</title>
2265 <para role="7.1">The &man.rc.conf.5; now supports
2266 <varname>dummynet_enable</varname> variable which allow
2267 &man.dummynet.4; kernel module to be loaded when
2268 <varname>firewall_enable</varname> is <literal>YES</literal>.</para>
2270 <para role="7.1">The <filename>ntpd</filename> &man.rc.8; script
2271 can work with no configuration file
2272 <filename>/etc/ntp.conf</filename> now.</para>
2274 <para role="7.1">The <filename>ppp</filename> &man.rc.8;
2275 script now supports multiple instances. For more details,
2276 see the description of <varname>ppp_profile</varname>
2277 variable in &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>
2279 <para role="7.1">The <filename>sysctl</filename> &man.rc.8; script now
2280 supports loading <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf.local</filename> in
2281 addition to <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename>.</para>
2283 <para role="7.1">The &man.rc.conf.5; now supports configuration of
2284 interfaces and attached networks for firewall rule set by
2285 <filename>rc.firewall</filename> when
2286 <varname>firewall_type</varname> is <literal>simple</literal> or
2287 <literal>client</literal>. See
2288 <varname>firewall_client_net</varname>,
2289 <varname>firewall_simple_iif</varname>,
2290 <varname>firewall_simple_inet</varname>,
2291 <varname>firewall_simple_oif</varname>, and
2292 <varname>firewall_simple_onet</varname>.</para>
2296 <sect2 id="contrib">
2297 <title>Contributed Software</title>
2299 <para role="8.0"><application>ISC BIND</application> has been updated to
2300 version 9.6.1rc1.</para>
2302 <para role="8.0">The <application>ACPI-CA</application> has been
2303 updated to 20090521.</para>
2305 <para role="8.0">The <application>ee</application> (easy editor) has
2306 been updated to 1.5.0. This version is now licensed under a
2307 2-clause BSD license, instead of the Artistic license.</para>
2309 <para role="8.0">The <application>hostapd</application> has been updated to
2310 version 0.6.8 + radius ACL support.</para>
2312 <para role="8.0">The <application>less</application> has been updated to
2313 version v436.</para>
2315 <para role="8.0">The <filename>libarchive</filename> library has
2316 been updated to version 2.7.0.</para>
2318 <para role="8.0">The <filename>libexpat</filename> library has
2319 been updated from version 1.95.5 to version 2.0.1.</para>
2321 <para role="8.0">The <filename>ncurses</filename> library has been updated
2322 to version 5.7-20081102.</para>
2324 <para role="8.0"><application>OpenBSM</application> 1.1 from
2325 Trusted BSD Project has been merged.</para>
2327 <para role="8.0"><application>TCPDUMP</application> has been
2328 updated to 4.0.0.</para>
2330 <para role="8.0">The timezone database has been updated
2331 to the <application>tzdata2009f</application> release.</para>
2333 <para role="8.0"><application>wpa_supplicant</application> has been updated to
2334 version 0.6.8</para>
2336 <para role="8.0">The <application>ZFS</application> file system
2337 has been updated from version 6 to version 13.</para>
2339 <para role="7.1">The <application>am-utils</application> has been updated from
2340 version 6.0.10p1 to version 6.1.5.</para>
2342 <para role="7.1">The <application>awk</application> has been updated from 1 May
2343 2007 release to the 23 October 2007 release.</para>
2345 <para role="7.1">The <application>bzip2</application> has been updated from
2346 version 1.0.4 to version 1.0.5.</para>
2348 <para role="7.1">The <application>CVS</application> has been updated to
2349 version 1.11.22.1.</para>
2351 <para role="7.1"><application>NTP</application> has been updated to version
2354 <para role="7.1"><application>OpenPAM</application> has been updated from the
2355 Figwort release to the Hydrangea release.</para>
2357 <para role="7.1"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated from
2358 version 4.5p1 to version 5.1p1.</para>
2360 <para role="7.1">The &man.resolver.3; library has been updated to
2361 one of <application>ISC BIND</application> 9.4.3.</para>
2363 <para role="7.1"><application>sendmail</application> has been updated from
2364 version 8.14.2 to version 8.14.3.</para>
2368 <title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>
2370 <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.pkg.create.1; utility, which
2371 prevented the <option>-n</option> flag from working has been
2374 <para role="7.2">The &os; Ports Collection now supports multiple
2375 &man.make.1; jobs in some supported ports. This is
2376 automatically enabled when a port is marked as
2377 <varname>MAKE_JOBS_SAFE</varname> and improves CPU utilization
2378 at the build stage by passing an option
2379 <option>-j<replaceable>X</replaceable></option> to the top
2380 level <filename>Makefile</filename> from the vendor. The
2381 number <replaceable>X</replaceable> is set to the number of
2382 CPUs by default, and can be set by users via a &man.make.1;
2383 variable <varname>MAKE_JOBS_NUMBER</varname>. For more
2384 details, see <filename>ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk</filename>.</para>
2388 <title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>
2390 <para role="8.0">The supported version of
2391 the <application>GNOME</application> desktop environment
2392 (<filename role="package">x11/gnome2</filename>) has been
2393 updated to 2.26.3.</para>
2395 <para role="8.0">The supported version of
2396 the <application>KDE</application> desktop environment
2397 (<filename role="package">x11/kde4</filename>) has been
2398 updated to 4.3.1.</para>
2402 <sect1 id="upgrade">
2403 <title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>
2405 <para arch="amd64,i386">Upgrades between RELEASE versions (and
2406 snapshots of the various security branches) are supported using
2407 the &man.freebsd-update.8; utility. The binary upgrade
2408 procedure will update unmodified userland utilities, as well as
2409 unmodified GENERIC or SMP kernels distributed as a part of an
2410 official &os; release. The &man.freebsd-update.8; utility
2411 requires that the host being upgraded has Internet
2412 connectivity.</para>
2414 <para>An older form of binary upgrade is supported through the
2415 <command>Upgrade</command> option from the main
2416 &man.sysinstall.8; menu on CDROM distribution media. This type
2417 of binary upgrade may be useful on non-&arch.i386;,
2418 non-&arch.amd64; machines or on systems with no Internet
2419 connectivity.</para>
2421 <para>Source-based upgrades (those based on recompiling the &os;
2422 base system from source code) from previous versions are
2423 supported, according to the instructions in
2424 <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename>.</para>
2427 <para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
2428 backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration
projects / FreeBSD / stable / 8.git / blob