1 Updating Information for FreeBSD current users.
3 This file is maintained and copyrighted by M. Warner Losh <imp@freebsd.org>.
4 See end of file for further details. For commonly done items, please see the
5 COMMON ITEMS: section later in the file. These instructions assume that you
6 basically know what you are doing. If not, then please consult the FreeBSD
9 https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html
11 Items affecting the ports and packages system can be found in
12 /usr/ports/UPDATING. Please read that file before running portupgrade.
14 NOTE: FreeBSD has switched from gcc to clang. If you have trouble bootstrapping
15 from older versions of FreeBSD, try WITHOUT_CLANG and WITH_GCC to bootstrap to
16 the tip of head, and then rebuild without this option. The bootstrap process
17 from older version of current across the gcc/clang cutover is a bit fragile.
19 20200128 p6 FreeBSD-EN-20:01.ssp
20 FreeBSD-EN-20:02.nmount
21 FreeBSD-SA-20:01.libfetch
22 FreeBSD-SA-20:03.thrmisc
24 Fix imprecise ordering of SSP canary initialization [EN-20:01.ssp]
26 Fix nmount invalid pointer dereference [EN-20:02.nmount]
28 Fix libfetch buffer overflow [SA-20:01.libfetch]
30 Fix kernel stack data disclosure [SA-20:03.thrmisc]
32 20191112 p5 FreeBSD-SA-19:25.mcepsc
34 Fix Machine Check Exception on Page Size Change [SA-19:25.mcepsc]
36 20191023 p4 FreeBSD-EN-19:18.tzdata
38 Import tzdata 2019c. [EN-19:18.tzdata]
40 20190820 p3 FreeBSD-EN-19:16.bhyve
44 FreeBSD-SA-19:24.mqueuefs
46 Bhyve instruction emulation improvements (opcode 03H and F7H).
49 Fix ipfw(8) jail keyword prior to jail startup. [EN-19:17.ipfw]
51 Fix IPv6 remote denial of service. [SA-19:22.mbuf]
53 Fix kernel memory disclosure from /dev/midistat. [SA-19:23.midi]
55 Fix reference count overflow in mqueuefs. [SA-19:24.mqueuefs]
57 20190806 p2 FreeBSD-SA-19:18.bzip2
58 FreeBSD-SA-19:19.mldv2
59 FreeBSD-SA-19:20.bsnmp
60 FreeBSD-SA-19:21.bhyve
62 Fix multiple vulnerabilities in bzip2. [SA-19:18.bzip2]
64 Fix ICMPv6 / MLDv2 out-of-bounds memory access. [SA-19:19.mldv2]
66 Fix insufficient message length validation in bsnmp library.
69 Fix insufficient validation of guest-supplied data (e1000 device).
72 20190724 p1 FreeBSD-EN-19:13.mds
73 FreeBSD-SA-19:12.telnet
75 FreeBSD-SA-19:14.freebsd32
76 FreeBSD-SA-19:15.mqueuefs
77 FreeBSD-SA-19:16.bhyve
80 Fix panic from Intel CPU vulnerability mitigation. [EN-19:13.mds]
82 Fix multiple telnet client vulnerabilities. [SA-19:12.telnet]
84 Fix pts write-after-free. [SA-19:13.pts]
86 Fix kernel memory disclosure in freebsd32_ioctl. [SA-19:14.freebsd32]
88 Fix reference count overflow in mqueuefs. [SA-19:15.mqueuefs]
90 Fix byhve out-of-bounds read in XHCI device. [SA-19:16.bhyve]
92 Fix file descriptor reference count leak. [SA-19:17.fd]
97 20190702 FreeBSD-EN-19:12.tzdata
98 FreeBSD-SA-19:09.iconv
99 FreeBSD-SA-19:11.cd_ioctl
101 Import tzdata 2019b. [EN-19:12.tzdata]
103 Fix iconv buffer overflow. [SA-19:09.iconv]
105 Fix privilege escalation in cd(4) driver. [SA-19:11.cd_ioctl]
108 CARP now sets DSCP value CS7(Network Traffic) in the flowlabel field
109 of packets by default instead of only setting TOS_LOWDELAY in IPv4,
110 which was deprecated in 1998. Original behavior can be restored by
111 setting sysctl net.inet.carp.dscp=4.
114 Clang, llvm, lld, lldb, compiler-rt and libc++ have been upgraded to
115 8.0.0. Please see the 20141231 entry below for information about
116 prerequisites and upgrading, if you are not already using clang 3.5.0
120 geom_uzip(4) depends on the new module xz. If geom_uzip is statically
121 compiled into your custom kernel, add 'device xz' statement to the
125 Co-existance for Forth and Lua interpreters in bootloaders has now been
126 merged to ease testing of lualoader. LOADER_DEFAULT_INTERP, documented
127 in build(7), may be used to control which interpreter flavor is used in
128 the default loader to be installed. For systems where Lua and Forth
129 coexist, this switch can also be made on a running system by creating a
130 link from /boot/loader{,.efi} to /boot/loader_${flavor}{,.efi} rather
131 than requiring a rebuild.
133 The default flavor in this branch will remain Forth. As indicated in
134 the 20190216 UPDATING entry, booting is a complex environment; it would
135 be prudent to assume that lualoader may not work for your setup and make
136 provisions for backup boot methods.
139 zfsloader's functionality has now been folded into loader.
140 zfsloader is no longer necesasary once you've updated your
141 boot blocks. For a transition period, we will install a
142 hardlink for zfsloader to loader to allow a smooth transition
143 until the boot blocks can be updated (hard link because old
144 zfs boot blocks don't understand symlinks).
147 Lualoader has been merged to facilitate testing on this branch. It's
148 purely opt-in for now by building WITH_LOADER_LUA and WITHOUT_FORTH in
149 /etc/src.conf, but co-existance will come shortly. Booting is a complex
150 environment and test coverage for Lua-enabled loaders has been thin, so
151 it would be prudent to assume it might not work and make provisions for
155 Clang, llvm, lld, lldb, compiler-rt and libc++ have been upgraded to
156 7.0.1. Please see the 20141231 entry below for information about
157 prerequisites and upgrading, if you are not already using clang 3.5.0
161 r342562 modifies the NFSv4 server so that it obeys vfs.nfsd.nfs_privport
162 in the same as it is applied to NFSv2 and 3. This implies that NFSv4
163 servers that have vfs.nfsd.nfs_privport set will only allow mounts
164 from clients using a reserved port#. Since both the FreeBSD and Linux
165 NFSv4 clients use reserved port#s by default, this should not affect
169 The '%I' format in the kern.corefile sysctl limits the number of
170 core files that a process can generate to the number stored in the
171 debug.ncores sysctl. The '%I' format is replaced by the single digit
172 index. Previously, if all indexes were taken the kernel would overwrite
173 only a core file with the highest index in a filename.
174 Currently the system will create a new core file if there is a free
175 index or if all slots are taken it will overwrite the oldest one.
178 WITH_OFED option now only enables the build for the OFED libraries
179 and some fundamental client utilities. OpenSM and rest of the
180 debugging tools are enabled by WITH_OFED_EXTRA build switch.
181 WITH_OFED is turned on by default on amd64.
184 Clang, llvm, lld, lldb, compiler-rt and libc++ have been upgraded to
185 6.0.1. Please see the 20141231 entry below for information about
186 prerequisites and upgrading, if you are not already using clang 3.5.0
190 The releng/11.2 branch has been created from stable/11@r334458.
193 The tz database (tzdb) has been updated to 2018e. This version more
194 correctly models time stamps in time zones with negative DST such as
195 Europe/Dublin (from 1971 on), Europe/Prague (1946/7), and
196 Africa/Windhoek (1994/2017). This does not affect the UT offsets, only
197 time zone abbreviations and the tm_isdst flag.
200 The use of RSS hash from the network card aka flowid has been
201 disabled by default for lagg(4) as it's currently incompatible with
202 the lacp and loadbalance protocols.
204 This can be re-enabled by setting the following in loader.conf:
205 net.link.lagg.default_use_flowid="1"
208 Clang, llvm, lld, lldb, compiler-rt and libc++ have been upgraded to
209 6.0.0. Please see the 20141231 entry below for information about
210 prerequisites and upgrading, if you are not already using clang 3.5.0
214 The LOADER_FIREWIRE_SUPPORT build variable as been renamed to
215 WITH/OUT_LOADER_FIREWIRE. LOADER_{NO_,}GELI_SUPPORT has been renamed
216 to WITH/OUT_LOADER_GELI.
219 The geli password typed at boot is now hidden. To restore the previous
220 behavior, see geli(8) for configuration options.
222 The SW_WATCHDOG option is no longer necessary to enable the
223 hardclock-based software watchdog if no hardware watchdog is
224 configured. As before, SW_WATCHDOG will cause the software
225 watchdog to be enabled even if a hardware watchdog is configured.
228 lint(1) binaries and library are no longer built by default. To
229 enable building them, define WITH_LINT in src.conf. If you are using
230 a FreeBSD 12 or later system to build 11-stable, you may need to
231 install a lint(1) binary to use WITH_LINT.
