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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-party loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
76 device special files managed by
79 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
81 file descriptor files;
91 system configuration files and scripts
93 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
95 default system configuration files;
99 bluetooth configuration files
101 gnats configuration files;
105 isdn4bsd configuration files;
109 local timezone information;
113 Sendmail control files
115 mtree configuration files;
119 named configuration files;
123 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
128 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
133 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
137 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
141 ppp configuration files;
145 OpenSSH configuration files;
149 OpenSSL configuration files
152 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
157 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
159 class-specific libraries for the
164 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
169 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
170 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
173 empty directory commonly used by
174 system administrators as a temporary mount point
181 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
185 root's HOME directory
187 system programs and administration utilities
188 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
190 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
192 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
194 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
196 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
198 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
203 useful and semi-frivolous programs
205 standard C include files
207 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
209 C include files for alternate queueing
211 C include files for Internet service protocols
213 C include files for the SNMP daemon
217 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
218 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
220 The SCSI device on top of CAM
223 C include files for programming various
226 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
228 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
231 Open Firmware support
237 The parallel port bus;
243 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
252 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
254 per-process file descriptors file system
275 alternate uid/gid mappings file system
281 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
297 ISC utility library libisc include files
299 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
304 C include files for libmilter,
309 machine-specific C include files
311 miscellaneous network C include files
319 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
323 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
327 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
329 kernel key-management service
334 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
336 include files for the signalling API
338 include files that describe signalling messages and
339 declare associated functions
341 include files for the signalling AAL layer
343 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
348 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
350 Objective C include files
352 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
356 POSIX real-time extensions includes;
360 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
362 get a line from a user, with editing;
366 remote procedure calls;
370 definition of RPC service structures; see
376 system C include files (kernel data structures)
381 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
388 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
389 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
405 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
407 a.out archive libraries
409 shared libraries for compatibility
410 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
412 a.out backward compatibility libraries
417 miscellaneous utility data files
418 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
427 various prebuilt lint libraries;
433 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
434 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
436 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
438 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
440 utilities and filters for LP print system;
457 local executables, libraries, etc.
458 Also used as the default destination for the
461 Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
465 Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
466 rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
467 and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
469 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
473 ports collection (optional).
475 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
477 architecture-independent files
479 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
481 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
489 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
492 terms, proper names, and jargon
496 words from Webster's 2nd International
504 miscellaneous documentation;
505 source for most of the printed
511 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
513 Frequently Asked Questions
515 implementation notes for IPv6
517 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
519 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
524 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
526 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
530 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
534 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
536 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
538 UNIX System Manager's Manual
543 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
545 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
549 various examples for users and programmers
551 ASCII text files used by various games
553 device description file for device name
555 GNU Info hypertext system
565 macros for use with the me macro package;
569 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
570 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
578 terminal characteristics database;
587 national language support files;
591 pcvt documentation and etc examples;
595 data files for security policies such as
603 (dot) files for new accounts
605 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
606 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
608 Tree definition files for use with
614 files used by syscons;
617 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
625 console keyboard maps;
634 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
639 text processing macros;
645 localization support and utilities for
648 timezone configuration information;
654 third-party, and/or local source files
656 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
658 source code for files in /bin
660 source code for contributed software
662 source code for contributed cryptography software
664 source code for files in /etc
666 source code for files in /usr/games
668 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
670 source code for files in /usr/include
672 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
674 source code for files in /usr/lib
676 source code for files in /usr/libexec
678 files required to produce a
682 source code for files in /sbin
684 build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
686 source for files in /usr/share
690 tools used for maintenance and testing of
693 source code for files in /usr/bin
695 source code for files in /usr/sbin
699 X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional).
700 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa include/" -compact
702 X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports).
704 X11R6 configuration files and scripts.
712 architecture-independent files.
716 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
718 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
720 system accounting files
722 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
724 execution accounting file;
730 timed command scheduling files;
733 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
735 directory containing job files
737 directory containing output spool files
741 miscellaneous backup files
743 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
751 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
759 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
761 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
764 for privilege separation.
766 miscellaneous game status and score files
768 kerberos server databases; see
771 miscellaneous system log files
773 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
783 system messages database;
787 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
792 file system quota information files
794 system information files describing various info about
795 system since it was booted
797 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
806 group for command connection sockets; see
809 database of current users;
822 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
824 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
826 undelivered submission mail queue;
830 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
832 undelivered mail queue;
836 line printer spooling directories
840 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
841 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
843 the directory where recovery files are stored
850 This manual page documents the default
852 file system layout, but
853 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
854 administrator's discretion.
855 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
872 manual page appeared in