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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-party loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
72 device special files managed by
75 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
77 file descriptor files;
84 system configuration files and scripts
86 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
88 default system configuration files;
92 bluetooth configuration files
94 local timezone information;
98 Sendmail control files
100 mtree configuration files;
104 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
107 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
112 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
116 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
120 ppp configuration files;
124 OpenSSH configuration files;
128 OpenSSL configuration files
131 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
136 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
138 class-specific libraries for the
143 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
148 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
149 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
152 empty directory commonly used by
153 system administrators as a temporary mount point
159 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
163 root's HOME directory
165 system programs and administration utilities
166 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
168 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
170 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
172 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
174 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
176 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
179 useful and semi-frivolous programs
181 standard C include files
183 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
185 C include files for alternate queueing
187 C include files for Internet service protocols
189 C include files for the SNMP daemon
193 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
194 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
196 The SCSI device on top of CAM
199 C include files for programming various
202 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
204 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
207 Open Firmware support
213 The parallel port bus;
219 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
228 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
230 per-process file descriptors file system
237 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
251 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
267 ISC utility library libisc include files
269 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
274 C include files for libmilter,
279 machine-specific C include files
281 miscellaneous network C include files
285 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
289 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
293 kernel key-management service;
297 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
302 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
304 include files for the signalling API
306 include files that describe signalling messages and
307 declare associated functions
309 include files for the signalling AAL layer
311 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
316 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
318 Objective C include files
320 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
324 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
326 get a line from a user, with editing;
330 remote procedure calls;
334 definition of RPC service structures; see
340 system C include files (kernel data structures)
345 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
352 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
353 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
369 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
371 a.out archive libraries
373 shared libraries for compatibility
374 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
376 a.out backward compatibility libraries
379 DTrace library scripts
381 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
383 Private system libraries not for use by third-party programs.
384 ABI and API stability are not guaranteed.
388 miscellaneous utility data files
389 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
398 various prebuilt lint libraries;
404 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
405 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
407 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
409 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
411 utilities and filters for LP print system;
428 local executables, libraries, etc.
429 Also used as the default destination for the
434 the general layout sketched out by
445 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
448 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
454 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
460 ports collection (optional).
462 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
464 architecture-independent files
466 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
468 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
476 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
479 terms, proper names, and jargon
483 words from Webster's 2nd International
491 miscellaneous documentation;
492 source for most of the printed
498 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
500 Frequently Asked Questions
502 implementation notes for IPv6
504 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
506 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
511 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
513 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
515 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
519 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
523 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
525 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
527 UNIX System Manager's Manual
532 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
534 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
538 various examples for users and programmers
540 ASCII text files used by various games
542 device description file for device name
544 GNU Info hypertext system
546 known trusted and revoked keys.
547 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa keys/pkg/" -compact
562 data files used by mdocml
564 macros for use with the me macro package;
568 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
569 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
573 terminal characteristics database;
582 national language support files;
586 data files for security policies such as
594 (dot) files for new accounts
596 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
597 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
599 Tree definition files for use with
605 files used by syscons;
608 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
616 console keyboard maps;
625 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
630 text processing macros;
636 localization support and utilities for
639 timezone configuration information;
645 third-party, and/or local source files
647 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
649 source code for files in /bin
651 Utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
653 source code for contributed software
655 source code for contributed cryptography software
657 source code for files in
660 source code for files in
663 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
665 source code for files in
668 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
670 source code for files in
673 source code for files in
676 files required to produce a
680 source code for files in
683 build directory for files in
691 tools used for maintenance and testing of
694 source code for files in
697 source code for files in
710 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
712 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
714 system accounting files
716 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
718 execution accounting file;
724 timed command scheduling files;
727 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
729 directory containing job files
731 directory containing output spool files
735 miscellaneous backup files
737 miscellaneous cached files
738 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa pkg/" -compact
745 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
753 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
761 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
763 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
766 for privilege separation.
768 miscellaneous game status and score files
770 kerberos server databases; see
773 miscellaneous system log files
775 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
789 system messages database;
793 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
798 file system quota information files
800 system information files describing various info about
801 system since it was booted
803 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
807 group for command connection sockets; see
810 database of current users;
823 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
825 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
827 undelivered submission mail queue;
831 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
833 undelivered mail queue;
837 line printer spooling directories
841 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
842 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
844 the directory where recovery files are stored
851 This manual page documents the default
853 file system layout, but
854 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
855 administrator's discretion.
856 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
873 manual page appeared in