234 When building multiple kernels using KERNCONF, non-existent KERNCONF
235 files will produce an error and buildkernel will fail. Previously
236 missing KERNCONF files silently failed giving no indication as to
237 why, only to subsequently discover during installkernel that the
238 desired kernel was never built in the first place.
241 Clang, llvm, lldb, compiler-rt and libc++ have been upgraded to 5.0.0.
242 Please see the 20141231 entry below for information about prerequisites
243 and upgrading, if you are not already using clang 3.5.0 or higher.
246 Since the switch to GPT disk labels, fsck for UFS/FFS has been
247 unable to automatically find alternate superblocks. As of r322806,
248 the information needed to find alternate superblocks has been
249 moved to the end of the area reserved for the boot block.
250 Filesystems created with a newfs of this vintage or later
251 will create the recovery information. If you have a filesystem
252 created prior to this change and wish to have a recovery block
253 created for your filesystem, you can do so by running fsck in
254 forground mode (i.e., do not use the -p or -y options). As it
255 starts, fsck will ask ``SAVE DATA TO FIND ALTERNATE SUPERBLOCKS''
256 to which you should answer yes.
259 The releng/11.1 branch has been created from stable/11@r320475.
262 arm64 builds now use the base system LLD 4.0.0 linker by default,
263 instead of requiring that the aarch64-binutils port or package be
264 installed. To continue using aarch64-binutils, set
265 CROSS_BINUTILS_PREFIX=/usr/local/aarch64-freebsd/bin .
268 The ctl.ko module no longer implements the iSCSI target frontend:
269 cfiscsi.ko does instead.
271 If building cfiscsi.ko as a kernel module, the module can be loaded
272 via one of the following methods:
273 - `cfiscsi_load="YES"` in loader.conf(5).
274 - Add `cfiscsi` to `$kld_list` in rc.conf(5).
275 - ctladm(8)/ctld(8), when compiled with iSCSI support
276 (`WITH_ISCSI=yes` in src.conf(5))
278 Please see cfiscsi(4) for more details.
281 The mmcsd.ko module now additionally depends on geom_flashmap.ko.
282 Also, mmc.ko and mmcsd.ko need to be a matching pair built from the
283 same source (previously, the dependency of mmcsd.ko on mmc.ko was
284 missing, but mmcsd.ko now will refuse to load if it is incompatible
288 Binds and sends to the loopback addresses, IPv6 and IPv4, will now
289 use any explicitly assigned loopback address available in the jail
290 instead of using the first assigned address of the jail.
293 As of r316810 for ipfilter, keep frags is no longer assumed when
294 keep state is specified in a rule. r316810 aligns ipfilter with
295 documentation in man pages separating keep frags from keep state.
296 This allows keep state to specified without forcing keep frags
297 and allows keep frags to be specified independently of keep state.
298 To maintain previous behaviour, also specify keep frags with
299 keep state (as documented in ipf.conf.5).
302 Clang, llvm, lldb, compiler-rt and libc++ have been upgraded to 4.0.0.
303 Please see the 20141231 entry below for information about prerequisites
304 and upgrading, if you are not already using clang 3.5.0 or higher.
307 The code that provides support for ZFS .zfs/ directory functionality
308 has been reimplemented. It's not possible now to create a snapshot
309 by mkdir under .zfs/snapshot/. That should be the only user visible
313 Many changes in the IPsec code have been merged from the FreeBSD-CURRENT
314 branch. The IPSEC_FILTERTUNNEL kernel option is removed in favour of
315 corresponding sysctl. The IPSEC_NAT_T kernel option is also removed,
316 and now NAT-T is supported by default. Security associations now use
317 the single namespace for SPI allocation, so if you use several manually
318 configured security associations with the same SPI, this configuration
322 Clang, llvm, lldb, compiler-rt and libc++ have been upgraded to 3.9.1.
323 Please see the 20141231 entry below for information about prerequisites
324 and upgrading, if you are not already using clang 3.5.0 or higher.
327 Clang, llvm, lldb, compiler-rt and libc++ have been upgraded to 3.9.0.
328 Please see the 20141231 entry below for information about prerequisites
329 and upgrading, if you are not already using clang 3.5.0 or higher.
332 The layout of the pmap structure has changed for powerpc to put the pmap
333 statistics at the front for all CPU variations. libkvm(3) and all tools
334 that link against it need to be recompiled.
337 isl(4) and cyapa(4) drivers now require a new driver,
338 chromebook_platform(4), to work properly on Chromebook-class hardware.
339 On other types of hardware the drivers may need to be configured using
340 device hints. Please see the corresponding manual pages for details.
343 Relocatable object files with the extension of .So have been renamed
344 to use an extension of .pico instead. The purpose of this change is
345 to avoid a name clash with shared libraries on case-insensitive file
346 systems. On those file systems, foo.So is the same file as foo.so.
349 The releng/11.0 branch has been created from stable/11@r303970.
352 The stable/11 branch has been created from head@r302406.
355 The libc stub for the pipe(2) system call has been replaced with
356 a wrapper that calls the pipe2(2) system call and the pipe(2)
357 system call is now only implemented by the kernels that include
358 "options COMPAT_FREEBSD10" in their config file (this is the
359 default). Users should ensure that this option is enabled in
360 their kernel or upgrade userspace to r302092 before upgrading their
364 CAM will now strip leading spaces from SCSI disks' serial numbers.
365 This will effect users who create UFS filesystems on SCSI disks using
366 those disk's diskid device nodes. For example, if /etc/fstab
367 previously contained a line like
368 "/dev/diskid/DISK-%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ABCDEFG0123456", you should
369 change it to "/dev/diskid/DISK-ABCDEFG0123456". Users of geom
370 transforms like gmirror may also be affected. ZFS users should
374 The bitstring(3) API has been updated with new functionality and
375 improved performance. But it is binary-incompatible with the old API.
376 Objects built with the new headers may not be linked against objects
377 built with the old headers.
380 The brk and sbrk functions have been removed from libc on arm64.
381 Binutils from ports has been updated to not link to these
382 functions and should be updated to the latest version before
383 installing a new libc.
386 The armv6 port now defaults to hard float ABI. Limited support
387 for running both hardfloat and soft float on the same system
388 is available using the libraries installed with -DWITH_LIBSOFT.
389 This has only been tested as an upgrade path for installworld
390 and packages may fail or need manual intervention to run. New
391 packages will be needed.
393 To update an existing self-hosted armv6hf system, you must add
394 TARGET_ARCH=armv6 on the make command line for both the build
395 and the install steps.
398 Kernel modules compiled outside of a kernel build now default to
399 installing to /boot/modules instead of /boot/kernel. Many kernel
400 modules built this way (such as those in ports) already overrode
401 KMODDIR explicitly to install into /boot/modules. However,
402 manually building and installing a module from /sys/modules will
403 now install to /boot/modules instead of /boot/kernel.
406 The CAM I/O scheduler has been committed to the kernel. There should be
407 no user visible impact. This does enable NCQ Trim on ada SSDs. While the
408 list of known rogues that claim support for this but actually corrupt
409 data is believed to be complete, be on the lookout for data
410 corruption. The known rogue list is believed to be complete:
412 o Crucial MX100, M550 drives with MU01 firmware.
413 o Micron M510 and M550 drives with MU01 firmware.
414 o Micron M500 prior to MU07 firmware
415 o Samsung 830, 840, and 850 all firmwares
416 o FCCT M500 all firmwares
418 Crucial has firmware http://www.crucial.com/usa/en/support-ssd-firmware
419 with working NCQ TRIM. For Micron branded drives, see your sales rep for
420 updated firmware. Black listed drives will work correctly because these
421 drives work correctly so long as no NCQ TRIMs are sent to them. Given
422 this list is the same as found in Linux, it's believed there are no
423 other rogues in the market place. All other models from the above
426 To be safe, if you are at all concerned, you can quirk each of your
427 drives to prevent NCQ from being sent by setting:
428 kern.cam.ada.X.quirks="0x2"
429 in loader.conf. If the drive requires the 4k sector quirk, set the
433 The FAST_DEPEND build option has been removed and its functionality is
434 now the one true way. The old mkdep(1) style of 'make depend' has
435 been removed. See 20160311 for further details.
438 Resource range types have grown from unsigned long to uintmax_t. All
439 drivers, and anything using libdevinfo, need to be recompiled.
442 WITH_FAST_DEPEND is now enabled by default for in-tree and out-of-tree
443 builds. It no longer runs mkdep(1) during 'make depend', and the
444 'make depend' stage can safely be skipped now as it is auto ran
445 when building 'make all' and will generate all SRCS and DPSRCS before
446 building anything else. Dependencies are gathered at compile time with
447 -MF flags kept in separate .depend files per object file. Users should
448 run 'make cleandepend' once if using -DNO_CLEAN to clean out older
452 On amd64, clang 3.8.0 can now insert sections of type AMD64_UNWIND into
453 kernel modules. Therefore, if you load any kernel modules at boot time,
454 please install the boot loaders after you install the kernel, but before
458 make kernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE
459 make -C sys/boot install
460 <reboot in single user>
462 Then follow the usual steps, described in the General Notes section,
466 Clang, llvm, lldb and compiler-rt have been upgraded to 3.8.0. Please
467 see the 20141231 entry below for information about prerequisites and
468 upgrading, if you are not already using clang 3.5.0 or higher.
