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2 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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5 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 Compiled flattened device tree (FDT) files; see
61 Loadable modules containing binary firmware for hardware that needs
62 firmware downloaded to it to function
64 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
67 third-party loadable kernel modules;
76 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
84 device special files managed by
87 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
89 file descriptor files;
96 system configuration files and scripts
98 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
100 default system configuration files;
104 bluetooth configuration files
106 local timezone information;
110 Sendmail control files
112 mtree configuration files;
116 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
119 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
124 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
128 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
132 ppp configuration files;
136 OpenSSH configuration files;
140 OpenSSL configuration files
143 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
148 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
150 class-specific libraries for the
155 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
160 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
161 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
164 empty directory commonly used by
165 system administrators as a temporary mount point
171 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
175 root's HOME directory
177 system programs and administration utilities
178 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
180 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
182 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
184 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
186 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
188 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
191 useful and semi-frivolous programs
193 standard C include files
195 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
197 C include files for alternate queueing
199 C include files for Internet service protocols
201 C include files for the SNMP daemon
205 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
206 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
208 The SCSI device on top of CAM
211 C include files for programming various
214 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
216 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
219 Open Firmware support
225 The parallel port bus;
231 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
240 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
242 per-process file descriptors file system
249 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
263 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
279 ISC utility library libisc include files
281 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
286 C include files for libmilter,
291 machine-specific C include files
293 miscellaneous network C include files
297 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
301 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
305 kernel key-management service;
309 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
314 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
316 include files for the signalling API
318 include files that describe signalling messages and
319 declare associated functions
321 include files for the signalling AAL layer
323 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
328 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
330 Objective C include files
332 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
336 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
338 get a line from a user, with editing;
342 remote procedure calls;
346 definition of RPC service structures; see
352 system C include files (kernel data structures)
357 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
364 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
365 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
381 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
383 a.out archive libraries
385 shared libraries for compatibility
386 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
388 a.out backward compatibility libraries
391 DTrace library scripts
393 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
395 Private system libraries not for use by third-party programs.
396 ABI and API stability are not guaranteed.
400 miscellaneous utility data files
401 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
410 various prebuilt lint libraries;
416 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
417 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
419 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
421 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
423 utilities and filters for LP print system;
440 local executables, libraries, etc.
441 Also used as the default destination for the
446 the general layout sketched out by
457 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
460 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
466 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
472 ports collection (optional).
474 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
476 architecture-independent files
478 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
480 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
488 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
491 terms, proper names, and jargon
495 words from Webster's 2nd International
503 miscellaneous documentation;
504 source for most of the printed
510 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
512 Frequently Asked Questions
514 implementation notes for IPv6
516 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
518 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
523 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
525 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
527 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
531 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
535 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
537 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
539 UNIX System Manager's Manual
544 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
546 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
550 various examples for users and programmers
552 ASCII text files used by various games
554 device description file for device name
556 GNU Info hypertext system
558 known trusted and revoked keys.
559 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa keys/pkg/" -compact
574 data files used by mdocml
576 macros for use with the me macro package;
580 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
581 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
585 terminal characteristics database;
594 national language support files;
598 data files for security policies such as
606 (dot) files for new accounts
608 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
609 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
611 Tree definition files for use with
617 files used by syscons;
620 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
628 console keyboard maps;
637 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
642 text processing macros;
648 localization support and utilities for
651 timezone configuration information;
659 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
667 console keyboard maps;
673 .\" console screen maps
677 third-party, and/or local source files
679 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
681 source code for files in /bin
683 Utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
685 source code for contributed software
687 source code for contributed cryptography software
689 source code for files in
692 source code for files in
695 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
697 source code for files in
700 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
702 source code for files in
705 source code for files in
708 files required to produce a
712 source code for files in
715 build directory for files in
723 tools used for maintenance and testing of
726 source code for files in
729 source code for files in
742 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
744 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
746 system accounting files
748 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
750 execution accounting file;
756 timed command scheduling files;
759 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
761 directory containing job files
763 directory containing output spool files
767 miscellaneous backup files
769 miscellaneous cached files
770 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa pkg/" -compact
777 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
785 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
793 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
795 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
798 for privilege separation.
800 miscellaneous game status and score files
802 kerberos server databases; see
805 miscellaneous system log files
807 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
821 system messages database;
825 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
830 file system quota information files
832 system information files describing various info about
833 system since it was booted
835 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
839 group for command connection sockets; see
842 database of current users;
855 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
857 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
859 undelivered submission mail queue;
863 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
865 undelivered mail queue;
869 line printer spooling directories
873 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
874 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
876 the directory where recovery files are stored
883 This manual page documents the default
885 file system layout, but
886 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
887 administrator's discretion.
888 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
905 manual page appeared in