MFC r287283 (by delphij):

[FreeBSD/stable/10.git] / sys / cddl / contrib / opensolaris / uts / common / fs / zfs / arc.c

/*
 * CDDL HEADER START
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
 * Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
 * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *
 * You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
 * or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions
 * and limitations under the License.
 *
 * When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each
 * file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.
 * If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
 * fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
 * information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
 *
 * CDDL HEADER END
 */
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2005, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2012, Joyent, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2011, 2015 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2014 by Saso Kiselkov. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright 2015 Nexenta Systems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
 */

/*
 * DVA-based Adjustable Replacement Cache
 *
 * While much of the theory of operation used here is
 * based on the self-tuning, low overhead replacement cache
 * presented by Megiddo and Modha at FAST 2003, there are some
 * significant differences:
 *
 * 1. The Megiddo and Modha model assumes any page is evictable.
 * Pages in its cache cannot be "locked" into memory.  This makes
 * the eviction algorithm simple: evict the last page in the list.
 * This also make the performance characteristics easy to reason
 * about.  Our cache is not so simple.  At any given moment, some
 * subset of the blocks in the cache are un-evictable because we
 * have handed out a reference to them.  Blocks are only evictable
 * when there are no external references active.  This makes
 * eviction far more problematic:  we choose to evict the evictable
 * blocks that are the "lowest" in the list.
 *
 * There are times when it is not possible to evict the requested
 * space.  In these circumstances we are unable to adjust the cache
 * size.  To prevent the cache growing unbounded at these times we
 * implement a "cache throttle" that slows the flow of new data
 * into the cache until we can make space available.
 *
 * 2. The Megiddo and Modha model assumes a fixed cache size.
 * Pages are evicted when the cache is full and there is a cache
 * miss.  Our model has a variable sized cache.  It grows with
 * high use, but also tries to react to memory pressure from the
 * operating system: decreasing its size when system memory is
 * tight.
 *
 * 3. The Megiddo and Modha model assumes a fixed page size. All
 * elements of the cache are therefore exactly the same size.  So
 * when adjusting the cache size following a cache miss, its simply
 * a matter of choosing a single page to evict.  In our model, we
 * have variable sized cache blocks (rangeing from 512 bytes to
 * 128K bytes).  We therefore choose a set of blocks to evict to make
 * space for a cache miss that approximates as closely as possible
 * the space used by the new block.
 *
 * See also:  "ARC: A Self-Tuning, Low Overhead Replacement Cache"
 * by N. Megiddo & D. Modha, FAST 2003
 */

/*
 * The locking model:
 *
 * A new reference to a cache buffer can be obtained in two
 * ways: 1) via a hash table lookup using the DVA as a key,
 * or 2) via one of the ARC lists.  The arc_read() interface
 * uses method 1, while the internal arc algorithms for
 * adjusting the cache use method 2.  We therefore provide two
 * types of locks: 1) the hash table lock array, and 2) the
 * arc list locks.
 *
 * Buffers do not have their own mutexes, rather they rely on the
 * hash table mutexes for the bulk of their protection (i.e. most
 * fields in the arc_buf_hdr_t are protected by these mutexes).
 *
 * buf_hash_find() returns the appropriate mutex (held) when it
 * locates the requested buffer in the hash table.  It returns
 * NULL for the mutex if the buffer was not in the table.
 *
 * buf_hash_remove() expects the appropriate hash mutex to be
 * already held before it is invoked.
 *
 * Each arc state also has a mutex which is used to protect the
 * buffer list associated with the state.  When attempting to
 * obtain a hash table lock while holding an arc list lock you
 * must use: mutex_tryenter() to avoid deadlock.  Also note that
 * the active state mutex must be held before the ghost state mutex.
 *
 * Arc buffers may have an associated eviction callback function.
 * This function will be invoked prior to removing the buffer (e.g.
 * in arc_do_user_evicts()).  Note however that the data associated
 * with the buffer may be evicted prior to the callback.  The callback
 * must be made with *no locks held* (to prevent deadlock).  Additionally,
 * the users of callbacks must ensure that their private data is
 * protected from simultaneous callbacks from arc_clear_callback()
 * and arc_do_user_evicts().
 *
 * Note that the majority of the performance stats are manipulated
 * with atomic operations.
 *
 * The L2ARC uses the l2ad_mtx on each vdev for the following:
 *
 *      - L2ARC buflist creation
 *      - L2ARC buflist eviction
 *      - L2ARC write completion, which walks L2ARC buflists
 *      - ARC header destruction, as it removes from L2ARC buflists
 *      - ARC header release, as it removes from L2ARC buflists
 */

#include <sys/spa.h>
#include <sys/zio.h>
#include <sys/zio_compress.h>
#include <sys/zfs_context.h>
#include <sys/arc.h>
#include <sys/refcount.h>
#include <sys/vdev.h>
#include <sys/vdev_impl.h>
#include <sys/dsl_pool.h>
#include <sys/multilist.h>
#ifdef _KERNEL
#include <sys/dnlc.h>
#endif
#include <sys/callb.h>
#include <sys/kstat.h>
#include <sys/trim_map.h>
#include <zfs_fletcher.h>
#include <sys/sdt.h>

#include <vm/vm_pageout.h>
#include <machine/vmparam.h>

#ifdef illumos
#ifndef _KERNEL
/* set with ZFS_DEBUG=watch, to enable watchpoints on frozen buffers */
boolean_t arc_watch = B_FALSE;
int arc_procfd;
#endif
#endif /* illumos */

static kmutex_t         arc_reclaim_lock;
static kcondvar_t       arc_reclaim_thread_cv;
static boolean_t        arc_reclaim_thread_exit;
static kcondvar_t       arc_reclaim_waiters_cv;

static kmutex_t         arc_user_evicts_lock;
static kcondvar_t       arc_user_evicts_cv;
static boolean_t        arc_user_evicts_thread_exit;

uint_t arc_reduce_dnlc_percent = 3;

/*
 * The number of headers to evict in arc_evict_state_impl() before
 * dropping the sublist lock and evicting from another sublist. A lower
 * value means we're more likely to evict the "correct" header (i.e. the
 * oldest header in the arc state), but comes with higher overhead
 * (i.e. more invocations of arc_evict_state_impl()).
 */
int zfs_arc_evict_batch_limit = 10;

/*
 * The number of sublists used for each of the arc state lists. If this
 * is not set to a suitable value by the user, it will be configured to
 * the number of CPUs on the system in arc_init().
 */
int zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state = 0;

/* number of seconds before growing cache again */
static int              arc_grow_retry = 60;

/* shift of arc_c for calculating overflow limit in arc_get_data_buf */
int             zfs_arc_overflow_shift = 8;

/* shift of arc_c for calculating both min and max arc_p */
static int              arc_p_min_shift = 4;

/* log2(fraction of arc to reclaim) */
static int              arc_shrink_shift = 7;

/*
 * log2(fraction of ARC which must be free to allow growing).
 * I.e. If there is less than arc_c >> arc_no_grow_shift free memory,
 * when reading a new block into the ARC, we will evict an equal-sized block
 * from the ARC.
 *
 * This must be less than arc_shrink_shift, so that when we shrink the ARC,
 * we will still not allow it to grow.
 */
int                     arc_no_grow_shift = 5;


/*
 * minimum lifespan of a prefetch block in clock ticks
 * (initialized in arc_init())
 */
static int              arc_min_prefetch_lifespan;

/*
 * If this percent of memory is free, don't throttle.
 */
int arc_lotsfree_percent = 10;

static int arc_dead;
extern int zfs_prefetch_disable;

/*
 * The arc has filled available memory and has now warmed up.
 */
static boolean_t arc_warm;

/*
 * These tunables are for performance analysis.
 */
uint64_t zfs_arc_max;
uint64_t zfs_arc_min;
uint64_t zfs_arc_meta_limit = 0;
uint64_t zfs_arc_meta_min = 0;
int zfs_arc_grow_retry = 0;
int zfs_arc_shrink_shift = 0;
int zfs_arc_p_min_shift = 0;
int zfs_disable_dup_eviction = 0;
uint64_t zfs_arc_average_blocksize = 8 * 1024; /* 8KB */
u_int zfs_arc_free_target = 0;

static int sysctl_vfs_zfs_arc_free_target(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS);
static int sysctl_vfs_zfs_arc_meta_limit(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS);

#ifdef _KERNEL
static void
arc_free_target_init(void *unused __unused)
{

        zfs_arc_free_target = vm_pageout_wakeup_thresh;
}
SYSINIT(arc_free_target_init, SI_SUB_KTHREAD_PAGE, SI_ORDER_ANY,
    arc_free_target_init, NULL);

TUNABLE_QUAD("vfs.zfs.arc_max", &zfs_arc_max);
TUNABLE_QUAD("vfs.zfs.arc_min", &zfs_arc_min);
TUNABLE_QUAD("vfs.zfs.arc_meta_limit", &zfs_arc_meta_limit);
TUNABLE_QUAD("vfs.zfs.arc_meta_min", &zfs_arc_meta_min);
TUNABLE_QUAD("vfs.zfs.arc_average_blocksize", &zfs_arc_average_blocksize);
TUNABLE_INT("vfs.zfs.arc_shrink_shift", &zfs_arc_shrink_shift);
SYSCTL_DECL(_vfs_zfs);
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, arc_max, CTLFLAG_RDTUN, &zfs_arc_max, 0,
    "Maximum ARC size");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, arc_min, CTLFLAG_RDTUN, &zfs_arc_min, 0,
    "Minimum ARC size");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, arc_average_blocksize, CTLFLAG_RDTUN,
    &zfs_arc_average_blocksize, 0,
    "ARC average blocksize");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, arc_shrink_shift, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &arc_shrink_shift, 0,
    "log2(fraction of arc to reclaim)");

/*
 * We don't have a tunable for arc_free_target due to the dependency on
 * pagedaemon initialisation.
 */
SYSCTL_PROC(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, arc_free_target,
    CTLTYPE_UINT | CTLFLAG_MPSAFE | CTLFLAG_RW, 0, sizeof(u_int),
    sysctl_vfs_zfs_arc_free_target, "IU",
    "Desired number of free pages below which ARC triggers reclaim");

static int
sysctl_vfs_zfs_arc_free_target(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        u_int val;
        int err;

        val = zfs_arc_free_target;
        err = sysctl_handle_int(oidp, &val, 0, req);
        if (err != 0 || req->newptr == NULL)
                return (err);

        if (val < minfree)
                return (EINVAL);
        if (val > cnt.v_page_count)
                return (EINVAL);

        zfs_arc_free_target = val;

        return (0);
}

/*
 * Must be declared here, before the definition of corresponding kstat
 * macro which uses the same names will confuse the compiler.
 */
SYSCTL_PROC(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, arc_meta_limit,
    CTLTYPE_U64 | CTLFLAG_MPSAFE | CTLFLAG_RW, 0, sizeof(uint64_t),
    sysctl_vfs_zfs_arc_meta_limit, "QU",
    "ARC metadata limit");
#endif

/*
 * Note that buffers can be in one of 6 states:
 *      ARC_anon        - anonymous (discussed below)
 *      ARC_mru         - recently used, currently cached
 *      ARC_mru_ghost   - recentely used, no longer in cache
 *      ARC_mfu         - frequently used, currently cached
 *      ARC_mfu_ghost   - frequently used, no longer in cache
 *      ARC_l2c_only    - exists in L2ARC but not other states
 * When there are no active references to the buffer, they are
 * are linked onto a list in one of these arc states.  These are
 * the only buffers that can be evicted or deleted.  Within each
 * state there are multiple lists, one for meta-data and one for
 * non-meta-data.  Meta-data (indirect blocks, blocks of dnodes,
 * etc.) is tracked separately so that it can be managed more
 * explicitly: favored over data, limited explicitly.
 *
 * Anonymous buffers are buffers that are not associated with
 * a DVA.  These are buffers that hold dirty block copies
 * before they are written to stable storage.  By definition,
 * they are "ref'd" and are considered part of arc_mru
 * that cannot be freed.  Generally, they will aquire a DVA
 * as they are written and migrate onto the arc_mru list.
 *
 * The ARC_l2c_only state is for buffers that are in the second
 * level ARC but no longer in any of the ARC_m* lists.  The second
 * level ARC itself may also contain buffers that are in any of
 * the ARC_m* states - meaning that a buffer can exist in two
 * places.  The reason for the ARC_l2c_only state is to keep the
 * buffer header in the hash table, so that reads that hit the
 * second level ARC benefit from these fast lookups.
 */

typedef struct arc_state {
        /*
         * list of evictable buffers
         */
        multilist_t arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_NUMTYPES];
        /*
         * total amount of evictable data in this state
         */
        uint64_t arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_NUMTYPES];
        /*
         * total amount of data in this state; this includes: evictable,
         * non-evictable, ARC_BUFC_DATA, and ARC_BUFC_METADATA.
         */
        refcount_t arcs_size;
} arc_state_t;

/* The 6 states: */
static arc_state_t ARC_anon;
static arc_state_t ARC_mru;
static arc_state_t ARC_mru_ghost;
static arc_state_t ARC_mfu;
static arc_state_t ARC_mfu_ghost;
static arc_state_t ARC_l2c_only;

typedef struct arc_stats {
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_misses;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_demand_data_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_demand_data_misses;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_demand_metadata_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_demand_metadata_misses;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_prefetch_data_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_prefetch_data_misses;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_prefetch_metadata_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_prefetch_metadata_misses;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mru_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mru_ghost_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mfu_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mfu_ghost_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_allocated;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_deleted;
        /*
         * Number of buffers that could not be evicted because the hash lock
         * was held by another thread.  The lock may not necessarily be held
         * by something using the same buffer, since hash locks are shared
         * by multiple buffers.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mutex_miss;
        /*
         * Number of buffers skipped because they have I/O in progress, are
         * indrect prefetch buffers that have not lived long enough, or are
         * not from the spa we're trying to evict from.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_evict_skip;
        /*
         * Number of times arc_evict_state() was unable to evict enough
         * buffers to reach it's target amount.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_evict_not_enough;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_evict_l2_cached;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_evict_l2_eligible;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_evict_l2_ineligible;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_evict_l2_skip;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hash_elements;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hash_elements_max;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hash_collisions;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hash_chains;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hash_chain_max;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_p;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_c;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_c_min;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_c_max;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_size;
        /*
         * Number of bytes consumed by internal ARC structures necessary
         * for tracking purposes; these structures are not actually
         * backed by ARC buffers. This includes arc_buf_hdr_t structures
         * (allocated via arc_buf_hdr_t_full and arc_buf_hdr_t_l2only
         * caches), and arc_buf_t structures (allocated via arc_buf_t
         * cache).
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hdr_size;
        /*
         * Number of bytes consumed by ARC buffers of type equal to
         * ARC_BUFC_DATA. This is generally consumed by buffers backing
         * on disk user data (e.g. plain file contents).
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_data_size;
        /*
         * Number of bytes consumed by ARC buffers of type equal to
         * ARC_BUFC_METADATA. This is generally consumed by buffers
         * backing on disk data that is used for internal ZFS
         * structures (e.g. ZAP, dnode, indirect blocks, etc).
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_metadata_size;
        /*
         * Number of bytes consumed by various buffers and structures
         * not actually backed with ARC buffers. This includes bonus
         * buffers (allocated directly via zio_buf_* functions),
         * dmu_buf_impl_t structures (allocated via dmu_buf_impl_t
         * cache), and dnode_t structures (allocated via dnode_t cache).
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_other_size;
        /*
         * Total number of bytes consumed by ARC buffers residing in the
         * arc_anon state. This includes *all* buffers in the arc_anon
         * state; e.g. data, metadata, evictable, and unevictable buffers
         * are all included in this value.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_anon_size;
        /*
         * Number of bytes consumed by ARC buffers that meet the
         * following criteria: backing buffers of type ARC_BUFC_DATA,
         * residing in the arc_anon state, and are eligible for eviction
         * (e.g. have no outstanding holds on the buffer).
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_anon_evictable_data;
        /*
         * Number of bytes consumed by ARC buffers that meet the
         * following criteria: backing buffers of type ARC_BUFC_METADATA,
         * residing in the arc_anon state, and are eligible for eviction
         * (e.g. have no outstanding holds on the buffer).
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_anon_evictable_metadata;
        /*
         * Total number of bytes consumed by ARC buffers residing in the
         * arc_mru state. This includes *all* buffers in the arc_mru
         * state; e.g. data, metadata, evictable, and unevictable buffers
         * are all included in this value.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mru_size;
        /*
         * Number of bytes consumed by ARC buffers that meet the
         * following criteria: backing buffers of type ARC_BUFC_DATA,
         * residing in the arc_mru state, and are eligible for eviction
         * (e.g. have no outstanding holds on the buffer).
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mru_evictable_data;
        /*
         * Number of bytes consumed by ARC buffers that meet the
         * following criteria: backing buffers of type ARC_BUFC_METADATA,
         * residing in the arc_mru state, and are eligible for eviction
         * (e.g. have no outstanding holds on the buffer).
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mru_evictable_metadata;
        /*
         * Total number of bytes that *would have been* consumed by ARC
         * buffers in the arc_mru_ghost state. The key thing to note
         * here, is the fact that this size doesn't actually indicate
         * RAM consumption. The ghost lists only consist of headers and
         * don't actually have ARC buffers linked off of these headers.
         * Thus, *if* the headers had associated ARC buffers, these
         * buffers *would have* consumed this number of bytes.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mru_ghost_size;
        /*
         * Number of bytes that *would have been* consumed by ARC
         * buffers that are eligible for eviction, of type
         * ARC_BUFC_DATA, and linked off the arc_mru_ghost state.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mru_ghost_evictable_data;
        /*
         * Number of bytes that *would have been* consumed by ARC
         * buffers that are eligible for eviction, of type
         * ARC_BUFC_METADATA, and linked off the arc_mru_ghost state.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mru_ghost_evictable_metadata;
        /*
         * Total number of bytes consumed by ARC buffers residing in the
         * arc_mfu state. This includes *all* buffers in the arc_mfu
         * state; e.g. data, metadata, evictable, and unevictable buffers
         * are all included in this value.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mfu_size;
        /*
         * Number of bytes consumed by ARC buffers that are eligible for
         * eviction, of type ARC_BUFC_DATA, and reside in the arc_mfu
         * state.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mfu_evictable_data;
        /*
         * Number of bytes consumed by ARC buffers that are eligible for
         * eviction, of type ARC_BUFC_METADATA, and reside in the
         * arc_mfu state.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mfu_evictable_metadata;
        /*
         * Total number of bytes that *would have been* consumed by ARC
         * buffers in the arc_mfu_ghost state. See the comment above
         * arcstat_mru_ghost_size for more details.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mfu_ghost_size;
        /*
         * Number of bytes that *would have been* consumed by ARC
         * buffers that are eligible for eviction, of type
         * ARC_BUFC_DATA, and linked off the arc_mfu_ghost state.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mfu_ghost_evictable_data;
        /*
         * Number of bytes that *would have been* consumed by ARC
         * buffers that are eligible for eviction, of type
         * ARC_BUFC_METADATA, and linked off the arc_mru_ghost state.
         */
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mfu_ghost_evictable_metadata;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_misses;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_feeds;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_rw_clash;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_read_bytes;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_bytes;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_writes_sent;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_writes_done;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_writes_error;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_writes_lock_retry;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_evict_lock_retry;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_evict_reading;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_evict_l1cached;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_free_on_write;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_cdata_free_on_write;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_abort_lowmem;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_cksum_bad;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_io_error;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_size;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_asize;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_hdr_size;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_compress_successes;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_compress_zeros;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_compress_failures;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_trylock_fail;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_passed_headroom;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_spa_mismatch;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_in_l2;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_hdr_io_in_progress;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_not_cacheable;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_full;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_buffer_iter;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_pios;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_buffer_bytes_scanned;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_buffer_list_iter;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_l2_write_buffer_list_null_iter;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_memory_throttle_count;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_duplicate_buffers;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_duplicate_buffers_size;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_duplicate_reads;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_meta_used;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_meta_limit;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_meta_max;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_meta_min;
} arc_stats_t;

static arc_stats_t arc_stats = {
        { "hits",                       KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "misses",                     KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "demand_data_hits",           KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "demand_data_misses",         KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "demand_metadata_hits",       KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "demand_metadata_misses",     KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "prefetch_data_hits",         KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "prefetch_data_misses",       KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "prefetch_metadata_hits",     KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "prefetch_metadata_misses",   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mru_hits",                   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mru_ghost_hits",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mfu_hits",                   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mfu_ghost_hits",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "allocated",                  KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "deleted",                    KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mutex_miss",                 KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "evict_skip",                 KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "evict_not_enough",           KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "evict_l2_cached",            KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "evict_l2_eligible",          KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "evict_l2_ineligible",        KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "evict_l2_skip",              KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "hash_elements",              KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "hash_elements_max",          KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "hash_collisions",            KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "hash_chains",                KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "hash_chain_max",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "p",                          KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "c",                          KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "c_min",                      KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "c_max",                      KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "size",                       KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "hdr_size",                   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "data_size",                  KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "metadata_size",              KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "other_size",                 KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "anon_size",                  KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "anon_evictable_data",        KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "anon_evictable_metadata",    KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mru_size",                   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mru_evictable_data",         KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mru_evictable_metadata",     KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mru_ghost_size",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mru_ghost_evictable_data",   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mru_ghost_evictable_metadata", KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mfu_size",                   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mfu_evictable_data",         KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mfu_evictable_metadata",     KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mfu_ghost_size",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mfu_ghost_evictable_data",   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mfu_ghost_evictable_metadata", KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_hits",                    KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_misses",                  KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_feeds",                   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_rw_clash",                KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_read_bytes",              KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_bytes",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_writes_sent",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_writes_done",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_writes_error",            KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_writes_lock_retry",       KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_evict_lock_retry",        KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_evict_reading",           KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_evict_l1cached",          KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_free_on_write",           KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_cdata_free_on_write",     KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_abort_lowmem",            KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_cksum_bad",               KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_io_error",                KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_size",                    KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_asize",                   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_hdr_size",                KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_compress_successes",      KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_compress_zeros",          KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_compress_failures",       KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_trylock_fail",      KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_passed_headroom",   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_spa_mismatch",      KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_in_l2",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_io_in_progress",    KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_not_cacheable",     KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_full",              KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_buffer_iter",       KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_pios",              KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_buffer_bytes_scanned", KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_buffer_list_iter",  KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "l2_write_buffer_list_null_iter", KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "memory_throttle_count",      KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "duplicate_buffers",          KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "duplicate_buffers_size",     KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "duplicate_reads",            KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "arc_meta_used",              KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "arc_meta_limit",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "arc_meta_max",               KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "arc_meta_min",               KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 }
};

#define ARCSTAT(stat)   (arc_stats.stat.value.ui64)

#define ARCSTAT_INCR(stat, val) \
        atomic_add_64(&arc_stats.stat.value.ui64, (val))

#define ARCSTAT_BUMP(stat)      ARCSTAT_INCR(stat, 1)
#define ARCSTAT_BUMPDOWN(stat)  ARCSTAT_INCR(stat, -1)

#define ARCSTAT_MAX(stat, val) {                                        \
        uint64_t m;                                                     \
        while ((val) > (m = arc_stats.stat.value.ui64) &&               \
            (m != atomic_cas_64(&arc_stats.stat.value.ui64, m, (val)))) \
                continue;                                               \
}

#define ARCSTAT_MAXSTAT(stat) \
        ARCSTAT_MAX(stat##_max, arc_stats.stat.value.ui64)

/*
 * We define a macro to allow ARC hits/misses to be easily broken down by
 * two separate conditions, giving a total of four different subtypes for
 * each of hits and misses (so eight statistics total).
 */
#define ARCSTAT_CONDSTAT(cond1, stat1, notstat1, cond2, stat2, notstat2, stat) \
        if (cond1) {                                                    \
                if (cond2) {                                            \
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_##stat1##_##stat2##_##stat); \
                } else {                                                \
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_##stat1##_##notstat2##_##stat); \
                }                                                       \
        } else {                                                        \
                if (cond2) {                                            \
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_##notstat1##_##stat2##_##stat); \
                } else {                                                \
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_##notstat1##_##notstat2##_##stat);\
                }                                                       \
        }

kstat_t                 *arc_ksp;
static arc_state_t      *arc_anon;
static arc_state_t      *arc_mru;
static arc_state_t      *arc_mru_ghost;
static arc_state_t      *arc_mfu;
static arc_state_t      *arc_mfu_ghost;
static arc_state_t      *arc_l2c_only;

/*
 * There are several ARC variables that are critical to export as kstats --
 * but we don't want to have to grovel around in the kstat whenever we wish to
 * manipulate them.  For these variables, we therefore define them to be in
 * terms of the statistic variable.  This assures that we are not introducing
 * the possibility of inconsistency by having shadow copies of the variables,
 * while still allowing the code to be readable.
 */
#define arc_size        ARCSTAT(arcstat_size)   /* actual total arc size */
#define arc_p           ARCSTAT(arcstat_p)      /* target size of MRU */
#define arc_c           ARCSTAT(arcstat_c)      /* target size of cache */
#define arc_c_min       ARCSTAT(arcstat_c_min)  /* min target cache size */
#define arc_c_max       ARCSTAT(arcstat_c_max)  /* max target cache size */
#define arc_meta_limit  ARCSTAT(arcstat_meta_limit) /* max size for metadata */
#define arc_meta_min    ARCSTAT(arcstat_meta_min) /* min size for metadata */
#define arc_meta_used   ARCSTAT(arcstat_meta_used) /* size of metadata */
#define arc_meta_max    ARCSTAT(arcstat_meta_max) /* max size of metadata */

#define L2ARC_IS_VALID_COMPRESS(_c_) \
        ((_c_) == ZIO_COMPRESS_LZ4 || (_c_) == ZIO_COMPRESS_EMPTY)

static int              arc_no_grow;    /* Don't try to grow cache size */
static uint64_t         arc_tempreserve;
static uint64_t         arc_loaned_bytes;

typedef struct arc_callback arc_callback_t;

struct arc_callback {
        void                    *acb_private;
        arc_done_func_t         *acb_done;
        arc_buf_t               *acb_buf;
        zio_t                   *acb_zio_dummy;
        arc_callback_t          *acb_next;
};

typedef struct arc_write_callback arc_write_callback_t;

struct arc_write_callback {
        void            *awcb_private;
        arc_done_func_t *awcb_ready;
        arc_done_func_t *awcb_physdone;
        arc_done_func_t *awcb_done;
        arc_buf_t       *awcb_buf;
};

/*
 * ARC buffers are separated into multiple structs as a memory saving measure:
 *   - Common fields struct, always defined, and embedded within it:
 *       - L2-only fields, always allocated but undefined when not in L2ARC
 *       - L1-only fields, only allocated when in L1ARC
 *
 *           Buffer in L1                     Buffer only in L2
 *    +------------------------+          +------------------------+
 *    | arc_buf_hdr_t          |          | arc_buf_hdr_t          |
 *    |                        |          |                        |
 *    |                        |          |                        |
 *    |                        |          |                        |
 *    +------------------------+          +------------------------+
 *    | l2arc_buf_hdr_t        |          | l2arc_buf_hdr_t        |
 *    | (undefined if L1-only) |          |                        |
 *    +------------------------+          +------------------------+
 *    | l1arc_buf_hdr_t        |
 *    |                        |
 *    |                        |
 *    |                        |
 *    |                        |
 *    +------------------------+
 *
 * Because it's possible for the L2ARC to become extremely large, we can wind
 * up eating a lot of memory in L2ARC buffer headers, so the size of a header
 * is minimized by only allocating the fields necessary for an L1-cached buffer
 * when a header is actually in the L1 cache. The sub-headers (l1arc_buf_hdr and
 * l2arc_buf_hdr) are embedded rather than allocated separately to save a couple
 * words in pointers. arc_hdr_realloc() is used to switch a header between
 * these two allocation states.
 */
typedef struct l1arc_buf_hdr {
        kmutex_t                b_freeze_lock;
#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
        /*
         * used for debugging wtih kmem_flags - by allocating and freeing
         * b_thawed when the buffer is thawed, we get a record of the stack
         * trace that thawed it.
         */
        void                    *b_thawed;
#endif

        arc_buf_t               *b_buf;
        uint32_t                b_datacnt;
        /* for waiting on writes to complete */
        kcondvar_t              b_cv;

        /* protected by arc state mutex */
        arc_state_t             *b_state;
        multilist_node_t        b_arc_node;

        /* updated atomically */
        clock_t                 b_arc_access;

        /* self protecting */
        refcount_t              b_refcnt;

        arc_callback_t          *b_acb;
        /* temporary buffer holder for in-flight compressed data */
        void                    *b_tmp_cdata;
} l1arc_buf_hdr_t;

typedef struct l2arc_dev l2arc_dev_t;

typedef struct l2arc_buf_hdr {
        /* protected by arc_buf_hdr mutex */
        l2arc_dev_t             *b_dev;         /* L2ARC device */
        uint64_t                b_daddr;        /* disk address, offset byte */
        /* real alloc'd buffer size depending on b_compress applied */
        int32_t                 b_asize;

        list_node_t             b_l2node;
} l2arc_buf_hdr_t;

struct arc_buf_hdr {
        /* protected by hash lock */
        dva_t                   b_dva;
        uint64_t                b_birth;
        /*
         * Even though this checksum is only set/verified when a buffer is in
         * the L1 cache, it needs to be in the set of common fields because it
         * must be preserved from the time before a buffer is written out to
         * L2ARC until after it is read back in.
         */
        zio_cksum_t             *b_freeze_cksum;

        arc_buf_hdr_t           *b_hash_next;
        arc_flags_t             b_flags;

        /* immutable */
        int32_t                 b_size;
        uint64_t                b_spa;

        /* L2ARC fields. Undefined when not in L2ARC. */
        l2arc_buf_hdr_t         b_l2hdr;
        /* L1ARC fields. Undefined when in l2arc_only state */
        l1arc_buf_hdr_t         b_l1hdr;
};

#ifdef _KERNEL
static int
sysctl_vfs_zfs_arc_meta_limit(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        uint64_t val;
        int err;

        val = arc_meta_limit;
        err = sysctl_handle_64(oidp, &val, 0, req);
        if (err != 0 || req->newptr == NULL)
                return (err);

        if (val <= 0 || val > arc_c_max)
                return (EINVAL);

        arc_meta_limit = val;
        return (0);
}
#endif

static arc_buf_t *arc_eviction_list;
static arc_buf_hdr_t arc_eviction_hdr;

#define GHOST_STATE(state)      \
        ((state) == arc_mru_ghost || (state) == arc_mfu_ghost ||        \
        (state) == arc_l2c_only)

#define HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr)  ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_IN_HASH_TABLE)
#define HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr) ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
#define HDR_IO_ERROR(hdr)       ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_IO_ERROR)
#define HDR_PREFETCH(hdr)       ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_PREFETCH)
#define HDR_FREED_IN_READ(hdr)  ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_FREED_IN_READ)
#define HDR_BUF_AVAILABLE(hdr)  ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_BUF_AVAILABLE)

#define HDR_L2CACHE(hdr)        ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_L2CACHE)
#define HDR_L2COMPRESS(hdr)     ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_L2COMPRESS)
#define HDR_L2_READING(hdr)     \
            (((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_IO_IN_PROGRESS) &&      \
            ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_HAS_L2HDR))
#define HDR_L2_WRITING(hdr)     ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_L2_WRITING)
#define HDR_L2_EVICTED(hdr)     ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_L2_EVICTED)
#define HDR_L2_WRITE_HEAD(hdr)  ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_L2_WRITE_HEAD)

#define HDR_ISTYPE_METADATA(hdr)        \
            ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_BUFC_METADATA)
#define HDR_ISTYPE_DATA(hdr)    (!HDR_ISTYPE_METADATA(hdr))

#define HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr)      ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_HAS_L1HDR)
#define HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr)      ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FLAG_HAS_L2HDR)

/* For storing compression mode in b_flags */
#define HDR_COMPRESS_OFFSET     24
#define HDR_COMPRESS_NBITS      7

#define HDR_GET_COMPRESS(hdr)   ((enum zio_compress)BF32_GET(hdr->b_flags, \
            HDR_COMPRESS_OFFSET, HDR_COMPRESS_NBITS))
#define HDR_SET_COMPRESS(hdr, cmp) BF32_SET(hdr->b_flags, \
            HDR_COMPRESS_OFFSET, HDR_COMPRESS_NBITS, (cmp))

/*
 * Other sizes
 */

#define HDR_FULL_SIZE ((int64_t)sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t))
#define HDR_L2ONLY_SIZE ((int64_t)offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_l1hdr))

/*
 * Hash table routines
 */

#define HT_LOCK_PAD     CACHE_LINE_SIZE

struct ht_lock {
        kmutex_t        ht_lock;
#ifdef _KERNEL
        unsigned char   pad[(HT_LOCK_PAD - sizeof (kmutex_t))];
#endif
};

#define BUF_LOCKS 256
typedef struct buf_hash_table {
        uint64_t ht_mask;
        arc_buf_hdr_t **ht_table;
        struct ht_lock ht_locks[BUF_LOCKS] __aligned(CACHE_LINE_SIZE);
} buf_hash_table_t;

static buf_hash_table_t buf_hash_table;

#define BUF_HASH_INDEX(spa, dva, birth) \
        (buf_hash(spa, dva, birth) & buf_hash_table.ht_mask)
#define BUF_HASH_LOCK_NTRY(idx) (buf_hash_table.ht_locks[idx & (BUF_LOCKS-1)])
#define BUF_HASH_LOCK(idx)      (&(BUF_HASH_LOCK_NTRY(idx).ht_lock))
#define HDR_LOCK(hdr) \
        (BUF_HASH_LOCK(BUF_HASH_INDEX(hdr->b_spa, &hdr->b_dva, hdr->b_birth)))

uint64_t zfs_crc64_table[256];

/*
 * Level 2 ARC
 */

#define L2ARC_WRITE_SIZE        (8 * 1024 * 1024)       /* initial write max */
#define L2ARC_HEADROOM          2                       /* num of writes */
/*
 * If we discover during ARC scan any buffers to be compressed, we boost
 * our headroom for the next scanning cycle by this percentage multiple.
 */
#define L2ARC_HEADROOM_BOOST    200
#define L2ARC_FEED_SECS         1               /* caching interval secs */
#define L2ARC_FEED_MIN_MS       200             /* min caching interval ms */

/*
 * Used to distinguish headers that are being process by
 * l2arc_write_buffers(), but have yet to be assigned to a l2arc disk
 * address. This can happen when the header is added to the l2arc's list
 * of buffers to write in the first stage of l2arc_write_buffers(), but
 * has not yet been written out which happens in the second stage of
 * l2arc_write_buffers().
 */
#define L2ARC_ADDR_UNSET        ((uint64_t)(-1))

#define l2arc_writes_sent       ARCSTAT(arcstat_l2_writes_sent)
#define l2arc_writes_done       ARCSTAT(arcstat_l2_writes_done)

/* L2ARC Performance Tunables */
uint64_t l2arc_write_max = L2ARC_WRITE_SIZE;    /* default max write size */
uint64_t l2arc_write_boost = L2ARC_WRITE_SIZE;  /* extra write during warmup */
uint64_t l2arc_headroom = L2ARC_HEADROOM;       /* number of dev writes */
uint64_t l2arc_headroom_boost = L2ARC_HEADROOM_BOOST;
uint64_t l2arc_feed_secs = L2ARC_FEED_SECS;     /* interval seconds */
uint64_t l2arc_feed_min_ms = L2ARC_FEED_MIN_MS; /* min interval milliseconds */
boolean_t l2arc_noprefetch = B_TRUE;            /* don't cache prefetch bufs */
boolean_t l2arc_feed_again = B_TRUE;            /* turbo warmup */
boolean_t l2arc_norw = B_TRUE;                  /* no reads during writes */

SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, l2arc_write_max, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &l2arc_write_max, 0, "max write size");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, l2arc_write_boost, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &l2arc_write_boost, 0, "extra write during warmup");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, l2arc_headroom, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &l2arc_headroom, 0, "number of dev writes");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, l2arc_feed_secs, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &l2arc_feed_secs, 0, "interval seconds");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, l2arc_feed_min_ms, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &l2arc_feed_min_ms, 0, "min interval milliseconds");

SYSCTL_INT(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, l2arc_noprefetch, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &l2arc_noprefetch, 0, "don't cache prefetch bufs");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, l2arc_feed_again, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &l2arc_feed_again, 0, "turbo warmup");
SYSCTL_INT(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, l2arc_norw, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &l2arc_norw, 0, "no reads during writes");

SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, anon_size, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_anon.arcs_size.rc_count, 0, "size of anonymous state");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, anon_metadata_lsize, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_anon.arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_METADATA], 0, "size of anonymous state");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, anon_data_lsize, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_anon.arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_DATA], 0, "size of anonymous state");

SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, mru_size, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_mru.arcs_size.rc_count, 0, "size of mru state");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, mru_metadata_lsize, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_mru.arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_METADATA], 0, "size of metadata in mru state");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, mru_data_lsize, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_mru.arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_DATA], 0, "size of data in mru state");

SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, mru_ghost_size, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_mru_ghost.arcs_size.rc_count, 0, "size of mru ghost state");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, mru_ghost_metadata_lsize, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_mru_ghost.arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_METADATA], 0,
    "size of metadata in mru ghost state");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, mru_ghost_data_lsize, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_mru_ghost.arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_DATA], 0,
    "size of data in mru ghost state");

SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, mfu_size, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_mfu.arcs_size.rc_count, 0, "size of mfu state");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, mfu_metadata_lsize, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_mfu.arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_METADATA], 0, "size of metadata in mfu state");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, mfu_data_lsize, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_mfu.arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_DATA], 0, "size of data in mfu state");

SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, mfu_ghost_size, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_mfu_ghost.arcs_size.rc_count, 0, "size of mfu ghost state");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, mfu_ghost_metadata_lsize, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_mfu_ghost.arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_METADATA], 0,
    "size of metadata in mfu ghost state");
SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, mfu_ghost_data_lsize, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_mfu_ghost.arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_DATA], 0,
    "size of data in mfu ghost state");

SYSCTL_UQUAD(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, l2c_only_size, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &ARC_l2c_only.arcs_size.rc_count, 0, "size of mru state");

/*
 * L2ARC Internals
 */
struct l2arc_dev {
        vdev_t                  *l2ad_vdev;     /* vdev */
        spa_t                   *l2ad_spa;      /* spa */
        uint64_t                l2ad_hand;      /* next write location */
        uint64_t                l2ad_start;     /* first addr on device */
        uint64_t                l2ad_end;       /* last addr on device */
        boolean_t               l2ad_first;     /* first sweep through */
        boolean_t               l2ad_writing;   /* currently writing */
        kmutex_t                l2ad_mtx;       /* lock for buffer list */
        list_t                  l2ad_buflist;   /* buffer list */
        list_node_t             l2ad_node;      /* device list node */
        refcount_t              l2ad_alloc;     /* allocated bytes */
};

static list_t L2ARC_dev_list;                   /* device list */
static list_t *l2arc_dev_list;                  /* device list pointer */
static kmutex_t l2arc_dev_mtx;                  /* device list mutex */
static l2arc_dev_t *l2arc_dev_last;             /* last device used */
static list_t L2ARC_free_on_write;              /* free after write buf list */
static list_t *l2arc_free_on_write;             /* free after write list ptr */
static kmutex_t l2arc_free_on_write_mtx;        /* mutex for list */
static uint64_t l2arc_ndev;                     /* number of devices */

typedef struct l2arc_read_callback {
        arc_buf_t               *l2rcb_buf;             /* read buffer */
        spa_t                   *l2rcb_spa;             /* spa */
        blkptr_t                l2rcb_bp;               /* original blkptr */
        zbookmark_phys_t        l2rcb_zb;               /* original bookmark */
        int                     l2rcb_flags;            /* original flags */
        enum zio_compress       l2rcb_compress;         /* applied compress */
} l2arc_read_callback_t;

typedef struct l2arc_write_callback {
        l2arc_dev_t     *l2wcb_dev;             /* device info */
        arc_buf_hdr_t   *l2wcb_head;            /* head of write buflist */
} l2arc_write_callback_t;

typedef struct l2arc_data_free {
        /* protected by l2arc_free_on_write_mtx */
        void            *l2df_data;
        size_t          l2df_size;
        void            (*l2df_func)(void *, size_t);
        list_node_t     l2df_list_node;
} l2arc_data_free_t;

static kmutex_t l2arc_feed_thr_lock;
static kcondvar_t l2arc_feed_thr_cv;
static uint8_t l2arc_thread_exit;

static void arc_get_data_buf(arc_buf_t *);
static void arc_access(arc_buf_hdr_t *, kmutex_t *);
static boolean_t arc_is_overflowing();
static void arc_buf_watch(arc_buf_t *);

static arc_buf_contents_t arc_buf_type(arc_buf_hdr_t *);
static uint32_t arc_bufc_to_flags(arc_buf_contents_t);

static boolean_t l2arc_write_eligible(uint64_t, arc_buf_hdr_t *);
static void l2arc_read_done(zio_t *);

static boolean_t l2arc_compress_buf(arc_buf_hdr_t *);
static void l2arc_decompress_zio(zio_t *, arc_buf_hdr_t *, enum zio_compress);
static void l2arc_release_cdata_buf(arc_buf_hdr_t *);

static uint64_t
buf_hash(uint64_t spa, const dva_t *dva, uint64_t birth)
{
        uint8_t *vdva = (uint8_t *)dva;
        uint64_t crc = -1ULL;
        int i;

        ASSERT(zfs_crc64_table[128] == ZFS_CRC64_POLY);

        for (i = 0; i < sizeof (dva_t); i++)
                crc = (crc >> 8) ^ zfs_crc64_table[(crc ^ vdva[i]) & 0xFF];

        crc ^= (spa>>8) ^ birth;

        return (crc);
}

#define BUF_EMPTY(buf)                                          \
        ((buf)->b_dva.dva_word[0] == 0 &&                       \
        (buf)->b_dva.dva_word[1] == 0)

#define BUF_EQUAL(spa, dva, birth, buf)                         \
        ((buf)->b_dva.dva_word[0] == (dva)->dva_word[0]) &&     \
        ((buf)->b_dva.dva_word[1] == (dva)->dva_word[1]) &&     \
        ((buf)->b_birth == birth) && ((buf)->b_spa == spa)

static void
buf_discard_identity(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        hdr->b_dva.dva_word[0] = 0;
        hdr->b_dva.dva_word[1] = 0;
        hdr->b_birth = 0;
}

static arc_buf_hdr_t *
buf_hash_find(uint64_t spa, const blkptr_t *bp, kmutex_t **lockp)
{
        const dva_t *dva = BP_IDENTITY(bp);
        uint64_t birth = BP_PHYSICAL_BIRTH(bp);
        uint64_t idx = BUF_HASH_INDEX(spa, dva, birth);
        kmutex_t *hash_lock = BUF_HASH_LOCK(idx);
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;

        mutex_enter(hash_lock);
        for (hdr = buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx]; hdr != NULL;
            hdr = hdr->b_hash_next) {
                if (BUF_EQUAL(spa, dva, birth, hdr)) {
                        *lockp = hash_lock;
                        return (hdr);
                }
        }
        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        *lockp = NULL;
        return (NULL);
}

/*
 * Insert an entry into the hash table.  If there is already an element
 * equal to elem in the hash table, then the already existing element
 * will be returned and the new element will not be inserted.
 * Otherwise returns NULL.
 * If lockp == NULL, the caller is assumed to already hold the hash lock.
 */
static arc_buf_hdr_t *
buf_hash_insert(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr, kmutex_t **lockp)
{
        uint64_t idx = BUF_HASH_INDEX(hdr->b_spa, &hdr->b_dva, hdr->b_birth);
        kmutex_t *hash_lock = BUF_HASH_LOCK(idx);
        arc_buf_hdr_t *fhdr;
        uint32_t i;

        ASSERT(!DVA_IS_EMPTY(&hdr->b_dva));
        ASSERT(hdr->b_birth != 0);
        ASSERT(!HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr));

        if (lockp != NULL) {
                *lockp = hash_lock;
                mutex_enter(hash_lock);
        } else {
                ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(hash_lock));
        }

        for (fhdr = buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx], i = 0; fhdr != NULL;
            fhdr = fhdr->b_hash_next, i++) {
                if (BUF_EQUAL(hdr->b_spa, &hdr->b_dva, hdr->b_birth, fhdr))
                        return (fhdr);
        }

        hdr->b_hash_next = buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx];
        buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx] = hdr;
        hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_IN_HASH_TABLE;

        /* collect some hash table performance data */
        if (i > 0) {
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_hash_collisions);
                if (i == 1)
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_hash_chains);

                ARCSTAT_MAX(arcstat_hash_chain_max, i);
        }

        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_hash_elements);
        ARCSTAT_MAXSTAT(arcstat_hash_elements);

        return (NULL);
}

static void
buf_hash_remove(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *fhdr, **hdrp;
        uint64_t idx = BUF_HASH_INDEX(hdr->b_spa, &hdr->b_dva, hdr->b_birth);

        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(BUF_HASH_LOCK(idx)));
        ASSERT(HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr));

        hdrp = &buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx];
        while ((fhdr = *hdrp) != hdr) {
                ASSERT(fhdr != NULL);
                hdrp = &fhdr->b_hash_next;
        }
        *hdrp = hdr->b_hash_next;
        hdr->b_hash_next = NULL;
        hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_IN_HASH_TABLE;

        /* collect some hash table performance data */
        ARCSTAT_BUMPDOWN(arcstat_hash_elements);

        if (buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx] &&
            buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx]->b_hash_next == NULL)
                ARCSTAT_BUMPDOWN(arcstat_hash_chains);
}

/*
 * Global data structures and functions for the buf kmem cache.
 */
static kmem_cache_t *hdr_full_cache;
static kmem_cache_t *hdr_l2only_cache;
static kmem_cache_t *buf_cache;

static void
buf_fini(void)
{
        int i;

        kmem_free(buf_hash_table.ht_table,
            (buf_hash_table.ht_mask + 1) * sizeof (void *));
        for (i = 0; i < BUF_LOCKS; i++)
                mutex_destroy(&buf_hash_table.ht_locks[i].ht_lock);
        kmem_cache_destroy(hdr_full_cache);
        kmem_cache_destroy(hdr_l2only_cache);
        kmem_cache_destroy(buf_cache);
}

/*
 * Constructor callback - called when the cache is empty
 * and a new buf is requested.
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
static int
hdr_full_cons(void *vbuf, void *unused, int kmflag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = vbuf;

        bzero(hdr, HDR_FULL_SIZE);
        cv_init(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);
        refcount_create(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt);
        mutex_init(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        multilist_link_init(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_node);
        arc_space_consume(HDR_FULL_SIZE, ARC_SPACE_HDRS);

        return (0);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
static int
hdr_l2only_cons(void *vbuf, void *unused, int kmflag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = vbuf;

        bzero(hdr, HDR_L2ONLY_SIZE);
        arc_space_consume(HDR_L2ONLY_SIZE, ARC_SPACE_L2HDRS);

        return (0);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
static int
buf_cons(void *vbuf, void *unused, int kmflag)
{
        arc_buf_t *buf = vbuf;

        bzero(buf, sizeof (arc_buf_t));
        mutex_init(&buf->b_evict_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        arc_space_consume(sizeof (arc_buf_t), ARC_SPACE_HDRS);

        return (0);
}

/*
 * Destructor callback - called when a cached buf is
 * no longer required.
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
static void
hdr_full_dest(void *vbuf, void *unused)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = vbuf;

        ASSERT(BUF_EMPTY(hdr));
        cv_destroy(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_cv);
        refcount_destroy(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt);
        mutex_destroy(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);
        ASSERT(!multilist_link_active(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_node));
        arc_space_return(HDR_FULL_SIZE, ARC_SPACE_HDRS);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
static void
hdr_l2only_dest(void *vbuf, void *unused)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = vbuf;

        ASSERT(BUF_EMPTY(hdr));
        arc_space_return(HDR_L2ONLY_SIZE, ARC_SPACE_L2HDRS);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
static void
buf_dest(void *vbuf, void *unused)
{
        arc_buf_t *buf = vbuf;

        mutex_destroy(&buf->b_evict_lock);
        arc_space_return(sizeof (arc_buf_t), ARC_SPACE_HDRS);
}

/*
 * Reclaim callback -- invoked when memory is low.
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
static void
hdr_recl(void *unused)
{
        dprintf("hdr_recl called\n");
        /*
         * umem calls the reclaim func when we destroy the buf cache,
         * which is after we do arc_fini().
         */
        if (!arc_dead)
                cv_signal(&arc_reclaim_thread_cv);
}

static void
buf_init(void)
{
        uint64_t *ct;
        uint64_t hsize = 1ULL << 12;
        int i, j;

        /*
         * The hash table is big enough to fill all of physical memory
         * with an average block size of zfs_arc_average_blocksize (default 8K).
         * By default, the table will take up
         * totalmem * sizeof(void*) / 8K (1MB per GB with 8-byte pointers).
         */
        while (hsize * zfs_arc_average_blocksize < (uint64_t)physmem * PAGESIZE)
                hsize <<= 1;
retry:
        buf_hash_table.ht_mask = hsize - 1;
        buf_hash_table.ht_table =
            kmem_zalloc(hsize * sizeof (void*), KM_NOSLEEP);
        if (buf_hash_table.ht_table == NULL) {
                ASSERT(hsize > (1ULL << 8));
                hsize >>= 1;
                goto retry;
        }

        hdr_full_cache = kmem_cache_create("arc_buf_hdr_t_full", HDR_FULL_SIZE,
            0, hdr_full_cons, hdr_full_dest, hdr_recl, NULL, NULL, 0);
        hdr_l2only_cache = kmem_cache_create("arc_buf_hdr_t_l2only",
            HDR_L2ONLY_SIZE, 0, hdr_l2only_cons, hdr_l2only_dest, hdr_recl,
            NULL, NULL, 0);
        buf_cache = kmem_cache_create("arc_buf_t", sizeof (arc_buf_t),
            0, buf_cons, buf_dest, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);

        for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
                for (ct = zfs_crc64_table + i, *ct = i, j = 8; j > 0; j--)
                        *ct = (*ct >> 1) ^ (-(*ct & 1) & ZFS_CRC64_POLY);

        for (i = 0; i < BUF_LOCKS; i++) {
                mutex_init(&buf_hash_table.ht_locks[i].ht_lock,
                    NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        }
}

/*
 * Transition between the two allocation states for the arc_buf_hdr struct.
 * The arc_buf_hdr struct can be allocated with (hdr_full_cache) or without
 * (hdr_l2only_cache) the fields necessary for the L1 cache - the smaller
 * version is used when a cache buffer is only in the L2ARC in order to reduce
 * memory usage.
 */
static arc_buf_hdr_t *
arc_hdr_realloc(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr, kmem_cache_t *old, kmem_cache_t *new)
{
        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr));

        arc_buf_hdr_t *nhdr;
        l2arc_dev_t *dev = hdr->b_l2hdr.b_dev;

        ASSERT((old == hdr_full_cache && new == hdr_l2only_cache) ||
            (old == hdr_l2only_cache && new == hdr_full_cache));

        nhdr = kmem_cache_alloc(new, KM_PUSHPAGE);

        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(HDR_LOCK(hdr)));
        buf_hash_remove(hdr);

        bcopy(hdr, nhdr, HDR_L2ONLY_SIZE);

        if (new == hdr_full_cache) {
                nhdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_HAS_L1HDR;
                /*
                 * arc_access and arc_change_state need to be aware that a
                 * header has just come out of L2ARC, so we set its state to
                 * l2c_only even though it's about to change.
                 */
                nhdr->b_l1hdr.b_state = arc_l2c_only;

                /* Verify previous threads set to NULL before freeing */
                ASSERT3P(nhdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata, ==, NULL);
        } else {
                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf == NULL);
                ASSERT0(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt);

                /*
                 * If we've reached here, We must have been called from
                 * arc_evict_hdr(), as such we should have already been
                 * removed from any ghost list we were previously on
                 * (which protects us from racing with arc_evict_state),
                 * thus no locking is needed during this check.
                 */
                ASSERT(!multilist_link_active(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_node));

                /*
                 * A buffer must not be moved into the arc_l2c_only
                 * state if it's not finished being written out to the
                 * l2arc device. Otherwise, the b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata field
                 * might try to be accessed, even though it was removed.
                 */
                VERIFY(!HDR_L2_WRITING(hdr));
                VERIFY3P(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata, ==, NULL);

                nhdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_HAS_L1HDR;
        }
        /*
         * The header has been reallocated so we need to re-insert it into any
         * lists it was on.
         */
        (void) buf_hash_insert(nhdr, NULL);

        ASSERT(list_link_active(&hdr->b_l2hdr.b_l2node));

        mutex_enter(&dev->l2ad_mtx);

        /*
         * We must place the realloc'ed header back into the list at
         * the same spot. Otherwise, if it's placed earlier in the list,
         * l2arc_write_buffers() could find it during the function's
         * write phase, and try to write it out to the l2arc.
         */
        list_insert_after(&dev->l2ad_buflist, hdr, nhdr);
        list_remove(&dev->l2ad_buflist, hdr);

        mutex_exit(&dev->l2ad_mtx);

        /*
         * Since we're using the pointer address as the tag when
         * incrementing and decrementing the l2ad_alloc refcount, we
         * must remove the old pointer (that we're about to destroy) and
         * add the new pointer to the refcount. Otherwise we'd remove
         * the wrong pointer address when calling arc_hdr_destroy() later.
         */

        (void) refcount_remove_many(&dev->l2ad_alloc,
            hdr->b_l2hdr.b_asize, hdr);

        (void) refcount_add_many(&dev->l2ad_alloc,
            nhdr->b_l2hdr.b_asize, nhdr);

        buf_discard_identity(hdr);
        hdr->b_freeze_cksum = NULL;
        kmem_cache_free(old, hdr);

        return (nhdr);
}


#define ARC_MINTIME     (hz>>4) /* 62 ms */

static void
arc_cksum_verify(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        zio_cksum_t zc;

        if (!(zfs_flags & ZFS_DEBUG_MODIFY))
                return;

        mutex_enter(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);
        if (buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum == NULL || HDR_IO_ERROR(buf->b_hdr)) {
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);
                return;
        }
        fletcher_2_native(buf->b_data, buf->b_hdr->b_size, &zc);
        if (!ZIO_CHECKSUM_EQUAL(*buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum, zc))
                panic("buffer modified while frozen!");
        mutex_exit(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);
}

static int
arc_cksum_equal(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        zio_cksum_t zc;
        int equal;

        mutex_enter(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);
        fletcher_2_native(buf->b_data, buf->b_hdr->b_size, &zc);
        equal = ZIO_CHECKSUM_EQUAL(*buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum, zc);
        mutex_exit(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);

        return (equal);
}

static void
arc_cksum_compute(arc_buf_t *buf, boolean_t force)
{
        if (!force && !(zfs_flags & ZFS_DEBUG_MODIFY))
                return;

        mutex_enter(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);
        if (buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum != NULL) {
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);
                return;
        }
        buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum = kmem_alloc(sizeof (zio_cksum_t), KM_SLEEP);
        fletcher_2_native(buf->b_data, buf->b_hdr->b_size,
            buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum);
        mutex_exit(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);
#ifdef illumos
        arc_buf_watch(buf);
#endif /* illumos */
}

#ifdef illumos
#ifndef _KERNEL
typedef struct procctl {
        long cmd;
        prwatch_t prwatch;
} procctl_t;
#endif

/* ARGSUSED */
static void
arc_buf_unwatch(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
#ifndef _KERNEL
        if (arc_watch) {
                int result;
                procctl_t ctl;
                ctl.cmd = PCWATCH;
                ctl.prwatch.pr_vaddr = (uintptr_t)buf->b_data;
                ctl.prwatch.pr_size = 0;
                ctl.prwatch.pr_wflags = 0;
                result = write(arc_procfd, &ctl, sizeof (ctl));
                ASSERT3U(result, ==, sizeof (ctl));
        }
#endif
}