471 The AIO subsystem is now a standard part of the kernel. The
472 VFS_AIO kernel option and aio.ko kernel module have been removed.
473 Due to stability concerns, asynchronous I/O requests are only
474 permitted on sockets and raw disks by default. To enable
475 asynchronous I/O requests on all file types, set the
476 vfs.aio.enable_unsafe sysctl to a non-zero value.
479 The ELF object manipulation tool objcopy is now provided by the
480 ELF Tool Chain project rather than by GNU binutils. It should be a
481 drop-in replacement, with the addition of arm64 support. The
482 (temporary) src.conf knob WITHOUT_ELFCOPY_AS_OBJCOPY knob may be set
483 to obtain the GNU version if necessary.
486 Building ZFS pools on top of zvols is prohibited by default. That
487 feature has never worked safely; it's always been prone to deadlocks.
488 Using a zvol as the backing store for a VM guest's virtual disk will
489 still work, even if the guest is using ZFS. Legacy behavior can be
490 restored by setting vfs.zfs.vol.recursive=1.
493 The NONE and HPN patches has been removed from OpenSSH. They are
494 still available in the security/openssh-portable port.
497 With the addition of ypldap(8), a new _ypldap user is now required
498 during installworld. "mergemaster -p" can be used to add the user
499 prior to installworld, as documented in the handbook.
502 The tftp loader (pxeboot) now uses the option root-path directive. As a
503 consequence it no longer looks for a pxeboot.4th file on the tftp
504 server. Instead it uses the regular /boot infrastructure as with the
508 The code to start recording plug and play data into the modules has
509 been committed. While the old tools will properly build a new kernel,
510 a number of warnings about "unknown metadata record 4" will be produced
511 for an older kldxref. To avoid such warnings, make sure to rebuild
512 the kernel toolchain (or world). Make sure that you have r292078 or
513 later when trying to build 292077 or later before rebuilding.
516 Debug data files are now built by default with 'make buildworld' and
517 installed with 'make installworld'. This facilitates debugging but
518 requires more disk space both during the build and for the installed
519 world. Debug files may be disabled by setting WITHOUT_DEBUG_FILES=yes
523 r291527 changed the internal interface between the nfsd.ko and
524 nfscommon.ko modules. As such, they must both be upgraded to-gether.
525 __FreeBSD_version has been bumped because of this.
528 Add support for unicode collation strings leads to a change of
529 order of files listed by ls(1) for example. To get back to the old
530 behaviour, set LC_COLLATE environment variable to "C".
532 Databases administrators will need to reindex their databases given
533 collation results will be different.
535 Due to a bug in install(1) it is recommended to remove the ancient
536 locales before running make installworld.
538 rm -rf /usr/share/locale/*
541 The OpenSSL has been upgraded to 1.0.2d. Any binaries requiring
542 libcrypto.so.7 or libssl.so.7 must be recompiled.
545 Qlogic 24xx/25xx firmware images were updated from 5.5.0 to 7.3.0.
546 Kernel modules isp_2400_multi and isp_2500_multi were removed and
547 should be replaced with isp_2400 and isp_2500 modules respectively.
550 The build previously allowed using 'make -n' to not recurse into
551 sub-directories while showing what commands would be executed, and
552 'make -n -n' to recursively show commands. Now 'make -n' will recurse
553 and 'make -N' will not.
556 If you specify SENDMAIL_MC or SENDMAIL_CF in make.conf, mergemaster
557 and etcupdate will now use this file. A custom sendmail.cf is now
558 updated via this mechanism rather than via installworld. If you had
559 excluded sendmail.cf in mergemaster.rc or etcupdate.conf, you may
560 want to remove the exclusion or change it to "always install".
561 /etc/mail/sendmail.cf is now managed the same way regardless of
562 whether SENDMAIL_MC/SENDMAIL_CF is used. If you are not using
563 SENDMAIL_MC/SENDMAIL_CF there should be no change in behavior.
566 Compatibility shims for legacy ATA device names have been removed.
567 It includes ATA_STATIC_ID kernel option, kern.cam.ada.legacy_aliases
568 and kern.geom.raid.legacy_aliases loader tunables, kern.devalias.*
569 environment variables, /dev/ad* and /dev/ar* symbolic links.
572 Clang, llvm, lldb, compiler-rt and libc++ have been upgraded to 3.7.0.
573 Please see the 20141231 entry below for information about prerequisites
574 and upgrading, if you are not already using clang 3.5.0 or higher.
577 Kernel debug files have been moved to /usr/lib/debug/boot/kernel/,
578 and renamed from .symbols to .debug. This reduces the size requirements
579 on the boot partition or file system and provides consistency with
580 userland debug files.
582 When using the supported kernel installation method the
583 /usr/lib/debug/boot/kernel directory will be renamed (to kernel.old)
584 as is done with /boot/kernel.
586 Developers wishing to maintain the historical behavior of installing
587 debug files in /boot/kernel/ can set KERN_DEBUGDIR="" in src.conf(5).
590 The wireless drivers had undergone changes that remove the 'parent
591 interface' from the ifconfig -l output. The rc.d network scripts
592 used to check presence of a parent interface in the list, so old
593 scripts would fail to start wireless networking. Thus, etcupdate(3)
594 or mergemaster(8) run is required after kernel update, to update your
595 rc.d scripts in /etc.
598 pf no longer supports 'scrub fragment crop' or 'scrub fragment drop-ovl'
599 These configurations are now automatically interpreted as
600 'scrub fragment reassemble'.
603 Kernel-loadable modules for the random(4) device are back. To use
604 them, the kernel must have
607 options RANDOM_LOADABLE
609 kldload(8) can then be used to load random_fortuna.ko
610 or random_yarrow.ko. Please note that due to the indirect
611 function calls that the loadable modules need to provide,
612 the build-in variants will be slightly more efficient.
614 The random(4) kernel option RANDOM_DUMMY has been retired due to
615 unpopularity. It was not all that useful anyway.
618 The WITHOUT_ELFTOOLCHAIN_TOOLS src.conf(5) knob has been retired.
619 Control over building the ELF Tool Chain tools is now provided by
620 the WITHOUT_TOOLCHAIN knob.
623 The polarity of Pulse Per Second (PPS) capture events with the
624 uart(4) driver has been corrected. Prior to this change the PPS
625 "assert" event corresponded to the trailing edge of a positive PPS
626 pulse and the "clear" event was the leading edge of the next pulse.
628 As the width of a PPS pulse in a typical GPS receiver is on the
629 order of 1 millisecond, most users will not notice any significant
630 difference with this change.
632 Anyone who has compensated for the historical polarity reversal by
633 configuring a negative offset equal to the pulse width will need to
634 remove that workaround.
637 The default group assigned to /dev/dri entries has been changed
638 from 'wheel' to 'video' with the id of '44'. If you want to have
639 access to the dri devices please add yourself to the video group
642 # pw groupmod video -m $USER
645 The menu.rc and loader.rc files will now be replaced during
646 upgrades. Please migrate local changes to menu.rc.local and
647 loader.rc.local instead.
650 GNU Binutils versions of addr2line, c++filt, nm, readelf, size,
651 strings and strip have been removed. The src.conf(5) knob
652 WITHOUT_ELFTOOLCHAIN_TOOLS no longer provides the binutils tools.
655 As ZFS requires more kernel stack pages than is the default on some
656 architectures e.g. i386, it now warns if KSTACK_PAGES is less than
657 ZFS_MIN_KSTACK_PAGES (which is 4 at the time of writing).
659 Please consider using 'options KSTACK_PAGES=X' where X is greater
660 than or equal to ZFS_MIN_KSTACK_PAGES i.e. 4 in such configurations.
663 sendmail has been updated to 8.15.2. Starting with FreeBSD 11.0
664 and sendmail 8.15, sendmail uses uncompressed IPv6 addresses by
665 default, i.e., they will not contain "::". For example, instead
666 of ::1, it will be 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1. This permits a zero subnet
667 to have a more specific match, such as different map entries for
668 IPv6:0:0 vs IPv6:0. This change requires that configuration
669 data (including maps, files, classes, custom ruleset, etc.) must
670 use the same format, so make certain such configuration data is
671 upgrading. As a very simple check search for patterns like
672 'IPv6:[0-9a-fA-F:]*::' and 'IPv6::'. To return to the old
673 behavior, set the m4 option confUSE_COMPRESSED_IPV6_ADDRESSES or
674 the cf option UseCompressedIPv6Addresses.
677 The default kernel entropy-processing algorithm is now
678 Fortuna, replacing Yarrow.
680 Assuming you have 'device random' in your kernel config
681 file, the configurations allow a kernel option to override
682 this default. You may choose *ONE* of:
684 options RANDOM_YARROW # Legacy /dev/random algorithm.
685 options RANDOM_DUMMY # Blocking-only driver.
687 If you have neither, you get Fortuna. For most people,
688 read no further, Fortuna will give a /dev/random that works
689 like it always used to, and the difference will be irrelevant.
691 If you remove 'device random', you get *NO* kernel-processed
692 entropy at all. This may be acceptable to folks building
693 embedded systems, but has complications. Carry on reading,
694 and it is assumed you know what you need.
696 *PLEASE* read random(4) and random(9) if you are in the
697 habit of tweaking kernel configs, and/or if you are a member
698 of the embedded community, wanting specific and not-usual
699 behaviour from your security subsystems.
701 NOTE!! If you use RANDOM_DUMMY and/or have no 'device
702 random', you will NOT have a functioning /dev/random, and
703 many cryptographic features will not work, including SSH.
704 You may also find strange behaviour from the random(3) set
705 of library functions, in particular sranddev(3), srandomdev(3)
706 and arc4random(3). The reason for this is that the KERN_ARND
707 sysctl only returns entropy if it thinks it has some to
708 share, and with RANDOM_DUMMY or no 'device random' this
712 An additional fix for the issue described in the 20150614 sendmail
713 entry below has been been committed in revision 284717.
716 FreeBSD's old make (fmake) has been removed from the system. It is
717 available as the devel/fmake port or via pkg install fmake.
720 The fix for the issue described in the 20150614 sendmail entry
721 below has been been committed in revision 284436. The work
722 around described in that entry is no longer needed unless the
723 default setting is overridden by a confDH_PARAMETERS configuration
724 setting of '5' or pointing to a 512 bit DH parameter file.
727 ALLOW_DEPRECATED_ATF_TOOLS/ATFFILE support has been removed from
728 atf.test.mk (included from bsd.test.mk). Please upgrade devel/atf
729 and devel/kyua to version 0.20+ and adjust any calling code to work
730 with Kyuafile and kyua.
733 The import of openssl to address the FreeBSD-SA-15:10.openssl
734 security advisory includes a change which rejects handshakes
735 with DH parameters below 768 bits. sendmail releases prior
736 to 8.15.2 (not yet released), defaulted to a 512 bit
737 DH parameter setting for client connections. To work around
738 this interoperability, sendmail can be configured to use a
739 2048 bit DH parameter by:
741 1. Edit /etc/mail/`hostname`.mc
742 2. If a setting for confDH_PARAMETERS does not exist or
743 exists and is set to a string beginning with '5',
745 3. If a setting for confDH_PARAMETERS exists and is set to
746 a file path, create a new file with:
747 openssl dhparam -out /path/to/file 2048
748 4. Rebuild the .cf file:
749 cd /etc/mail/; make; make install
751 cd /etc/mail/; make restart
753 A sendmail patch is coming, at which time this file will be
757 Generation of legacy formatted entries have been disabled by default
758 in pwd_mkdb(8), as all base system consumers of the legacy formatted
759 entries were converted to use the new format by default when the new,
760 machine independent format have been added and supported since FreeBSD
763 Please see the pwd_mkdb(8) manual page for further details.
766 Clang and llvm have been upgraded to 3.6.1 release. Please see the
767 20141231 entry below for information about prerequisites and upgrading,
768 if you are not already using 3.5.0 or higher.
771 TI platform code switched to using vendor DTS files and this update
772 may break existing systems running on Beaglebone, Beaglebone Black,
775 - dtb files should be regenerated/reinstalled. Filenames are the
776 same but content is different now
777 - GPIO addressing was changed, now each GPIO bank (32 pins per bank)
778 has its own /dev/gpiocX device, e.g. pin 121 on /dev/gpioc0 in old
779 addressing scheme is now pin 25 on /dev/gpioc3.
780 - Pandaboard: /etc/ttys should be updated, serial console device is
781 now /dev/ttyu2, not /dev/ttyu0
784 soelim(1) from gnu/usr.bin/groff has been replaced by usr.bin/soelim.
785 If you need the GNU extension from groff soelim(1), install groff
786 from package: pkg install groff, or via ports: textproc/groff.
789 chmod, chflags, chown and chgrp now affect symlinks in -R mode as
790 defined in symlink(7); previously symlinks were silently ignored.
793 The const qualifier has been removed from iconv(3) to comply with
794 POSIX. The ports tree is aware of this from r384038 onwards.
797 Libraries specified by LIBADD in Makefiles must have a corresponding
798 DPADD_<lib> variable to ensure correct dependencies. This is now
799 enforced in src.libnames.mk.
802 From legacy ata(4) driver was removed support for SATA controllers
803 supported by more functional drivers ahci(4), siis(4) and mvs(4).
804 Kernel modules ataahci and ataadaptec were removed completely,
805 replaced by ahci and mvs modules respectively.
808 Clang, llvm and lldb have been upgraded to 3.6.0 release. Please see
809 the 20141231 entry below for information about prerequisites and
810 upgrading, if you are not already using 3.5.0 or higher.
813 The 32-bit PowerPC kernel has been changed to a position-independent
814 executable. This can only be booted with a version of loader(8)
815 newer than January 31, 2015, so make sure to update both world and
816 kernel before rebooting.
819 If you are running a -CURRENT kernel since r273872 (Oct 30th, 2014),
820 but before r278950, the RNG was not seeded properly. Immediately
821 upgrade the kernel to r278950 or later and regenerate any keys (e.g.
822 ssh keys or openssl keys) that were generated w/ a kernel from that
823 range. This does not affect programs that directly used /dev/random
824 or /dev/urandom. All userland uses of arc4random(3) are affected.
827 The autofs(4) ABI was changed in order to restore binary compatibility
828 with 10.1-RELEASE. The automountd(8) daemon needs to be rebuilt to work
832 The powerpc64 kernel has been changed to a position-independent
833 executable. This can only be booted with a new version of loader(8),
834 so make sure to update both world and kernel before rebooting.
837 Clang and llvm have been upgraded to 3.5.1 release. This is a bugfix
838 only release, no new features have been added. Please see the 20141231
839 entry below for information about prerequisites and upgrading, if you
840 are not already using 3.5.0.
843 ELF tools addr2line, elfcopy (strip), nm, size, and strings are now
844 taken from the ELF Tool Chain project rather than GNU binutils. They
845 should be drop-in replacements, with the addition of arm64 support.
846 The WITHOUT_ELFTOOLCHAIN_TOOLS= knob may be used to obtain the
847 binutils tools, if necessary. See 20150805 for updated information.
850 The default Unbound configuration now enables remote control
851 using a local socket. Users who have already enabled the
852 local_unbound service should regenerate their configuration
853 by running "service local_unbound setup" as root.
856 The GNU texinfo and GNU info pages have been removed.
857 To be able to view GNU info pages please install texinfo from ports.
860 Clang, llvm and lldb have been upgraded to 3.5.0 release.
862 As of this release, a prerequisite for building clang, llvm and lldb is
863 a C++11 capable compiler and C++11 standard library. This means that to
864 be able to successfully build the cross-tools stage of buildworld, with
865 clang as the bootstrap compiler, your system compiler or cross compiler
866 should either be clang 3.3 or later, or gcc 4.8 or later, and your
867 system C++ library should be libc++, or libdstdc++ from gcc 4.8 or
870 On any standard FreeBSD 10.x or 11.x installation, where clang and
871 libc++ are on by default (that is, on x86 or arm), this should work out
874 On 9.x installations where clang is enabled by default, e.g. on x86 and
875 powerpc, libc++ will not be enabled by default, so libc++ should be
876 built (with clang) and installed first. If both clang and libc++ are
877 missing, build clang first, then use it to build libc++.
879 On 8.x and earlier installations, upgrade to 9.x first, and then follow
880 the instructions for 9.x above.
882 Sparc64 and mips users are unaffected, as they still use gcc 4.2.1 by
883 default, and do not build clang.
885 Many embedded systems are resource constrained, and will not be able to
886 build clang in a reasonable time, or in some cases at all. In those
887 cases, cross building bootable systems on amd64 is a workaround.
889 This new version of clang introduces a number of new warnings, of which
890 the following are most likely to appear:
894 This warns in two cases, for both C and C++:
895 * When the code is trying to take the absolute value of an unsigned
896 quantity, which is effectively a no-op, and almost never what was
897 intended. The code should be fixed, if at all possible. If you are
898 sure that the unsigned quantity can be safely cast to signed, without
899 loss of information or undefined behavior, you can add an explicit
900 cast, or disable the warning.
902 * When the code is trying to take an absolute value, but the called
903 abs() variant is for the wrong type, which can lead to truncation.
904 If you want to disable the warning instead of fixing the code, please
905 make sure that truncation will not occur, or it might lead to unwanted
908 -Wtautological-undefined-compare and
909 -Wundefined-bool-conversion
911 These warn when C++ code is trying to compare 'this' against NULL, while
912 'this' should never be NULL in well-defined C++ code. However, there is
913 some legacy (pre C++11) code out there, which actively abuses this
914 feature, which was less strictly defined in previous C++ versions.
916 Squid and openjdk do this, for example. The warning can be turned off
917 for C++98 and earlier, but compiling the code in C++11 mode might result
918 in unexpected behavior; for example, the parts of the program that are
919 unreachable could be optimized away.
922 The old NFS client and server (kernel options NFSCLIENT, NFSSERVER)
923 kernel sources have been removed. The .h files remain, since some
924 utilities include them. This will need to be fixed later.
925 If "mount -t oldnfs ..." is attempted, it will fail.
926 If the "-o" option on mountd(8), nfsd(8) or nfsstat(1) is used,
927 the utilities will report errors.
