1 .\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994
2 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
9 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
10 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
11 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
12 .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
13 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
14 .\" without specific prior written permission.
16 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
17 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
18 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
19 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
20 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
21 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
22 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
23 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
24 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
25 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
28 .\" @(#)newfs.8 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/3/95
36 .Nd construct a new UFS1/UFS2 file system
41 .Op Fl O Ar filesystem-type
42 .Op Fl S Ar sector-size
45 .Op Fl b Ar block-size
46 .Op Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group
47 .Op Fl d Ar max-extent-size
50 .Op Fl g Ar avgfilesize
53 .Op Fl m Ar free-space
54 .Op Fl o Ar optimization
62 utility is used to initialize and clear file systems before first use.
65 utility builds a file system on the specified special file.
66 (We often refer to the
70 although the special file need not be a physical disk.
71 In fact, it need not even be special.)
72 Typically the defaults are reasonable, however
74 has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
76 The following options define the general layout policies:
77 .Bl -tag -width indent
79 Erase the content of the disk before making the filesystem.
80 The reserved area in front of the superblock (for bootcode) will not be erased.
82 This option is only relevant for flash based storage devices that use
83 wear-leveling algorithms.
85 Erasing may take a long time as it writes to every sector on the disk.
87 Enable journaling on the new file system via gjournal.
92 Add a volume label to the new file system.
94 Cause the file system parameters to be printed out
95 without really creating the file system.
96 .It Fl O Ar filesystem-type
97 Use 1 to specify that a UFS1 format file system be built;
98 use 2 to specify that a UFS2 format file system be built.
99 The default format is UFS2.
101 For backward compatibility.
103 Enable soft updates on the new file system.
104 .It Fl a Ar maxcontig
105 Specify the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be
106 laid out before forcing a rotational delay.
107 The default value is 16.
110 for more details on how to set this option.
111 .It Fl b Ar block-size
112 The block size of the file system, in bytes.
113 It must be a power of 2.
115 default size is 32768 bytes, and the smallest allowable size is 4096 bytes.
116 The optimal block:fragment ratio is 8:1.
117 Other ratios are possible, but are not recommended,
118 and may produce poor results.
119 .It Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group
120 The number of blocks per cylinder group in a file system.
121 The default is to compute the maximum allowed by the other parameters.
123 dependent on a number of other parameters, in particular the block size
124 and the number of bytes per inode.
125 .It Fl d Ar max-extent-size
126 The file system may choose to store large files using extents.
127 This parameter specifies the largest extent size that may be used.
128 The default value is the file system blocksize.
129 It is presently limited to a maximum value of 16 times the
130 file system blocksize and a minimum value of the file system blocksize.
132 Indicate the maximum number of blocks any single file can
133 allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin
134 allocating blocks from another cylinder group.
135 The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group.
138 for more details on how to set this option.
139 .It Fl f Ar frag-size
140 The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
141 It must be a power of two
142 ranging in value between
146 The default is 4096 bytes.
147 .It Fl g Ar avgfilesize
148 The expected average file size for the file system.
150 The expected average number of files per directory on the file system.
152 Specify the density of inodes in the file system.
153 The default is to create an inode for every
156 If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used;
157 to create more inodes a smaller number should be given.
158 One inode is required for each distinct file, so this value effectively
159 specifies the average file size on the file system.
161 Enable soft updates journaling on the new file system.
162 This flag is implemented by running the
164 utility found in the user's
167 Enable multilabel MAC on the new file system.
168 .It Fl m Ar free-space
169 The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free
171 The default value used is
179 for more details on how to set this option.
183 directory on the new file system.
184 The resulting file system will not support snapshot generation, so
186 in live mode and background
188 will not function properly.
193 will work on the file system.
194 This option is intended primarily for memory or vnode-backed file systems that
200 .It Fl o Ar optimization
204 The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent
205 allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk.
206 If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 8%,
207 the default is to optimize for
209 if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 8%,
210 the default is to optimize for
214 for more details on how to set this option.
215 .It Fl p Ar partition
216 The partition name (a..h) you want to use in case the underlying image
217 is a file, so you don't have access to individual partitions through the
219 Can also be used with a device, e.g.
227 The size, in sectors, of reserved space
228 at the end of the partition specified in
230 This space will not be occupied by the file system;
231 it can be used by other consumers such as
235 The size of the file system in sectors.
236 This value defaults to the size of the
237 raw partition specified in
241 space at its end (see
245 of 0 can also be used to choose the default value.
248 value cannot be larger than the default one,
249 which means that the file system cannot extend into the reserved space.
251 Turn on the TRIM enable flag.
252 If enabled, and if the underlying device supports the BIO_DELETE
253 command, the file system will send a delete request to the underlying
254 device for each freed block.
255 The trim enable flag is typically set when the underlying device
256 uses flash-memory as the device can use the delete command to
257 pre-zero or at least avoid copying blocks that have been deleted.
260 The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry.
261 Their default values are taken from the disk label.
262 Changing these defaults is useful only when using
264 to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on a
265 different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created
266 (for example on a write-once disk).
267 Note that changing any of these values from their defaults will make
270 to find the alternate superblocks if the standard superblock is lost.
271 .Bl -tag -width indent
272 .It Fl S Ar sector-size
273 The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512).
276 .Dl newfs /dev/ad3s1a
278 Creates a new ufs file system on
282 utility will use a block size of 32768 bytes, a fragment size of 4096 bytes
283 and the largest possible number of blocks per cylinders group.
284 These values tend to produce better performance for most applications
285 than the historical defaults
286 (8192 byte block size and 1024 byte fragment size).
287 This large fragment size may lead to much wasted space
288 on file systems that contain many small files.
310 .%T A Fast File System for UNIX
311 .%J ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2
315 .%O (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual)