2 * Copyright (c) 1998-2001 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.
4 * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
6 * The contents of this file constitute Original Code as defined in and
7 * are subject to the Apple Public Source License Version 2.0 (the
8 * "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the
9 * License. Please obtain a copy of the License at
10 * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this file.
12 * This Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
13 * distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
14 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
15 * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
16 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. Please see the
17 * License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
20 * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
23 * Author: Avadis Tevanian, Jr.
25 * File system exerciser.
27 * Rewrite and enhancements 1998-2001 Conrad Minshall -- conrad@mac.com
29 * Various features from Joe Sokol, Pat Dirks, and Clark Warner.
31 * Small changes to work under Linux -- davej@suse.de
33 * Sundry porting patches from Guy Harris 12/2001
35 * Checks for mmap last-page zero fill.
37 * Updated license to APSL 2.0, 2004/7/27 - Jordan Hubbard
43 #include <sys/types.h>
46 # include <sys/param.h>
65 #define NUMPRINTCOLUMNS 32 /* # columns of data to print on each line */
68 * A log entry is an operation and a bunch of arguments.
78 struct log_entry oplog[LOGSIZE]; /* the log */
79 int logptr = 0; /* current position in log */
80 int logcount = 0; /* total ops */
89 #define OP_CLOSEOPEN 4
97 char *original_buf; /* a pointer to the original data */
98 char *good_buf; /* a pointer to the correct data */
99 char *temp_buf; /* a pointer to the current data */
100 char *fname; /* name of our test file */
101 int fd; /* fd for our test file */
106 unsigned long testcalls = 0; /* calls to function "test" */
108 unsigned long simulatedopcount = 0; /* -b flag */
109 int closeprob = 0; /* -c flag */
110 int debug = 0; /* -d flag */
111 unsigned long debugstart = 0; /* -D flag */
112 unsigned long maxfilelen = 256 * 1024; /* -l flag */
113 int sizechecks = 1; /* -n flag disables them */
114 int maxoplen = 64 * 1024; /* -o flag */
115 int quiet = 0; /* -q flag */
116 unsigned long progressinterval = 0; /* -p flag */
117 int readbdy = 1; /* -r flag */
118 int style = 0; /* -s flag */
119 int truncbdy = 1; /* -t flag */
120 int writebdy = 1; /* -w flag */
121 long monitorstart = -1; /* -m flag */
122 long monitorend = -1; /* -m flag */
123 int lite = 0; /* -L flag */
124 long numops = -1; /* -N flag */
125 int randomoplen = 1; /* -O flag disables it */
126 int seed = 1; /* -S flag */
127 int mapped_writes = 1; /* -W flag disables */
128 int mapped_reads = 1; /* -R flag disables it */
130 FILE * fsxlogf = NULL;
136 vwarnc(code, fmt, ap)
141 fprintf(stderr, "fsx: ");
143 vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
144 fprintf(stderr, ": ");
146 fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", strerror(code));
151 warn(const char * fmt, ...)
155 vwarnc(errno, fmt, ap);
166 vfprintf(stdout, fmt, args);
171 vfprintf(fsxlogf, fmt, args);
179 prt("%s%s%s\n", prefix, prefix ? ": " : "", strerror(errno));
184 log4(int operation, int arg0, int arg1, int arg2)
186 struct log_entry *le;
189 le->operation = operation;
191 le->operation = ~ le->operation;
197 if (logptr >= LOGSIZE)
206 struct log_entry *lp;
208 prt("LOG DUMP (%d total operations):\n", logcount);
209 if (logcount < LOGSIZE) {
216 for ( ; count > 0; count--) {
219 opnum = i+1 + (logcount/LOGSIZE)*LOGSIZE;
220 prt("%d(%d mod 256): ", opnum, opnum%256);
222 if ((closeopen = lp->operation < 0))
223 lp->operation = ~ lp->operation;
225 switch (lp->operation) {
227 prt("MAPREAD\t0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
228 lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
230 if (badoff >= lp->args[0] && badoff <
231 lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
235 prt("MAPWRITE 0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
236 lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
238 if (badoff >= lp->args[0] && badoff <
239 lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