930 The handling of LOCAL_LIB_DIRS has been altered to skip addition of
931 directories to top level SUBDIR variable when their parent
932 directory is included in LOCAL_DIRS. Users with build systems with
933 such hierarchies and without SUBDIR entries in the parent
934 directory Makefiles should add them or add the directories to
938 faith(4) and faithd(8) have been removed from the base system. Faith
939 has been obsolete for a very long time.
942 vt(4), the new console driver, is enabled by default. It brings
943 support for Unicode and double-width characters, as well as
944 support for UEFI and integration with the KMS kernel video
947 You may need to update your console settings in /etc/rc.conf,
948 most probably the keymap. During boot, /etc/rc.d/syscons will
949 indicate what you need to do.
951 vt(4) still has issues and lacks some features compared to
952 syscons(4). See the wiki for up-to-date information:
953 https://wiki.freebsd.org/Newcons
955 If you want to keep using syscons(4), you can do so by adding
956 the following line to /boot/loader.conf:
960 pjdfstest has been integrated into kyua as an opt-in test suite.
961 Please see share/doc/pjdfstest/README for more details on how to
965 gperf has been removed from the base system for architectures
966 that use clang. Ports that require gperf will obtain it from the
970 pjdfstest has been moved from tools/regression/pjdfstest to
974 At svn r271982, The default linux compat kernel ABI has been adjusted
975 to 2.6.18 in support of the linux-c6 compat ports infrastructure
976 update. If you wish to continue using the linux-f10 compat ports,
977 add compat.linux.osrelease=2.6.16 to your local sysctl.conf. Users are
978 encouraged to update their linux-compat packages to linux-c6 during
979 their next update cycle.
982 The ofwfb driver, used to provide a graphics console on PowerPC when
983 using vt(4), no longer allows mmap() of all physical memory. This
984 will prevent Xorg on PowerPC with some ATI graphics cards from
985 initializing properly unless x11-servers/xorg-server is updated to
989 The xdev targets have been converted to using TARGET and
990 TARGET_ARCH instead of XDEV and XDEV_ARCH.
993 The default unbound configuration has been modified to address
994 issues with reverse lookups on networks that use private
995 address ranges. If you use the local_unbound service, run
996 "service local_unbound setup" as root to regenerate your
997 configuration, then "service local_unbound reload" to load the
1001 The GNU texinfo and GNU info pages are not built and installed
1002 anymore, WITH_INFO knob has been added to allow to built and install
1004 UPDATE: see 20150102 entry on texinfo's removal
1007 The GNU readline library is now an INTERNALLIB - that is, it is
1008 statically linked into consumers (GDB and variants) in the base
1009 system, and the shared library is no longer installed. The
1010 devel/readline port is available for third party software that
1014 The Itanium architecture (ia64) has been removed from the list of
1015 known architectures. This is the first step in the removal of the
1019 Commit r268115 has added NFSv4.1 server support, merged from
1020 projects/nfsv4.1-server. Since this includes changes to the
1021 internal interfaces between the NFS related modules, a full
1022 build of the kernel and modules will be necessary.
1023 __FreeBSD_version has been bumped.
1026 The WITHOUT_VT_SUPPORT kernel config knob has been renamed
1027 WITHOUT_VT. (The other _SUPPORT knobs have a consistent meaning
1028 which differs from the behaviour controlled by this knob.)
1031 Maximal length of the serial number in CTL was increased from 16 to
1032 64 chars, that breaks ABI. All CTL-related tools, such as ctladm
1033 and ctld, need to be rebuilt to work with a new kernel.
1036 The libatf-c and libatf-c++ major versions were downgraded to 0 and
1037 1 respectively to match the upstream numbers. They were out of
1038 sync because, when they were originally added to FreeBSD, the
1039 upstream versions were not respected. These libraries are private
1040 and not yet built by default, so renumbering them should be a
1041 non-issue. However, unclean source trees will yield broken test
1042 programs once the operator executes "make delete-old-libs" after a
1043 "make installworld".
1045 Additionally, the atf-sh binary was made private by moving it into
1046 /usr/libexec/. Already-built shell test programs will keep the
1047 path to the old binary so they will break after "make delete-old"
1050 If you are using WITH_TESTS=yes (not the default), wipe the object
1051 tree and rebuild from scratch to prevent spurious test failures.
1052 This is only needed once: the misnumbered libraries and misplaced
1053 binaries have been added to OptionalObsoleteFiles.inc so they will
1054 be removed during a clean upgrade.
1057 Clang and llvm have been upgraded to 3.4.1 release.
1060 We bogusly installed src.opts.mk in /usr/share/mk. This file should
1061 be removed to avoid issues in the future (and has been added to
1065 /etc/src.conf now affects only builds of the FreeBSD src tree. In the
1066 past, it affected all builds that used the bsd.*.mk files. The old
1067 behavior was a bug, but people may have relied upon it. To get this
1068 behavior back, you can .include /etc/src.conf from /etc/make.conf
1069 (which is still global and isn't changed). This also changes the
1070 behavior of incremental builds inside the tree of individual
1071 directories. Set MAKESYSPATH to ".../share/mk" to do that.
1072 Although this has survived make universe and some upgrade scenarios,
1073 other upgrade scenarios may have broken. At least one form of
1074 temporary breakage was fixed with MAKESYSPATH settings for buildworld
1075 as well... In cases where MAKESYSPATH isn't working with this
1076 setting, you'll need to set it to the full path to your tree.
1078 One side effect of all this cleaning up is that bsd.compiler.mk
1079 is no longer implicitly included by bsd.own.mk. If you wish to
1080 use COMPILER_TYPE, you must now explicitly include bsd.compiler.mk
1084 The lindev device has been removed since /dev/full has been made a
1085 standard device. __FreeBSD_version has been bumped.
1088 The knob WITHOUT_VI was added to the base system, which controls
1089 building ex(1), vi(1), etc. Older releases of FreeBSD required ex(1)
1090 in order to reorder files share/termcap and didn't build ex(1) as a
1091 build tool, so building/installing with WITH_VI is highly advised for
1092 build hosts for older releases.
1094 This issue has been fixed in stable/9 and stable/10 in r277022 and
1095 r276991, respectively.
1098 The YES_HESIOD knob has been removed. It has been obsolete for
1099 a decade. Please move to using WITH_HESIOD instead or your builds
1100 will silently lack HESIOD.
1103 The uart(4) driver has been changed with respect to its handling
1104 of the low-level console. Previously the uart(4) driver prevented
1105 any process from changing the baudrate or the CLOCAL and HUPCL
1106 control flags. By removing the restrictions, operators can make
1107 changes to the serial console port without having to reboot.
1108 However, when getty(8) is started on the serial device that is
1109 associated with the low-level console, a misconfigured terminal
1110 line in /etc/ttys will now have a real impact.
1111 Before upgrading the kernel, make sure that /etc/ttys has the
1112 serial console device configured as 3wire without baudrate to
1113 preserve the previous behaviour. E.g:
1114 ttyu0 "/usr/libexec/getty 3wire" vt100 on secure
1117 Support for libwrap (TCP wrappers) in rpcbind was disabled by default
1118 to improve performance. To re-enable it, if needed, run rpcbind
1119 with command line option -W.
1122 Switched back to the GPL dtc compiler due to updates in the upstream
1123 dts files not being supported by the BSDL dtc compiler. You will need
1124 to rebuild your kernel toolchain to pick up the new compiler. Core dumps
1125 may result while building dtb files during a kernel build if you fail
1126 to do so. Set WITHOUT_GPL_DTC if you require the BSDL compiler.
1129 Clang and llvm have been upgraded to 3.4 release.
1132 The nve(4) driver has been removed. Please use the nfe(4) driver
1133 for NVIDIA nForce MCP Ethernet adapters instead.
1136 An ABI incompatibility crept into the libc++ 3.4 import in r261283.
1137 This could cause certain C++ applications using shared libraries built
1138 against the previous version of libc++ to crash. The incompatibility
1139 has now been fixed, but any C++ applications or shared libraries built
1140 between r261283 and r261801 should be recompiled.
1143 OpenSSH will now ignore errors caused by kernel lacking of Capsicum
1144 capability mode support. Please note that enabling the feature in
1145 kernel is still highly recommended.
1148 OpenSSH is now built with sandbox support, and will use sandbox as
1149 the default privilege separation method. This requires Capsicum
1150 capability mode support in kernel.
1153 The libelf and libdwarf libraries have been updated to newer
1154 versions from upstream. Shared library version numbers for
1155 these two libraries were bumped. Any ports or binaries
1156 requiring these two libraries should be recompiled.
1157 __FreeBSD_version is bumped to 1100006.
1160 If a Makefile in a tests/ directory was auto-generating a Kyuafile
1161 instead of providing an explicit one, this would prevent such
1162 Makefile from providing its own Kyuafile in the future during
1163 NO_CLEAN builds. This has been fixed in the Makefiles but manual
1164 intervention is needed to clean an objdir if you use NO_CLEAN:
1165 # find /usr/obj -name Kyuafile | xargs rm -f
1168 The behavior of gss_pseudo_random() for the krb5 mechanism
1169 has changed, for applications requesting a longer random string
1170 than produced by the underlying enctype's pseudo-random() function.