/* ARGSUSED */
static void
arc_buf_watch(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
#ifndef _KERNEL
        if (arc_watch) {
                int result;
                procctl_t ctl;
                ctl.cmd = PCWATCH;
                ctl.prwatch.pr_vaddr = (uintptr_t)buf->b_data;
                ctl.prwatch.pr_size = buf->b_hdr->b_size;
                ctl.prwatch.pr_wflags = WA_WRITE;
                result = write(arc_procfd, &ctl, sizeof (ctl));
                ASSERT3U(result, ==, sizeof (ctl));
        }
#endif
}
#endif /* illumos */

static arc_buf_contents_t
arc_buf_type(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        if (HDR_ISTYPE_METADATA(hdr)) {
                return (ARC_BUFC_METADATA);
        } else {
                return (ARC_BUFC_DATA);
        }
}

static uint32_t
arc_bufc_to_flags(arc_buf_contents_t type)
{
        switch (type) {
        case ARC_BUFC_DATA:
                /* metadata field is 0 if buffer contains normal data */
                return (0);
        case ARC_BUFC_METADATA:
                return (ARC_FLAG_BUFC_METADATA);
        default:
                break;
        }
        panic("undefined ARC buffer type!");
        return ((uint32_t)-1);
}

void
arc_buf_thaw(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        if (zfs_flags & ZFS_DEBUG_MODIFY) {
                if (buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state != arc_anon)
                        panic("modifying non-anon buffer!");
                if (HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(buf->b_hdr))
                        panic("modifying buffer while i/o in progress!");
                arc_cksum_verify(buf);
        }

        mutex_enter(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);
        if (buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum != NULL) {
                kmem_free(buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum, sizeof (zio_cksum_t));
                buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum = NULL;
        }

#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
        if (zfs_flags & ZFS_DEBUG_MODIFY) {
                if (buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_thawed != NULL)
                        kmem_free(buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_thawed, 1);
                buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_thawed = kmem_alloc(1, KM_SLEEP);
        }
#endif

        mutex_exit(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);

#ifdef illumos
        arc_buf_unwatch(buf);
#endif /* illumos */
}

void
arc_buf_freeze(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;

        if (!(zfs_flags & ZFS_DEBUG_MODIFY))
                return;

        hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(buf->b_hdr);
        mutex_enter(hash_lock);

        ASSERT(buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum != NULL ||
            buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_anon);
        arc_cksum_compute(buf, B_FALSE);
        mutex_exit(hash_lock);

}

static void
add_reference(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr, kmutex_t *hash_lock, void *tag)
{
        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(hash_lock));
        arc_state_t *state = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state;

        if ((refcount_add(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt, tag) == 1) &&
            (state != arc_anon)) {
                /* We don't use the L2-only state list. */
                if (state != arc_l2c_only) {
                        arc_buf_contents_t type = arc_buf_type(hdr);
                        uint64_t delta = hdr->b_size * hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt;
                        multilist_t *list = &state->arcs_list[type];
                        uint64_t *size = &state->arcs_lsize[type];

                        multilist_remove(list, hdr);

                        if (GHOST_STATE(state)) {
                                ASSERT0(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt);
                                ASSERT3P(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf, ==, NULL);
                                delta = hdr->b_size;
                        }
                        ASSERT(delta > 0);
                        ASSERT3U(*size, >=, delta);
                        atomic_add_64(size, -delta);
                }
                /* remove the prefetch flag if we get a reference */
                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_PREFETCH;
        }
}

static int
remove_reference(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr, kmutex_t *hash_lock, void *tag)
{
        int cnt;
        arc_state_t *state = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state;

        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
        ASSERT(state == arc_anon || MUTEX_HELD(hash_lock));
        ASSERT(!GHOST_STATE(state));

        /*
         * arc_l2c_only counts as a ghost state so we don't need to explicitly
         * check to prevent usage of the arc_l2c_only list.
         */
        if (((cnt = refcount_remove(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt, tag)) == 0) &&
            (state != arc_anon)) {
                arc_buf_contents_t type = arc_buf_type(hdr);
                multilist_t *list = &state->arcs_list[type];
                uint64_t *size = &state->arcs_lsize[type];

                multilist_insert(list, hdr);

                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 0);
                atomic_add_64(size, hdr->b_size *
                    hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt);
        }
        return (cnt);
}

/*
 * Move the supplied buffer to the indicated state. The hash lock
 * for the buffer must be held by the caller.
 */
static void
arc_change_state(arc_state_t *new_state, arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr,
    kmutex_t *hash_lock)
{
        arc_state_t *old_state;
        int64_t refcnt;
        uint32_t datacnt;
        uint64_t from_delta, to_delta;
        arc_buf_contents_t buftype = arc_buf_type(hdr);

        /*
         * We almost always have an L1 hdr here, since we call arc_hdr_realloc()
         * in arc_read() when bringing a buffer out of the L2ARC.  However, the
         * L1 hdr doesn't always exist when we change state to arc_anon before
         * destroying a header, in which case reallocating to add the L1 hdr is
         * pointless.
         */
        if (HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr)) {
                old_state = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state;
                refcnt = refcount_count(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt);
                datacnt = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt;
        } else {
                old_state = arc_l2c_only;
                refcnt = 0;
                datacnt = 0;
        }

        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(hash_lock));
        ASSERT3P(new_state, !=, old_state);
        ASSERT(refcnt == 0 || datacnt > 0);
        ASSERT(!GHOST_STATE(new_state) || datacnt == 0);
        ASSERT(old_state != arc_anon || datacnt <= 1);

        from_delta = to_delta = datacnt * hdr->b_size;

        /*
         * If this buffer is evictable, transfer it from the
         * old state list to the new state list.
         */
        if (refcnt == 0) {
                if (old_state != arc_anon && old_state != arc_l2c_only) {
                        uint64_t *size = &old_state->arcs_lsize[buftype];

                        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
                        multilist_remove(&old_state->arcs_list[buftype], hdr);

                        /*
                         * If prefetching out of the ghost cache,
                         * we will have a non-zero datacnt.
                         */
                        if (GHOST_STATE(old_state) && datacnt == 0) {
                                /* ghost elements have a ghost size */
                                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf == NULL);
                                from_delta = hdr->b_size;
                        }
                        ASSERT3U(*size, >=, from_delta);
                        atomic_add_64(size, -from_delta);
                }
                if (new_state != arc_anon && new_state != arc_l2c_only) {
                        uint64_t *size = &new_state->arcs_lsize[buftype];

                        /*
                         * An L1 header always exists here, since if we're
                         * moving to some L1-cached state (i.e. not l2c_only or
                         * anonymous), we realloc the header to add an L1hdr
                         * beforehand.
                         */
                        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
                        multilist_insert(&new_state->arcs_list[buftype], hdr);

                        /* ghost elements have a ghost size */
                        if (GHOST_STATE(new_state)) {
                                ASSERT0(datacnt);
                                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf == NULL);
                                to_delta = hdr->b_size;
                        }
                        atomic_add_64(size, to_delta);
                }
        }

        ASSERT(!BUF_EMPTY(hdr));
        if (new_state == arc_anon && HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr))
                buf_hash_remove(hdr);

        /* adjust state sizes (ignore arc_l2c_only) */

        if (to_delta && new_state != arc_l2c_only) {
                ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
                if (GHOST_STATE(new_state)) {
                        ASSERT0(datacnt);

                        /*
                         * We moving a header to a ghost state, we first
                         * remove all arc buffers. Thus, we'll have a
                         * datacnt of zero, and no arc buffer to use for
                         * the reference. As a result, we use the arc
                         * header pointer for the reference.
                         */
                        (void) refcount_add_many(&new_state->arcs_size,
                            hdr->b_size, hdr);
                } else {
                        ASSERT3U(datacnt, !=, 0);

                        /*
                         * Each individual buffer holds a unique reference,
                         * thus we must remove each of these references one
                         * at a time.
                         */
                        for (arc_buf_t *buf = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf; buf != NULL;
                            buf = buf->b_next) {
                                (void) refcount_add_many(&new_state->arcs_size,
                                    hdr->b_size, buf);
                        }
                }
        }

        if (from_delta && old_state != arc_l2c_only) {
                ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
                if (GHOST_STATE(old_state)) {
                        /*
                         * When moving a header off of a ghost state,
                         * there's the possibility for datacnt to be
                         * non-zero. This is because we first add the
                         * arc buffer to the header prior to changing
                         * the header's state. Since we used the header
                         * for the reference when putting the header on
                         * the ghost state, we must balance that and use
                         * the header when removing off the ghost state
                         * (even though datacnt is non zero).
                         */

                        IMPLY(datacnt == 0, new_state == arc_anon ||
                            new_state == arc_l2c_only);

                        (void) refcount_remove_many(&old_state->arcs_size,
                            hdr->b_size, hdr);
                } else {
                        ASSERT3P(datacnt, !=, 0);

                        /*
                         * Each individual buffer holds a unique reference,
                         * thus we must remove each of these references one
                         * at a time.
                         */
                        for (arc_buf_t *buf = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf; buf != NULL;
                            buf = buf->b_next) {
                                (void) refcount_remove_many(
                                    &old_state->arcs_size, hdr->b_size, buf);
                        }
                }
        }

        if (HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr))
                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state = new_state;

        /*
         * L2 headers should never be on the L2 state list since they don't
         * have L1 headers allocated.
         */
        ASSERT(multilist_is_empty(&arc_l2c_only->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA]) &&
            multilist_is_empty(&arc_l2c_only->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA]));
}

void
arc_space_consume(uint64_t space, arc_space_type_t type)
{
        ASSERT(type >= 0 && type < ARC_SPACE_NUMTYPES);

        switch (type) {
        case ARC_SPACE_DATA:
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_data_size, space);
                break;
        case ARC_SPACE_META:
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_metadata_size, space);
                break;
        case ARC_SPACE_OTHER:
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_other_size, space);
                break;
        case ARC_SPACE_HDRS:
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_hdr_size, space);
                break;
        case ARC_SPACE_L2HDRS:
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_l2_hdr_size, space);
                break;
        }

        if (type != ARC_SPACE_DATA)
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_meta_used, space);

        atomic_add_64(&arc_size, space);
}

void
arc_space_return(uint64_t space, arc_space_type_t type)
{
        ASSERT(type >= 0 && type < ARC_SPACE_NUMTYPES);

        switch (type) {
        case ARC_SPACE_DATA:
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_data_size, -space);
                break;
        case ARC_SPACE_META:
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_metadata_size, -space);
                break;
        case ARC_SPACE_OTHER:
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_other_size, -space);
                break;
        case ARC_SPACE_HDRS:
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_hdr_size, -space);
                break;
        case ARC_SPACE_L2HDRS:
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_l2_hdr_size, -space);
                break;
        }

        if (type != ARC_SPACE_DATA) {
                ASSERT(arc_meta_used >= space);
                if (arc_meta_max < arc_meta_used)
                        arc_meta_max = arc_meta_used;
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_meta_used, -space);
        }

        ASSERT(arc_size >= space);
        atomic_add_64(&arc_size, -space);
}

arc_buf_t *
arc_buf_alloc(spa_t *spa, int32_t size, void *tag, arc_buf_contents_t type)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;
        arc_buf_t *buf;

        ASSERT3U(size, >, 0);
        hdr = kmem_cache_alloc(hdr_full_cache, KM_PUSHPAGE);
        ASSERT(BUF_EMPTY(hdr));
        ASSERT3P(hdr->b_freeze_cksum, ==, NULL);
        hdr->b_size = size;
        hdr->b_spa = spa_load_guid(spa);

        buf = kmem_cache_alloc(buf_cache, KM_PUSHPAGE);
        buf->b_hdr = hdr;
        buf->b_data = NULL;
        buf->b_efunc = NULL;
        buf->b_private = NULL;
        buf->b_next = NULL;

        hdr->b_flags = arc_bufc_to_flags(type);
        hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_HAS_L1HDR;

        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf = buf;
        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state = arc_anon;
        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access = 0;
        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt = 1;
        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata = NULL;

        arc_get_data_buf(buf);
        ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
        (void) refcount_add(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt, tag);

        return (buf);
}

static char *arc_onloan_tag = "onloan";

/*
 * Loan out an anonymous arc buffer. Loaned buffers are not counted as in
 * flight data by arc_tempreserve_space() until they are "returned". Loaned
 * buffers must be returned to the arc before they can be used by the DMU or
 * freed.
 */
arc_buf_t *
arc_loan_buf(spa_t *spa, int size)
{
        arc_buf_t *buf;

        buf = arc_buf_alloc(spa, size, arc_onloan_tag, ARC_BUFC_DATA);

        atomic_add_64(&arc_loaned_bytes, size);
        return (buf);
}

/*
 * Return a loaned arc buffer to the arc.
 */
void
arc_return_buf(arc_buf_t *buf, void *tag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;

        ASSERT(buf->b_data != NULL);
        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
        (void) refcount_add(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt, tag);
        (void) refcount_remove(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt, arc_onloan_tag);

        atomic_add_64(&arc_loaned_bytes, -hdr->b_size);
}

/* Detach an arc_buf from a dbuf (tag) */
void
arc_loan_inuse_buf(arc_buf_t *buf, void *tag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;

        ASSERT(buf->b_data != NULL);
        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
        (void) refcount_add(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt, arc_onloan_tag);
        (void) refcount_remove(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt, tag);
        buf->b_efunc = NULL;
        buf->b_private = NULL;

        atomic_add_64(&arc_loaned_bytes, hdr->b_size);
}

static arc_buf_t *
arc_buf_clone(arc_buf_t *from)
{
        arc_buf_t *buf;
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = from->b_hdr;
        uint64_t size = hdr->b_size;

        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
        ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state != arc_anon);

        buf = kmem_cache_alloc(buf_cache, KM_PUSHPAGE);
        buf->b_hdr = hdr;
        buf->b_data = NULL;
        buf->b_efunc = NULL;
        buf->b_private = NULL;
        buf->b_next = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf;
        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf = buf;
        arc_get_data_buf(buf);
        bcopy(from->b_data, buf->b_data, size);

        /*
         * This buffer already exists in the arc so create a duplicate
         * copy for the caller.  If the buffer is associated with user data
         * then track the size and number of duplicates.  These stats will be
         * updated as duplicate buffers are created and destroyed.
         */
        if (HDR_ISTYPE_DATA(hdr)) {
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_duplicate_buffers);
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_duplicate_buffers_size, size);
        }
        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt += 1;
        return (buf);
}

void
arc_buf_add_ref(arc_buf_t *buf, void* tag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;

        /*
         * Check to see if this buffer is evicted.  Callers
         * must verify b_data != NULL to know if the add_ref
         * was successful.
         */
        mutex_enter(&buf->b_evict_lock);
        if (buf->b_data == NULL) {
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                return;
        }
        hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(buf->b_hdr);
        mutex_enter(hash_lock);
        hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
        ASSERT3P(hash_lock, ==, HDR_LOCK(hdr));
        mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);

        ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_mru ||
            hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_mfu);

        add_reference(hdr, hash_lock, tag);
        DTRACE_PROBE1(arc__hit, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
        arc_access(hdr, hash_lock);
        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_hits);
        ARCSTAT_CONDSTAT(!HDR_PREFETCH(hdr),
            demand, prefetch, !HDR_ISTYPE_METADATA(hdr),
            data, metadata, hits);
}

static void
arc_buf_free_on_write(void *data, size_t size,
    void (*free_func)(void *, size_t))
{
        l2arc_data_free_t *df;

        df = kmem_alloc(sizeof (*df), KM_SLEEP);
        df->l2df_data = data;
        df->l2df_size = size;
        df->l2df_func = free_func;
        mutex_enter(&l2arc_free_on_write_mtx);
        list_insert_head(l2arc_free_on_write, df);
        mutex_exit(&l2arc_free_on_write_mtx);
}

/*
 * Free the arc data buffer.  If it is an l2arc write in progress,
 * the buffer is placed on l2arc_free_on_write to be freed later.
 */
static void
arc_buf_data_free(arc_buf_t *buf, void (*free_func)(void *, size_t))
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;

        if (HDR_L2_WRITING(hdr)) {
                arc_buf_free_on_write(buf->b_data, hdr->b_size, free_func);
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_free_on_write);
        } else {
                free_func(buf->b_data, hdr->b_size);
        }
}

static void
arc_buf_l2_cdata_free(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr));
        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&hdr->b_l2hdr.b_dev->l2ad_mtx));

        /*
         * The b_tmp_cdata field is linked off of the b_l1hdr, so if
         * that doesn't exist, the header is in the arc_l2c_only state,
         * and there isn't anything to free (it's already been freed).
         */
        if (!HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr))
                return;

        /*
         * The header isn't being written to the l2arc device, thus it
         * shouldn't have a b_tmp_cdata to free.
         */
        if (!HDR_L2_WRITING(hdr)) {
                ASSERT3P(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata, ==, NULL);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * The header does not have compression enabled. This can be due
         * to the buffer not being compressible, or because we're
         * freeing the buffer before the second phase of
         * l2arc_write_buffer() has started (which does the compression
         * step). In either case, b_tmp_cdata does not point to a
         * separately compressed buffer, so there's nothing to free (it
         * points to the same buffer as the arc_buf_t's b_data field).
         */
        if (HDR_GET_COMPRESS(hdr) == ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF) {
                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata = NULL;
                return;
        }

        /*
         * There's nothing to free since the buffer was all zero's and
         * compressed to a zero length buffer.
         */
        if (HDR_GET_COMPRESS(hdr) == ZIO_COMPRESS_EMPTY) {
                ASSERT3P(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata, ==, NULL);
                return;
        }

        ASSERT(L2ARC_IS_VALID_COMPRESS(HDR_GET_COMPRESS(hdr)));

        arc_buf_free_on_write(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata,
            hdr->b_size, zio_data_buf_free);

        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_cdata_free_on_write);
        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata = NULL;
}

/*
 * Free up buf->b_data and if 'remove' is set, then pull the
 * arc_buf_t off of the the arc_buf_hdr_t's list and free it.
 */
static void
arc_buf_destroy(arc_buf_t *buf, boolean_t remove)
{
        arc_buf_t **bufp;

        /* free up data associated with the buf */
        if (buf->b_data != NULL) {
                arc_state_t *state = buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state;
                uint64_t size = buf->b_hdr->b_size;
                arc_buf_contents_t type = arc_buf_type(buf->b_hdr);

                arc_cksum_verify(buf);
#ifdef illumos
                arc_buf_unwatch(buf);
#endif /* illumos */

                if (type == ARC_BUFC_METADATA) {
                        arc_buf_data_free(buf, zio_buf_free);
                        arc_space_return(size, ARC_SPACE_META);
                } else {
                        ASSERT(type == ARC_BUFC_DATA);
                        arc_buf_data_free(buf, zio_data_buf_free);
                        arc_space_return(size, ARC_SPACE_DATA);
                }

                /* protected by hash lock, if in the hash table */
                if (multilist_link_active(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_node)) {
                        uint64_t *cnt = &state->arcs_lsize[type];

                        ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(
                            &buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
                        ASSERT(state != arc_anon && state != arc_l2c_only);

                        ASSERT3U(*cnt, >=, size);
                        atomic_add_64(cnt, -size);
                }

                (void) refcount_remove_many(&state->arcs_size, size, buf);
                buf->b_data = NULL;

                /*
                 * If we're destroying a duplicate buffer make sure
                 * that the appropriate statistics are updated.
                 */
                if (buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 1 &&
                    HDR_ISTYPE_DATA(buf->b_hdr)) {
                        ARCSTAT_BUMPDOWN(arcstat_duplicate_buffers);
                        ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_duplicate_buffers_size, -size);
                }
                ASSERT(buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 0);
                buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt -= 1;
        }

        /* only remove the buf if requested */
        if (!remove)
                return;

        /* remove the buf from the hdr list */
        for (bufp = &buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf; *bufp != buf;
            bufp = &(*bufp)->b_next)
                continue;
        *bufp = buf->b_next;
        buf->b_next = NULL;

        ASSERT(buf->b_efunc == NULL);

        /* clean up the buf */
        buf->b_hdr = NULL;
        kmem_cache_free(buf_cache, buf);
}

static void
arc_hdr_l2hdr_destroy(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        l2arc_buf_hdr_t *l2hdr = &hdr->b_l2hdr;
        l2arc_dev_t *dev = l2hdr->b_dev;

        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&dev->l2ad_mtx));
        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr));

        list_remove(&dev->l2ad_buflist, hdr);

        /*
         * We don't want to leak the b_tmp_cdata buffer that was
         * allocated in l2arc_write_buffers()
         */
        arc_buf_l2_cdata_free(hdr);

        /*
         * If the l2hdr's b_daddr is equal to L2ARC_ADDR_UNSET, then
         * this header is being processed by l2arc_write_buffers() (i.e.
         * it's in the first stage of l2arc_write_buffers()).
         * Re-affirming that truth here, just to serve as a reminder. If
         * b_daddr does not equal L2ARC_ADDR_UNSET, then the header may or
         * may not have its HDR_L2_WRITING flag set. (the write may have
         * completed, in which case HDR_L2_WRITING will be false and the
         * b_daddr field will point to the address of the buffer on disk).
         */
        IMPLY(l2hdr->b_daddr == L2ARC_ADDR_UNSET, HDR_L2_WRITING(hdr));

        /*
         * If b_daddr is equal to L2ARC_ADDR_UNSET, we're racing with
         * l2arc_write_buffers(). Since we've just removed this header
         * from the l2arc buffer list, this header will never reach the
         * second stage of l2arc_write_buffers(), which increments the
         * accounting stats for this header. Thus, we must be careful
         * not to decrement them for this header either.
         */
        if (l2hdr->b_daddr != L2ARC_ADDR_UNSET) {
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_l2_asize, -l2hdr->b_asize);
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_l2_size, -hdr->b_size);

                vdev_space_update(dev->l2ad_vdev,
                    -l2hdr->b_asize, 0, 0);

                (void) refcount_remove_many(&dev->l2ad_alloc,
                    l2hdr->b_asize, hdr);
        }

        hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_HAS_L2HDR;
}

static void
arc_hdr_destroy(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        if (HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr)) {
                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf == NULL ||
                    hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 0);
                ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
                ASSERT3P(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state, ==, arc_anon);
        }
        ASSERT(!HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr));
        ASSERT(!HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr));

        if (HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr)) {
                l2arc_dev_t *dev = hdr->b_l2hdr.b_dev;
                boolean_t buflist_held = MUTEX_HELD(&dev->l2ad_mtx);

                if (!buflist_held)
                        mutex_enter(&dev->l2ad_mtx);

                /*
                 * Even though we checked this conditional above, we
                 * need to check this again now that we have the
                 * l2ad_mtx. This is because we could be racing with
                 * another thread calling l2arc_evict() which might have
                 * destroyed this header's L2 portion as we were waiting
                 * to acquire the l2ad_mtx. If that happens, we don't
                 * want to re-destroy the header's L2 portion.
                 */
                if (HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr)) {
                        if (hdr->b_l2hdr.b_daddr != L2ARC_ADDR_UNSET)
                                trim_map_free(dev->l2ad_vdev,
                                    hdr->b_l2hdr.b_daddr,
                                    hdr->b_l2hdr.b_asize, 0);
                        arc_hdr_l2hdr_destroy(hdr);
                }

                if (!buflist_held)
                        mutex_exit(&dev->l2ad_mtx);
        }

        if (!BUF_EMPTY(hdr))
                buf_discard_identity(hdr);

        if (hdr->b_freeze_cksum != NULL) {
                kmem_free(hdr->b_freeze_cksum, sizeof (zio_cksum_t));
                hdr->b_freeze_cksum = NULL;
        }

        if (HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr)) {
                while (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf) {
                        arc_buf_t *buf = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf;

                        if (buf->b_efunc != NULL) {
                                mutex_enter(&arc_user_evicts_lock);
                                mutex_enter(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                                ASSERT(buf->b_hdr != NULL);
                                arc_buf_destroy(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf, FALSE);
                                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf = buf->b_next;
                                buf->b_hdr = &arc_eviction_hdr;
                                buf->b_next = arc_eviction_list;
                                arc_eviction_list = buf;
                                mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                                cv_signal(&arc_user_evicts_cv);
                                mutex_exit(&arc_user_evicts_lock);
                        } else {
                                arc_buf_destroy(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf, TRUE);
                        }
                }
#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
                if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_thawed != NULL) {
                        kmem_free(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_thawed, 1);
                        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_thawed = NULL;
                }
#endif
        }

        ASSERT3P(hdr->b_hash_next, ==, NULL);
        if (HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr)) {
                ASSERT(!multilist_link_active(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_node));
                ASSERT3P(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_acb, ==, NULL);
                kmem_cache_free(hdr_full_cache, hdr);
        } else {
                kmem_cache_free(hdr_l2only_cache, hdr);
        }
}

void
arc_buf_free(arc_buf_t *buf, void *tag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        int hashed = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state != arc_anon;

        ASSERT(buf->b_efunc == NULL);
        ASSERT(buf->b_data != NULL);

        if (hashed) {
                kmutex_t *hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);

                mutex_enter(hash_lock);
                hdr = buf->b_hdr;
                ASSERT3P(hash_lock, ==, HDR_LOCK(hdr));

                (void) remove_reference(hdr, hash_lock, tag);
                if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 1) {
                        arc_buf_destroy(buf, TRUE);
                } else {
                        ASSERT(buf == hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf);
                        ASSERT(buf->b_efunc == NULL);
                        hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_BUF_AVAILABLE;
                }
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        } else if (HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr)) {
                int destroy_hdr;
                /*
                 * We are in the middle of an async write.  Don't destroy
                 * this buffer unless the write completes before we finish
                 * decrementing the reference count.
                 */
                mutex_enter(&arc_user_evicts_lock);
                (void) remove_reference(hdr, NULL, tag);
                ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
                destroy_hdr = !HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr);
                mutex_exit(&arc_user_evicts_lock);
                if (destroy_hdr)
                        arc_hdr_destroy(hdr);
        } else {
                if (remove_reference(hdr, NULL, tag) > 0)
                        arc_buf_destroy(buf, TRUE);
                else
                        arc_hdr_destroy(hdr);
        }
}

boolean_t
arc_buf_remove_ref(arc_buf_t *buf, void* tag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);
        boolean_t no_callback = (buf->b_efunc == NULL);

        if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_anon) {
                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt == 1);
                arc_buf_free(buf, tag);
                return (no_callback);
        }

        mutex_enter(hash_lock);
        hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 0);
        ASSERT3P(hash_lock, ==, HDR_LOCK(hdr));
        ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state != arc_anon);
        ASSERT(buf->b_data != NULL);

        (void) remove_reference(hdr, hash_lock, tag);
        if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 1) {
                if (no_callback)
                        arc_buf_destroy(buf, TRUE);
        } else if (no_callback) {
                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf == buf && buf->b_next == NULL);
                ASSERT(buf->b_efunc == NULL);
                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_BUF_AVAILABLE;
        }
        ASSERT(no_callback || hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 1 ||
            refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        return (no_callback);
}

int32_t
arc_buf_size(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        return (buf->b_hdr->b_size);
}

/*
 * Called from the DMU to determine if the current buffer should be
 * evicted. In order to ensure proper locking, the eviction must be initiated
 * from the DMU. Return true if the buffer is associated with user data and
 * duplicate buffers still exist.
 */
boolean_t
arc_buf_eviction_needed(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;
        boolean_t evict_needed = B_FALSE;

        if (zfs_disable_dup_eviction)
                return (B_FALSE);

        mutex_enter(&buf->b_evict_lock);
        hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        if (hdr == NULL) {
                /*
                 * We are in arc_do_user_evicts(); let that function
                 * perform the eviction.
                 */
                ASSERT(buf->b_data == NULL);
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                return (B_FALSE);
        } else if (buf->b_data == NULL) {
                /*
                 * We have already been added to the arc eviction list;
                 * recommend eviction.
                 */
                ASSERT3P(hdr, ==, &arc_eviction_hdr);
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                return (B_TRUE);
        }

        if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 1 && HDR_ISTYPE_DATA(hdr))
                evict_needed = B_TRUE;

        mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
        return (evict_needed);
}

/*
 * Evict the arc_buf_hdr that is provided as a parameter. The resultant
 * state of the header is dependent on it's state prior to entering this
 * function. The following transitions are possible:
 *
 *    - arc_mru -> arc_mru_ghost
 *    - arc_mfu -> arc_mfu_ghost
 *    - arc_mru_ghost -> arc_l2c_only
 *    - arc_mru_ghost -> deleted
 *    - arc_mfu_ghost -> arc_l2c_only
 *    - arc_mfu_ghost -> deleted
 */
static int64_t
arc_evict_hdr(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr, kmutex_t *hash_lock)
{
        arc_state_t *evicted_state, *state;
        int64_t bytes_evicted = 0;

