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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-party loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
76 device special files managed by
79 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
81 file descriptor files;
91 system configuration files and scripts
93 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
95 default system configuration files;
99 bluetooth configuration files
101 local timezone information;
105 Sendmail control files
107 mtree configuration files;
111 named configuration files;
115 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
118 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
123 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
127 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
131 ppp configuration files;
135 OpenSSH configuration files;
139 OpenSSL configuration files
142 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
147 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
149 class-specific libraries for the
154 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
159 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
160 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
163 empty directory commonly used by
164 system administrators as a temporary mount point
170 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
174 root's HOME directory
176 system programs and administration utilities
177 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
179 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
181 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
183 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
185 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
187 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
192 useful and semi-frivolous programs
194 standard C include files
196 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
198 C include files for alternate queueing
200 C include files for Internet service protocols
202 C include files for the SNMP daemon
206 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
207 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
209 The SCSI device on top of CAM
212 C include files for programming various
215 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
217 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
220 Open Firmware support
226 The parallel port bus;
232 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
241 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
243 per-process file descriptors file system
250 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
270 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
286 ISC utility library libisc include files
288 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
293 C include files for libmilter,
298 machine-specific C include files
300 miscellaneous network C include files
304 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
308 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
312 kernel key-management service;
316 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
321 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
323 include files for the signalling API
325 include files that describe signalling messages and
326 declare associated functions
328 include files for the signalling AAL layer
330 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
335 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
337 Objective C include files
339 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
343 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
345 get a line from a user, with editing;
349 remote procedure calls;
353 definition of RPC service structures; see
359 system C include files (kernel data structures)
364 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
371 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
372 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
388 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
390 a.out archive libraries
392 shared libraries for compatibility
393 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
395 a.out backward compatibility libraries
398 DTrace library scripts
400 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
404 miscellaneous utility data files
405 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
414 various prebuilt lint libraries;
420 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
421 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
423 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
425 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
427 utilities and filters for LP print system;
444 local executables, libraries, etc.
445 Also used as the default destination for the
448 Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
452 Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
453 rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
454 and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
456 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
460 ports collection (optional).
462 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
464 architecture-independent files
466 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
468 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
476 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
479 terms, proper names, and jargon
483 words from Webster's 2nd International
491 miscellaneous documentation;
492 source for most of the printed
498 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
500 Frequently Asked Questions
502 implementation notes for IPv6
504 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
506 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
511 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
513 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
515 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
519 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
523 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
525 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
527 UNIX System Manager's Manual
532 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
534 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
538 various examples for users and programmers
540 ASCII text files used by various games
542 device description file for device name
544 GNU Info hypertext system
546 known trusted and revoked keys.
547 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa keys/pkg/" -compact
562 macros for use with the me macro package;
566 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
567 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
571 terminal characteristics database;
580 national language support files;
584 data files for security policies such as
592 (dot) files for new accounts
594 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
595 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
597 Tree definition files for use with
603 files used by syscons;
606 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
614 console keyboard maps;
623 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
628 text processing macros;
634 localization support and utilities for
637 timezone configuration information;
643 third-party, and/or local source files
645 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
647 source code for files in /bin
649 source code for contributed software
651 source code for contributed cryptography software
653 source code for files in /etc
655 source code for files in /usr/games
657 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
659 source code for files in /usr/include
661 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
663 source code for files in /usr/lib
665 source code for files in /usr/libexec
667 files required to produce a
671 source code for files in /sbin
673 build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
675 source for files in /usr/share
679 tools used for maintenance and testing of
682 source code for files in /usr/bin
684 source code for files in /usr/sbin
688 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
690 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
692 system accounting files
694 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
696 execution accounting file;
702 timed command scheduling files;
705 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
707 directory containing job files
709 directory containing output spool files
713 miscellaneous backup files
715 miscellaneous cached files
716 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa pkg/" -compact
723 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
731 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
739 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
741 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
744 for privilege separation.
746 miscellaneous game status and score files
748 kerberos server databases; see
751 miscellaneous system log files
753 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
767 system messages database;
771 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
776 file system quota information files
778 system information files describing various info about
779 system since it was booted
781 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
790 group for command connection sockets; see
793 database of current users;
806 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
808 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
810 undelivered submission mail queue;
814 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
816 undelivered mail queue;
820 line printer spooling directories
824 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
825 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
827 the directory where recovery files are stored
834 This manual page documents the default
836 file system layout, but
837 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
838 administrator's discretion.
839 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
856 manual page appeared in