1171 In particular, the random string produced from a session key of
1172 enctype aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 or aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 will
1173 be different at the 17th octet and later, after this change.
1174 The counter used in the PRF+ construction is now encoded as a
1175 big-endian integer in accordance with RFC 4402.
1176 __FreeBSD_version is bumped to 1100004.
1179 The WITHOUT_ATF build knob has been removed and its functionality
1180 has been subsumed into the more generic WITHOUT_TESTS. If you were
1181 using the former to disable the build of the ATF libraries, you
1182 should change your settings to use the latter.
1185 The default version of mtree is nmtree which is obtained from
1186 NetBSD. The output is generally the same, but may vary
1187 slightly. If you found you need identical output adding
1188 "-F freebsd9" to the command line should do the trick. For the
1189 time being, the old mtree is available as fmtree.
1192 libbsdyml has been renamed to libyaml and moved to /usr/lib/private.
1193 This will break ports-mgmt/pkg. Rebuild the port, or upgrade to pkg
1194 1.1.4_8 and verify bsdyml not linked in, before running "make
1196 # make -C /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/pkg build deinstall install clean
1198 # pkg install pkg; ldd /usr/local/sbin/pkg | grep bsdyml
1201 The stable/10 branch has been created in subversion from head
1205 The rc.d/jail script has been updated to support jail(8)
1206 configuration file. The "jail_<jname>_*" rc.conf(5) variables
1207 for per-jail configuration are automatically converted to
1208 /var/run/jail.<jname>.conf before the jail(8) utility is invoked.
1209 This is transparently backward compatible. See below about some
1210 incompatibilities and rc.conf(5) manual page for more details.
1212 These variables are now deprecated in favor of jail(8) configuration
1213 file. One can use "rc.d/jail config <jname>" command to generate
1214 a jail(8) configuration file in /var/run/jail.<jname>.conf without
1215 running the jail(8) utility. The default pathname of the
1216 configuration file is /etc/jail.conf and can be specified by
1217 using $jail_conf or $jail_<jname>_conf variables.
1219 Please note that jail_devfs_ruleset accepts an integer at
1220 this moment. Please consider to rewrite the ruleset name
1224 BIND has been removed from the base system. If all you need
1225 is a local resolver, simply enable and start the local_unbound
1226 service instead. Otherwise, several versions of BIND are
1227 available in the ports tree. The dns/bind99 port is one example.
1229 With this change, nslookup(1) and dig(1) are no longer in the base
1230 system. Users should instead use host(1) and drill(1) which are
1231 in the base system. Alternatively, nslookup and dig can
1232 be obtained by installing the dns/bind-tools port.
1235 With the addition of unbound(8), a new unbound user is now
1236 required during installworld. "mergemaster -p" can be used to
1237 add the user prior to installworld, as documented in the handbook.
1240 OpenSSH is now built with DNSSEC support, and will by default
1241 silently trust signed SSHFP records. This can be controlled with
1242 the VerifyHostKeyDNS client configuration setting. DNSSEC support
1243 can be disabled entirely with the WITHOUT_LDNS option in src.conf.
1246 The GNU Compiler Collection and C++ standard library (libstdc++)
1247 are no longer built by default on platforms where clang is the system
1248 compiler. You can enable them with the WITH_GCC and WITH_GNUCXX
1249 options in src.conf.
1252 The PROCDESC kernel option is now part of the GENERIC kernel
1253 configuration and is required for the rwhod(8) to work.
1254 If you are using custom kernel configuration, you should include
1258 The API and ABI related to the Capsicum framework was modified
1259 in backward incompatible way. The userland libraries and programs
1260 have to be recompiled to work with the new kernel. This includes the
1261 following libraries and programs, but the whole buildworld is
1262 advised: libc, libprocstat, dhclient, tcpdump, hastd, hastctl,
1263 kdump, procstat, rwho, rwhod, uniq.
1266 AES-NI intrinsic support has been added to gcc. The AES-NI module
1267 has been updated to use this support. A new gcc is required to build
1268 the aesni module on both i386 and amd64.
1271 The PADLOCK_RNG and RDRAND_RNG kernel options are now devices.
1272 Thus "device padlock_rng" and "device rdrand_rng" should be
1273 used instead of "options PADLOCK_RNG" & "options RDRAND_RNG".
1276 WITH_ICONV has been split into two feature sets. WITH_ICONV now
1277 enables just the iconv* functionality and is now on by default.
1278 WITH_LIBICONV_COMPAT enables the libiconv api and link time
1279 compatibility. Set WITHOUT_ICONV to build the old way.
1280 If you have been using WITH_ICONV before, you will very likely
1281 need to turn on WITH_LIBICONV_COMPAT.
1284 INVARIANTS option now enables DEBUG for code with OpenSolaris and
1285 Illumos origin, including ZFS. If you have INVARIANTS in your
1286 kernel configuration, then there is no need to set DEBUG or ZFS_DEBUG
1288 DEBUG used to enable witness(9) tracking of OpenSolaris (mostly ZFS)
1289 locks if WITNESS option was set. Because that generated a lot of
1290 witness(9) reports and all of them were believed to be false
1291 positives, this is no longer done. New option OPENSOLARIS_WITNESS
1292 can be used to achieve the previous behavior.
1295 Timer values in IPv6 data structures now use time_uptime instead
1296 of time_second. Although this is not a user-visible functional
1297 change, userland utilities which directly use them---ndp(8),
1298 rtadvd(8), and rtsold(8) in the base system---need to be updated
1299 to r253970 or later.
1302 find -delete can now delete the pathnames given as arguments,
1303 instead of only files found below them or if the pathname did
1304 not contain any slashes. Formerly, the following error message
1307 find: -delete: <path>: relative path potentially not safe
1309 Deleting the pathnames given as arguments can be prevented
1310 without error messages using -mindepth 1 or by changing
1311 directory and passing "." as argument to find. This works in the
1312 old as well as the new version of find.
1315 Behavior of devfs rules path matching has been changed.
1316 Pattern is now always matched against fully qualified devfs
1317 path and slash characters must be explicitly matched by
1318 slashes in pattern (FNM_PATHNAME). Rulesets involving devfs
1319 subdirectories must be reviewed.
1322 The default ARM ABI has changed to the ARM EABI. The old ABI is
1323 incompatible with the ARM EABI and all programs and modules will
1324 need to be rebuilt to work with a new kernel.
1326 To keep using the old ABI ensure the WITHOUT_ARM_EABI knob is set.
1328 NOTE: Support for the old ABI will be removed in the future and
1329 users are advised to upgrade.
1332 pkg_install has been disconnected from the build if you really need it
1333 you should add WITH_PKGTOOLS in your src.conf(5).
1336 Most of network statistics structures were changed to be able
1337 keep 64-bits counters. Thus all tools, that work with networking
1338 statistics, must be rebuilt (netstat(1), bsnmpd(1), etc.)
1341 Fix a bug that allowed a tracing process (e.g. gdb) to write
1342 to a memory-mapped file in the traced process's address space
1343 even if neither the traced process nor the tracing process had
1344 write access to that file.
1347 CVS has been removed from the base system. An exact copy
1348 of the code is available from the devel/cvs port.
1351 Some people report the following error after the switch to bmake:
1353 make: illegal option -- J
1354 usage: make [-BPSXeiknpqrstv] [-C directory] [-D variable]
1356 *** [buildworld] Error code 2
1358 this likely due to an old instance of make in
1359 ${MAKEPATH} (${MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR}/make.${MACHINE})
1360 which src/Makefile will use that blindly, if it exists, so if
1361 you see the above error:
1363 rm -rf `make -V MAKEPATH`
1368 Use bmake by default.
1369 Whereas before one could choose to build with bmake via
1370 -DWITH_BMAKE one must now use -DWITHOUT_BMAKE to use the old
1371 make. The goal is to remove these knobs for 10-RELEASE.
1373 It is worth noting that bmake (like gmake) treats the command
1374 line as the unit of failure, rather than statements within the
1375 command line. Thus '(cd some/where && dosomething)' is safer
1376 than 'cd some/where; dosomething'. The '()' allows consistent
1377 behavior in parallel build.
1380 Fix a bug that allows NFS clients to issue READDIR on files.
1383 The WITHOUT_IDEA option has been removed because
1384 the IDEA patent expired.
1387 The sysctl which controls TRIM support under ZFS has been renamed
1388 from vfs.zfs.trim_disable -> vfs.zfs.trim.enabled and has been
1392 The mergemaster command now uses the default MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX
1393 rather than creating it's own in the temporary directory in
1394 order allow access to bootstrapped versions of tools such as
1395 install and mtree. When upgrading from version of FreeBSD where
1396 the install command does not support -l, you will need to
1397 install a new mergemaster command if mergemaster -p is required.
1398 This can be accomplished with the command (cd src/usr.sbin/mergemaster
1402 Legacy ATA stack, disabled and replaced by new CAM-based one since
1403 FreeBSD 9.0, completely removed from the sources. Kernel modules
1404 atadisk and atapi*, user-level tools atacontrol and burncd are
1405 removed. Kernel option `options ATA_CAM` is now permanently enabled
1409 SOCK_CLOEXEC and SOCK_NONBLOCK flags have been added to socket(2)
1410 and socketpair(2). Software, in particular Kerberos, may
1411 automatically detect and use these during building. The resulting
1412 binaries will not work on older kernels.