243 prt("READ\t0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
244 lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
246 if (badoff >= lp->args[0] &&
247 badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
251 prt("WRITE\t0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
252 lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
254 if (lp->args[0] > lp->args[2])
256 else if (lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] > lp->args[2])
258 if ((badoff >= lp->args[0] || badoff >=lp->args[2]) &&
259 badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
263 down = lp->args[0] < lp->args[1];
264 prt("TRUNCATE %s\tfrom 0x%x to 0x%x",
265 down ? "DOWN" : "UP", lp->args[1], lp->args[0]);
266 if (badoff >= lp->args[!down] &&
267 badoff < lp->args[!!down])
271 prt("SKIPPED (no operation)");
274 prt("BOGUS LOG ENTRY (operation code = %d)!",
278 prt("\n\t\tCLOSE/OPEN");
288 save_buffer(char *buffer, off_t bufferlength, int fd)
291 ssize_t byteswritten;
293 if (fd <= 0 || bufferlength == 0)
296 if (bufferlength > SSIZE_MAX) {
297 prt("fsx flaw: overflow in save_buffer\n");
301 off_t size_by_seek = lseek(fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_END);
302 if (size_by_seek == (off_t)-1)
303 prterr("save_buffer: lseek eof");
304 else if (bufferlength > size_by_seek) {
305 warn("save_buffer: .fsxgood file too short... will save 0x%llx bytes instead of 0x%llx\n", (unsigned long long)size_by_seek,
306 (unsigned long long)bufferlength);
307 bufferlength = size_by_seek;
311 ret = lseek(fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_SET);
312 if (ret == (off_t)-1)
313 prterr("save_buffer: lseek 0");
315 byteswritten = write(fd, buffer, (size_t)bufferlength);
316 if (byteswritten != bufferlength) {
317 if (byteswritten == -1)
318 prterr("save_buffer write");
320 warn("save_buffer: short write, 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%llx\n",
321 (unsigned)byteswritten,
322 (unsigned long long)bufferlength);
328 report_failure(int status)
334 save_buffer(good_buf, file_size, fsxgoodfd);
335 prt("Correct content saved for comparison\n");
336 prt("(maybe hexdump \"%s\" vs \"%s.fsxgood\")\n",
345 #define short_at(cp) ((unsigned short)((*((unsigned char *)(cp)) << 8) | \
346 *(((unsigned char *)(cp)) + 1)))
349 check_buffers(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
357 if (memcmp(good_buf + offset, temp_buf, size) != 0) {
358 prt("READ BAD DATA: offset = 0x%x, size = 0x%x\n",
360 prt("OFFSET\tGOOD\tBAD\tRANGE\n");
362 c = good_buf[offset];
366 bad = short_at(&temp_buf[i]);
367 prt("0x%5x\t0x%04x\t0x%04x", offset,
368 short_at(&good_buf[offset]), bad);
369 op = temp_buf[offset & 1 ? i+1 : i];
381 prt("operation# (mod 256) for the bad data may be %u\n", ((unsigned)op & 0xff));
383 prt("operation# (mod 256) for the bad data unknown, check HOLE and EXTEND ops\n");
385 prt("????????????????\n");
397 if (fstat(fd, &statbuf)) {
398 prterr("check_size: fstat");
399 statbuf.st_size = -1;
401 size_by_seek = lseek(fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_END);
402 if (file_size != statbuf.st_size || file_size != size_by_seek) {
403 prt("Size error: expected 0x%llx stat 0x%llx seek 0x%llx\n",
404 (unsigned long long)file_size,
405 (unsigned long long)statbuf.st_size,
406 (unsigned long long)size_by_seek);
413 check_trunc_hack(void)
417 ftruncate(fd, (off_t)0);
418 ftruncate(fd, (off_t)100000);
420 if (statbuf.st_size != (off_t)100000) {
421 prt("no extend on truncate! not posix!\n");
424 ftruncate(fd, (off_t)0);
429 doread(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
434 offset -= offset % readbdy;
436 if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
437 prt("skipping zero size read\n");
438 log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_READ, offset, size);
441 if (size + offset > file_size) {
442 if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
443 prt("skipping seek/read past end of file\n");
444 log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_READ, offset, size);
448 log4(OP_READ, offset, size, 0);
450 if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
453 if (!quiet && ((progressinterval &&
454 testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
456 (monitorstart == -1 ||
457 (offset + size > monitorstart &&
458 (monitorend == -1 || offset <= monitorend))))))
459 prt("%lu read\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
460 offset, offset + size - 1, size);
461 ret = lseek(fd, (off_t)offset, SEEK_SET);
462 if (ret == (off_t)-1) {
463 prterr("doread: lseek");
466 iret = read(fd, temp_buf, size);
469 prterr("doread: read");
471 prt("short read: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n",
475 check_buffers(offset, size);
480 check_eofpage(char *s, unsigned offset, char *p, int size)
482 uintptr_t last_page, should_be_zero;
484 if (offset + size <= (file_size & ~page_mask))
487 * we landed in the last page of the file
488 * test to make sure the VM system provided 0's
489 * beyond the true end of the file mapping
490 * (as required by mmap def in 1996 posix 1003.1)
492 last_page = ((uintptr_t)p + (offset & page_mask) + size) & ~page_mask;
494 for (should_be_zero = last_page + (file_size & page_mask);
495 should_be_zero < last_page + page_size;
497 if (*(char *)should_be_zero) {
498 prt("Mapped %s: non-zero data past EOF (0x%llx) page offset 0x%x is 0x%04x\n",
499 s, file_size - 1, should_be_zero & page_mask,
500 short_at(should_be_zero));
507 domapread(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
513 offset -= offset % readbdy;
515 if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
516 prt("skipping zero size read\n");
517 log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_MAPREAD, offset, size);
520 if (size + offset > file_size) {
521 if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
522 prt("skipping seek/read past end of file\n");
523 log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_MAPREAD, offset, size);
527 log4(OP_MAPREAD, offset, size, 0);
529 if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
532 if (!quiet && ((progressinterval &&
533 testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
535 (monitorstart == -1 ||
536 (offset + size > monitorstart &&
537 (monitorend == -1 || offset <= monitorend))))))
538 prt("%lu mapread\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
539 offset, offset + size - 1, size);
541 pg_offset = offset & page_mask;
542 map_size = pg_offset + size;
544 if ((p = (char *)mmap(0, map_size, PROT_READ, MAP_FILE | MAP_SHARED, fd,
545 (off_t)(offset - pg_offset))) == (char *)-1) {
546 prterr("domapread: mmap");
549 memcpy(temp_buf, p + pg_offset, size);
551 check_eofpage("Read", offset, p, size);
553 if (munmap(p, map_size) != 0) {
554 prterr("domapread: munmap");
558 check_buffers(offset, size);
563 gendata(char *original_buf, char *good_buf, unsigned offset, unsigned size)
566 good_buf[offset] = testcalls % 256;
568 good_buf[offset] += original_buf[offset];
575 dowrite(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
580 offset -= offset % writebdy;
582 if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
583 prt("skipping zero size write\n");
584 log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_WRITE, offset, size);
588 log4(OP_WRITE, offset, size, file_size);
590 gendata(original_buf, good_buf, offset, size);
591 if (file_size < offset + size) {
592 if (file_size < offset)
593 memset(good_buf + file_size, '\0', offset - file_size);
594 file_size = offset + size;
596 warn("Lite file size bug in fsx!");
601 if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
604 if (!quiet && ((progressinterval &&
605 testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
607 (monitorstart == -1 ||
608 (offset + size > monitorstart &&
609 (monitorend == -1 || offset <= monitorend))))))
610 prt("%lu write\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
611 offset, offset + size - 1, size);
612 ret = lseek(fd, (off_t)offset, SEEK_SET);
613 if (ret == (off_t)-1) {
614 prterr("dowrite: lseek");
617 iret = write(fd, good_buf + offset, size);
620 prterr("dowrite: write");
622 prt("short write: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n",
630 domapwrite(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
637 offset -= offset % writebdy;
639 if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
640 prt("skipping zero size write\n");
641 log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_MAPWRITE, offset, size);
644 cur_filesize = file_size;
646 log4(OP_MAPWRITE, offset, size, 0);
648 gendata(original_buf, good_buf, offset, size);
649 if (file_size < offset + size) {
650 if (file_size < offset)