        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(hash_lock));
        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));

        state = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state;
        if (GHOST_STATE(state)) {
                ASSERT(!HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr));
                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf == NULL);

                /*
                 * l2arc_write_buffers() relies on a header's L1 portion
                 * (i.e. it's b_tmp_cdata field) during it's write phase.
                 * Thus, we cannot push a header onto the arc_l2c_only
                 * state (removing it's L1 piece) until the header is
                 * done being written to the l2arc.
                 */
                if (HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr) && HDR_L2_WRITING(hdr)) {
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_evict_l2_skip);
                        return (bytes_evicted);
                }

                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_deleted);
                bytes_evicted += hdr->b_size;

                DTRACE_PROBE1(arc__delete, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);

                if (HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr)) {
                        /*
                         * This buffer is cached on the 2nd Level ARC;
                         * don't destroy the header.
                         */
                        arc_change_state(arc_l2c_only, hdr, hash_lock);
                        /*
                         * dropping from L1+L2 cached to L2-only,
                         * realloc to remove the L1 header.
                         */
                        hdr = arc_hdr_realloc(hdr, hdr_full_cache,
                            hdr_l2only_cache);
                } else {
                        arc_change_state(arc_anon, hdr, hash_lock);
                        arc_hdr_destroy(hdr);
                }
                return (bytes_evicted);
        }

        ASSERT(state == arc_mru || state == arc_mfu);
        evicted_state = (state == arc_mru) ? arc_mru_ghost : arc_mfu_ghost;

        /* prefetch buffers have a minimum lifespan */
        if (HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr) ||
            ((hdr->b_flags & (ARC_FLAG_PREFETCH | ARC_FLAG_INDIRECT)) &&
            ddi_get_lbolt() - hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access <
            arc_min_prefetch_lifespan)) {
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_evict_skip);
                return (bytes_evicted);
        }

        ASSERT0(refcount_count(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
        ASSERT3U(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt, >, 0);
        while (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf) {
                arc_buf_t *buf = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf;
                if (!mutex_tryenter(&buf->b_evict_lock)) {
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_mutex_miss);
                        break;
                }
                if (buf->b_data != NULL)
                        bytes_evicted += hdr->b_size;
                if (buf->b_efunc != NULL) {
                        mutex_enter(&arc_user_evicts_lock);
                        arc_buf_destroy(buf, FALSE);
                        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf = buf->b_next;
                        buf->b_hdr = &arc_eviction_hdr;
                        buf->b_next = arc_eviction_list;
                        arc_eviction_list = buf;
                        cv_signal(&arc_user_evicts_cv);
                        mutex_exit(&arc_user_evicts_lock);
                        mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                } else {
                        mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                        arc_buf_destroy(buf, TRUE);
                }
        }

        if (HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr)) {
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_evict_l2_cached, hdr->b_size);
        } else {
                if (l2arc_write_eligible(hdr->b_spa, hdr))
                        ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_evict_l2_eligible, hdr->b_size);
                else
                        ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_evict_l2_ineligible, hdr->b_size);
        }

        if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt == 0) {
                arc_change_state(evicted_state, hdr, hash_lock);
                ASSERT(HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr));
                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_IN_HASH_TABLE;
                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_BUF_AVAILABLE;
                DTRACE_PROBE1(arc__evict, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
        }

        return (bytes_evicted);
}

static uint64_t
arc_evict_state_impl(multilist_t *ml, int idx, arc_buf_hdr_t *marker,
    uint64_t spa, int64_t bytes)
{
        multilist_sublist_t *mls;
        uint64_t bytes_evicted = 0;
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;
        int evict_count = 0;

        ASSERT3P(marker, !=, NULL);
        IMPLY(bytes < 0, bytes == ARC_EVICT_ALL);

        mls = multilist_sublist_lock(ml, idx);

        for (hdr = multilist_sublist_prev(mls, marker); hdr != NULL;
            hdr = multilist_sublist_prev(mls, marker)) {
                if ((bytes != ARC_EVICT_ALL && bytes_evicted >= bytes) ||
                    (evict_count >= zfs_arc_evict_batch_limit))
                        break;

                /*
                 * To keep our iteration location, move the marker
                 * forward. Since we're not holding hdr's hash lock, we
                 * must be very careful and not remove 'hdr' from the
                 * sublist. Otherwise, other consumers might mistake the
                 * 'hdr' as not being on a sublist when they call the
                 * multilist_link_active() function (they all rely on
                 * the hash lock protecting concurrent insertions and
                 * removals). multilist_sublist_move_forward() was
                 * specifically implemented to ensure this is the case
                 * (only 'marker' will be removed and re-inserted).
                 */
                multilist_sublist_move_forward(mls, marker);

                /*
                 * The only case where the b_spa field should ever be
                 * zero, is the marker headers inserted by
                 * arc_evict_state(). It's possible for multiple threads
                 * to be calling arc_evict_state() concurrently (e.g.
                 * dsl_pool_close() and zio_inject_fault()), so we must
                 * skip any markers we see from these other threads.
                 */
                if (hdr->b_spa == 0)
                        continue;

                /* we're only interested in evicting buffers of a certain spa */
                if (spa != 0 && hdr->b_spa != spa) {
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_evict_skip);
                        continue;
                }

                hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);

                /*
                 * We aren't calling this function from any code path
                 * that would already be holding a hash lock, so we're
                 * asserting on this assumption to be defensive in case
                 * this ever changes. Without this check, it would be
                 * possible to incorrectly increment arcstat_mutex_miss
                 * below (e.g. if the code changed such that we called
                 * this function with a hash lock held).
                 */
                ASSERT(!MUTEX_HELD(hash_lock));

                if (mutex_tryenter(hash_lock)) {
                        uint64_t evicted = arc_evict_hdr(hdr, hash_lock);
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);

                        bytes_evicted += evicted;

                        /*
                         * If evicted is zero, arc_evict_hdr() must have
                         * decided to skip this header, don't increment
                         * evict_count in this case.
                         */
                        if (evicted != 0)
                                evict_count++;

                        /*
                         * If arc_size isn't overflowing, signal any
                         * threads that might happen to be waiting.
                         *
                         * For each header evicted, we wake up a single
                         * thread. If we used cv_broadcast, we could
                         * wake up "too many" threads causing arc_size
                         * to significantly overflow arc_c; since
                         * arc_get_data_buf() doesn't check for overflow
                         * when it's woken up (it doesn't because it's
                         * possible for the ARC to be overflowing while
                         * full of un-evictable buffers, and the
                         * function should proceed in this case).
                         *
                         * If threads are left sleeping, due to not
                         * using cv_broadcast, they will be woken up
                         * just before arc_reclaim_thread() sleeps.
                         */
                        mutex_enter(&arc_reclaim_lock);
                        if (!arc_is_overflowing())
                                cv_signal(&arc_reclaim_waiters_cv);
                        mutex_exit(&arc_reclaim_lock);
                } else {
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_mutex_miss);
                }
        }

        multilist_sublist_unlock(mls);

        return (bytes_evicted);
}

/*
 * Evict buffers from the given arc state, until we've removed the
 * specified number of bytes. Move the removed buffers to the
 * appropriate evict state.
 *
 * This function makes a "best effort". It skips over any buffers
 * it can't get a hash_lock on, and so, may not catch all candidates.
 * It may also return without evicting as much space as requested.
 *
 * If bytes is specified using the special value ARC_EVICT_ALL, this
 * will evict all available (i.e. unlocked and evictable) buffers from
 * the given arc state; which is used by arc_flush().
 */
static uint64_t
arc_evict_state(arc_state_t *state, uint64_t spa, int64_t bytes,
    arc_buf_contents_t type)
{
        uint64_t total_evicted = 0;
        multilist_t *ml = &state->arcs_list[type];
        int num_sublists;
        arc_buf_hdr_t **markers;

        IMPLY(bytes < 0, bytes == ARC_EVICT_ALL);

        num_sublists = multilist_get_num_sublists(ml);

        /*
         * If we've tried to evict from each sublist, made some
         * progress, but still have not hit the target number of bytes
         * to evict, we want to keep trying. The markers allow us to
         * pick up where we left off for each individual sublist, rather
         * than starting from the tail each time.
         */
        markers = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (*markers) * num_sublists, KM_SLEEP);
        for (int i = 0; i < num_sublists; i++) {
                markers[i] = kmem_cache_alloc(hdr_full_cache, KM_SLEEP);

                /*
                 * A b_spa of 0 is used to indicate that this header is
                 * a marker. This fact is used in arc_adjust_type() and
                 * arc_evict_state_impl().
                 */
                markers[i]->b_spa = 0;

                multilist_sublist_t *mls = multilist_sublist_lock(ml, i);
                multilist_sublist_insert_tail(mls, markers[i]);
                multilist_sublist_unlock(mls);
        }

        /*
         * While we haven't hit our target number of bytes to evict, or
         * we're evicting all available buffers.
         */
        while (total_evicted < bytes || bytes == ARC_EVICT_ALL) {
                /*
                 * Start eviction using a randomly selected sublist,
                 * this is to try and evenly balance eviction across all
                 * sublists. Always starting at the same sublist
                 * (e.g. index 0) would cause evictions to favor certain
                 * sublists over others.
                 */
                int sublist_idx = multilist_get_random_index(ml);
                uint64_t scan_evicted = 0;

                for (int i = 0; i < num_sublists; i++) {
                        uint64_t bytes_remaining;
                        uint64_t bytes_evicted;

                        if (bytes == ARC_EVICT_ALL)
                                bytes_remaining = ARC_EVICT_ALL;
                        else if (total_evicted < bytes)
                                bytes_remaining = bytes - total_evicted;
                        else
                                break;

                        bytes_evicted = arc_evict_state_impl(ml, sublist_idx,
                            markers[sublist_idx], spa, bytes_remaining);

                        scan_evicted += bytes_evicted;
                        total_evicted += bytes_evicted;

                        /* we've reached the end, wrap to the beginning */
                        if (++sublist_idx >= num_sublists)
                                sublist_idx = 0;
                }

                /*
                 * If we didn't evict anything during this scan, we have
                 * no reason to believe we'll evict more during another
                 * scan, so break the loop.
                 */
                if (scan_evicted == 0) {
                        /* This isn't possible, let's make that obvious */
                        ASSERT3S(bytes, !=, 0);

                        /*
                         * When bytes is ARC_EVICT_ALL, the only way to
                         * break the loop is when scan_evicted is zero.
                         * In that case, we actually have evicted enough,
                         * so we don't want to increment the kstat.
                         */
                        if (bytes != ARC_EVICT_ALL) {
                                ASSERT3S(total_evicted, <, bytes);
                                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_evict_not_enough);
                        }

                        break;
                }
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < num_sublists; i++) {
                multilist_sublist_t *mls = multilist_sublist_lock(ml, i);
                multilist_sublist_remove(mls, markers[i]);
                multilist_sublist_unlock(mls);

                kmem_cache_free(hdr_full_cache, markers[i]);
        }
        kmem_free(markers, sizeof (*markers) * num_sublists);

        return (total_evicted);
}

/*
 * Flush all "evictable" data of the given type from the arc state
 * specified. This will not evict any "active" buffers (i.e. referenced).
 *
 * When 'retry' is set to FALSE, the function will make a single pass
 * over the state and evict any buffers that it can. Since it doesn't
 * continually retry the eviction, it might end up leaving some buffers
 * in the ARC due to lock misses.
 *
 * When 'retry' is set to TRUE, the function will continually retry the
 * eviction until *all* evictable buffers have been removed from the
 * state. As a result, if concurrent insertions into the state are
 * allowed (e.g. if the ARC isn't shutting down), this function might
 * wind up in an infinite loop, continually trying to evict buffers.
 */
static uint64_t
arc_flush_state(arc_state_t *state, uint64_t spa, arc_buf_contents_t type,
    boolean_t retry)
{
        uint64_t evicted = 0;

        while (state->arcs_lsize[type] != 0) {
                evicted += arc_evict_state(state, spa, ARC_EVICT_ALL, type);

                if (!retry)
                        break;
        }

        return (evicted);
}

/*
 * Evict the specified number of bytes from the state specified,
 * restricting eviction to the spa and type given. This function
 * prevents us from trying to evict more from a state's list than
 * is "evictable", and to skip evicting altogether when passed a
 * negative value for "bytes". In contrast, arc_evict_state() will
 * evict everything it can, when passed a negative value for "bytes".
 */
static uint64_t
arc_adjust_impl(arc_state_t *state, uint64_t spa, int64_t bytes,
    arc_buf_contents_t type)
{
        int64_t delta;

        if (bytes > 0 && state->arcs_lsize[type] > 0) {
                delta = MIN(state->arcs_lsize[type], bytes);
                return (arc_evict_state(state, spa, delta, type));
        }

        return (0);
}

/*
 * Evict metadata buffers from the cache, such that arc_meta_used is
 * capped by the arc_meta_limit tunable.
 */
static uint64_t
arc_adjust_meta(void)
{
        uint64_t total_evicted = 0;
        int64_t target;

        /*
         * If we're over the meta limit, we want to evict enough
         * metadata to get back under the meta limit. We don't want to
         * evict so much that we drop the MRU below arc_p, though. If
         * we're over the meta limit more than we're over arc_p, we
         * evict some from the MRU here, and some from the MFU below.
         */
        target = MIN((int64_t)(arc_meta_used - arc_meta_limit),
            (int64_t)(refcount_count(&arc_anon->arcs_size) +
            refcount_count(&arc_mru->arcs_size) - arc_p));

        total_evicted += arc_adjust_impl(arc_mru, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_METADATA);

        /*
         * Similar to the above, we want to evict enough bytes to get us
         * below the meta limit, but not so much as to drop us below the
         * space alloted to the MFU (which is defined as arc_c - arc_p).
         */
        target = MIN((int64_t)(arc_meta_used - arc_meta_limit),
            (int64_t)(refcount_count(&arc_mfu->arcs_size) - (arc_c - arc_p)));

        total_evicted += arc_adjust_impl(arc_mfu, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_METADATA);

        return (total_evicted);
}

/*
 * Return the type of the oldest buffer in the given arc state
 *
 * This function will select a random sublist of type ARC_BUFC_DATA and
 * a random sublist of type ARC_BUFC_METADATA. The tail of each sublist
 * is compared, and the type which contains the "older" buffer will be
 * returned.
 */
static arc_buf_contents_t
arc_adjust_type(arc_state_t *state)
{
        multilist_t *data_ml = &state->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA];
        multilist_t *meta_ml = &state->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA];
        int data_idx = multilist_get_random_index(data_ml);
        int meta_idx = multilist_get_random_index(meta_ml);
        multilist_sublist_t *data_mls;
        multilist_sublist_t *meta_mls;
        arc_buf_contents_t type;
        arc_buf_hdr_t *data_hdr;
        arc_buf_hdr_t *meta_hdr;

        /*
         * We keep the sublist lock until we're finished, to prevent
         * the headers from being destroyed via arc_evict_state().
         */
        data_mls = multilist_sublist_lock(data_ml, data_idx);
        meta_mls = multilist_sublist_lock(meta_ml, meta_idx);

        /*
         * These two loops are to ensure we skip any markers that
         * might be at the tail of the lists due to arc_evict_state().
         */

        for (data_hdr = multilist_sublist_tail(data_mls); data_hdr != NULL;
            data_hdr = multilist_sublist_prev(data_mls, data_hdr)) {
                if (data_hdr->b_spa != 0)
                        break;
        }

        for (meta_hdr = multilist_sublist_tail(meta_mls); meta_hdr != NULL;
            meta_hdr = multilist_sublist_prev(meta_mls, meta_hdr)) {
                if (meta_hdr->b_spa != 0)
                        break;
        }

        if (data_hdr == NULL && meta_hdr == NULL) {
                type = ARC_BUFC_DATA;
        } else if (data_hdr == NULL) {
                ASSERT3P(meta_hdr, !=, NULL);
                type = ARC_BUFC_METADATA;
        } else if (meta_hdr == NULL) {
                ASSERT3P(data_hdr, !=, NULL);
                type = ARC_BUFC_DATA;
        } else {
                ASSERT3P(data_hdr, !=, NULL);
                ASSERT3P(meta_hdr, !=, NULL);

                /* The headers can't be on the sublist without an L1 header */
                ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(data_hdr));
                ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(meta_hdr));

                if (data_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access <
                    meta_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access) {
                        type = ARC_BUFC_DATA;
                } else {
                        type = ARC_BUFC_METADATA;
                }
        }

        multilist_sublist_unlock(meta_mls);
        multilist_sublist_unlock(data_mls);

        return (type);
}

/*
 * Evict buffers from the cache, such that arc_size is capped by arc_c.
 */
static uint64_t
arc_adjust(void)
{
        uint64_t total_evicted = 0;
        uint64_t bytes;
        int64_t target;

        /*
         * If we're over arc_meta_limit, we want to correct that before
         * potentially evicting data buffers below.
         */
        total_evicted += arc_adjust_meta();

        /*
         * Adjust MRU size
         *
         * If we're over the target cache size, we want to evict enough
         * from the list to get back to our target size. We don't want
         * to evict too much from the MRU, such that it drops below
         * arc_p. So, if we're over our target cache size more than
         * the MRU is over arc_p, we'll evict enough to get back to
         * arc_p here, and then evict more from the MFU below.
         */
        target = MIN((int64_t)(arc_size - arc_c),
            (int64_t)(refcount_count(&arc_anon->arcs_size) +
            refcount_count(&arc_mru->arcs_size) + arc_meta_used - arc_p));

        /*
         * If we're below arc_meta_min, always prefer to evict data.
         * Otherwise, try to satisfy the requested number of bytes to
         * evict from the type which contains older buffers; in an
         * effort to keep newer buffers in the cache regardless of their
         * type. If we cannot satisfy the number of bytes from this
         * type, spill over into the next type.
         */
        if (arc_adjust_type(arc_mru) == ARC_BUFC_METADATA &&
            arc_meta_used > arc_meta_min) {
                bytes = arc_adjust_impl(arc_mru, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_METADATA);
                total_evicted += bytes;

                /*
                 * If we couldn't evict our target number of bytes from
                 * metadata, we try to get the rest from data.
                 */
                target -= bytes;

                total_evicted +=
                    arc_adjust_impl(arc_mru, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_DATA);
        } else {
                bytes = arc_adjust_impl(arc_mru, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_DATA);
                total_evicted += bytes;

                /*
                 * If we couldn't evict our target number of bytes from
                 * data, we try to get the rest from metadata.
                 */
                target -= bytes;

                total_evicted +=
                    arc_adjust_impl(arc_mru, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_METADATA);
        }

        /*
         * Adjust MFU size
         *
         * Now that we've tried to evict enough from the MRU to get its
         * size back to arc_p, if we're still above the target cache
         * size, we evict the rest from the MFU.
         */
        target = arc_size - arc_c;

        if (arc_adjust_type(arc_mfu) == ARC_BUFC_METADATA &&
            arc_meta_used > arc_meta_min) {
                bytes = arc_adjust_impl(arc_mfu, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_METADATA);
                total_evicted += bytes;

                /*
                 * If we couldn't evict our target number of bytes from
                 * metadata, we try to get the rest from data.
                 */
                target -= bytes;

                total_evicted +=
                    arc_adjust_impl(arc_mfu, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_DATA);
        } else {
                bytes = arc_adjust_impl(arc_mfu, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_DATA);
                total_evicted += bytes;

                /*
                 * If we couldn't evict our target number of bytes from
                 * data, we try to get the rest from data.
                 */
                target -= bytes;

                total_evicted +=
                    arc_adjust_impl(arc_mfu, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_METADATA);
        }

        /*
         * Adjust ghost lists
         *
         * In addition to the above, the ARC also defines target values
         * for the ghost lists. The sum of the mru list and mru ghost
         * list should never exceed the target size of the cache, and
         * the sum of the mru list, mfu list, mru ghost list, and mfu
         * ghost list should never exceed twice the target size of the
         * cache. The following logic enforces these limits on the ghost
         * caches, and evicts from them as needed.
         */
        target = refcount_count(&arc_mru->arcs_size) +
            refcount_count(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_size) - arc_c;

        bytes = arc_adjust_impl(arc_mru_ghost, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_DATA);
        total_evicted += bytes;

        target -= bytes;

        total_evicted +=
            arc_adjust_impl(arc_mru_ghost, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_METADATA);

        /*
         * We assume the sum of the mru list and mfu list is less than
         * or equal to arc_c (we enforced this above), which means we
         * can use the simpler of the two equations below:
         *
         *      mru + mfu + mru ghost + mfu ghost <= 2 * arc_c
         *                  mru ghost + mfu ghost <= arc_c
         */
        target = refcount_count(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_size) +
            refcount_count(&arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_size) - arc_c;

        bytes = arc_adjust_impl(arc_mfu_ghost, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_DATA);
        total_evicted += bytes;

        target -= bytes;

        total_evicted +=
            arc_adjust_impl(arc_mfu_ghost, 0, target, ARC_BUFC_METADATA);

        return (total_evicted);
}

static void
arc_do_user_evicts(void)
{
        mutex_enter(&arc_user_evicts_lock);
        while (arc_eviction_list != NULL) {
                arc_buf_t *buf = arc_eviction_list;
                arc_eviction_list = buf->b_next;
                mutex_enter(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                buf->b_hdr = NULL;
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                mutex_exit(&arc_user_evicts_lock);

                if (buf->b_efunc != NULL)
                        VERIFY0(buf->b_efunc(buf->b_private));

                buf->b_efunc = NULL;
                buf->b_private = NULL;
                kmem_cache_free(buf_cache, buf);
                mutex_enter(&arc_user_evicts_lock);
        }
        mutex_exit(&arc_user_evicts_lock);
}

void
arc_flush(spa_t *spa, boolean_t retry)
{
        uint64_t guid = 0;

        /*
         * If retry is TRUE, a spa must not be specified since we have
         * no good way to determine if all of a spa's buffers have been
         * evicted from an arc state.
         */
        ASSERT(!retry || spa == 0);

        if (spa != NULL)
                guid = spa_load_guid(spa);

        (void) arc_flush_state(arc_mru, guid, ARC_BUFC_DATA, retry);
        (void) arc_flush_state(arc_mru, guid, ARC_BUFC_METADATA, retry);

        (void) arc_flush_state(arc_mfu, guid, ARC_BUFC_DATA, retry);
        (void) arc_flush_state(arc_mfu, guid, ARC_BUFC_METADATA, retry);

        (void) arc_flush_state(arc_mru_ghost, guid, ARC_BUFC_DATA, retry);
        (void) arc_flush_state(arc_mru_ghost, guid, ARC_BUFC_METADATA, retry);

        (void) arc_flush_state(arc_mfu_ghost, guid, ARC_BUFC_DATA, retry);
        (void) arc_flush_state(arc_mfu_ghost, guid, ARC_BUFC_METADATA, retry);

        arc_do_user_evicts();
        ASSERT(spa || arc_eviction_list == NULL);
}

void
arc_shrink(int64_t to_free)
{
        if (arc_c > arc_c_min) {
                DTRACE_PROBE4(arc__shrink, uint64_t, arc_c, uint64_t,
                        arc_c_min, uint64_t, arc_p, uint64_t, to_free);
                if (arc_c > arc_c_min + to_free)
                        atomic_add_64(&arc_c, -to_free);
                else
                        arc_c = arc_c_min;

                atomic_add_64(&arc_p, -(arc_p >> arc_shrink_shift));
                if (arc_c > arc_size)
                        arc_c = MAX(arc_size, arc_c_min);
                if (arc_p > arc_c)
                        arc_p = (arc_c >> 1);

                DTRACE_PROBE2(arc__shrunk, uint64_t, arc_c, uint64_t,
                        arc_p);

                ASSERT(arc_c >= arc_c_min);
                ASSERT((int64_t)arc_p >= 0);
        }

        if (arc_size > arc_c) {
                DTRACE_PROBE2(arc__shrink_adjust, uint64_t, arc_size,
                        uint64_t, arc_c);
                (void) arc_adjust();
        }
}

static long needfree = 0;

typedef enum free_memory_reason_t {
        FMR_UNKNOWN,
        FMR_NEEDFREE,
        FMR_LOTSFREE,
        FMR_SWAPFS_MINFREE,
        FMR_PAGES_PP_MAXIMUM,
        FMR_HEAP_ARENA,
        FMR_ZIO_ARENA,
        FMR_ZIO_FRAG,
} free_memory_reason_t;

int64_t last_free_memory;
free_memory_reason_t last_free_reason;

/*
 * Additional reserve of pages for pp_reserve.
 */
int64_t arc_pages_pp_reserve = 64;

/*
 * Additional reserve of pages for swapfs.
 */
int64_t arc_swapfs_reserve = 64;

/*
 * Return the amount of memory that can be consumed before reclaim will be
 * needed.  Positive if there is sufficient free memory, negative indicates
 * the amount of memory that needs to be freed up.
 */
static int64_t
arc_available_memory(void)
{
        int64_t lowest = INT64_MAX;
        int64_t n;
        free_memory_reason_t r = FMR_UNKNOWN;

#ifdef _KERNEL
        if (needfree > 0) {
                n = PAGESIZE * (-needfree);
                if (n < lowest) {
                        lowest = n;
                        r = FMR_NEEDFREE;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Cooperate with pagedaemon when it's time for it to scan
         * and reclaim some pages.
         */
        n = PAGESIZE * ((int64_t)freemem - zfs_arc_free_target);
        if (n < lowest) {
                lowest = n;
                r = FMR_LOTSFREE;
        }

#ifdef sun
        /*
         * check that we're out of range of the pageout scanner.  It starts to
         * schedule paging if freemem is less than lotsfree and needfree.
         * lotsfree is the high-water mark for pageout, and needfree is the
         * number of needed free pages.  We add extra pages here to make sure
         * the scanner doesn't start up while we're freeing memory.
         */
        n = PAGESIZE * (freemem - lotsfree - needfree - desfree);
        if (n < lowest) {
                lowest = n;
                r = FMR_LOTSFREE;
        }

        /*
         * check to make sure that swapfs has enough space so that anon
         * reservations can still succeed. anon_resvmem() checks that the
         * availrmem is greater than swapfs_minfree, and the number of reserved
         * swap pages.  We also add a bit of extra here just to prevent
         * circumstances from getting really dire.
         */
        n = PAGESIZE * (availrmem - swapfs_minfree - swapfs_reserve -
            desfree - arc_swapfs_reserve);
        if (n < lowest) {
                lowest = n;
                r = FMR_SWAPFS_MINFREE;
        }


        /*
         * Check that we have enough availrmem that memory locking (e.g., via
         * mlock(3C) or memcntl(2)) can still succeed.  (pages_pp_maximum
         * stores the number of pages that cannot be locked; when availrmem
         * drops below pages_pp_maximum, page locking mechanisms such as
         * page_pp_lock() will fail.)
         */
        n = PAGESIZE * (availrmem - pages_pp_maximum -
            arc_pages_pp_reserve);
        if (n < lowest) {
                lowest = n;
                r = FMR_PAGES_PP_MAXIMUM;
        }

#endif  /* sun */
#if defined(__i386) || !defined(UMA_MD_SMALL_ALLOC)
        /*
         * If we're on an i386 platform, it's possible that we'll exhaust the
         * kernel heap space before we ever run out of available physical
         * memory.  Most checks of the size of the heap_area compare against
         * tune.t_minarmem, which is the minimum available real memory that we
         * can have in the system.  However, this is generally fixed at 25 pages
         * which is so low that it's useless.  In this comparison, we seek to
         * calculate the total heap-size, and reclaim if more than 3/4ths of the
         * heap is allocated.  (Or, in the calculation, if less than 1/4th is
         * free)
         */
        n = (int64_t)vmem_size(heap_arena, VMEM_FREE) -
            (vmem_size(heap_arena, VMEM_FREE | VMEM_ALLOC) >> 2);
        if (n < lowest) {
                lowest = n;
                r = FMR_HEAP_ARENA;
        }
#define zio_arena       NULL
#else
#define zio_arena       heap_arena
#endif