1415 CTL_DISABLE has also been added to the sparc64 GENERIC (for further
1416 information, see the respective 20130304 entry).
1419 Recent commits to callout(9) changed the size of struct callout,
1420 so the KBI is probably heavily disturbed. Also, some functions
1421 in callout(9)/sleep(9)/sleepqueue(9)/condvar(9) KPIs were replaced
1422 by macros. Every kernel module using it won't load, so rebuild
1425 The ctl device has been re-enabled in GENERIC for i386 and amd64,
1426 but does not initialize by default (because of the new CTL_DISABLE
1427 option) to save memory. To re-enable it, remove the CTL_DISABLE
1428 option from the kernel config file or set kern.cam.ctl.disable=0
1429 in /boot/loader.conf.
1432 The ctl device has been disabled in GENERIC for i386 and amd64.
1433 This was done due to the extra memory being allocated at system
1434 initialisation time by the ctl driver which was only used if
1435 a CAM target device was created. This makes a FreeBSD system
1436 unusable on 128MB or less of RAM.
1439 A new compression method (lz4) has been merged to -HEAD. Please
1440 refer to zpool-features(7) for more information.
1442 Please refer to the "ZFS notes" section of this file for information
1443 on upgrading boot ZFS pools.
1446 A BSD-licensed patch(1) variant has been added and is installed
1447 as bsdpatch, being the GNU version the default patch.
1448 To inverse the logic and use the BSD-licensed one as default,
1449 while having the GNU version installed as gnupatch, rebuild
1450 and install world with the WITH_BSD_PATCH knob set.
1453 Due to the use of the new -l option to install(1) during build
1454 and install, you must take care not to directly set the INSTALL
1455 make variable in your /etc/make.conf, /etc/src.conf, or on the
1456 command line. If you wish to use the -C flag for all installs
1457 you may be able to add INSTALL+=-C to /etc/make.conf or
1461 The install(1) option -M has changed meaning and now takes an
1462 argument that is a file or path to append logs to. In the
1463 unlikely event that -M was the last option on the command line
1464 and the command line contained at least two files and a target
1465 directory the first file will have logs appended to it. The -M
1466 option served little practical purpose in the last decade so its
1467 use is expected to be extremely rare.
1470 After switching to Clang as the default compiler some users of ZFS
1471 on i386 systems started to experience stack overflow kernel panics.
1472 Please consider using 'options KSTACK_PAGES=4' in such configurations.
1475 GEOM_LABEL now mangles label names read from file system metadata.
1476 Mangling affect labels containing spaces, non-printable characters,
1477 '%' or '"'. Device names in /etc/fstab and other places may need to
1481 By default, only the 10 most recent kernel dumps will be saved. To
1482 restore the previous behaviour (no limit on the number of kernel dumps
1483 stored in the dump directory) add the following line to /etc/rc.conf:
1488 With the addition of auditdistd(8), a new auditdistd user is now
1489 required during installworld. "mergemaster -p" can be used to
1490 add the user prior to installworld, as documented in the handbook.
1493 The sin6_scope_id member variable in struct sockaddr_in6 is now
1494 filled by the kernel before passing the structure to the userland via
1495 sysctl or routing socket. This means the KAME-specific embedded scope
1496 id in sin6_addr.s6_addr[2] is always cleared in userland application.
1497 This behavior can be controlled by net.inet6.ip6.deembed_scopeid.
1498 __FreeBSD_version is bumped to 1000025.
1501 On i386 and amd64 systems WITH_CLANG_IS_CC is now the default.
1502 This means that the world and kernel will be compiled with clang
1503 and that clang will be installed as /usr/bin/cc, /usr/bin/c++,
1504 and /usr/bin/cpp. To disable this behavior and revert to building
1505 with gcc, compile with WITHOUT_CLANG_IS_CC. Really old versions
1506 of current may need to bootstrap WITHOUT_CLANG first if the clang
1507 build fails (its compatibility window doesn't extend to the 9 stable
1511 The IPFIREWALL_FORWARD kernel option has been removed. Its
1512 functionality now turned on by default.
1515 The ZERO_COPY_SOCKET kernel option has been removed and
1516 split into SOCKET_SEND_COW and SOCKET_RECV_PFLIP.
1517 NB: SOCKET_SEND_COW uses the VM page based copy-on-write
1518 mechanism which is not safe and may result in kernel crashes.
1519 NB: The SOCKET_RECV_PFLIP mechanism is useless as no current
1520 driver supports disposeable external page sized mbuf storage.
1521 Proper replacements for both zero-copy mechanisms are under
1522 consideration and will eventually lead to complete removal
1523 of the two kernel options.
1526 The IPv4 network stack has been converted to network byte
1527 order. The following modules need to be recompiled together
1528 with kernel: carp(4), divert(4), gif(4), siftr(4), gre(4),
1529 pf(4), ipfw(4), ng_ipfw(4), stf(4).
1532 Support for non-MPSAFE filesystems was removed from VFS. The
1533 VFS_VERSION was bumped, all filesystem modules shall be
1537 All the non-MPSAFE filesystems have been disconnected from
1538 the build. The full list includes: codafs, hpfs, ntfs, nwfs,
1539 portalfs, smbfs, xfs.
1542 The interface cloning API and ABI has changed. The following
1543 modules need to be recompiled together with kernel:
1544 ipfw(4), pfsync(4), pflog(4), usb(4), wlan(4), stf(4),
1545 vlan(4), disc(4), edsc(4), if_bridge(4), gif(4), tap(4),
1546 faith(4), epair(4), enc(4), tun(4), if_lagg(4), gre(4).
1549 The sdhci driver was split in two parts: sdhci (generic SD Host
1550 Controller logic) and sdhci_pci (actual hardware driver).
1551 No kernel config modifications are required, but if you
1552 load sdhc as a module you must switch to sdhci_pci instead.
1555 Import the FUSE kernel and userland support into base system.
1558 The GNU sort(1) program has been removed since the BSD-licensed
1559 sort(1) has been the default for quite some time and no serious
1560 problems have been reported. The corresponding WITH_GNU_SORT
1564 The pfil(9) API/ABI for AF_INET family has been changed. Packet
1565 filtering modules: pf(4), ipfw(4), ipfilter(4) need to be recompiled
1569 The net80211(4) ABI has been changed to allow for improved driver
1570 PS-POLL and power-save support. All wireless drivers need to be
1571 recompiled to work with the new kernel.
1574 The random(4) support for the VIA hardware random number
1575 generator (`PADLOCK') is no longer enabled unconditionally.
1576 Add the padlock_rng device in the custom kernel config if
1577 needed. The GENERIC kernels on i386 and amd64 do include the
1578 device, so the change only affects the custom kernel
1582 The pf(4) packet filter ABI has been changed. pfctl(8) and
1583 snmp_pf module need to be recompiled to work with new kernel.
1586 A new ZFS feature flag "com.delphix:empty_bpobj" has been merged
1587 to -HEAD. Pools that have empty_bpobj in active state can not be
1588 imported read-write with ZFS implementations that do not support
1589 this feature. For more information read the zpool-features(5)
1593 The sparc64 ZFS loader has been changed to no longer try to auto-
1594 detect ZFS providers based on diskN aliases but now requires these
1595 to be explicitly listed in the OFW boot-device environment variable.
1598 The OpenSSL has been upgraded to 1.0.1c. Any binaries requiring
1599 libcrypto.so.6 or libssl.so.6 must be recompiled. Also, there are
1600 configuration changes. Make sure to merge /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf.
1603 The following sysctls and tunables have been renamed for consistency
1604 with other variables:
1605 kern.cam.da.da_send_ordered -> kern.cam.da.send_ordered
1606 kern.cam.ada.ada_send_ordered -> kern.cam.ada.send_ordered
1609 The sort utility has been replaced with BSD sort. For now, GNU sort
1610 is also available as "gnusort" or the default can be set back to
1611 GNU sort by setting WITH_GNU_SORT. In this case, BSD sort will be
1612 installed as "bsdsort".
1615 A new version of ZFS (pool version 5000) has been merged to -HEAD.
1616 Starting with this version the old system of ZFS pool versioning
1617 is superseded by "feature flags". This concept enables forward
1618 compatibility against certain future changes in functionality of ZFS
1619 pools. The first read-only compatible "feature flag" for ZFS pools
1620 is named "com.delphix:async_destroy". For more information
1621 read the new zpool-features(5) manual page.
1622 Please refer to the "ZFS notes" section of this file for information
1623 on upgrading boot ZFS pools.
1626 The malloc(3) implementation embedded in libc now uses sources imported
1627 as contrib/jemalloc. The most disruptive API change is to
1628 /etc/malloc.conf. If your system has an old-style /etc/malloc.conf,
1629 delete it prior to installworld, and optionally re-create it using the
1630 new format after rebooting. See malloc.conf(5) for details
1631 (specifically the TUNING section and the "opt.*" entries in the MALLCTL
1635 Big-endian MIPS TARGET_ARCH values no longer end in "eb". mips64eb
1636 is now spelled mips64. mipsn32eb is now spelled mipsn32. mipseb is
1637 now spelled mips. This is to aid compatibility with third-party
1638 software that expects this naming scheme in uname(3). Little-endian
1639 settings are unchanged. If you are updating a big-endian mips64 machine
1640 from before this change, you may need to set MACHINE_ARCH=mips64 in
1641 your environment before the new build system will recognize your machine.
