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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-party loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
72 device special files managed by
75 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
77 file descriptor files;
84 system configuration files and scripts
86 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
88 default system configuration files;
92 bluetooth configuration files
94 gnats configuration files;
98 known trusted and revoked keys.
100 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa keys/pkg/" -compact
107 local timezone information;
111 Sendmail control files
113 mtree configuration files;
117 named configuration files;
121 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
124 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
129 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
133 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
137 ppp configuration files;
141 OpenSSH configuration files;
145 OpenSSL configuration files
148 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
153 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
155 class-specific libraries for the
160 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
165 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
166 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
169 empty directory commonly used by
170 system administrators as a temporary mount point
176 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
180 root's HOME directory
182 system programs and administration utilities
183 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
185 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
187 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
189 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
191 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
193 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
196 useful and semi-frivolous programs
198 standard C include files
200 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
202 C include files for alternate queueing
204 C include files for Internet service protocols
206 C include files for the SNMP daemon
210 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
211 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
213 The SCSI device on top of CAM
216 C include files for programming various
219 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
221 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
224 Open Firmware support
230 The parallel port bus;
236 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
245 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
247 per-process file descriptors file system
254 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
268 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
284 ISC utility library libisc include files
286 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
291 C include files for libmilter,
296 machine-specific C include files
298 miscellaneous network C include files
302 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
306 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
310 kernel key-management service;
314 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
319 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
321 include files for the signalling API
323 include files that describe signalling messages and
324 declare associated functions
326 include files for the signalling AAL layer
328 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
333 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
335 Objective C include files
337 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
341 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
343 get a line from a user, with editing;
347 remote procedure calls;
351 definition of RPC service structures; see
357 system C include files (kernel data structures)
362 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
369 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
370 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
386 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
388 a.out archive libraries
390 shared libraries for compatibility
391 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
393 a.out backward compatibility libraries
396 DTrace library scripts
398 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
402 miscellaneous utility data files
403 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
412 various prebuilt lint libraries;
418 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
419 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
421 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
423 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
425 utilities and filters for LP print system;
442 local executables, libraries, etc.
443 Also used as the default destination for the
448 the general layout sketched out by
459 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
462 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
468 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
474 ports collection (optional).
476 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
478 architecture-independent files
480 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
482 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
490 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
493 terms, proper names, and jargon
497 words from Webster's 2nd International
505 miscellaneous documentation;
506 source for most of the printed
512 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
514 Frequently Asked Questions
516 implementation notes for IPv6
518 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
520 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
525 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
527 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
529 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
533 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
537 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
539 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
541 UNIX System Manager's Manual
546 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
548 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
552 various examples for users and programmers
554 ASCII text files used by various games
556 device description file for device name
558 GNU Info hypertext system
566 data files used by mdocml
568 macros for use with the me macro package;
572 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
573 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
577 terminal characteristics database;
586 national language support files;
590 data files for security policies such as
598 (dot) files for new accounts
600 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
601 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
603 Tree definition files for use with
609 files used by syscons;
612 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
620 console keyboard maps;
629 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
634 text processing macros;
640 localization support and utilities for
643 timezone configuration information;
649 third-party, and/or local source files
651 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
653 source code for files in /bin
655 Utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
657 source code for contributed software
659 source code for contributed cryptography software
661 source code for files in
664 source code for files in
667 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
669 source code for files in
672 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
674 source code for files in
677 source code for files in
680 files required to produce a
684 source code for files in
687 build directory for files in
695 tools used for maintenance and testing of
698 source code for files in
701 source code for files in
706 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
708 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
710 system accounting files
712 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
714 execution accounting file;
720 timed command scheduling files;
723 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
725 directory containing job files
727 directory containing output spool files
731 miscellaneous backup files
733 miscellaneous cached files
734 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa pkg/" -compact
741 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
749 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
757 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
759 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
762 for privilege separation.
764 miscellaneous game status and score files
766 kerberos server databases; see
769 miscellaneous system log files
771 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
785 system messages database;
789 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
794 file system quota information files
796 system information files describing various info about
797 system since it was booted
799 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
808 group for command connection sockets; see
811 database of current users;
824 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
826 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
828 undelivered submission mail queue;
832 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
834 undelivered mail queue;
838 line printer spooling directories
842 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
843 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
845 the directory where recovery files are stored
852 This manual page documents the default
854 file system layout, but
855 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
856 administrator's discretion.
857 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
874 manual page appeared in