651 memset(good_buf + file_size, '\0', offset - file_size);
652 file_size = offset + size;
654 warn("Lite file size bug in fsx!");
659 if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
662 if (!quiet && ((progressinterval &&
663 testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
665 (monitorstart == -1 ||
666 (offset + size > monitorstart &&
667 (monitorend == -1 || offset <= monitorend))))))
668 prt("%lu mapwrite\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
669 offset, offset + size - 1, size);
671 if (file_size > cur_filesize) {
672 if (ftruncate(fd, file_size) == -1) {
673 prterr("domapwrite: ftruncate");
677 pg_offset = offset & page_mask;
678 map_size = pg_offset + size;
680 if ((p = (char *)mmap(0, map_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
681 MAP_FILE | MAP_SHARED, fd,
682 (off_t)(offset - pg_offset))) == (char *)-1) {
683 prterr("domapwrite: mmap");
686 memcpy(p + pg_offset, good_buf + offset, size);
687 if (msync(p, map_size, 0) != 0) {
688 prterr("domapwrite: msync");
692 check_eofpage("Write", offset, p, size);
694 if (munmap(p, map_size) != 0) {
695 prterr("domapwrite: munmap");
702 dotruncate(unsigned size)
704 int oldsize = file_size;
706 size -= size % truncbdy;
707 if (size > biggest) {
709 if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
710 prt("truncating to largest ever: 0x%x\n", size);
713 log4(OP_TRUNCATE, size, (unsigned)file_size, 0);
715 if (size > file_size)
716 memset(good_buf + file_size, '\0', size - file_size);
719 if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
722 if ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
723 (debug && (monitorstart == -1 || monitorend == -1 ||
724 size <= monitorend)))
725 prt("%lu trunc\tfrom 0x%x to 0x%x\n", testcalls, oldsize, size);
726 if (ftruncate(fd, (off_t)size) == -1) {
727 prt("ftruncate1: %x\n", size);
728 prterr("dotruncate: ftruncate");
739 if (lseek(fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_SET) == (off_t)-1) {
740 prterr("writefileimage: lseek");
743 iret = write(fd, good_buf, file_size);
744 if ((off_t)iret != file_size) {
746 prterr("writefileimage: write");
748 prt("short write: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%llx\n",
749 iret, (unsigned long long)file_size);
752 if (lite ? 0 : ftruncate(fd, file_size) == -1) {
753 prt("ftruncate2: %llx\n", (unsigned long long)file_size);
754 prterr("writefileimage: ftruncate");
763 if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
767 prt("%lu close/open\n", testcalls);
769 prterr("docloseopen: close");
772 fd = open(fname, O_RDWR, 0);
774 prterr("docloseopen: open");
783 unsigned long offset;
784 unsigned long size = maxoplen;
785 unsigned long rv = random();
786 unsigned long op = rv % (3 + !lite + mapped_writes);
788 /* turn off the map read if necessary */
790 if (op == 2 && !mapped_reads)
793 if (simulatedopcount > 0 && testcalls == simulatedopcount)
799 closeopen = (rv >> 3) < (1 << 28) / closeprob;
801 if (debugstart > 0 && testcalls >= debugstart)
804 if (!quiet && testcalls < simulatedopcount && testcalls % 100000 == 0)
805 prt("%lu...\n", testcalls);
812 * MAPWRITE: op = 3 or 4
814 if (lite ? 0 : op == 3 && style == 0) /* vanilla truncate? */
815 dotruncate(random() % maxfilelen);
818 size = random() % (maxoplen+1);
819 if (lite ? 0 : op == 3)
823 if (op == 1 || op == (lite ? 3 : 4)) {
824 offset %= maxfilelen;
825 if (offset + size > maxfilelen)
826 size = maxfilelen - offset;
828 domapwrite(offset, size);
830 dowrite(offset, size);
836 if (offset + size > file_size)
837 size = file_size - offset;
839 domapread(offset, size);
841 doread(offset, size);
845 if (sizechecks && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
857 prt("signal %d\n", sig);
858 prt("testcalls = %lu\n", testcalls);
866 fprintf(stdout, "usage: %s",
867 "fsx [-dnqLOW] [-b opnum] [-c Prob] [-l flen] [-m start:end] [-o oplen] [-p progressinterval] [-r readbdy] [-s style] [-t truncbdy] [-w writebdy] [-D startingop] [-N numops] [-P dirpath] [-S seed] fname\n\
868 -b opnum: beginning operation number (default 1)\n\
869 -c P: 1 in P chance of file close+open at each op (default infinity)\n\
870 -d: debug output for all operations\n\
871 -l flen: the upper bound on file size (default 262144)\n\
872 -m startop:endop: monitor (print debug output) specified byte range (default 0:infinity)\n\