        /*
         * If zio data pages are being allocated out of a separate heap segment,
         * then enforce that the size of available vmem for this arena remains
         * above about 1/16th free.
         *
         * Note: The 1/16th arena free requirement was put in place
         * to aggressively evict memory from the arc in order to avoid
         * memory fragmentation issues.
         */
        if (zio_arena != NULL) {
                n = (int64_t)vmem_size(zio_arena, VMEM_FREE) -
                    (vmem_size(zio_arena, VMEM_ALLOC) >> 4);
                if (n < lowest) {
                        lowest = n;
                        r = FMR_ZIO_ARENA;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Above limits know nothing about real level of KVA fragmentation.
         * Start aggressive reclamation if too little sequential KVA left.
         */
        if (lowest > 0) {
                n = (vmem_size(heap_arena, VMEM_MAXFREE) < zfs_max_recordsize) ?
                    -((int64_t)vmem_size(heap_arena, VMEM_ALLOC) >> 4) :
                    INT64_MAX;
                if (n < lowest) {
                        lowest = n;
                        r = FMR_ZIO_FRAG;
                }
        }

#else   /* _KERNEL */
        /* Every 100 calls, free a small amount */
        if (spa_get_random(100) == 0)
                lowest = -1024;
#endif  /* _KERNEL */

        last_free_memory = lowest;
        last_free_reason = r;
        DTRACE_PROBE2(arc__available_memory, int64_t, lowest, int, r);
        return (lowest);
}


/*
 * Determine if the system is under memory pressure and is asking
 * to reclaim memory. A return value of TRUE indicates that the system
 * is under memory pressure and that the arc should adjust accordingly.
 */
static boolean_t
arc_reclaim_needed(void)
{
        return (arc_available_memory() < 0);
}

extern kmem_cache_t     *zio_buf_cache[];
extern kmem_cache_t     *zio_data_buf_cache[];
extern kmem_cache_t     *range_seg_cache;

static __noinline void
arc_kmem_reap_now(void)
{
        size_t                  i;
        kmem_cache_t            *prev_cache = NULL;
        kmem_cache_t            *prev_data_cache = NULL;

        DTRACE_PROBE(arc__kmem_reap_start);
#ifdef _KERNEL
        if (arc_meta_used >= arc_meta_limit) {
                /*
                 * We are exceeding our meta-data cache limit.
                 * Purge some DNLC entries to release holds on meta-data.
                 */
                dnlc_reduce_cache((void *)(uintptr_t)arc_reduce_dnlc_percent);
        }
#if defined(__i386)
        /*
         * Reclaim unused memory from all kmem caches.
         */
        kmem_reap();
#endif
#endif

        for (i = 0; i < SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT; i++) {
                if (zio_buf_cache[i] != prev_cache) {
                        prev_cache = zio_buf_cache[i];
                        kmem_cache_reap_now(zio_buf_cache[i]);
                }
                if (zio_data_buf_cache[i] != prev_data_cache) {
                        prev_data_cache = zio_data_buf_cache[i];
                        kmem_cache_reap_now(zio_data_buf_cache[i]);
                }
        }
        kmem_cache_reap_now(buf_cache);
        kmem_cache_reap_now(hdr_full_cache);
        kmem_cache_reap_now(hdr_l2only_cache);
        kmem_cache_reap_now(range_seg_cache);

#ifdef sun
        if (zio_arena != NULL) {
                /*
                 * Ask the vmem arena to reclaim unused memory from its
                 * quantum caches.
                 */
                vmem_qcache_reap(zio_arena);
        }
#endif
        DTRACE_PROBE(arc__kmem_reap_end);
}

/*
 * Threads can block in arc_get_data_buf() waiting for this thread to evict
 * enough data and signal them to proceed. When this happens, the threads in
 * arc_get_data_buf() are sleeping while holding the hash lock for their
 * particular arc header. Thus, we must be careful to never sleep on a
 * hash lock in this thread. This is to prevent the following deadlock:
 *
 *  - Thread A sleeps on CV in arc_get_data_buf() holding hash lock "L",
 *    waiting for the reclaim thread to signal it.
 *
 *  - arc_reclaim_thread() tries to acquire hash lock "L" using mutex_enter,
 *    fails, and goes to sleep forever.
 *
 * This possible deadlock is avoided by always acquiring a hash lock
 * using mutex_tryenter() from arc_reclaim_thread().
 */
static void
arc_reclaim_thread(void *dummy __unused)
{
        clock_t                 growtime = 0;
        callb_cpr_t             cpr;

        CALLB_CPR_INIT(&cpr, &arc_reclaim_lock, callb_generic_cpr, FTAG);

        mutex_enter(&arc_reclaim_lock);
        while (!arc_reclaim_thread_exit) {
                int64_t free_memory = arc_available_memory();
                uint64_t evicted = 0;

                mutex_exit(&arc_reclaim_lock);

                if (free_memory < 0) {

                        arc_no_grow = B_TRUE;
                        arc_warm = B_TRUE;

                        /*
                         * Wait at least zfs_grow_retry (default 60) seconds
                         * before considering growing.
                         */
                        growtime = ddi_get_lbolt() + (arc_grow_retry * hz);

                        arc_kmem_reap_now();

                        /*
                         * If we are still low on memory, shrink the ARC
                         * so that we have arc_shrink_min free space.
                         */
                        free_memory = arc_available_memory();

                        int64_t to_free =
                            (arc_c >> arc_shrink_shift) - free_memory;
                        if (to_free > 0) {
#ifdef _KERNEL
                                to_free = MAX(to_free, ptob(needfree));
#endif
                                arc_shrink(to_free);
                        }
                } else if (free_memory < arc_c >> arc_no_grow_shift) {
                        arc_no_grow = B_TRUE;
                } else if (ddi_get_lbolt() >= growtime) {
                        arc_no_grow = B_FALSE;
                }

                evicted = arc_adjust();

                mutex_enter(&arc_reclaim_lock);

                /*
                 * If evicted is zero, we couldn't evict anything via
                 * arc_adjust(). This could be due to hash lock
                 * collisions, but more likely due to the majority of
                 * arc buffers being unevictable. Therefore, even if
                 * arc_size is above arc_c, another pass is unlikely to
                 * be helpful and could potentially cause us to enter an
                 * infinite loop.
                 */
                if (arc_size <= arc_c || evicted == 0) {
#ifdef _KERNEL
                        needfree = 0;
#endif
                        /*
                         * We're either no longer overflowing, or we
                         * can't evict anything more, so we should wake
                         * up any threads before we go to sleep.
                         */
                        cv_broadcast(&arc_reclaim_waiters_cv);

                        /*
                         * Block until signaled, or after one second (we
                         * might need to perform arc_kmem_reap_now()
                         * even if we aren't being signalled)
                         */
                        CALLB_CPR_SAFE_BEGIN(&cpr);
                        (void) cv_timedwait(&arc_reclaim_thread_cv,
                            &arc_reclaim_lock, hz);
                        CALLB_CPR_SAFE_END(&cpr, &arc_reclaim_lock);
                }
        }

        arc_reclaim_thread_exit = FALSE;
        cv_broadcast(&arc_reclaim_thread_cv);
        CALLB_CPR_EXIT(&cpr);           /* drops arc_reclaim_lock */
        thread_exit();
}

static void
arc_user_evicts_thread(void *dummy __unused)
{
        callb_cpr_t cpr;

        CALLB_CPR_INIT(&cpr, &arc_user_evicts_lock, callb_generic_cpr, FTAG);

        mutex_enter(&arc_user_evicts_lock);
        while (!arc_user_evicts_thread_exit) {
                mutex_exit(&arc_user_evicts_lock);

                arc_do_user_evicts();

                /*
                 * This is necessary in order for the mdb ::arc dcmd to
                 * show up to date information. Since the ::arc command
                 * does not call the kstat's update function, without
                 * this call, the command may show stale stats for the
                 * anon, mru, mru_ghost, mfu, and mfu_ghost lists. Even
                 * with this change, the data might be up to 1 second
                 * out of date; but that should suffice. The arc_state_t
                 * structures can be queried directly if more accurate
                 * information is needed.
                 */
                if (arc_ksp != NULL)
                        arc_ksp->ks_update(arc_ksp, KSTAT_READ);

                mutex_enter(&arc_user_evicts_lock);

                /*
                 * Block until signaled, or after one second (we need to
                 * call the arc's kstat update function regularly).
                 */
                CALLB_CPR_SAFE_BEGIN(&cpr);
                (void) cv_timedwait(&arc_user_evicts_cv,
                    &arc_user_evicts_lock, hz);
                CALLB_CPR_SAFE_END(&cpr, &arc_user_evicts_lock);
        }

        arc_user_evicts_thread_exit = FALSE;
        cv_broadcast(&arc_user_evicts_cv);
        CALLB_CPR_EXIT(&cpr);           /* drops arc_user_evicts_lock */
        thread_exit();
}

/*
 * Adapt arc info given the number of bytes we are trying to add and
 * the state that we are comming from.  This function is only called
 * when we are adding new content to the cache.
 */
static void
arc_adapt(int bytes, arc_state_t *state)
{
        int mult;
        uint64_t arc_p_min = (arc_c >> arc_p_min_shift);
        int64_t mrug_size = refcount_count(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_size);
        int64_t mfug_size = refcount_count(&arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_size);

        if (state == arc_l2c_only)
                return;

        ASSERT(bytes > 0);
        /*
         * Adapt the target size of the MRU list:
         *      - if we just hit in the MRU ghost list, then increase
         *        the target size of the MRU list.
         *      - if we just hit in the MFU ghost list, then increase
         *        the target size of the MFU list by decreasing the
         *        target size of the MRU list.
         */
        if (state == arc_mru_ghost) {
                mult = (mrug_size >= mfug_size) ? 1 : (mfug_size / mrug_size);
                mult = MIN(mult, 10); /* avoid wild arc_p adjustment */

                arc_p = MIN(arc_c - arc_p_min, arc_p + bytes * mult);
        } else if (state == arc_mfu_ghost) {
                uint64_t delta;

                mult = (mfug_size >= mrug_size) ? 1 : (mrug_size / mfug_size);
                mult = MIN(mult, 10);

                delta = MIN(bytes * mult, arc_p);
                arc_p = MAX(arc_p_min, arc_p - delta);
        }
        ASSERT((int64_t)arc_p >= 0);

        if (arc_reclaim_needed()) {
                cv_signal(&arc_reclaim_thread_cv);
                return;
        }

        if (arc_no_grow)
                return;

        if (arc_c >= arc_c_max)
                return;

        /*
         * If we're within (2 * maxblocksize) bytes of the target
         * cache size, increment the target cache size
         */
        if (arc_size > arc_c - (2ULL << SPA_MAXBLOCKSHIFT)) {
                DTRACE_PROBE1(arc__inc_adapt, int, bytes);
                atomic_add_64(&arc_c, (int64_t)bytes);
                if (arc_c > arc_c_max)
                        arc_c = arc_c_max;
                else if (state == arc_anon)
                        atomic_add_64(&arc_p, (int64_t)bytes);
                if (arc_p > arc_c)
                        arc_p = arc_c;
        }
        ASSERT((int64_t)arc_p >= 0);
}

/*
 * Check if arc_size has grown past our upper threshold, determined by
 * zfs_arc_overflow_shift.
 */
static boolean_t
arc_is_overflowing(void)
{
        /* Always allow at least one block of overflow */
        uint64_t overflow = MAX(SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE,
            arc_c >> zfs_arc_overflow_shift);

        return (arc_size >= arc_c + overflow);
}

/*
 * The buffer, supplied as the first argument, needs a data block. If we
 * are hitting the hard limit for the cache size, we must sleep, waiting
 * for the eviction thread to catch up. If we're past the target size
 * but below the hard limit, we'll only signal the reclaim thread and
 * continue on.
 */
static void
arc_get_data_buf(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        arc_state_t             *state = buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state;
        uint64_t                size = buf->b_hdr->b_size;
        arc_buf_contents_t      type = arc_buf_type(buf->b_hdr);

        arc_adapt(size, state);

        /*
         * If arc_size is currently overflowing, and has grown past our
         * upper limit, we must be adding data faster than the evict
         * thread can evict. Thus, to ensure we don't compound the
         * problem by adding more data and forcing arc_size to grow even
         * further past it's target size, we halt and wait for the
         * eviction thread to catch up.
         *
         * It's also possible that the reclaim thread is unable to evict
         * enough buffers to get arc_size below the overflow limit (e.g.
         * due to buffers being un-evictable, or hash lock collisions).
         * In this case, we want to proceed regardless if we're
         * overflowing; thus we don't use a while loop here.
         */
        if (arc_is_overflowing()) {
                mutex_enter(&arc_reclaim_lock);

                /*
                 * Now that we've acquired the lock, we may no longer be
                 * over the overflow limit, lets check.
                 *
                 * We're ignoring the case of spurious wake ups. If that
                 * were to happen, it'd let this thread consume an ARC
                 * buffer before it should have (i.e. before we're under
                 * the overflow limit and were signalled by the reclaim
                 * thread). As long as that is a rare occurrence, it
                 * shouldn't cause any harm.
                 */
                if (arc_is_overflowing()) {
                        cv_signal(&arc_reclaim_thread_cv);
                        cv_wait(&arc_reclaim_waiters_cv, &arc_reclaim_lock);
                }

                mutex_exit(&arc_reclaim_lock);
        }

        if (type == ARC_BUFC_METADATA) {
                buf->b_data = zio_buf_alloc(size);
                arc_space_consume(size, ARC_SPACE_META);
        } else {
                ASSERT(type == ARC_BUFC_DATA);
                buf->b_data = zio_data_buf_alloc(size);
                arc_space_consume(size, ARC_SPACE_DATA);
        }

        /*
         * Update the state size.  Note that ghost states have a
         * "ghost size" and so don't need to be updated.
         */
        if (!GHOST_STATE(buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state)) {
                arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;
                arc_state_t *state = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state;

                (void) refcount_add_many(&state->arcs_size, size, buf);

                /*
                 * If this is reached via arc_read, the link is
                 * protected by the hash lock. If reached via
                 * arc_buf_alloc, the header should not be accessed by
                 * any other thread. And, if reached via arc_read_done,
                 * the hash lock will protect it if it's found in the
                 * hash table; otherwise no other thread should be
                 * trying to [add|remove]_reference it.
                 */
                if (multilist_link_active(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_node)) {
                        ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
                        atomic_add_64(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state->arcs_lsize[type],
                            size);
                }
                /*
                 * If we are growing the cache, and we are adding anonymous
                 * data, and we have outgrown arc_p, update arc_p
                 */
                if (arc_size < arc_c && hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_anon &&
                    (refcount_count(&arc_anon->arcs_size) +
                    refcount_count(&arc_mru->arcs_size) > arc_p))
                        arc_p = MIN(arc_c, arc_p + size);
        }
        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_allocated);
}

/*
 * This routine is called whenever a buffer is accessed.
 * NOTE: the hash lock is dropped in this function.
 */
static void
arc_access(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr, kmutex_t *hash_lock)
{
        clock_t now;

        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(hash_lock));
        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));

        if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_anon) {
                /*
                 * This buffer is not in the cache, and does not
                 * appear in our "ghost" list.  Add the new buffer
                 * to the MRU state.
                 */

                ASSERT0(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access);
                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access = ddi_get_lbolt();
                DTRACE_PROBE1(new_state__mru, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
                arc_change_state(arc_mru, hdr, hash_lock);

        } else if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_mru) {
                now = ddi_get_lbolt();

                /*
                 * If this buffer is here because of a prefetch, then either:
                 * - clear the flag if this is a "referencing" read
                 *   (any subsequent access will bump this into the MFU state).
                 * or
                 * - move the buffer to the head of the list if this is
                 *   another prefetch (to make it less likely to be evicted).
                 */
                if (HDR_PREFETCH(hdr)) {
                        if (refcount_count(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt) == 0) {
                                /* link protected by hash lock */
                                ASSERT(multilist_link_active(
                                    &hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_node));
                        } else {
                                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_PREFETCH;
                                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_mru_hits);
                        }
                        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access = now;
                        return;
                }

                /*
                 * This buffer has been "accessed" only once so far,
                 * but it is still in the cache. Move it to the MFU
                 * state.
                 */
                if (now > hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access + ARC_MINTIME) {
                        /*
                         * More than 125ms have passed since we
                         * instantiated this buffer.  Move it to the
                         * most frequently used state.
                         */
                        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access = now;
                        DTRACE_PROBE1(new_state__mfu, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
                        arc_change_state(arc_mfu, hdr, hash_lock);
                }
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_mru_hits);
        } else if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_mru_ghost) {
                arc_state_t     *new_state;
                /*
                 * This buffer has been "accessed" recently, but
                 * was evicted from the cache.  Move it to the
                 * MFU state.
                 */

                if (HDR_PREFETCH(hdr)) {
                        new_state = arc_mru;
                        if (refcount_count(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt) > 0)
                                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_PREFETCH;
                        DTRACE_PROBE1(new_state__mru, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
                } else {
                        new_state = arc_mfu;
                        DTRACE_PROBE1(new_state__mfu, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
                }

                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access = ddi_get_lbolt();
                arc_change_state(new_state, hdr, hash_lock);

                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_mru_ghost_hits);
        } else if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_mfu) {
                /*
                 * This buffer has been accessed more than once and is
                 * still in the cache.  Keep it in the MFU state.
                 *
                 * NOTE: an add_reference() that occurred when we did
                 * the arc_read() will have kicked this off the list.
                 * If it was a prefetch, we will explicitly move it to
                 * the head of the list now.
                 */
                if ((HDR_PREFETCH(hdr)) != 0) {
                        ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
                        /* link protected by hash_lock */
                        ASSERT(multilist_link_active(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_node));
                }
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_mfu_hits);
                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access = ddi_get_lbolt();
        } else if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_mfu_ghost) {
                arc_state_t     *new_state = arc_mfu;
                /*
                 * This buffer has been accessed more than once but has
                 * been evicted from the cache.  Move it back to the
                 * MFU state.
                 */

                if (HDR_PREFETCH(hdr)) {
                        /*
                         * This is a prefetch access...
                         * move this block back to the MRU state.
                         */
                        ASSERT0(refcount_count(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
                        new_state = arc_mru;
                }

                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access = ddi_get_lbolt();
                DTRACE_PROBE1(new_state__mfu, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
                arc_change_state(new_state, hdr, hash_lock);

                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_mfu_ghost_hits);
        } else if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_l2c_only) {
                /*
                 * This buffer is on the 2nd Level ARC.
                 */

                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access = ddi_get_lbolt();
                DTRACE_PROBE1(new_state__mfu, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
                arc_change_state(arc_mfu, hdr, hash_lock);
        } else {
                ASSERT(!"invalid arc state");
        }
}

/* a generic arc_done_func_t which you can use */
/* ARGSUSED */
void
arc_bcopy_func(zio_t *zio, arc_buf_t *buf, void *arg)
{
        if (zio == NULL || zio->io_error == 0)
                bcopy(buf->b_data, arg, buf->b_hdr->b_size);
        VERIFY(arc_buf_remove_ref(buf, arg));
}

/* a generic arc_done_func_t */
void
arc_getbuf_func(zio_t *zio, arc_buf_t *buf, void *arg)
{
        arc_buf_t **bufp = arg;
        if (zio && zio->io_error) {
                VERIFY(arc_buf_remove_ref(buf, arg));
                *bufp = NULL;
        } else {
                *bufp = buf;
                ASSERT(buf->b_data);
        }
}

static void
arc_read_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t   *hdr;
        arc_buf_t       *buf;
        arc_buf_t       *abuf;  /* buffer we're assigning to callback */
        kmutex_t        *hash_lock = NULL;
        arc_callback_t  *callback_list, *acb;
        int             freeable = FALSE;

        buf = zio->io_private;
        hdr = buf->b_hdr;

        /*
         * The hdr was inserted into hash-table and removed from lists
         * prior to starting I/O.  We should find this header, since
         * it's in the hash table, and it should be legit since it's
         * not possible to evict it during the I/O.  The only possible
         * reason for it not to be found is if we were freed during the
         * read.
         */
        if (HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr)) {
                ASSERT3U(hdr->b_birth, ==, BP_PHYSICAL_BIRTH(zio->io_bp));
                ASSERT3U(hdr->b_dva.dva_word[0], ==,
                    BP_IDENTITY(zio->io_bp)->dva_word[0]);
                ASSERT3U(hdr->b_dva.dva_word[1], ==,
                    BP_IDENTITY(zio->io_bp)->dva_word[1]);

                arc_buf_hdr_t *found = buf_hash_find(hdr->b_spa, zio->io_bp,
                    &hash_lock);

                ASSERT((found == NULL && HDR_FREED_IN_READ(hdr) &&
                    hash_lock == NULL) ||
                    (found == hdr &&
                    DVA_EQUAL(&hdr->b_dva, BP_IDENTITY(zio->io_bp))) ||
                    (found == hdr && HDR_L2_READING(hdr)));
        }

        hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_L2_EVICTED;
        if (l2arc_noprefetch && HDR_PREFETCH(hdr))
                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_L2CACHE;

        /* byteswap if necessary */
        callback_list = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_acb;
        ASSERT(callback_list != NULL);
        if (BP_SHOULD_BYTESWAP(zio->io_bp) && zio->io_error == 0) {
                dmu_object_byteswap_t bswap =
                    DMU_OT_BYTESWAP(BP_GET_TYPE(zio->io_bp));
                arc_byteswap_func_t *func = BP_GET_LEVEL(zio->io_bp) > 0 ?
                    byteswap_uint64_array :
                    dmu_ot_byteswap[bswap].ob_func;
                func(buf->b_data, hdr->b_size);
        }

        arc_cksum_compute(buf, B_FALSE);
#ifdef illumos
        arc_buf_watch(buf);
#endif /* illumos */

        if (hash_lock && zio->io_error == 0 &&
            hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_anon) {
                /*
                 * Only call arc_access on anonymous buffers.  This is because
                 * if we've issued an I/O for an evicted buffer, we've already
                 * called arc_access (to prevent any simultaneous readers from
                 * getting confused).
                 */
                arc_access(hdr, hash_lock);
        }

        /* create copies of the data buffer for the callers */
        abuf = buf;
        for (acb = callback_list; acb; acb = acb->acb_next) {
                if (acb->acb_done) {
                        if (abuf == NULL) {
                                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_duplicate_reads);
                                abuf = arc_buf_clone(buf);
                        }
                        acb->acb_buf = abuf;
                        abuf = NULL;
                }
        }
        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_acb = NULL;
        hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
        ASSERT(!HDR_BUF_AVAILABLE(hdr));
        if (abuf == buf) {
                ASSERT(buf->b_efunc == NULL);
                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt == 1);
                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_BUF_AVAILABLE;
        }

        ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt) ||
            callback_list != NULL);

        if (zio->io_error != 0) {
                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_IO_ERROR;
                if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state != arc_anon)
                        arc_change_state(arc_anon, hdr, hash_lock);
                if (HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr))
                        buf_hash_remove(hdr);
                freeable = refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt);
        }

        /*
         * Broadcast before we drop the hash_lock to avoid the possibility
         * that the hdr (and hence the cv) might be freed before we get to
         * the cv_broadcast().
         */
        cv_broadcast(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_cv);

        if (hash_lock != NULL) {
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        } else {
                /*
                 * This block was freed while we waited for the read to
                 * complete.  It has been removed from the hash table and
                 * moved to the anonymous state (so that it won't show up
                 * in the cache).
                 */
                ASSERT3P(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state, ==, arc_anon);
                freeable = refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt);
        }

        /* execute each callback and free its structure */
        while ((acb = callback_list) != NULL) {
                if (acb->acb_done)
                        acb->acb_done(zio, acb->acb_buf, acb->acb_private);

                if (acb->acb_zio_dummy != NULL) {
                        acb->acb_zio_dummy->io_error = zio->io_error;
                        zio_nowait(acb->acb_zio_dummy);
                }

                callback_list = acb->acb_next;
                kmem_free(acb, sizeof (arc_callback_t));
        }

        if (freeable)
                arc_hdr_destroy(hdr);
}

/*
 * "Read" the block at the specified DVA (in bp) via the
 * cache.  If the block is found in the cache, invoke the provided
 * callback immediately and return.  Note that the `zio' parameter
 * in the callback will be NULL in this case, since no IO was
 * required.  If the block is not in the cache pass the read request
 * on to the spa with a substitute callback function, so that the
 * requested block will be added to the cache.
 *
 * If a read request arrives for a block that has a read in-progress,
 * either wait for the in-progress read to complete (and return the
 * results); or, if this is a read with a "done" func, add a record
 * to the read to invoke the "done" func when the read completes,
 * and return; or just return.
 *
 * arc_read_done() will invoke all the requested "done" functions
 * for readers of this block.
 */
int
arc_read(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, const blkptr_t *bp, arc_done_func_t *done,
    void *private, zio_priority_t priority, int zio_flags,
    arc_flags_t *arc_flags, const zbookmark_phys_t *zb)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = NULL;
        arc_buf_t *buf = NULL;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock = NULL;
        zio_t *rzio;
        uint64_t guid = spa_load_guid(spa);

        ASSERT(!BP_IS_EMBEDDED(bp) ||
            BPE_GET_ETYPE(bp) == BP_EMBEDDED_TYPE_DATA);

top:
        if (!BP_IS_EMBEDDED(bp)) {
                /*
                 * Embedded BP's have no DVA and require no I/O to "read".
                 * Create an anonymous arc buf to back it.
                 */
                hdr = buf_hash_find(guid, bp, &hash_lock);
        }

        if (hdr != NULL && HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr) && hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 0) {

                *arc_flags |= ARC_FLAG_CACHED;

                if (HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr)) {

                        if (*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_WAIT) {
                                cv_wait(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_cv, hash_lock);
                                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                                goto top;
                        }
                        ASSERT(*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_NOWAIT);

                        if (done) {
                                arc_callback_t  *acb = NULL;

                                acb = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (arc_callback_t),
                                    KM_SLEEP);
                                acb->acb_done = done;
                                acb->acb_private = private;
                                if (pio != NULL)
                                        acb->acb_zio_dummy = zio_null(pio,
                                            spa, NULL, NULL, NULL, zio_flags);

                                ASSERT(acb->acb_done != NULL);
                                acb->acb_next = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_acb;
                                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_acb = acb;
                                add_reference(hdr, hash_lock, private);
                                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                                return (0);
                        }
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                        return (0);
                }

                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_mru ||
                    hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_mfu);

                if (done) {
                        add_reference(hdr, hash_lock, private);
                        /*
                         * If this block is already in use, create a new
                         * copy of the data so that we will be guaranteed
                         * that arc_release() will always succeed.
                         */
                        buf = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf;
                        ASSERT(buf);
                        ASSERT(buf->b_data);
                        if (HDR_BUF_AVAILABLE(hdr)) {
                                ASSERT(buf->b_efunc == NULL);
                                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_BUF_AVAILABLE;
                        } else {
                                buf = arc_buf_clone(buf);
                        }

                } else if (*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_PREFETCH &&
                    refcount_count(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt) == 0) {
                        hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_PREFETCH;
                }
                DTRACE_PROBE1(arc__hit, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
                arc_access(hdr, hash_lock);
                if (*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_L2CACHE)
                        hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_L2CACHE;
                if (*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_L2COMPRESS)
                        hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_L2COMPRESS;
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_hits);
                ARCSTAT_CONDSTAT(!HDR_PREFETCH(hdr),
                    demand, prefetch, !HDR_ISTYPE_METADATA(hdr),
                    data, metadata, hits);

                if (done)
                        done(NULL, buf, private);
        } else {
                uint64_t size = BP_GET_LSIZE(bp);
                arc_callback_t *acb;
                vdev_t *vd = NULL;
                uint64_t addr = 0;
                boolean_t devw = B_FALSE;
                enum zio_compress b_compress = ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF;
                int32_t b_asize = 0;

                if (hdr == NULL) {
                        /* this block is not in the cache */
                        arc_buf_hdr_t *exists = NULL;
                        arc_buf_contents_t type = BP_GET_BUFC_TYPE(bp);
                        buf = arc_buf_alloc(spa, size, private, type);
                        hdr = buf->b_hdr;
                        if (!BP_IS_EMBEDDED(bp)) {
                                hdr->b_dva = *BP_IDENTITY(bp);
                                hdr->b_birth = BP_PHYSICAL_BIRTH(bp);
                                exists = buf_hash_insert(hdr, &hash_lock);
                        }
                        if (exists != NULL) {
                                /* somebody beat us to the hash insert */
                                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                                buf_discard_identity(hdr);
                                (void) arc_buf_remove_ref(buf, private);
                                goto top; /* restart the IO request */
                        }

