2 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
3 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
5 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
7 # Notes are at the end of this file
9 ###############################################################################
13 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
15 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
16 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
17 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
18 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
20 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
21 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
22 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
23 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
24 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
25 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
27 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
29 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
34 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
35 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
36 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
37 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
38 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
39 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 -
40 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
41 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 -
42 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
43 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
44 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
47 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
48 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul
53 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
54 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
55 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
56 # Queensland ceased to.
58 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
59 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
60 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
61 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
64 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
65 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
66 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
67 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
68 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
69 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
70 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
71 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
74 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
80 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
81 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
82 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
83 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
84 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
85 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
86 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
87 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 -
88 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 -
89 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 -
90 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 -
91 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
92 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 -
93 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
95 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
96 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
97 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
104 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
105 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml>
106 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
108 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
109 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
110 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
111 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
112 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
113 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
114 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
115 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
116 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
117 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
118 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
119 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
120 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
121 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
122 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
123 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
124 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
125 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
126 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
127 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
128 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
129 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
130 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
131 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
134 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
135 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
136 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
137 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul
141 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
142 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
143 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
144 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
145 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
146 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
147 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
148 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
149 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
150 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
151 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
152 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
153 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
154 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
155 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
156 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
157 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
162 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
163 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
164 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
165 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
166 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
167 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
168 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
169 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
170 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
171 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
172 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
173 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
174 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
175 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
176 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
177 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
178 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
179 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
180 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
183 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
184 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
191 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
192 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
193 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
194 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
195 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
196 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
197 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
198 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
199 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
200 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
201 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
202 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
203 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
204 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
205 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
206 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
210 # Australian miscellany
212 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
213 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
217 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
221 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
222 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
223 # like Australia/Hobart
226 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
227 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
228 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
231 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
232 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
233 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
234 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
235 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
236 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
237 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
238 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
242 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
243 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
244 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
245 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
246 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
249 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
250 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
251 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
253 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
254 # <a href="http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719">
255 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
258 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html">
259 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
262 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
263 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
265 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml">
266 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
269 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
270 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
271 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
272 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
273 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
276 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166">
277 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
280 # A bit more background info here:
281 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html">
282 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
285 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
286 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
287 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
288 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
289 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
290 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155">
291 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
294 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html">
295 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
298 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
299 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
300 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
302 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155">
303 # www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
306 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
307 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
308 # 2am on February 26 next year.
310 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
311 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
312 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
314 # <a href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155">
315 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
319 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
320 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
321 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
322 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
324 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
325 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
326 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
327 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
328 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
330 # From Paul Eggert (2012-08-31):
331 # For now, guess a pattern of the penultimate Sundays in October and January.
333 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
334 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
335 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
336 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
337 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
338 Rule Fiji 2010 max - Oct Sun>=18 2:00 1:00 S
339 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
340 Rule Fiji 2012 max - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
341 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
342 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
343 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
346 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
347 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
348 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
349 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
350 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
351 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
352 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
353 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
357 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
358 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
359 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
360 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
361 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
364 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
365 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
366 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
367 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
368 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
371 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
372 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
377 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
378 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
380 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
381 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
382 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
385 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
386 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
387 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
389 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
391 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
395 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
396 Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
397 10:00 - CHUT # Chuuk Time
398 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
399 11:00 - PONT # Pohnpei Time
400 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
401 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
406 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
407 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
408 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
409 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
414 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
415 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
416 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
417 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
418 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
419 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
420 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
421 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
425 ###############################################################################
429 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
430 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
431 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
432 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
433 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
434 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
435 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
436 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
437 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
438 # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
439 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
440 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
441 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
442 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
443 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
444 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
445 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
446 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
447 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
448 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
449 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
450 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
451 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
452 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
453 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
454 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
455 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
456 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
457 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
458 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
459 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
461 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1
466 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
467 # and scientific personnel have wintered
470 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
471 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
472 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
473 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
475 ###############################################################################
479 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
480 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
481 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
482 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
486 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
487 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
488 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
489 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
492 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
493 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
494 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
497 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
498 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
499 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
500 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
503 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
504 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
505 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
506 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
509 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
511 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
512 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
513 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
514 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
518 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
519 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
520 # the following info:
522 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
523 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
524 # Sunday of April 2011."