873 -n: no verifications of file size\n\
874 -o oplen: the upper bound on operation size (default 65536)\n\
875 -p progressinterval: debug output at specified operation interval\n\
876 -q: quieter operation\n\
877 -r readbdy: 4096 would make reads page aligned (default 1)\n\
878 -s style: 1 gives smaller truncates (default 0)\n\
879 -t truncbdy: 4096 would make truncates page aligned (default 1)\n\
880 -w writebdy: 4096 would make writes page aligned (default 1)\n\
881 -D startingop: debug output starting at specified operation\n\
882 -L: fsxLite - no file creations & no file size changes\n\
883 -N numops: total # operations to do (default infinity)\n\
884 -O: use oplen (see -o flag) for every op (default random)\n\
885 -P dirpath: save .fsxlog and .fsxgood files in dirpath (default ./)\n\
886 -S seed: for random # generator (default 1) 0 gets timestamp\n\
887 -W: mapped write operations DISabled\n\
888 -R: mapped read operations DISabled)\n\
889 fname: this filename is REQUIRED (no default)\n");
895 getnum(char *s, char **e)
900 ret = strtol(s, e, 0);
929 main(int argc, char **argv)
939 page_size = getpagesize();
940 page_mask = page_size - 1;
942 setvbuf(stdout, (char *)0, _IOLBF, 0); /* line buffered stdout */
944 while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "b:c:dl:m:no:p:qr:s:t:w:D:LN:OP:RS:W"))
948 simulatedopcount = getnum(optarg, &endp);
950 fprintf(stdout, "Will begin at operation %ld\n",
952 if (simulatedopcount == 0)
954 simulatedopcount -= 1;
957 closeprob = getnum(optarg, &endp);
960 "Chance of close/open is 1 in %d\n",
969 maxfilelen = getnum(optarg, &endp);
974 monitorstart = getnum(optarg, &endp);
975 if (monitorstart < 0)
977 if (!endp || *endp++ != ':')
979 monitorend = getnum(endp, &endp);
983 monitorend = -1; /* aka infinity */
989 maxoplen = getnum(optarg, &endp);
994 progressinterval = getnum(optarg, &endp);
995 if (progressinterval < 0)
1002 readbdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
1007 style = getnum(optarg, &endp);
1008 if (style < 0 || style > 1)
1012 truncbdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
1017 writebdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
1022 debugstart = getnum(optarg, &endp);
1030 numops = getnum(optarg, &endp);
1038 strncpy(goodfile, optarg, sizeof(goodfile));
1039 strcat(goodfile, "/");
1040 strncpy(logfile, optarg, sizeof(logfile));
1041 strcat(logfile, "/");
1047 seed = getnum(optarg, &endp);
1049 seed = time(0) % 10000;
1051 fprintf(stdout, "Seed set to %d\n", seed);
1058 fprintf(stdout, "mapped writes DISABLED\n");
1071 signal(SIGHUP, cleanup);
1072 signal(SIGINT, cleanup);
1073 signal(SIGPIPE, cleanup);
1074 signal(SIGALRM, cleanup);
1075 signal(SIGTERM, cleanup);
1076 signal(SIGXCPU, cleanup);
1077 signal(SIGXFSZ, cleanup);
1078 signal(SIGVTALRM, cleanup);
1079 signal(SIGUSR1, cleanup);
1080 signal(SIGUSR2, cleanup);
1082 initstate(seed, state, 256);
1084 fd = open(fname, O_RDWR|(lite ? 0 : O_CREAT|O_TRUNC), 0666);
1089 strncat(goodfile, fname, 256);
1090 strcat (goodfile, ".fsxgood");
1091 fsxgoodfd = open(goodfile, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666);
1092 if (fsxgoodfd < 0) {
1096 strncat(logfile, fname, 256);
1097 strcat (logfile, ".fsxlog");
1098 fsxlogf = fopen(logfile, "w");
1099 if (fsxlogf == NULL) {
1105 file_size = maxfilelen = lseek(fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_END);
1106 if (file_size == (off_t)-1) {
1108 warn("main: lseek eof");
1111 ret = lseek(fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_SET);
1112 if (ret == (off_t)-1) {
1114 warn("main: lseek 0");
1118 original_buf = (char *) malloc(maxfilelen);
1119 for (i = 0; i < maxfilelen; i++)
1120 original_buf[i] = random() % 256;
1121 good_buf = (char *) malloc(maxfilelen);
1122 memset(good_buf, '\0', maxfilelen);
1123 temp_buf = (char *) malloc(maxoplen);
1124 memset(temp_buf, '\0', maxoplen);
1125 if (lite) { /* zero entire existing file */
1128 written = write(fd, good_buf, (size_t)maxfilelen);
1129 if (written != maxfilelen) {
1130 if (written == -1) {
1132 warn("main: error on write");
1134 warn("main: short write, 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n",
1135 (unsigned)written, maxfilelen);
1141 while (numops == -1 || numops--)
1148 prt("All operations completed A-OK!\n");