                        /* if this is a prefetch, we don't have a reference */
                        if (*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_PREFETCH) {
                                (void) remove_reference(hdr, hash_lock,
                                    private);
                                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_PREFETCH;
                        }
                        if (*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_L2CACHE)
                                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_L2CACHE;
                        if (*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_L2COMPRESS)
                                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_L2COMPRESS;
                        if (BP_GET_LEVEL(bp) > 0)
                                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_INDIRECT;
                } else {
                        /*
                         * This block is in the ghost cache. If it was L2-only
                         * (and thus didn't have an L1 hdr), we realloc the
                         * header to add an L1 hdr.
                         */
                        if (!HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr)) {
                                hdr = arc_hdr_realloc(hdr, hdr_l2only_cache,
                                    hdr_full_cache);
                        }

                        ASSERT(GHOST_STATE(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state));
                        ASSERT(!HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr));
                        ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
                        ASSERT3P(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf, ==, NULL);

                        /* if this is a prefetch, we don't have a reference */
                        if (*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_PREFETCH)
                                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_PREFETCH;
                        else
                                add_reference(hdr, hash_lock, private);
                        if (*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_L2CACHE)
                                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_L2CACHE;
                        if (*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_L2COMPRESS)
                                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_L2COMPRESS;
                        buf = kmem_cache_alloc(buf_cache, KM_PUSHPAGE);
                        buf->b_hdr = hdr;
                        buf->b_data = NULL;
                        buf->b_efunc = NULL;
                        buf->b_private = NULL;
                        buf->b_next = NULL;
                        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf = buf;
                        ASSERT0(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt);
                        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt = 1;
                        arc_get_data_buf(buf);
                        arc_access(hdr, hash_lock);
                }

                ASSERT(!GHOST_STATE(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state));

                acb = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (arc_callback_t), KM_SLEEP);
                acb->acb_done = done;
                acb->acb_private = private;

                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_acb == NULL);
                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_acb = acb;
                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_IO_IN_PROGRESS;

                if (HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr) &&
                    (vd = hdr->b_l2hdr.b_dev->l2ad_vdev) != NULL) {
                        devw = hdr->b_l2hdr.b_dev->l2ad_writing;
                        addr = hdr->b_l2hdr.b_daddr;
                        b_compress = HDR_GET_COMPRESS(hdr);
                        b_asize = hdr->b_l2hdr.b_asize;
                        /*
                         * Lock out device removal.
                         */
                        if (vdev_is_dead(vd) ||
                            !spa_config_tryenter(spa, SCL_L2ARC, vd, RW_READER))
                                vd = NULL;
                }

                if (hash_lock != NULL)
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);

                /*
                 * At this point, we have a level 1 cache miss.  Try again in
                 * L2ARC if possible.
                 */
                ASSERT3U(hdr->b_size, ==, size);
                DTRACE_PROBE4(arc__miss, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr, blkptr_t *, bp,
                    uint64_t, size, zbookmark_phys_t *, zb);
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_misses);
                ARCSTAT_CONDSTAT(!HDR_PREFETCH(hdr),
                    demand, prefetch, !HDR_ISTYPE_METADATA(hdr),
                    data, metadata, misses);
#ifdef _KERNEL
                curthread->td_ru.ru_inblock++;
#endif

                if (vd != NULL && l2arc_ndev != 0 && !(l2arc_norw && devw)) {
                        /*
                         * Read from the L2ARC if the following are true:
                         * 1. The L2ARC vdev was previously cached.
                         * 2. This buffer still has L2ARC metadata.
                         * 3. This buffer isn't currently writing to the L2ARC.
                         * 4. The L2ARC entry wasn't evicted, which may
                         *    also have invalidated the vdev.
                         * 5. This isn't prefetch and l2arc_noprefetch is set.
                         */
                        if (HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr) &&
                            !HDR_L2_WRITING(hdr) && !HDR_L2_EVICTED(hdr) &&
                            !(l2arc_noprefetch && HDR_PREFETCH(hdr))) {
                                l2arc_read_callback_t *cb;

                                DTRACE_PROBE1(l2arc__hit, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
                                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_hits);

                                cb = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (l2arc_read_callback_t),
                                    KM_SLEEP);
                                cb->l2rcb_buf = buf;
                                cb->l2rcb_spa = spa;
                                cb->l2rcb_bp = *bp;
                                cb->l2rcb_zb = *zb;
                                cb->l2rcb_flags = zio_flags;
                                cb->l2rcb_compress = b_compress;

                                ASSERT(addr >= VDEV_LABEL_START_SIZE &&
                                    addr + size < vd->vdev_psize -
                                    VDEV_LABEL_END_SIZE);

                                /*
                                 * l2arc read.  The SCL_L2ARC lock will be
                                 * released by l2arc_read_done().
                                 * Issue a null zio if the underlying buffer
                                 * was squashed to zero size by compression.
                                 */
                                if (b_compress == ZIO_COMPRESS_EMPTY) {
                                        rzio = zio_null(pio, spa, vd,
                                            l2arc_read_done, cb,
                                            zio_flags | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_CACHE |
                                            ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL |
                                            ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE |
                                            ZIO_FLAG_DONT_RETRY);
                                } else {
                                        rzio = zio_read_phys(pio, vd, addr,
                                            b_asize, buf->b_data,
                                            ZIO_CHECKSUM_OFF,
                                            l2arc_read_done, cb, priority,
                                            zio_flags | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_CACHE |
                                            ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL |
                                            ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE |
                                            ZIO_FLAG_DONT_RETRY, B_FALSE);
                                }
                                DTRACE_PROBE2(l2arc__read, vdev_t *, vd,
                                    zio_t *, rzio);
                                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_l2_read_bytes, b_asize);

                                if (*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_NOWAIT) {
                                        zio_nowait(rzio);
                                        return (0);
                                }

                                ASSERT(*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_WAIT);
                                if (zio_wait(rzio) == 0)
                                        return (0);

                                /* l2arc read error; goto zio_read() */
                        } else {
                                DTRACE_PROBE1(l2arc__miss,
                                    arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
                                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_misses);
                                if (HDR_L2_WRITING(hdr))
                                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_rw_clash);
                                spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_L2ARC, vd);
                        }
                } else {
                        if (vd != NULL)
                                spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_L2ARC, vd);
                        if (l2arc_ndev != 0) {
                                DTRACE_PROBE1(l2arc__miss,
                                    arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
                                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_misses);
                        }
                }

                rzio = zio_read(pio, spa, bp, buf->b_data, size,
                    arc_read_done, buf, priority, zio_flags, zb);

                if (*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_WAIT)
                        return (zio_wait(rzio));

                ASSERT(*arc_flags & ARC_FLAG_NOWAIT);
                zio_nowait(rzio);
        }
        return (0);
}

void
arc_set_callback(arc_buf_t *buf, arc_evict_func_t *func, void *private)
{
        ASSERT(buf->b_hdr != NULL);
        ASSERT(buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state != arc_anon);
        ASSERT(!refcount_is_zero(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt) ||
            func == NULL);
        ASSERT(buf->b_efunc == NULL);
        ASSERT(!HDR_BUF_AVAILABLE(buf->b_hdr));

        buf->b_efunc = func;
        buf->b_private = private;
}

/*
 * Notify the arc that a block was freed, and thus will never be used again.
 */
void
arc_freed(spa_t *spa, const blkptr_t *bp)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;
        uint64_t guid = spa_load_guid(spa);

        ASSERT(!BP_IS_EMBEDDED(bp));

        hdr = buf_hash_find(guid, bp, &hash_lock);
        if (hdr == NULL)
                return;
        if (HDR_BUF_AVAILABLE(hdr)) {
                arc_buf_t *buf = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf;
                add_reference(hdr, hash_lock, FTAG);
                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_BUF_AVAILABLE;
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);

                arc_release(buf, FTAG);
                (void) arc_buf_remove_ref(buf, FTAG);
        } else {
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        }

}

/*
 * Clear the user eviction callback set by arc_set_callback(), first calling
 * it if it exists.  Because the presence of a callback keeps an arc_buf cached
 * clearing the callback may result in the arc_buf being destroyed.  However,
 * it will not result in the *last* arc_buf being destroyed, hence the data
 * will remain cached in the ARC. We make a copy of the arc buffer here so
 * that we can process the callback without holding any locks.
 *
 * It's possible that the callback is already in the process of being cleared
 * by another thread.  In this case we can not clear the callback.
 *
 * Returns B_TRUE if the callback was successfully called and cleared.
 */
boolean_t
arc_clear_callback(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;
        arc_evict_func_t *efunc = buf->b_efunc;
        void *private = buf->b_private;

        mutex_enter(&buf->b_evict_lock);
        hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        if (hdr == NULL) {
                /*
                 * We are in arc_do_user_evicts().
                 */
                ASSERT(buf->b_data == NULL);
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                return (B_FALSE);
        } else if (buf->b_data == NULL) {
                /*
                 * We are on the eviction list; process this buffer now
                 * but let arc_do_user_evicts() do the reaping.
                 */
                buf->b_efunc = NULL;
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                VERIFY0(efunc(private));
                return (B_TRUE);
        }
        hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);
        mutex_enter(hash_lock);
        hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        ASSERT3P(hash_lock, ==, HDR_LOCK(hdr));

        ASSERT3U(refcount_count(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt), <,
            hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt);
        ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_mru ||
            hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_mfu);

        buf->b_efunc = NULL;
        buf->b_private = NULL;

        if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 1) {
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                arc_buf_destroy(buf, TRUE);
        } else {
                ASSERT(buf == hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf);
                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_BUF_AVAILABLE;
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
        }

        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        VERIFY0(efunc(private));
        return (B_TRUE);
}

/*
 * Release this buffer from the cache, making it an anonymous buffer.  This
 * must be done after a read and prior to modifying the buffer contents.
 * If the buffer has more than one reference, we must make
 * a new hdr for the buffer.
 */
void
arc_release(arc_buf_t *buf, void *tag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;

        /*
         * It would be nice to assert that if it's DMU metadata (level >
         * 0 || it's the dnode file), then it must be syncing context.
         * But we don't know that information at this level.
         */

        mutex_enter(&buf->b_evict_lock);

        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));

        /*
         * We don't grab the hash lock prior to this check, because if
         * the buffer's header is in the arc_anon state, it won't be
         * linked into the hash table.
         */
        if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_anon) {
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                ASSERT(!HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr));
                ASSERT(!HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr));
                ASSERT(!HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr));
                ASSERT(BUF_EMPTY(hdr));
                ASSERT3U(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt, ==, 1);
                ASSERT3S(refcount_count(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt), ==, 1);
                ASSERT(!list_link_active(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_node));

                ASSERT3P(buf->b_efunc, ==, NULL);
                ASSERT3P(buf->b_private, ==, NULL);

                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access = 0;
                arc_buf_thaw(buf);

                return;
        }

        kmutex_t *hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);
        mutex_enter(hash_lock);

        /*
         * This assignment is only valid as long as the hash_lock is
         * held, we must be careful not to reference state or the
         * b_state field after dropping the lock.
         */
        arc_state_t *state = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state;
        ASSERT3P(hash_lock, ==, HDR_LOCK(hdr));
        ASSERT3P(state, !=, arc_anon);

        /* this buffer is not on any list */
        ASSERT(refcount_count(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt) > 0);

        if (HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr)) {
                mutex_enter(&hdr->b_l2hdr.b_dev->l2ad_mtx);

                /*
                 * We have to recheck this conditional again now that
                 * we're holding the l2ad_mtx to prevent a race with
                 * another thread which might be concurrently calling
                 * l2arc_evict(). In that case, l2arc_evict() might have
                 * destroyed the header's L2 portion as we were waiting
                 * to acquire the l2ad_mtx.
                 */
                if (HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr)) {
                        if (hdr->b_l2hdr.b_daddr != L2ARC_ADDR_UNSET)
                                trim_map_free(hdr->b_l2hdr.b_dev->l2ad_vdev,
                                    hdr->b_l2hdr.b_daddr,
                                    hdr->b_l2hdr.b_asize, 0);
                        arc_hdr_l2hdr_destroy(hdr);
                }

                mutex_exit(&hdr->b_l2hdr.b_dev->l2ad_mtx);
        }

        /*
         * Do we have more than one buf?
         */
        if (hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 1) {
                arc_buf_hdr_t *nhdr;
                arc_buf_t **bufp;
                uint64_t blksz = hdr->b_size;
                uint64_t spa = hdr->b_spa;
                arc_buf_contents_t type = arc_buf_type(hdr);
                uint32_t flags = hdr->b_flags;

                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf != buf || buf->b_next != NULL);
                /*
                 * Pull the data off of this hdr and attach it to
                 * a new anonymous hdr.
                 */
                (void) remove_reference(hdr, hash_lock, tag);
                bufp = &hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf;
                while (*bufp != buf)
                        bufp = &(*bufp)->b_next;
                *bufp = buf->b_next;
                buf->b_next = NULL;

                ASSERT3P(state, !=, arc_l2c_only);

                (void) refcount_remove_many(
                    &state->arcs_size, hdr->b_size, buf);

                if (refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt)) {
                        ASSERT3P(state, !=, arc_l2c_only);
                        uint64_t *size = &state->arcs_lsize[type];
                        ASSERT3U(*size, >=, hdr->b_size);
                        atomic_add_64(size, -hdr->b_size);
                }

                /*
                 * We're releasing a duplicate user data buffer, update
                 * our statistics accordingly.
                 */
                if (HDR_ISTYPE_DATA(hdr)) {
                        ARCSTAT_BUMPDOWN(arcstat_duplicate_buffers);
                        ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_duplicate_buffers_size,
                            -hdr->b_size);
                }
                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt -= 1;
                arc_cksum_verify(buf);
#ifdef illumos
                arc_buf_unwatch(buf);
#endif /* illumos */

                mutex_exit(hash_lock);

                nhdr = kmem_cache_alloc(hdr_full_cache, KM_PUSHPAGE);
                nhdr->b_size = blksz;
                nhdr->b_spa = spa;

                nhdr->b_flags = flags & ARC_FLAG_L2_WRITING;
                nhdr->b_flags |= arc_bufc_to_flags(type);
                nhdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_HAS_L1HDR;

                nhdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf = buf;
                nhdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt = 1;
                nhdr->b_l1hdr.b_state = arc_anon;
                nhdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access = 0;
                nhdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata = NULL;
                nhdr->b_freeze_cksum = NULL;

                (void) refcount_add(&nhdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt, tag);
                buf->b_hdr = nhdr;
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                (void) refcount_add_many(&arc_anon->arcs_size, blksz, buf);
        } else {
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
                ASSERT(refcount_count(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt) == 1);
                /* protected by hash lock, or hdr is on arc_anon */
                ASSERT(!multilist_link_active(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_node));
                ASSERT(!HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr));
                arc_change_state(arc_anon, hdr, hash_lock);
                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_arc_access = 0;
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);

                buf_discard_identity(hdr);
                arc_buf_thaw(buf);
        }
        buf->b_efunc = NULL;
        buf->b_private = NULL;
}

int
arc_released(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        int released;

        mutex_enter(&buf->b_evict_lock);
        released = (buf->b_data != NULL &&
            buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_anon);
        mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
        return (released);
}

#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
int
arc_referenced(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        int referenced;

        mutex_enter(&buf->b_evict_lock);
        referenced = (refcount_count(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
        mutex_exit(&buf->b_evict_lock);
        return (referenced);
}
#endif

static void
arc_write_ready(zio_t *zio)
{
        arc_write_callback_t *callback = zio->io_private;
        arc_buf_t *buf = callback->awcb_buf;
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;

        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
        ASSERT(!refcount_is_zero(&buf->b_hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
        ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 0);
        callback->awcb_ready(zio, buf, callback->awcb_private);

        /*
         * If the IO is already in progress, then this is a re-write
         * attempt, so we need to thaw and re-compute the cksum.
         * It is the responsibility of the callback to handle the
         * accounting for any re-write attempt.
         */
        if (HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr)) {
                mutex_enter(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);
                if (hdr->b_freeze_cksum != NULL) {
                        kmem_free(hdr->b_freeze_cksum, sizeof (zio_cksum_t));
                        hdr->b_freeze_cksum = NULL;
                }
                mutex_exit(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_freeze_lock);
        }
        arc_cksum_compute(buf, B_FALSE);
        hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
}

/*
 * The SPA calls this callback for each physical write that happens on behalf
 * of a logical write.  See the comment in dbuf_write_physdone() for details.
 */
static void
arc_write_physdone(zio_t *zio)
{
        arc_write_callback_t *cb = zio->io_private;
        if (cb->awcb_physdone != NULL)
                cb->awcb_physdone(zio, cb->awcb_buf, cb->awcb_private);
}

static void
arc_write_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        arc_write_callback_t *callback = zio->io_private;
        arc_buf_t *buf = callback->awcb_buf;
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;

        ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_acb == NULL);

        if (zio->io_error == 0) {
                if (BP_IS_HOLE(zio->io_bp) || BP_IS_EMBEDDED(zio->io_bp)) {
                        buf_discard_identity(hdr);
                } else {
                        hdr->b_dva = *BP_IDENTITY(zio->io_bp);
                        hdr->b_birth = BP_PHYSICAL_BIRTH(zio->io_bp);
                }
        } else {
                ASSERT(BUF_EMPTY(hdr));
        }

        /*
         * If the block to be written was all-zero or compressed enough to be
         * embedded in the BP, no write was performed so there will be no
         * dva/birth/checksum.  The buffer must therefore remain anonymous
         * (and uncached).
         */
        if (!BUF_EMPTY(hdr)) {
                arc_buf_hdr_t *exists;
                kmutex_t *hash_lock;

                ASSERT(zio->io_error == 0);

                arc_cksum_verify(buf);

                exists = buf_hash_insert(hdr, &hash_lock);
                if (exists != NULL) {
                        /*
                         * This can only happen if we overwrite for
                         * sync-to-convergence, because we remove
                         * buffers from the hash table when we arc_free().
                         */
                        if (zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_REWRITE) {
                                if (!BP_EQUAL(&zio->io_bp_orig, zio->io_bp))
                                        panic("bad overwrite, hdr=%p exists=%p",
                                            (void *)hdr, (void *)exists);
                                ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(
                                    &exists->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
                                arc_change_state(arc_anon, exists, hash_lock);
                                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                                arc_hdr_destroy(exists);
                                exists = buf_hash_insert(hdr, &hash_lock);
                                ASSERT3P(exists, ==, NULL);
                        } else if (zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_NOPWRITE) {
                                /* nopwrite */
                                ASSERT(zio->io_prop.zp_nopwrite);
                                if (!BP_EQUAL(&zio->io_bp_orig, zio->io_bp))
                                        panic("bad nopwrite, hdr=%p exists=%p",
                                            (void *)hdr, (void *)exists);
                        } else {
                                /* Dedup */
                                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt == 1);
                                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_anon);
                                ASSERT(BP_GET_DEDUP(zio->io_bp));
                                ASSERT(BP_GET_LEVEL(zio->io_bp) == 0);
                        }
                }
                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
                /* if it's not anon, we are doing a scrub */
                if (exists == NULL && hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state == arc_anon)
                        arc_access(hdr, hash_lock);
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        } else {
                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
        }

        ASSERT(!refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_l1hdr.b_refcnt));
        callback->awcb_done(zio, buf, callback->awcb_private);

        kmem_free(callback, sizeof (arc_write_callback_t));
}

zio_t *
arc_write(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, uint64_t txg,
    blkptr_t *bp, arc_buf_t *buf, boolean_t l2arc, boolean_t l2arc_compress,
    const zio_prop_t *zp, arc_done_func_t *ready, arc_done_func_t *physdone,
    arc_done_func_t *done, void *private, zio_priority_t priority,
    int zio_flags, const zbookmark_phys_t *zb)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        arc_write_callback_t *callback;
        zio_t *zio;

        ASSERT(ready != NULL);
        ASSERT(done != NULL);
        ASSERT(!HDR_IO_ERROR(hdr));
        ASSERT(!HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr));
        ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_acb == NULL);
        ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_datacnt > 0);
        if (l2arc)
                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_L2CACHE;
        if (l2arc_compress)
                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_L2COMPRESS;
        callback = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (arc_write_callback_t), KM_SLEEP);
        callback->awcb_ready = ready;
        callback->awcb_physdone = physdone;
        callback->awcb_done = done;
        callback->awcb_private = private;
        callback->awcb_buf = buf;

        zio = zio_write(pio, spa, txg, bp, buf->b_data, hdr->b_size, zp,
            arc_write_ready, arc_write_physdone, arc_write_done, callback,
            priority, zio_flags, zb);

        return (zio);
}

static int
arc_memory_throttle(uint64_t reserve, uint64_t txg)
{
#ifdef _KERNEL
        uint64_t available_memory = ptob(freemem);
        static uint64_t page_load = 0;
        static uint64_t last_txg = 0;

#if defined(__i386) || !defined(UMA_MD_SMALL_ALLOC)
        available_memory =
            MIN(available_memory, ptob(vmem_size(heap_arena, VMEM_FREE)));
#endif

        if (freemem > (uint64_t)physmem * arc_lotsfree_percent / 100)
                return (0);

        if (txg > last_txg) {
                last_txg = txg;
                page_load = 0;
        }
        /*
         * If we are in pageout, we know that memory is already tight,
         * the arc is already going to be evicting, so we just want to
         * continue to let page writes occur as quickly as possible.
         */
        if (curproc == pageproc) {
                if (page_load > MAX(ptob(minfree), available_memory) / 4)
                        return (SET_ERROR(ERESTART));
                /* Note: reserve is inflated, so we deflate */
                page_load += reserve / 8;
                return (0);
        } else if (page_load > 0 && arc_reclaim_needed()) {
                /* memory is low, delay before restarting */
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_memory_throttle_count, 1);
                return (SET_ERROR(EAGAIN));
        }
        page_load = 0;
#endif
        return (0);
}

void
arc_tempreserve_clear(uint64_t reserve)
{
        atomic_add_64(&arc_tempreserve, -reserve);
        ASSERT((int64_t)arc_tempreserve >= 0);
}

int
arc_tempreserve_space(uint64_t reserve, uint64_t txg)
{
        int error;
        uint64_t anon_size;

        if (reserve > arc_c/4 && !arc_no_grow) {
                arc_c = MIN(arc_c_max, reserve * 4);
                DTRACE_PROBE1(arc__set_reserve, uint64_t, arc_c);
        }
        if (reserve > arc_c)
                return (SET_ERROR(ENOMEM));

        /*
         * Don't count loaned bufs as in flight dirty data to prevent long
         * network delays from blocking transactions that are ready to be
         * assigned to a txg.
         */
        anon_size = MAX((int64_t)(refcount_count(&arc_anon->arcs_size) -
            arc_loaned_bytes), 0);

        /*
         * Writes will, almost always, require additional memory allocations
         * in order to compress/encrypt/etc the data.  We therefore need to
         * make sure that there is sufficient available memory for this.
         */
        error = arc_memory_throttle(reserve, txg);
        if (error != 0)
                return (error);

        /*
         * Throttle writes when the amount of dirty data in the cache
         * gets too large.  We try to keep the cache less than half full
         * of dirty blocks so that our sync times don't grow too large.
         * Note: if two requests come in concurrently, we might let them
         * both succeed, when one of them should fail.  Not a huge deal.
         */

        if (reserve + arc_tempreserve + anon_size > arc_c / 2 &&
            anon_size > arc_c / 4) {
                dprintf("failing, arc_tempreserve=%lluK anon_meta=%lluK "
                    "anon_data=%lluK tempreserve=%lluK arc_c=%lluK\n",
                    arc_tempreserve>>10,
                    arc_anon->arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_METADATA]>>10,
                    arc_anon->arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_DATA]>>10,
                    reserve>>10, arc_c>>10);
                return (SET_ERROR(ERESTART));
        }
        atomic_add_64(&arc_tempreserve, reserve);
        return (0);
}

static void
arc_kstat_update_state(arc_state_t *state, kstat_named_t *size,
    kstat_named_t *evict_data, kstat_named_t *evict_metadata)
{
        size->value.ui64 = refcount_count(&state->arcs_size);
        evict_data->value.ui64 = state->arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_DATA];
        evict_metadata->value.ui64 = state->arcs_lsize[ARC_BUFC_METADATA];
}

static int
arc_kstat_update(kstat_t *ksp, int rw)
{
        arc_stats_t *as = ksp->ks_data;

        if (rw == KSTAT_WRITE) {
                return (EACCES);
        } else {
                arc_kstat_update_state(arc_anon,
                    &as->arcstat_anon_size,
                    &as->arcstat_anon_evictable_data,
                    &as->arcstat_anon_evictable_metadata);
                arc_kstat_update_state(arc_mru,
                    &as->arcstat_mru_size,
                    &as->arcstat_mru_evictable_data,
                    &as->arcstat_mru_evictable_metadata);
                arc_kstat_update_state(arc_mru_ghost,
                    &as->arcstat_mru_ghost_size,
                    &as->arcstat_mru_ghost_evictable_data,
                    &as->arcstat_mru_ghost_evictable_metadata);
                arc_kstat_update_state(arc_mfu,
                    &as->arcstat_mfu_size,
                    &as->arcstat_mfu_evictable_data,
                    &as->arcstat_mfu_evictable_metadata);
                arc_kstat_update_state(arc_mfu_ghost,
                    &as->arcstat_mfu_ghost_size,
                    &as->arcstat_mfu_ghost_evictable_data,
                    &as->arcstat_mfu_ghost_evictable_metadata);
        }

        return (0);
}

/*
 * This function *must* return indices evenly distributed between all
 * sublists of the multilist. This is needed due to how the ARC eviction
 * code is laid out; arc_evict_state() assumes ARC buffers are evenly
 * distributed between all sublists and uses this assumption when
 * deciding which sublist to evict from and how much to evict from it.
 */
unsigned int
arc_state_multilist_index_func(multilist_t *ml, void *obj)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = obj;

        /*
         * We rely on b_dva to generate evenly distributed index
         * numbers using buf_hash below. So, as an added precaution,
         * let's make sure we never add empty buffers to the arc lists.
         */
        ASSERT(!BUF_EMPTY(hdr));

        /*
         * The assumption here, is the hash value for a given
         * arc_buf_hdr_t will remain constant throughout it's lifetime
         * (i.e. it's b_spa, b_dva, and b_birth fields don't change).
         * Thus, we don't need to store the header's sublist index
         * on insertion, as this index can be recalculated on removal.
         *
         * Also, the low order bits of the hash value are thought to be
         * distributed evenly. Otherwise, in the case that the multilist
         * has a power of two number of sublists, each sublists' usage
         * would not be evenly distributed.
         */
        return (buf_hash(hdr->b_spa, &hdr->b_dva, hdr->b_birth) %
            multilist_get_num_sublists(ml));
}

#ifdef _KERNEL
static eventhandler_tag arc_event_lowmem = NULL;

static void
arc_lowmem(void *arg __unused, int howto __unused)
{

        mutex_enter(&arc_reclaim_lock);
        /* XXX: Memory deficit should be passed as argument. */
        needfree = btoc(arc_c >> arc_shrink_shift);
        DTRACE_PROBE(arc__needfree);
        cv_signal(&arc_reclaim_thread_cv);

        /*
         * It is unsafe to block here in arbitrary threads, because we can come
         * here from ARC itself and may hold ARC locks and thus risk a deadlock
         * with ARC reclaim thread.
         */
        if (curproc == pageproc)
                (void) cv_wait(&arc_reclaim_waiters_cv, &arc_reclaim_lock);
        mutex_exit(&arc_reclaim_lock);
}
#endif

void
arc_init(void)
{
        int i, prefetch_tunable_set = 0;

        mutex_init(&arc_reclaim_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        cv_init(&arc_reclaim_thread_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);
        cv_init(&arc_reclaim_waiters_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);

        mutex_init(&arc_user_evicts_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        cv_init(&arc_user_evicts_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);

        /* Convert seconds to clock ticks */
        arc_min_prefetch_lifespan = 1 * hz;

        /* Start out with 1/8 of all memory */
        arc_c = kmem_size() / 8;