527 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html">
528 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
531 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
533 # <a href="http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf">
534 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
537 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
539 # <a href="http://www.mcil.gov.ws">
540 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
542 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
543 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
544 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
545 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
547 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
548 # I believe this will be posted shortly on the website
549 # <a href="http://www.mcil.gov.ws">
553 # PUBLIC NOTICE ON DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME
555 # Pursuant to the Daylight Saving Act 2009 and Cabinets decision,
556 # businesses and the general public are hereby advised that daylight
557 # saving time is on the first Saturday of April 2011 (02/04/11).
559 # The public is therefore advised that when the standard time strikes
560 # the hour of four oclock (4.00am or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011,
561 # then all instruments used to measure standard time are to be
562 # adjusted/changed to three oclock (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
564 # Margaret Fruean ACTING CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER MINISTRY OF COMMERCE,
565 # INDUSTRY AND LABOUR 28th February 2011
567 # From David Zuelke (2011-05-09):
568 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
570 # <a href="http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963">
571 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
574 # From Mark Sim-Smith (2011-08-17):
575 # I have been in contact with Leilani Tuala Warren from the Samoa Law
576 # Reform Commission, and she has sent me a copy of the Bill that she
577 # confirmed has been passed...Most of the sections are about maps rather
578 # than the time zone change, but I'll paste the relevant bits below. But
579 # the essence is that at midnight 29 Dec (UTC-11 I suppose), Samoa
580 # changes from UTC-11 to UTC+13:
582 # International Date Line Bill 2011
584 # AN ACT to provide for the change to standard time in Samoa and to make
585 # consequential amendments to the position of the International Date
586 # Line, and for related purposes.
588 # BE IT ENACTED by the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in Parliament
589 # assembled as follows:
591 # 1. Short title and commencement-(1) This Act may be cited as the
592 # International Date Line Act 2011. (2) Except for section 5(3) this Act
593 # commences at 12 o'clock midnight, on Thursday 29th December 2011. (3)
594 # Section 5(3) commences on the date of assent by the Head of State.
598 # 3. Interpretation - [snip] "Samoa standard time" in this Act and any
599 # other statute of Samoa which refers to 'Samoa standard time' means the
600 # time 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated Universal Time.
602 # 4. Samoa standard time - (1) Upon the commencement of this Act, Samoa
603 # standard time shall be set at 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated
604 # Universal Time for the whole of Samoa. (2) All references to Samoa's
605 # time zone and to Samoa standard time in Samoa in all legislation and
606 # instruments after the commencement of this Act shall be references to
607 # Samoa standard time as provided for in this Act. (3) Nothing in this
608 # Act affects the provisions of the Daylight Saving Act 2009, except that
609 # it defines Samoa standard time....
611 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
612 # <a href="http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html">
613 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
616 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
619 # Year End Time Start Time
620 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
621 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
623 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
624 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
625 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
627 # Clarification by Tim Parenti (2012-01-03):
628 # Although Samoa has used Daylight Saving Time in the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012
629 # seasons, there is not yet any indication that this trend will continue on
630 # a regular basis. For now, we have explicitly listed the transitions below.
632 # From Nicky (2012-09-10):
633 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
634 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.
636 # Please find link below for more information.
637 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
639 # That publication also includes dates for Summer of 2013/4 as well
640 # which give the impression of a pattern in selecting dates for the
641 # future, so for now, we will guess this will continue.
644 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
645 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D
646 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 -
647 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
648 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
650 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
651 -11:00 - WST 2010 Sep 26
652 -11:00 1:00 WSDT 2011 Apr 2 4:00
653 -11:00 - WST 2011 Sep 24 3:00
654 -11:00 1:00 WSDT 2011 Dec 30
655 13:00 1:00 WSDT 2012 Apr Sun>=1 4:00
659 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
660 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
661 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
662 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
666 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
667 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
668 # December 31 this year ...
670 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
671 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
672 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
673 # Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
674 # actually was to UTC-11 back then.
676 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
677 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
678 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
679 # <http://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
680 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
681 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
683 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
684 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
685 -11:00 - TKT 2011 Dec 30 # Tokelau Time
689 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
690 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
691 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
692 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
693 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
694 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
695 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
696 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
701 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
702 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
703 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
706 # US minor outlying islands
709 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
710 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
711 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
712 # uninhabited thereafter.