#ifdef sun
#ifdef _KERNEL
        /*
         * On architectures where the physical memory can be larger
         * than the addressable space (intel in 32-bit mode), we may
         * need to limit the cache to 1/8 of VM size.
         */
        arc_c = MIN(arc_c, vmem_size(heap_arena, VMEM_ALLOC | VMEM_FREE) / 8);
#endif
#endif  /* sun */
        /* set min cache to 1/32 of all memory, or 16MB, whichever is more */
        arc_c_min = MAX(arc_c / 4, 16 << 20);
        /* set max to 1/2 of all memory, or all but 1GB, whichever is more */
        if (arc_c * 8 >= 1 << 30)
                arc_c_max = (arc_c * 8) - (1 << 30);
        else
                arc_c_max = arc_c_min;
        arc_c_max = MAX(arc_c * 5, arc_c_max);

#ifdef _KERNEL
        /*
         * Allow the tunables to override our calculations if they are
         * reasonable (ie. over 16MB)
         */
        if (zfs_arc_max > 16 << 20 && zfs_arc_max < kmem_size())
                arc_c_max = zfs_arc_max;
        if (zfs_arc_min > 16 << 20 && zfs_arc_min <= arc_c_max)
                arc_c_min = zfs_arc_min;
#endif

        arc_c = arc_c_max;
        arc_p = (arc_c >> 1);

        /* limit meta-data to 1/4 of the arc capacity */
        arc_meta_limit = arc_c_max / 4;

        /* Allow the tunable to override if it is reasonable */
        if (zfs_arc_meta_limit > 0 && zfs_arc_meta_limit <= arc_c_max)
                arc_meta_limit = zfs_arc_meta_limit;

        if (arc_c_min < arc_meta_limit / 2 && zfs_arc_min == 0)
                arc_c_min = arc_meta_limit / 2;

        if (zfs_arc_meta_min > 0) {
                arc_meta_min = zfs_arc_meta_min;
        } else {
                arc_meta_min = arc_c_min / 2;
        }

        if (zfs_arc_grow_retry > 0)
                arc_grow_retry = zfs_arc_grow_retry;

        if (zfs_arc_shrink_shift > 0)
                arc_shrink_shift = zfs_arc_shrink_shift;

        /*
         * Ensure that arc_no_grow_shift is less than arc_shrink_shift.
         */
        if (arc_no_grow_shift >= arc_shrink_shift)
                arc_no_grow_shift = arc_shrink_shift - 1;

        if (zfs_arc_p_min_shift > 0)
                arc_p_min_shift = zfs_arc_p_min_shift;

        if (zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state < 1)
                zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state = MAX(max_ncpus, 1);

        /* if kmem_flags are set, lets try to use less memory */
        if (kmem_debugging())
                arc_c = arc_c / 2;
        if (arc_c < arc_c_min)
                arc_c = arc_c_min;

        zfs_arc_min = arc_c_min;
        zfs_arc_max = arc_c_max;

        arc_anon = &ARC_anon;
        arc_mru = &ARC_mru;
        arc_mru_ghost = &ARC_mru_ghost;
        arc_mfu = &ARC_mfu;
        arc_mfu_ghost = &ARC_mfu_ghost;
        arc_l2c_only = &ARC_l2c_only;
        arc_size = 0;

        multilist_create(&arc_mru->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA],
            sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_l1hdr.b_arc_node),
            zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state, arc_state_multilist_index_func);
        multilist_create(&arc_mru->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA],
            sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_l1hdr.b_arc_node),
            zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state, arc_state_multilist_index_func);
        multilist_create(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA],
            sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_l1hdr.b_arc_node),
            zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state, arc_state_multilist_index_func);
        multilist_create(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA],
            sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_l1hdr.b_arc_node),
            zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state, arc_state_multilist_index_func);
        multilist_create(&arc_mfu->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA],
            sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_l1hdr.b_arc_node),
            zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state, arc_state_multilist_index_func);
        multilist_create(&arc_mfu->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA],
            sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_l1hdr.b_arc_node),
            zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state, arc_state_multilist_index_func);
        multilist_create(&arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA],
            sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_l1hdr.b_arc_node),
            zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state, arc_state_multilist_index_func);
        multilist_create(&arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA],
            sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_l1hdr.b_arc_node),
            zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state, arc_state_multilist_index_func);
        multilist_create(&arc_l2c_only->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA],
            sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_l1hdr.b_arc_node),
            zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state, arc_state_multilist_index_func);
        multilist_create(&arc_l2c_only->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA],
            sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_l1hdr.b_arc_node),
            zfs_arc_num_sublists_per_state, arc_state_multilist_index_func);

        refcount_create(&arc_anon->arcs_size);
        refcount_create(&arc_mru->arcs_size);
        refcount_create(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_size);
        refcount_create(&arc_mfu->arcs_size);
        refcount_create(&arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_size);
        refcount_create(&arc_l2c_only->arcs_size);

        buf_init();

        arc_reclaim_thread_exit = FALSE;
        arc_user_evicts_thread_exit = FALSE;
        arc_eviction_list = NULL;
        bzero(&arc_eviction_hdr, sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t));

        arc_ksp = kstat_create("zfs", 0, "arcstats", "misc", KSTAT_TYPE_NAMED,
            sizeof (arc_stats) / sizeof (kstat_named_t), KSTAT_FLAG_VIRTUAL);

        if (arc_ksp != NULL) {
                arc_ksp->ks_data = &arc_stats;
                arc_ksp->ks_update = arc_kstat_update;
                kstat_install(arc_ksp);
        }

        (void) thread_create(NULL, 0, arc_reclaim_thread, NULL, 0, &p0,
            TS_RUN, minclsyspri);

#ifdef _KERNEL
        arc_event_lowmem = EVENTHANDLER_REGISTER(vm_lowmem, arc_lowmem, NULL,
            EVENTHANDLER_PRI_FIRST);
#endif

        (void) thread_create(NULL, 0, arc_user_evicts_thread, NULL, 0, &p0,
            TS_RUN, minclsyspri);

        arc_dead = FALSE;
        arc_warm = B_FALSE;

        /*
         * Calculate maximum amount of dirty data per pool.
         *
         * If it has been set by /etc/system, take that.
         * Otherwise, use a percentage of physical memory defined by
         * zfs_dirty_data_max_percent (default 10%) with a cap at
         * zfs_dirty_data_max_max (default 4GB).
         */
        if (zfs_dirty_data_max == 0) {
                zfs_dirty_data_max = ptob(physmem) *
                    zfs_dirty_data_max_percent / 100;
                zfs_dirty_data_max = MIN(zfs_dirty_data_max,
                    zfs_dirty_data_max_max);
        }

#ifdef _KERNEL
        if (TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("vfs.zfs.prefetch_disable", &zfs_prefetch_disable))
                prefetch_tunable_set = 1;

#ifdef __i386__
        if (prefetch_tunable_set == 0) {
                printf("ZFS NOTICE: Prefetch is disabled by default on i386 "
                    "-- to enable,\n");
                printf("            add \"vfs.zfs.prefetch_disable=0\" "
                    "to /boot/loader.conf.\n");
                zfs_prefetch_disable = 1;
        }
#else
        if ((((uint64_t)physmem * PAGESIZE) < (1ULL << 32)) &&
            prefetch_tunable_set == 0) {
                printf("ZFS NOTICE: Prefetch is disabled by default if less "
                    "than 4GB of RAM is present;\n"
                    "            to enable, add \"vfs.zfs.prefetch_disable=0\" "
                    "to /boot/loader.conf.\n");
                zfs_prefetch_disable = 1;
        }
#endif
        /* Warn about ZFS memory and address space requirements. */
        if (((uint64_t)physmem * PAGESIZE) < (256 + 128 + 64) * (1 << 20)) {
                printf("ZFS WARNING: Recommended minimum RAM size is 512MB; "
                    "expect unstable behavior.\n");
        }
        if (kmem_size() < 512 * (1 << 20)) {
                printf("ZFS WARNING: Recommended minimum kmem_size is 512MB; "
                    "expect unstable behavior.\n");
                printf("             Consider tuning vm.kmem_size and "
                    "vm.kmem_size_max\n");
                printf("             in /boot/loader.conf.\n");
        }
#endif
}

void
arc_fini(void)
{
        mutex_enter(&arc_reclaim_lock);
        arc_reclaim_thread_exit = TRUE;
        /*
         * The reclaim thread will set arc_reclaim_thread_exit back to
         * FALSE when it is finished exiting; we're waiting for that.
         */
        while (arc_reclaim_thread_exit) {
                cv_signal(&arc_reclaim_thread_cv);
                cv_wait(&arc_reclaim_thread_cv, &arc_reclaim_lock);
        }
        mutex_exit(&arc_reclaim_lock);

        mutex_enter(&arc_user_evicts_lock);
        arc_user_evicts_thread_exit = TRUE;
        /*
         * The user evicts thread will set arc_user_evicts_thread_exit
         * to FALSE when it is finished exiting; we're waiting for that.
         */
        while (arc_user_evicts_thread_exit) {
                cv_signal(&arc_user_evicts_cv);
                cv_wait(&arc_user_evicts_cv, &arc_user_evicts_lock);
        }
        mutex_exit(&arc_user_evicts_lock);

        /* Use TRUE to ensure *all* buffers are evicted */
        arc_flush(NULL, TRUE);

        arc_dead = TRUE;

        if (arc_ksp != NULL) {
                kstat_delete(arc_ksp);
                arc_ksp = NULL;
        }

        mutex_destroy(&arc_reclaim_lock);
        cv_destroy(&arc_reclaim_thread_cv);
        cv_destroy(&arc_reclaim_waiters_cv);

        mutex_destroy(&arc_user_evicts_lock);
        cv_destroy(&arc_user_evicts_cv);

        refcount_destroy(&arc_anon->arcs_size);
        refcount_destroy(&arc_mru->arcs_size);
        refcount_destroy(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_size);
        refcount_destroy(&arc_mfu->arcs_size);
        refcount_destroy(&arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_size);
        refcount_destroy(&arc_l2c_only->arcs_size);

        multilist_destroy(&arc_mru->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA]);
        multilist_destroy(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA]);
        multilist_destroy(&arc_mfu->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA]);
        multilist_destroy(&arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA]);
        multilist_destroy(&arc_mru->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA]);
        multilist_destroy(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA]);
        multilist_destroy(&arc_mfu->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA]);
        multilist_destroy(&arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA]);

        buf_fini();

        ASSERT0(arc_loaned_bytes);

#ifdef _KERNEL
        if (arc_event_lowmem != NULL)
                EVENTHANDLER_DEREGISTER(vm_lowmem, arc_event_lowmem);
#endif
}

/*
 * Level 2 ARC
 *
 * The level 2 ARC (L2ARC) is a cache layer in-between main memory and disk.
 * It uses dedicated storage devices to hold cached data, which are populated
 * using large infrequent writes.  The main role of this cache is to boost
 * the performance of random read workloads.  The intended L2ARC devices
 * include short-stroked disks, solid state disks, and other media with
 * substantially faster read latency than disk.
 *
 *                 +-----------------------+
 *                 |         ARC           |
 *                 +-----------------------+
 *                    |         ^     ^
 *                    |         |     |
 *      l2arc_feed_thread()    arc_read()
 *                    |         |     |
 *                    |  l2arc read   |
 *                    V         |     |
 *               +---------------+    |
 *               |     L2ARC     |    |
 *               +---------------+    |
 *                   |    ^           |
 *          l2arc_write() |           |
 *                   |    |           |
 *                   V    |           |
 *                 +-------+      +-------+
 *                 | vdev  |      | vdev  |
 *                 | cache |      | cache |
 *                 +-------+      +-------+
 *                 +=========+     .-----.
 *                 :  L2ARC  :    |-_____-|
 *                 : devices :    | Disks |
 *                 +=========+    `-_____-'
 *
 * Read requests are satisfied from the following sources, in order:
 *
 *      1) ARC
 *      2) vdev cache of L2ARC devices
 *      3) L2ARC devices
 *      4) vdev cache of disks
 *      5) disks
 *
 * Some L2ARC device types exhibit extremely slow write performance.
 * To accommodate for this there are some significant differences between
 * the L2ARC and traditional cache design:
 *
 * 1. There is no eviction path from the ARC to the L2ARC.  Evictions from
 * the ARC behave as usual, freeing buffers and placing headers on ghost
 * lists.  The ARC does not send buffers to the L2ARC during eviction as
 * this would add inflated write latencies for all ARC memory pressure.
 *
 * 2. The L2ARC attempts to cache data from the ARC before it is evicted.
 * It does this by periodically scanning buffers from the eviction-end of
 * the MFU and MRU ARC lists, copying them to the L2ARC devices if they are
 * not already there. It scans until a headroom of buffers is satisfied,
 * which itself is a buffer for ARC eviction. If a compressible buffer is
 * found during scanning and selected for writing to an L2ARC device, we
 * temporarily boost scanning headroom during the next scan cycle to make
 * sure we adapt to compression effects (which might significantly reduce
 * the data volume we write to L2ARC). The thread that does this is
 * l2arc_feed_thread(), illustrated below; example sizes are included to
 * provide a better sense of ratio than this diagram:
 *
 *             head -->                        tail
 *              +---------------------+----------+
 *      ARC_mfu |:::::#:::::::::::::::|o#o###o###|-->.   # already on L2ARC
 *              +---------------------+----------+   |   o L2ARC eligible
 *      ARC_mru |:#:::::::::::::::::::|#o#ooo####|-->|   : ARC buffer
 *              +---------------------+----------+   |
 *                   15.9 Gbytes      ^ 32 Mbytes    |
 *                                 headroom          |
 *                                            l2arc_feed_thread()
 *                                                   |
 *                       l2arc write hand <--[oooo]--'
 *                               |           8 Mbyte
 *                               |          write max
 *                               V
 *                +==============================+
 *      L2ARC dev |####|#|###|###|    |####| ... |
 *                +==============================+
 *                           32 Gbytes
 *
 * 3. If an ARC buffer is copied to the L2ARC but then hit instead of
 * evicted, then the L2ARC has cached a buffer much sooner than it probably
 * needed to, potentially wasting L2ARC device bandwidth and storage.  It is
 * safe to say that this is an uncommon case, since buffers at the end of
 * the ARC lists have moved there due to inactivity.
 *
 * 4. If the ARC evicts faster than the L2ARC can maintain a headroom,
 * then the L2ARC simply misses copying some buffers.  This serves as a
 * pressure valve to prevent heavy read workloads from both stalling the ARC
 * with waits and clogging the L2ARC with writes.  This also helps prevent
 * the potential for the L2ARC to churn if it attempts to cache content too
 * quickly, such as during backups of the entire pool.
 *
 * 5. After system boot and before the ARC has filled main memory, there are
 * no evictions from the ARC and so the tails of the ARC_mfu and ARC_mru
 * lists can remain mostly static.  Instead of searching from tail of these
 * lists as pictured, the l2arc_feed_thread() will search from the list heads
 * for eligible buffers, greatly increasing its chance of finding them.
 *
 * The L2ARC device write speed is also boosted during this time so that
 * the L2ARC warms up faster.  Since there have been no ARC evictions yet,
 * there are no L2ARC reads, and no fear of degrading read performance
 * through increased writes.
 *
 * 6. Writes to the L2ARC devices are grouped and sent in-sequence, so that
 * the vdev queue can aggregate them into larger and fewer writes.  Each
 * device is written to in a rotor fashion, sweeping writes through
 * available space then repeating.
 *
 * 7. The L2ARC does not store dirty content.  It never needs to flush
 * write buffers back to disk based storage.
 *
 * 8. If an ARC buffer is written (and dirtied) which also exists in the
 * L2ARC, the now stale L2ARC buffer is immediately dropped.
 *
 * The performance of the L2ARC can be tweaked by a number of tunables, which
 * may be necessary for different workloads:
 *
 *      l2arc_write_max         max write bytes per interval
 *      l2arc_write_boost       extra write bytes during device warmup
 *      l2arc_noprefetch        skip caching prefetched buffers
 *      l2arc_headroom          number of max device writes to precache
 *      l2arc_headroom_boost    when we find compressed buffers during ARC
 *                              scanning, we multiply headroom by this
 *                              percentage factor for the next scan cycle,
 *                              since more compressed buffers are likely to
 *                              be present
 *      l2arc_feed_secs         seconds between L2ARC writing
 *
 * Tunables may be removed or added as future performance improvements are
 * integrated, and also may become zpool properties.
 *
 * There are three key functions that control how the L2ARC warms up:
 *
 *      l2arc_write_eligible()  check if a buffer is eligible to cache
 *      l2arc_write_size()      calculate how much to write
 *      l2arc_write_interval()  calculate sleep delay between writes
 *
 * These three functions determine what to write, how much, and how quickly
 * to send writes.
 */

static boolean_t
l2arc_write_eligible(uint64_t spa_guid, arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        /*
         * A buffer is *not* eligible for the L2ARC if it:
         * 1. belongs to a different spa.
         * 2. is already cached on the L2ARC.
         * 3. has an I/O in progress (it may be an incomplete read).
         * 4. is flagged not eligible (zfs property).
         */
        if (hdr->b_spa != spa_guid) {
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_write_spa_mismatch);
                return (B_FALSE);
        }
        if (HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr)) {
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_write_in_l2);
                return (B_FALSE);
        }
        if (HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr)) {
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_write_hdr_io_in_progress);
                return (B_FALSE);
        }
        if (!HDR_L2CACHE(hdr)) {
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_write_not_cacheable);
                return (B_FALSE);
        }

        return (B_TRUE);
}

static uint64_t
l2arc_write_size(void)
{
        uint64_t size;

        /*
         * Make sure our globals have meaningful values in case the user
         * altered them.
         */
        size = l2arc_write_max;
        if (size == 0) {
                cmn_err(CE_NOTE, "Bad value for l2arc_write_max, value must "
                    "be greater than zero, resetting it to the default (%d)",
                    L2ARC_WRITE_SIZE);
                size = l2arc_write_max = L2ARC_WRITE_SIZE;
        }

        if (arc_warm == B_FALSE)
                size += l2arc_write_boost;

        return (size);

}

static clock_t
l2arc_write_interval(clock_t began, uint64_t wanted, uint64_t wrote)
{
        clock_t interval, next, now;

        /*
         * If the ARC lists are busy, increase our write rate; if the
         * lists are stale, idle back.  This is achieved by checking
         * how much we previously wrote - if it was more than half of
         * what we wanted, schedule the next write much sooner.
         */
        if (l2arc_feed_again && wrote > (wanted / 2))
                interval = (hz * l2arc_feed_min_ms) / 1000;
        else
                interval = hz * l2arc_feed_secs;

        now = ddi_get_lbolt();
        next = MAX(now, MIN(now + interval, began + interval));

        return (next);
}

/*
 * Cycle through L2ARC devices.  This is how L2ARC load balances.
 * If a device is returned, this also returns holding the spa config lock.
 */
static l2arc_dev_t *
l2arc_dev_get_next(void)
{
        l2arc_dev_t *first, *next = NULL;

        /*
         * Lock out the removal of spas (spa_namespace_lock), then removal
         * of cache devices (l2arc_dev_mtx).  Once a device has been selected,
         * both locks will be dropped and a spa config lock held instead.
         */
        mutex_enter(&spa_namespace_lock);
        mutex_enter(&l2arc_dev_mtx);

        /* if there are no vdevs, there is nothing to do */
        if (l2arc_ndev == 0)
                goto out;

        first = NULL;
        next = l2arc_dev_last;
        do {
                /* loop around the list looking for a non-faulted vdev */
                if (next == NULL) {
                        next = list_head(l2arc_dev_list);
                } else {
                        next = list_next(l2arc_dev_list, next);
                        if (next == NULL)
                                next = list_head(l2arc_dev_list);
                }

                /* if we have come back to the start, bail out */
                if (first == NULL)
                        first = next;
                else if (next == first)
                        break;

        } while (vdev_is_dead(next->l2ad_vdev));

        /* if we were unable to find any usable vdevs, return NULL */
        if (vdev_is_dead(next->l2ad_vdev))
                next = NULL;

        l2arc_dev_last = next;

out:
        mutex_exit(&l2arc_dev_mtx);

        /*
         * Grab the config lock to prevent the 'next' device from being
         * removed while we are writing to it.
         */
        if (next != NULL)
                spa_config_enter(next->l2ad_spa, SCL_L2ARC, next, RW_READER);
        mutex_exit(&spa_namespace_lock);

        return (next);
}

/*
 * Free buffers that were tagged for destruction.
 */
static void
l2arc_do_free_on_write()
{
        list_t *buflist;
        l2arc_data_free_t *df, *df_prev;

        mutex_enter(&l2arc_free_on_write_mtx);
        buflist = l2arc_free_on_write;

        for (df = list_tail(buflist); df; df = df_prev) {
                df_prev = list_prev(buflist, df);
                ASSERT(df->l2df_data != NULL);
                ASSERT(df->l2df_func != NULL);
                df->l2df_func(df->l2df_data, df->l2df_size);
                list_remove(buflist, df);
                kmem_free(df, sizeof (l2arc_data_free_t));
        }

        mutex_exit(&l2arc_free_on_write_mtx);
}

/*
 * A write to a cache device has completed.  Update all headers to allow
 * reads from these buffers to begin.
 */
static void
l2arc_write_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        l2arc_write_callback_t *cb;
        l2arc_dev_t *dev;
        list_t *buflist;
        arc_buf_hdr_t *head, *hdr, *hdr_prev;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;
        int64_t bytes_dropped = 0;

        cb = zio->io_private;
        ASSERT(cb != NULL);
        dev = cb->l2wcb_dev;
        ASSERT(dev != NULL);
        head = cb->l2wcb_head;
        ASSERT(head != NULL);
        buflist = &dev->l2ad_buflist;
        ASSERT(buflist != NULL);
        DTRACE_PROBE2(l2arc__iodone, zio_t *, zio,
            l2arc_write_callback_t *, cb);

        if (zio->io_error != 0)
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_writes_error);

        /*
         * All writes completed, or an error was hit.
         */
top:
        mutex_enter(&dev->l2ad_mtx);
        for (hdr = list_prev(buflist, head); hdr; hdr = hdr_prev) {
                hdr_prev = list_prev(buflist, hdr);

                hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);

                /*
                 * We cannot use mutex_enter or else we can deadlock
                 * with l2arc_write_buffers (due to swapping the order
                 * the hash lock and l2ad_mtx are taken).
                 */
                if (!mutex_tryenter(hash_lock)) {
                        /*
                         * Missed the hash lock. We must retry so we
                         * don't leave the ARC_FLAG_L2_WRITING bit set.
                         */
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_writes_lock_retry);

                        /*
                         * We don't want to rescan the headers we've
                         * already marked as having been written out, so
                         * we reinsert the head node so we can pick up
                         * where we left off.
                         */
                        list_remove(buflist, head);
                        list_insert_after(buflist, hdr, head);

                        mutex_exit(&dev->l2ad_mtx);

                        /*
                         * We wait for the hash lock to become available
                         * to try and prevent busy waiting, and increase
                         * the chance we'll be able to acquire the lock
                         * the next time around.
                         */
                        mutex_enter(hash_lock);
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                        goto top;
                }

                /*
                 * We could not have been moved into the arc_l2c_only
                 * state while in-flight due to our ARC_FLAG_L2_WRITING
                 * bit being set. Let's just ensure that's being enforced.
                 */
                ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));

                /*
                 * We may have allocated a buffer for L2ARC compression,
                 * we must release it to avoid leaking this data.
                 */
                l2arc_release_cdata_buf(hdr);

                if (zio->io_error != 0) {
                        /*
                         * Error - drop L2ARC entry.
                         */
                        list_remove(buflist, hdr);
                        trim_map_free(hdr->b_l2hdr.b_dev->l2ad_vdev,
                            hdr->b_l2hdr.b_daddr, hdr->b_l2hdr.b_asize, 0);
                        hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_HAS_L2HDR;

                        ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_l2_asize, -hdr->b_l2hdr.b_asize);
                        ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_l2_size, -hdr->b_size);

                        bytes_dropped += hdr->b_l2hdr.b_asize;
                        (void) refcount_remove_many(&dev->l2ad_alloc,
                            hdr->b_l2hdr.b_asize, hdr);
                }

                /*
                 * Allow ARC to begin reads and ghost list evictions to
                 * this L2ARC entry.
                 */
                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_FLAG_L2_WRITING;

                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        }

        atomic_inc_64(&l2arc_writes_done);
        list_remove(buflist, head);
        ASSERT(!HDR_HAS_L1HDR(head));
        kmem_cache_free(hdr_l2only_cache, head);
        mutex_exit(&dev->l2ad_mtx);

        vdev_space_update(dev->l2ad_vdev, -bytes_dropped, 0, 0);

        l2arc_do_free_on_write();

        kmem_free(cb, sizeof (l2arc_write_callback_t));
}

/*
 * A read to a cache device completed.  Validate buffer contents before
 * handing over to the regular ARC routines.
 */
static void
l2arc_read_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        l2arc_read_callback_t *cb;
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;
        arc_buf_t *buf;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;
        int equal;

        ASSERT(zio->io_vd != NULL);
        ASSERT(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE);

        spa_config_exit(zio->io_spa, SCL_L2ARC, zio->io_vd);

        cb = zio->io_private;
        ASSERT(cb != NULL);
        buf = cb->l2rcb_buf;
        ASSERT(buf != NULL);

        hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(buf->b_hdr);
        mutex_enter(hash_lock);
        hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        ASSERT3P(hash_lock, ==, HDR_LOCK(hdr));

        /*
         * If the buffer was compressed, decompress it first.
         */
        if (cb->l2rcb_compress != ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF)
                l2arc_decompress_zio(zio, hdr, cb->l2rcb_compress);
        ASSERT(zio->io_data != NULL);

        /*
         * Check this survived the L2ARC journey.
         */
        equal = arc_cksum_equal(buf);
        if (equal && zio->io_error == 0 && !HDR_L2_EVICTED(hdr)) {
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                zio->io_private = buf;
                zio->io_bp_copy = cb->l2rcb_bp; /* XXX fix in L2ARC 2.0 */
                zio->io_bp = &zio->io_bp_copy;  /* XXX fix in L2ARC 2.0 */
                arc_read_done(zio);
        } else {
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                /*
                 * Buffer didn't survive caching.  Increment stats and
                 * reissue to the original storage device.
                 */
                if (zio->io_error != 0) {
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_io_error);
                } else {
                        zio->io_error = SET_ERROR(EIO);
                }
                if (!equal)
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_cksum_bad);

                /*
                 * If there's no waiter, issue an async i/o to the primary
                 * storage now.  If there *is* a waiter, the caller must
                 * issue the i/o in a context where it's OK to block.
                 */
                if (zio->io_waiter == NULL) {
                        zio_t *pio = zio_unique_parent(zio);

                        ASSERT(!pio || pio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);

                        zio_nowait(zio_read(pio, cb->l2rcb_spa, &cb->l2rcb_bp,
                            buf->b_data, zio->io_size, arc_read_done, buf,
                            zio->io_priority, cb->l2rcb_flags, &cb->l2rcb_zb));
                }
        }

        kmem_free(cb, sizeof (l2arc_read_callback_t));
}

/*
 * This is the list priority from which the L2ARC will search for pages to
 * cache.  This is used within loops (0..3) to cycle through lists in the
 * desired order.  This order can have a significant effect on cache
 * performance.
 *
 * Currently the metadata lists are hit first, MFU then MRU, followed by
 * the data lists.  This function returns a locked list, and also returns
 * the lock pointer.
 */
static multilist_sublist_t *
l2arc_sublist_lock(int list_num)
{
        multilist_t *ml = NULL;
        unsigned int idx;

        ASSERT(list_num >= 0 && list_num <= 3);

        switch (list_num) {
        case 0:
                ml = &arc_mfu->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA];
                break;
        case 1:
                ml = &arc_mru->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_METADATA];
                break;
        case 2:
                ml = &arc_mfu->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA];
                break;
        case 3:
                ml = &arc_mru->arcs_list[ARC_BUFC_DATA];
                break;
        }

        /*
         * Return a randomly-selected sublist. This is acceptable
         * because the caller feeds only a little bit of data for each
         * call (8MB). Subsequent calls will result in different
         * sublists being selected.
         */
        idx = multilist_get_random_index(ml);
        return (multilist_sublist_lock(ml, idx));
}

/*
 * Evict buffers from the device write hand to the distance specified in
 * bytes.  This distance may span populated buffers, it may span nothing.
 * This is clearing a region on the L2ARC device ready for writing.
 * If the 'all' boolean is set, every buffer is evicted.
 */
static void
l2arc_evict(l2arc_dev_t *dev, uint64_t distance, boolean_t all)
{
        list_t *buflist;
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr, *hdr_prev;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;
        uint64_t taddr;

        buflist = &dev->l2ad_buflist;

        if (!all && dev->l2ad_first) {
                /*
                 * This is the first sweep through the device.  There is
                 * nothing to evict.
                 */
                return;
        }

        if (dev->l2ad_hand >= (dev->l2ad_end - (2 * distance))) {
                /*
                 * When nearing the end of the device, evict to the end
                 * before the device write hand jumps to the start.
                 */
                taddr = dev->l2ad_end;
        } else {
                taddr = dev->l2ad_hand + distance;
        }
        DTRACE_PROBE4(l2arc__evict, l2arc_dev_t *, dev, list_t *, buflist,
            uint64_t, taddr, boolean_t, all);

top:
        mutex_enter(&dev->l2ad_mtx);
        for (hdr = list_tail(buflist); hdr; hdr = hdr_prev) {
                hdr_prev = list_prev(buflist, hdr);

                hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);

                /*
                 * We cannot use mutex_enter or else we can deadlock
                 * with l2arc_write_buffers (due to swapping the order
                 * the hash lock and l2ad_mtx are taken).
                 */
                if (!mutex_tryenter(hash_lock)) {
                        /*
                         * Missed the hash lock.  Retry.
                         */
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_evict_lock_retry);
                        mutex_exit(&dev->l2ad_mtx);
                        mutex_enter(hash_lock);
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                        goto top;
                }

                if (HDR_L2_WRITE_HEAD(hdr)) {
                        /*
                         * We hit a write head node.  Leave it for
                         * l2arc_write_done().
                         */
                        list_remove(buflist, hdr);
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                        continue;
                }

                if (!all && HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr) &&
                    (hdr->b_l2hdr.b_daddr > taddr ||
                    hdr->b_l2hdr.b_daddr < dev->l2ad_hand)) {
                        /*
                         * We've evicted to the target address,
                         * or the end of the device.
                         */
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                        break;
                }

                ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr));
                if (!HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr)) {
                        ASSERT(!HDR_L2_READING(hdr));
                        /*
                         * This doesn't exist in the ARC.  Destroy.
                         * arc_hdr_destroy() will call list_remove()
                         * and decrement arcstat_l2_size.
                         */
                        arc_change_state(arc_anon, hdr, hash_lock);
                        arc_hdr_destroy(hdr);
                } else {
                        ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_state != arc_l2c_only);
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_evict_l1cached);
                        /*
                         * Invalidate issued or about to be issued
                         * reads, since we may be about to write
                         * over this location.
                         */
                        if (HDR_L2_READING(hdr)) {
                                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_evict_reading);
                                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_L2_EVICTED;
                        }

                        /* Ensure this header has finished being written */
                        ASSERT(!HDR_L2_WRITING(hdr));
                        ASSERT3P(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata, ==, NULL);

                        arc_hdr_l2hdr_destroy(hdr);
                }
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        }
        mutex_exit(&dev->l2ad_mtx);
}

/*
 * Find and write ARC buffers to the L2ARC device.
 *
 * An ARC_FLAG_L2_WRITING flag is set so that the L2ARC buffers are not valid
 * for reading until they have completed writing.
 * The headroom_boost is an in-out parameter used to maintain headroom boost
 * state between calls to this function.
 *
 * Returns the number of bytes actually written (which may be smaller than
 * the delta by which the device hand has changed due to alignment).
 */
static uint64_t
l2arc_write_buffers(spa_t *spa, l2arc_dev_t *dev, uint64_t target_sz,
    boolean_t *headroom_boost)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr, *hdr_prev, *head;
        uint64_t write_asize, write_sz, headroom, buf_compress_minsz;
        void *buf_data;
        boolean_t full;
        l2arc_write_callback_t *cb;
        zio_t *pio, *wzio;
        uint64_t guid = spa_load_guid(spa);
        const boolean_t do_headroom_boost = *headroom_boost;
        int try;

        ASSERT(dev->l2ad_vdev != NULL);

        /* Lower the flag now, we might want to raise it again later. */
        *headroom_boost = B_FALSE;

        pio = NULL;
        write_sz = write_asize = 0;
        full = B_FALSE;
        head = kmem_cache_alloc(hdr_l2only_cache, KM_PUSHPAGE);
        head->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_L2_WRITE_HEAD;
        head->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_HAS_L2HDR;

        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_write_buffer_iter);
        /*
         * We will want to try to compress buffers that are at least 2x the
         * device sector size.
         */
        buf_compress_minsz = 2 << dev->l2ad_vdev->vdev_ashift;

        /*
         * Copy buffers for L2ARC writing.
         */
        for (try = 0; try <= 3; try++) {
                multilist_sublist_t *mls = l2arc_sublist_lock(try);
                uint64_t passed_sz = 0;

                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_write_buffer_list_iter);

                /*
                 * L2ARC fast warmup.
                 *
                 * Until the ARC is warm and starts to evict, read from the
                 * head of the ARC lists rather than the tail.
                 */
                if (arc_warm == B_FALSE)
                        hdr = multilist_sublist_head(mls);
                else
                        hdr = multilist_sublist_tail(mls);
                if (hdr == NULL)
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_write_buffer_list_null_iter);

                headroom = target_sz * l2arc_headroom;
                if (do_headroom_boost)
                        headroom = (headroom * l2arc_headroom_boost) / 100;

                for (; hdr; hdr = hdr_prev) {
                        kmutex_t *hash_lock;
                        uint64_t buf_sz;
                        uint64_t buf_a_sz;

                        if (arc_warm == B_FALSE)
                                hdr_prev = multilist_sublist_next(mls, hdr);
                        else
                                hdr_prev = multilist_sublist_prev(mls, hdr);
                        ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_l2_write_buffer_bytes_scanned, hdr->b_size);

                        hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);
                        if (!mutex_tryenter(hash_lock)) {
                                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_write_trylock_fail);
                                /*
                                 * Skip this buffer rather than waiting.
                                 */
                                continue;
                        }

                        passed_sz += hdr->b_size;
                        if (passed_sz > headroom) {
                                /*
                                 * Searched too far.
                                 */
                                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_write_passed_headroom);
                                break;
                        }

                        if (!l2arc_write_eligible(guid, hdr)) {
                                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                                continue;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Assume that the buffer is not going to be compressed
                         * and could take more space on disk because of a larger
                         * disk block size.
                         */
                        buf_sz = hdr->b_size;
                        buf_a_sz = vdev_psize_to_asize(dev->l2ad_vdev, buf_sz);

                        if ((write_asize + buf_a_sz) > target_sz) {
                                full = B_TRUE;
                                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_write_full);
                                break;
                        }

                        if (pio == NULL) {
                                /*
                                 * Insert a dummy header on the buflist so
                                 * l2arc_write_done() can find where the
                                 * write buffers begin without searching.
                                 */
                                mutex_enter(&dev->l2ad_mtx);
                                list_insert_head(&dev->l2ad_buflist, head);
                                mutex_exit(&dev->l2ad_mtx);

                                cb = kmem_alloc(
                                    sizeof (l2arc_write_callback_t), KM_SLEEP);
                                cb->l2wcb_dev = dev;
                                cb->l2wcb_head = head;
                                pio = zio_root(spa, l2arc_write_done, cb,
                                    ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL);
                                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_write_pios);
                        }

                        /*
                         * Create and add a new L2ARC header.
                         */
                        hdr->b_l2hdr.b_dev = dev;
                        hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_L2_WRITING;
                        /*
                         * Temporarily stash the data buffer in b_tmp_cdata.
                         * The subsequent write step will pick it up from
                         * there. This is because can't access b_l1hdr.b_buf
                         * without holding the hash_lock, which we in turn
                         * can't access without holding the ARC list locks
                         * (which we want to avoid during compression/writing).
                         */
                        HDR_SET_COMPRESS(hdr, ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF);
                        hdr->b_l2hdr.b_asize = hdr->b_size;
                        hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf->b_data;

                        /*
                         * Explicitly set the b_daddr field to a known
                         * value which means "invalid address". This
                         * enables us to differentiate which stage of
                         * l2arc_write_buffers() the particular header
                         * is in (e.g. this loop, or the one below).
                         * ARC_FLAG_L2_WRITING is not enough to make
                         * this distinction, and we need to know in
                         * order to do proper l2arc vdev accounting in
                         * arc_release() and arc_hdr_destroy().
                         *
                         * Note, we can't use a new flag to distinguish
                         * the two stages because we don't hold the
                         * header's hash_lock below, in the second stage
                         * of this function. Thus, we can't simply
                         * change the b_flags field to denote that the
                         * IO has been sent. We can change the b_daddr
                         * field of the L2 portion, though, since we'll
                         * be holding the l2ad_mtx; which is why we're
                         * using it to denote the header's state change.
                         */
                        hdr->b_l2hdr.b_daddr = L2ARC_ADDR_UNSET;
                        hdr->b_flags |= ARC_FLAG_HAS_L2HDR;

                        mutex_enter(&dev->l2ad_mtx);
                        list_insert_head(&dev->l2ad_buflist, hdr);
                        mutex_exit(&dev->l2ad_mtx);

                        /*
                         * Compute and store the buffer cksum before
                         * writing.  On debug the cksum is verified first.
                         */
                        arc_cksum_verify(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf);
                        arc_cksum_compute(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf, B_TRUE);

                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);

                        write_sz += buf_sz;
                        write_asize += buf_a_sz;
                }

                multilist_sublist_unlock(mls);

                if (full == B_TRUE)
                        break;
        }

        /* No buffers selected for writing? */
        if (pio == NULL) {
                ASSERT0(write_sz);
                ASSERT(!HDR_HAS_L1HDR(head));
                kmem_cache_free(hdr_l2only_cache, head);
                return (0);
        }

        mutex_enter(&dev->l2ad_mtx);

        /*
         * Note that elsewhere in this file arcstat_l2_asize
         * and the used space on l2ad_vdev are updated using b_asize,
         * which is not necessarily rounded up to the device block size.
         * Too keep accounting consistent we do the same here as well:
         * stats_size accumulates the sum of b_asize of the written buffers,
         * while write_asize accumulates the sum of b_asize rounded up
         * to the device block size.
         * The latter sum is used only to validate the corectness of the code.
         */
        uint64_t stats_size = 0;
        write_asize = 0;

        /*
         * Now start writing the buffers. We're starting at the write head
         * and work backwards, retracing the course of the buffer selector
         * loop above.
         */
        for (hdr = list_prev(&dev->l2ad_buflist, head); hdr;
            hdr = list_prev(&dev->l2ad_buflist, hdr)) {
                uint64_t buf_sz;

                /*
                 * We rely on the L1 portion of the header below, so
                 * it's invalid for this header to have been evicted out
                 * of the ghost cache, prior to being written out. The
                 * ARC_FLAG_L2_WRITING bit ensures this won't happen.
                 */
                ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));

                /*
                 * We shouldn't need to lock the buffer here, since we flagged
                 * it as ARC_FLAG_L2_WRITING in the previous step, but we must
                 * take care to only access its L2 cache parameters. In
                 * particular, hdr->l1hdr.b_buf may be invalid by now due to
                 * ARC eviction.
                 */
                hdr->b_l2hdr.b_daddr = dev->l2ad_hand;

                if ((HDR_L2COMPRESS(hdr)) &&
                    hdr->b_l2hdr.b_asize >= buf_compress_minsz) {
                        if (l2arc_compress_buf(hdr)) {
                                /*
                                 * If compression succeeded, enable headroom
                                 * boost on the next scan cycle.
                                 */
                                *headroom_boost = B_TRUE;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * Pick up the buffer data we had previously stashed away
                 * (and now potentially also compressed).
                 */
                buf_data = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata;
                buf_sz = hdr->b_l2hdr.b_asize;

                /*
                 * We need to do this regardless if buf_sz is zero or
                 * not, otherwise, when this l2hdr is evicted we'll
                 * remove a reference that was never added.
                 */
                (void) refcount_add_many(&dev->l2ad_alloc, buf_sz, hdr);

                /* Compression may have squashed the buffer to zero length. */
                if (buf_sz != 0) {
                        uint64_t buf_a_sz;

                        wzio = zio_write_phys(pio, dev->l2ad_vdev,
                            dev->l2ad_hand, buf_sz, buf_data, ZIO_CHECKSUM_OFF,
                            NULL, NULL, ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_WRITE,
                            ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL, B_FALSE);

                        DTRACE_PROBE2(l2arc__write, vdev_t *, dev->l2ad_vdev,
                            zio_t *, wzio);
                        (void) zio_nowait(wzio);

                        stats_size += buf_sz;

                        /*
                         * Keep the clock hand suitably device-aligned.
                         */
                        buf_a_sz = vdev_psize_to_asize(dev->l2ad_vdev, buf_sz);
                        write_asize += buf_a_sz;
                        dev->l2ad_hand += buf_a_sz;
                }
        }

        mutex_exit(&dev->l2ad_mtx);

        ASSERT3U(write_asize, <=, target_sz);
        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_writes_sent);
        ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_l2_write_bytes, write_asize);
        ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_l2_size, write_sz);
        ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_l2_asize, stats_size);
        vdev_space_update(dev->l2ad_vdev, stats_size, 0, 0);

        /*
         * Bump device hand to the device start if it is approaching the end.
         * l2arc_evict() will already have evicted ahead for this case.
         */
        if (dev->l2ad_hand >= (dev->l2ad_end - target_sz)) {
                dev->l2ad_hand = dev->l2ad_start;
                dev->l2ad_first = B_FALSE;
        }

        dev->l2ad_writing = B_TRUE;
        (void) zio_wait(pio);
        dev->l2ad_writing = B_FALSE;

        return (write_asize);
}

/*
 * Compresses an L2ARC buffer.
 * The data to be compressed must be prefilled in l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata and its
 * size in l2hdr->b_asize. This routine tries to compress the data and
 * depending on the compression result there are three possible outcomes:
 * *) The buffer was incompressible. The original l2hdr contents were left
 *    untouched and are ready for writing to an L2 device.
 * *) The buffer was all-zeros, so there is no need to write it to an L2
 *    device. To indicate this situation b_tmp_cdata is NULL'ed, b_asize is
 *    set to zero and b_compress is set to ZIO_COMPRESS_EMPTY.
 * *) Compression succeeded and b_tmp_cdata was replaced with a temporary
 *    data buffer which holds the compressed data to be written, and b_asize
 *    tells us how much data there is. b_compress is set to the appropriate
 *    compression algorithm. Once writing is done, invoke
 *    l2arc_release_cdata_buf on this l2hdr to free this temporary buffer.
 *
 * Returns B_TRUE if compression succeeded, or B_FALSE if it didn't (the
 * buffer was incompressible).
 */
static boolean_t
l2arc_compress_buf(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        void *cdata;
        size_t csize, len, rounded;
        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L2HDR(hdr));
        l2arc_buf_hdr_t *l2hdr = &hdr->b_l2hdr;

        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
        ASSERT(HDR_GET_COMPRESS(hdr) == ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF);
        ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata != NULL);

        len = l2hdr->b_asize;
        cdata = zio_data_buf_alloc(len);
        ASSERT3P(cdata, !=, NULL);
        csize = zio_compress_data(ZIO_COMPRESS_LZ4, hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata,
            cdata, l2hdr->b_asize);

        if (csize == 0) {
                /* zero block, indicate that there's nothing to write */
                zio_data_buf_free(cdata, len);
                HDR_SET_COMPRESS(hdr, ZIO_COMPRESS_EMPTY);
                l2hdr->b_asize = 0;
                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata = NULL;
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_compress_zeros);
                return (B_TRUE);
        }

        rounded = P2ROUNDUP(csize,
            (size_t)1 << l2hdr->b_dev->l2ad_vdev->vdev_ashift);
        if (rounded < len) {
                /*
                 * Compression succeeded, we'll keep the cdata around for
                 * writing and release it afterwards.
                 */
                if (rounded > csize) {
                        bzero((char *)cdata + csize, rounded - csize);
                        csize = rounded;
                }
                HDR_SET_COMPRESS(hdr, ZIO_COMPRESS_LZ4);
                l2hdr->b_asize = csize;
                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata = cdata;
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_compress_successes);
                return (B_TRUE);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Compression failed, release the compressed buffer.
                 * l2hdr will be left unmodified.
                 */
                zio_data_buf_free(cdata, len);
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_compress_failures);
                return (B_FALSE);
        }
}

/*
 * Decompresses a zio read back from an l2arc device. On success, the
 * underlying zio's io_data buffer is overwritten by the uncompressed
 * version. On decompression error (corrupt compressed stream), the
 * zio->io_error value is set to signal an I/O error.
 *
 * Please note that the compressed data stream is not checksummed, so
 * if the underlying device is experiencing data corruption, we may feed
 * corrupt data to the decompressor, so the decompressor needs to be
 * able to handle this situation (LZ4 does).
 */
static void
l2arc_decompress_zio(zio_t *zio, arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr, enum zio_compress c)
{
        ASSERT(L2ARC_IS_VALID_COMPRESS(c));

        if (zio->io_error != 0) {
                /*
                 * An io error has occured, just restore the original io
                 * size in preparation for a main pool read.
                 */
                zio->io_orig_size = zio->io_size = hdr->b_size;
                return;
        }

        if (c == ZIO_COMPRESS_EMPTY) {
                /*
                 * An empty buffer results in a null zio, which means we
                 * need to fill its io_data after we're done restoring the
                 * buffer's contents.
                 */
                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf != NULL);
                bzero(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf->b_data, hdr->b_size);
                zio->io_data = zio->io_orig_data = hdr->b_l1hdr.b_buf->b_data;
        } else {
                ASSERT(zio->io_data != NULL);
                /*
                 * We copy the compressed data from the start of the arc buffer
                 * (the zio_read will have pulled in only what we need, the
                 * rest is garbage which we will overwrite at decompression)
                 * and then decompress back to the ARC data buffer. This way we
                 * can minimize copying by simply decompressing back over the
                 * original compressed data (rather than decompressing to an
                 * aux buffer and then copying back the uncompressed buffer,
                 * which is likely to be much larger).
                 */
                uint64_t csize;
                void *cdata;

                csize = zio->io_size;
                cdata = zio_data_buf_alloc(csize);
                bcopy(zio->io_data, cdata, csize);
                if (zio_decompress_data(c, cdata, zio->io_data, csize,
                    hdr->b_size) != 0)
                        zio->io_error = EIO;
                zio_data_buf_free(cdata, csize);
        }

        /* Restore the expected uncompressed IO size. */
        zio->io_orig_size = zio->io_size = hdr->b_size;
}

/*
 * Releases the temporary b_tmp_cdata buffer in an l2arc header structure.
 * This buffer serves as a temporary holder of compressed data while
 * the buffer entry is being written to an l2arc device. Once that is
 * done, we can dispose of it.
 */
static void
l2arc_release_cdata_buf(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        enum zio_compress comp = HDR_GET_COMPRESS(hdr);

        ASSERT(HDR_HAS_L1HDR(hdr));
        ASSERT(comp == ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF || L2ARC_IS_VALID_COMPRESS(comp));

        if (comp == ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF) {
                /*
                 * In this case, b_tmp_cdata points to the same buffer
                 * as the arc_buf_t's b_data field. We don't want to
                 * free it, since the arc_buf_t will handle that.
                 */
                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata = NULL;
        } else if (comp == ZIO_COMPRESS_EMPTY) {
                /*
                 * In this case, b_tmp_cdata was compressed to an empty
                 * buffer, thus there's nothing to free and b_tmp_cdata
                 * should have been set to NULL in l2arc_write_buffers().
                 */
                ASSERT3P(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata, ==, NULL);
        } else {
                /*
                 * If the data was compressed, then we've allocated a
                 * temporary buffer for it, so now we need to release it.
                 */
                ASSERT(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata != NULL);
                zio_data_buf_free(hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata,
                    hdr->b_size);
                hdr->b_l1hdr.b_tmp_cdata = NULL;
        }

}

/*
 * This thread feeds the L2ARC at regular intervals.  This is the beating
 * heart of the L2ARC.
 */
static void
l2arc_feed_thread(void *dummy __unused)
{
        callb_cpr_t cpr;
        l2arc_dev_t *dev;
        spa_t *spa;
        uint64_t size, wrote;
        clock_t begin, next = ddi_get_lbolt();
        boolean_t headroom_boost = B_FALSE;

        CALLB_CPR_INIT(&cpr, &l2arc_feed_thr_lock, callb_generic_cpr, FTAG);

        mutex_enter(&l2arc_feed_thr_lock);

        while (l2arc_thread_exit == 0) {
                CALLB_CPR_SAFE_BEGIN(&cpr);
                (void) cv_timedwait(&l2arc_feed_thr_cv, &l2arc_feed_thr_lock,
                    next - ddi_get_lbolt());
                CALLB_CPR_SAFE_END(&cpr, &l2arc_feed_thr_lock);
                next = ddi_get_lbolt() + hz;

                /*
                 * Quick check for L2ARC devices.
                 */
                mutex_enter(&l2arc_dev_mtx);
                if (l2arc_ndev == 0) {
                        mutex_exit(&l2arc_dev_mtx);
                        continue;
                }
                mutex_exit(&l2arc_dev_mtx);
                begin = ddi_get_lbolt();

                /*
                 * This selects the next l2arc device to write to, and in
                 * doing so the next spa to feed from: dev->l2ad_spa.   This
                 * will return NULL if there are now no l2arc devices or if
                 * they are all faulted.
                 *
                 * If a device is returned, its spa's config lock is also
                 * held to prevent device removal.  l2arc_dev_get_next()
                 * will grab and release l2arc_dev_mtx.
                 */
                if ((dev = l2arc_dev_get_next()) == NULL)
                        continue;

                spa = dev->l2ad_spa;
                ASSERT(spa != NULL);

                /*
                 * If the pool is read-only then force the feed thread to
                 * sleep a little longer.
                 */
                if (!spa_writeable(spa)) {
                        next = ddi_get_lbolt() + 5 * l2arc_feed_secs * hz;
                        spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_L2ARC, dev);
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * Avoid contributing to memory pressure.
                 */
                if (arc_reclaim_needed()) {
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_abort_lowmem);
                        spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_L2ARC, dev);
                        continue;
                }

                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_l2_feeds);

                size = l2arc_write_size();

                /*
                 * Evict L2ARC buffers that will be overwritten.
                 */
                l2arc_evict(dev, size, B_FALSE);

                /*
                 * Write ARC buffers.
                 */
                wrote = l2arc_write_buffers(spa, dev, size, &headroom_boost);

                /*
                 * Calculate interval between writes.
                 */
                next = l2arc_write_interval(begin, size, wrote);
                spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_L2ARC, dev);
        }

        l2arc_thread_exit = 0;
        cv_broadcast(&l2arc_feed_thr_cv);
        CALLB_CPR_EXIT(&cpr);           /* drops l2arc_feed_thr_lock */
        thread_exit();
}

boolean_t
l2arc_vdev_present(vdev_t *vd)
{
        l2arc_dev_t *dev;

        mutex_enter(&l2arc_dev_mtx);
        for (dev = list_head(l2arc_dev_list); dev != NULL;
            dev = list_next(l2arc_dev_list, dev)) {
                if (dev->l2ad_vdev == vd)
                        break;
        }
        mutex_exit(&l2arc_dev_mtx);

        return (dev != NULL);
}

/*
 * Add a vdev for use by the L2ARC.  By this point the spa has already
 * validated the vdev and opened it.
 */
void
l2arc_add_vdev(spa_t *spa, vdev_t *vd)
{
        l2arc_dev_t *adddev;

        ASSERT(!l2arc_vdev_present(vd));

        vdev_ashift_optimize(vd);

        /*
         * Create a new l2arc device entry.
         */
        adddev = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (l2arc_dev_t), KM_SLEEP);
        adddev->l2ad_spa = spa;
        adddev->l2ad_vdev = vd;
        adddev->l2ad_start = VDEV_LABEL_START_SIZE;
        adddev->l2ad_end = VDEV_LABEL_START_SIZE + vdev_get_min_asize(vd);
        adddev->l2ad_hand = adddev->l2ad_start;
        adddev->l2ad_first = B_TRUE;
        adddev->l2ad_writing = B_FALSE;

        mutex_init(&adddev->l2ad_mtx, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        /*
         * This is a list of all ARC buffers that are still valid on the
         * device.
         */
        list_create(&adddev->l2ad_buflist, sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_l2hdr.b_l2node));

        vdev_space_update(vd, 0, 0, adddev->l2ad_end - adddev->l2ad_hand);
        refcount_create(&adddev->l2ad_alloc);

        /*
         * Add device to global list
         */
        mutex_enter(&l2arc_dev_mtx);
        list_insert_head(l2arc_dev_list, adddev);
        atomic_inc_64(&l2arc_ndev);
        mutex_exit(&l2arc_dev_mtx);
}

/*
 * Remove a vdev from the L2ARC.
 */
void
l2arc_remove_vdev(vdev_t *vd)
{
        l2arc_dev_t *dev, *nextdev, *remdev = NULL;

        /*
         * Find the device by vdev
         */
        mutex_enter(&l2arc_dev_mtx);
        for (dev = list_head(l2arc_dev_list); dev; dev = nextdev) {
                nextdev = list_next(l2arc_dev_list, dev);
                if (vd == dev->l2ad_vdev) {
                        remdev = dev;
                        break;
                }
        }
        ASSERT(remdev != NULL);

        /*
         * Remove device from global list
         */
        list_remove(l2arc_dev_list, remdev);
        l2arc_dev_last = NULL;          /* may have been invalidated */
        atomic_dec_64(&l2arc_ndev);
        mutex_exit(&l2arc_dev_mtx);

        /*
         * Clear all buflists and ARC references.  L2ARC device flush.
         */
        l2arc_evict(remdev, 0, B_TRUE);
        list_destroy(&remdev->l2ad_buflist);
        mutex_destroy(&remdev->l2ad_mtx);
        refcount_destroy(&remdev->l2ad_alloc);
        kmem_free(remdev, sizeof (l2arc_dev_t));
}

void
l2arc_init(void)
{
        l2arc_thread_exit = 0;
        l2arc_ndev = 0;
        l2arc_writes_sent = 0;
        l2arc_writes_done = 0;

        mutex_init(&l2arc_feed_thr_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        cv_init(&l2arc_feed_thr_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);
        mutex_init(&l2arc_dev_mtx, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        mutex_init(&l2arc_free_on_write_mtx, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);

        l2arc_dev_list = &L2ARC_dev_list;
        l2arc_free_on_write = &L2ARC_free_on_write;
        list_create(l2arc_dev_list, sizeof (l2arc_dev_t),
            offsetof(l2arc_dev_t, l2ad_node));
        list_create(l2arc_free_on_write, sizeof (l2arc_data_free_t),
            offsetof(l2arc_data_free_t, l2df_list_node));
}

void
l2arc_fini(void)
{
        /*
         * This is called from dmu_fini(), which is called from spa_fini();
         * Because of this, we can assume that all l2arc devices have
         * already been removed when the pools themselves were removed.
         */

        l2arc_do_free_on_write();

        mutex_destroy(&l2arc_feed_thr_lock);
        cv_destroy(&l2arc_feed_thr_cv);
        mutex_destroy(&l2arc_dev_mtx);
        mutex_destroy(&l2arc_free_on_write_mtx);

        list_destroy(l2arc_dev_list);
        list_destroy(l2arc_free_on_write);
}

void
l2arc_start(void)
{
        if (!(spa_mode_global & FWRITE))
                return;

        (void) thread_create(NULL, 0, l2arc_feed_thread, NULL, 0, &p0,
            TS_RUN, minclsyspri);
}

void
l2arc_stop(void)
{
        if (!(spa_mode_global & FWRITE))
                return;

        mutex_enter(&l2arc_feed_thr_lock);
        cv_signal(&l2arc_feed_thr_cv);  /* kick thread out of startup */
        l2arc_thread_exit = 1;
        while (l2arc_thread_exit != 0)
                cv_wait(&l2arc_feed_thr_cv, &l2arc_feed_thr_lock);
        mutex_exit(&l2arc_feed_thr_lock);
}