713 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
714 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
715 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
716 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
717 # until they were abandoned after the war.
720 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
721 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
722 # uninhabited thereafter.
723 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
726 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
727 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
734 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
735 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
736 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
737 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
738 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
739 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
740 # designations that I've never seen before:....
741 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
742 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
744 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
745 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
746 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
747 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
748 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
749 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
752 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
755 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
756 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
757 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
761 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
762 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
763 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
764 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
765 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
766 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
767 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
768 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
769 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
770 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
773 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
774 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
775 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
777 ###############################################################################
781 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
782 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
783 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
785 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
786 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
787 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
788 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
790 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
791 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
792 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
793 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
794 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
796 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
797 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
799 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
800 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
801 # I found in the UCLA library.
803 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
804 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
806 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
807 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
808 # Corrections are welcome!
810 # LMT Local Mean Time
811 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
812 # 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
814 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
815 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
816 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
817 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
818 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
819 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
820 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
823 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
825 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
826 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
828 ###############################################################################
832 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
833 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
834 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
835 # </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
837 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
838 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
839 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
840 # </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
842 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
843 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
844 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
845 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
846 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
847 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
848 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
849 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
850 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
852 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
853 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
854 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
855 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
856 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
857 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
858 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
860 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
861 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
862 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
863 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
864 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
866 # From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
867 # I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
868 # <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
869 # And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
870 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
872 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
873 # versus "AEST" etc.:
875 # I see the following points of dispute:
877 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
879 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
880 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
881 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
882 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
883 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
884 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
885 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
886 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
888 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
889 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
890 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
891 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
893 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
895 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
896 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
897 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
900 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
901 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
904 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
905 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
906 # the word "Australian"?
908 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
909 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
910 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
911 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
912 # following count of page hits:
914 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
915 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
916 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
917 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
919 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
920 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
921 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
922 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
924 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
925 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
926 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
927 # are the hit counts anyway:
929 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
930 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
931 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
932 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
934 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
935 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
936 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au
937 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
939 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
940 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au
942 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
943 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
944 # the ambiguities involved.
946 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
948 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
949 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
950 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
951 # understood in Australia.
953 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
954 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
955 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
956 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
957 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
958 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
959 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
961 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
963 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
964 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
965 # relevant entries in this database.
967 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
968 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
969 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
972 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
973 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
976 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
977 # Standard Time Act, 1898
980 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
981 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
982 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
983 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
984 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
986 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
987 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
988 # to extend DST together in 2006.
989 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
990 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
991 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
992 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
993 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
996 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
1000 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1001 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1003 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1005 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1007 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1008 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1009 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1013 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1014 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1016 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1017 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1018 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1019 # # before reaching parliament.
1021 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1023 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1024 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1025 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1026 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1028 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1029 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1030 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1032 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1033 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1034 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1036 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1039 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1040 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1041 # it matches what was used in the past.
1043 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
1044 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1045 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1046 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1049 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1050 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1053 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1055 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1056 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1057 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1058 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1060 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1061 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1064 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1065 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1066 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1067 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1069 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1070 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1071 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1074 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1075 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1076 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1078 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1079 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1082 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1083 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1085 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1086 # from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1087 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1088 # <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
1090 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1091 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1092 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1093 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1094 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1095 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1096 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1097 # Australia and Western Australia....
1099 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1100 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1101 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1102 # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
1104 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1105 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1106 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1107 # coast of the continent.
1109 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1110 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1111 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1112 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1113 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1115 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1116 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1117 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1118 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1121 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1122 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1123 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1124 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1126 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1127 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1128 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1131 # southeast Australia
1133 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1134 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1135 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1136 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1141 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1142 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1143 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1144 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1146 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1147 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1150 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1152 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1153 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1154 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1155 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1157 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1158 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1159 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1160 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1162 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1163 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1164 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1165 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1168 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1169 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1170 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1171 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1173 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1174 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1175 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1176 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1178 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1179 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1180 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1181 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1183 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1184 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1188 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1189 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1190 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1193 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1194 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1195 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1196 # (but nothing new about that).
1198 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1199 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1200 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1201 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1202 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1203 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1205 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1206 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1208 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1209 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1213 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1214 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1215 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1218 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1219 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1220 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1221 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1222 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1223 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1225 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1226 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1227 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1228 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1229 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1232 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1233 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1234 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1235 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1237 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1238 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1240 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1241 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1245 # From Arthur David Olson:
1246 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1247 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1249 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1250 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
1251 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1252 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1253 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1254 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1256 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1257 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1258 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
1259 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
1260 # Two months more daylight saving
1262 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
1264 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1265 # See the following official NSW source:
1266 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
1267 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1270 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1271 # daylight saving next year. See:
1272 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
1273 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1274 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1276 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1277 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
1278 # Vic to extend daylight saving
1279 # </a> (1999-07-28).
1281 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1282 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1283 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1284 # </a> (1999-07-19).
1286 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1287 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1288 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1289 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1290 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1291 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1292 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1293 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1294 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1296 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1297 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1298 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
1299 # </a> (1999-07-21).
1301 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1302 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1303 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1305 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1306 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1307 # towns to use Queensland time.
1309 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1310 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1314 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1315 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1317 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1318 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1321 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1322 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1323 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1324 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1325 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1326 # # presently available.
1327 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1329 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1330 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1331 # [followed by other Rules]
1335 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1336 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1338 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1339 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1341 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1342 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1343 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1344 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1345 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1346 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1347 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1348 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1349 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1350 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1352 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1353 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1354 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1355 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1356 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1357 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1359 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1360 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1361 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1363 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1364 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1366 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1367 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1368 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1369 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1372 # <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf">
1373 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1375 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1376 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1377 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1378 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1379 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1380 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1381 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1383 # We have a wrap-up here:
1384 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html">
1385 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1387 ###############################################################################
1391 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1392 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1393 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1394 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1395 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1397 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1398 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1399 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1400 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1403 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1404 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1405 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1406 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1408 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1409 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1411 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1412 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1413 # rather than the October 1 value.
1415 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1416 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1417 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1418 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1419 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1420 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1422 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1423 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1424 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1425 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1427 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1428 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1429 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1431 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1432 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1433 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1434 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1435 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1437 ###############################################################################
1442 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1443 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1444 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1446 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1447 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1448 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1449 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1451 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1452 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1454 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1455 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1456 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1457 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1458 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1461 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1462 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1466 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
1471 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1472 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1473 # ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1474 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1479 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1480 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1481 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1482 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1483 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1486 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1488 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1489 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1490 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1491 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1494 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1495 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1496 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1497 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1502 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1503 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1504 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1506 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1507 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1509 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1510 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1511 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1512 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1514 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1515 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1520 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1521 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1522 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1523 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1524 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1525 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1526 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1527 # air at 6am your time.
1529 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1530 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1531 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1532 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1537 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1538 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1539 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1541 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1542 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1543 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1545 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1546 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1547 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1549 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1550 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1553 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1554 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1555 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1556 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1561 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1562 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1563 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1564 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1565 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1570 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1571 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1572 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1573 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1575 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1576 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1577 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1580 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1581 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1582 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1583 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1584 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1585 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1587 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1588 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1589 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1591 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1592 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1593 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1594 # minutes we have lost?"
1596 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1597 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1598 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1600 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1601 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1603 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1604 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1605 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1606 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1607 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1610 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1611 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1613 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1614 # <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1615 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1618 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1619 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1620 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1621 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1623 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1624 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">
1625 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1627 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1628 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1629 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1630 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1631 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1632 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1634 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1635 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1636 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1638 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1639 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1640 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1641 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1642 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1643 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1644 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1646 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1647 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1649 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1650 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1651 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1652 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1655 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1656 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1661 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1662 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1664 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1665 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1666 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1667 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1668 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1671 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1673 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1674 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1676 ###############################################################################
1678 # The International Date Line
1680 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1682 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1683 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1684 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1685 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1687 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1688 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1689 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1690 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1691 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1692 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1693 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1694 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1695 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1696 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1697 # correct date is ambiguous.
1699 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1700 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1701 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1702 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1703 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1704 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1705 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1706 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1707 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1708 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1709 # entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1710 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1711 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1713 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1716 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1717 # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1718 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1719 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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