1644 Disable by default the option VFS_ALLOW_NONMPSAFE for all supported
1648 Now unix domain sockets behave "as expected" on nullfs(5). Previously
1649 nullfs(5) did not pass through all behaviours to the underlying layer,
1650 as a result if we bound to a socket on the lower layer we could connect
1651 only to the lower path; if we bound to the upper layer we could connect
1652 only to the upper path. The new behavior is one can connect to both the
1653 lower and the upper paths regardless what layer path one binds to.
1656 The getifaddrs upgrade path broken with 20111215 has been restored.
1657 If you have upgraded in between 20111215 and 20120209 you need to
1658 recompile libc again with your kernel. You still need to recompile
1659 world to be able to configure CARP but this restriction already
1660 comes from 20111215.
1663 The set_rcvar() function has been removed from /etc/rc.subr. All
1664 base and ports rc.d scripts have been updated, so if you have a
1665 port installed with a script in /usr/local/etc/rc.d you can either
1666 hand-edit the rcvar= line, or reinstall the port.
1668 An easy way to handle the mass-update of /etc/rc.d:
1669 rm /etc/rc.d/* && mergemaster -i
1672 panic(9) now stops other CPUs in the SMP systems, disables interrupts
1673 on the current CPU and prevents other threads from running.
1674 This behavior can be reverted using the kern.stop_scheduler_on_panic
1676 The new behavior can be incompatible with kern.sync_on_panic.
1679 The carp(4) facility has been changed significantly. Configuration
1680 of the CARP protocol via ifconfig(8) has changed, as well as format
1681 of CARP events submitted to devd(8) has changed. See manual pages
1682 for more information. The arpbalance feature of carp(4) is currently
1683 not supported anymore.
1685 Size of struct in_aliasreq, struct in6_aliasreq has changed. User
1686 utilities using SIOCAIFADDR, SIOCAIFADDR_IN6, e.g. ifconfig(8),
1687 need to be recompiled.
1690 The acpi_wmi(4) status device /dev/wmistat has been renamed to
1694 The option VFS_ALLOW_NONMPSAFE option has been added in order to
1695 explicitely support non-MPSAFE filesystems.
1696 It is on by default for all supported platform at this present
1700 The broken amd(4) driver has been replaced with esp(4) in the amd64,
1701 i386 and pc98 GENERIC kernel configuration files.
1704 sysinstall has been removed
1707 The stable/9 branch created in subversion. This corresponds to the
1708 RELENG_9 branch in CVS.
1714 Avoid using make -j when upgrading. While generally safe, there are
1715 sometimes problems using -j to upgrade. If your upgrade fails with
1716 -j, please try again without -j. From time to time in the past there
1717 have been problems using -j with buildworld and/or installworld. This
1718 is especially true when upgrading between "distant" versions (eg one
1719 that cross a major release boundary or several minor releases, or when
1720 several months have passed on the -current branch).
1722 Sometimes, obscure build problems are the result of environment
1723 poisoning. This can happen because the make utility reads its
1724 environment when searching for values for global variables. To run
1725 your build attempts in an "environmental clean room", prefix all make
1726 commands with 'env -i '. See the env(1) manual page for more details.
1728 When upgrading from one major version to another it is generally best
1729 to upgrade to the latest code in the currently installed branch first,
1730 then do an upgrade to the new branch. This is the best-tested upgrade
1731 path, and has the highest probability of being successful. Please try
1732 this approach before reporting problems with a major version upgrade.
1734 When upgrading a live system, having a root shell around before
1735 installing anything can help undo problems. Not having a root shell
1736 around can lead to problems if pam has changed too much from your
1737 starting point to allow continued authentication after the upgrade.
1739 This file should be read as a log of events. When a later event changes
1740 information of a prior event, the prior event should not be deleted.
1741 Instead, a pointer to the entry with the new information should be
1742 placed in the old entry. Readers of this file should also sanity check
1743 older entries before relying on them blindly. Authors of new entries
1744 should write them with this in mind.
1748 When upgrading the boot ZFS pool to a new version, always follow
1751 1.) recompile and reinstall the ZFS boot loader and boot block
1752 (this is part of "make buildworld" and "make installworld")
1754 2.) update the ZFS boot block on your boot drive
1756 The following example updates the ZFS boot block on the first
1757 partition (freebsd-boot) of a GPT partitioned drive ada0:
1758 "gpart bootcode -p /boot/gptzfsboot -i 1 ada0"
1760 Non-boot pools do not need these updates.
1764 If you are updating from a prior version of FreeBSD (even one just
1765 a few days old), you should follow this procedure. It is the most
1766 failsafe as it uses a /usr/obj tree with a fresh mini-buildworld,
1768 make kernel-toolchain
1769 make -DALWAYS_CHECK_MAKE buildkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE
1770 make -DALWAYS_CHECK_MAKE installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE
1772 To test a kernel once
1773 ---------------------
1774 If you just want to boot a kernel once (because you are not sure
1775 if it works, or if you want to boot a known bad kernel to provide
1776 debugging information) run
1777 make installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE KODIR=/boot/testkernel
1778 nextboot -k testkernel
1780 To just build a kernel when you know that it won't mess you up
1781 --------------------------------------------------------------
1782 This assumes you are already running a CURRENT system. Replace
1783 ${arch} with the architecture of your machine (e.g. "i386",
1784 "arm", "amd64", "ia64", "pc98", "sparc64", "powerpc", "mips", etc).
1786 cd src/sys/${arch}/conf
1787 config KERNEL_NAME_HERE
1788 cd ../compile/KERNEL_NAME_HERE
1793 If this fails, go to the "To build a kernel" section.
1795 To rebuild everything and install it on the current system.
1796 -----------------------------------------------------------
1797 # Note: sometimes if you are running current you gotta do more than
1798 # is listed here if you are upgrading from a really old current.
1800 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps>
1802 make kernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE
1804 <reboot in single user> [3]
1811 To cross-install current onto a separate partition
1812 --------------------------------------------------
1813 # In this approach we use a separate partition to hold
1814 # current's root, 'usr', and 'var' directories. A partition
1815 # holding "/", "/usr" and "/var" should be about 2GB in
1818 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps>
1821 make buildkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE
1822 <maybe newfs current's root partition>
1823 <mount current's root partition on directory ${CURRENT_ROOT}>
1824 make installworld DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT} -DDB_FROM_SRC
1825 make distribution DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT} # if newfs'd
1826 make installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT}
1827 cp /etc/fstab ${CURRENT_ROOT}/etc/fstab # if newfs'd
1828 <edit ${CURRENT_ROOT}/etc/fstab to mount "/" from the correct partition>
1829 <reboot into current>
1830 <do a "native" rebuild/install as described in the previous section>
1831 <maybe install compatibility libraries from ports/misc/compat*>
1835 To upgrade in-place from stable to current
1836 ----------------------------------------------
1837 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps>
1839 make kernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE [8]
1841 <reboot in single user> [3]
1848 Make sure that you've read the UPDATING file to understand the
1849 tweaks to various things you need. At this point in the life
1850 cycle of current, things change often and you are on your own
1851 to cope. The defaults can also change, so please read ALL of
1852 the UPDATING entries.
1854 Also, if you are tracking -current, you must be subscribed to
1855 freebsd-current@freebsd.org. Make sure that before you update
1856 your sources that you have read and understood all the recent
1857 messages there. If in doubt, please track -stable which has
1858 much fewer pitfalls.
1860 [1] If you have third party modules, such as vmware, you
1861 should disable them at this point so they don't crash your
1864 [3] From the bootblocks, boot -s, and then do
1869 adjkerntz -i # if CMOS is wall time
1870 Also, when doing a major release upgrade, it is required that
1871 you boot into single user mode to do the installworld.
1873 [4] Note: This step is non-optional. Failure to do this step
1874 can result in a significant reduction in the functionality of the
1875 system. Attempting to do it by hand is not recommended and those
1876 that pursue this avenue should read this file carefully, as well
1877 as the archives of freebsd-current and freebsd-hackers mailing lists
1878 for potential gotchas. The -U option is also useful to consider.
1879 See mergemaster(8) for more information.
1881 [5] Usually this step is a noop. However, from time to time
1882 you may need to do this if you get unknown user in the following
1883 step. It never hurts to do it all the time. You may need to
1884 install a new mergemaster (cd src/usr.sbin/mergemaster && make
1885 install) after the buildworld before this step if you last updated
1886 from current before 20130425 or from -stable before 20130430.
1888 [6] This only deletes old files and directories. Old libraries
1889 can be deleted by "make delete-old-libs", but you have to make
1890 sure that no program is using those libraries anymore.
1892 [8] The new kernel must be able to run existing binaries used by
1893 an installworld. When upgrading across major versions, the new
1894 kernel's configuration must include the correct COMPAT_FREEBSD<n>
1895 option for existing binaries (e.g. COMPAT_FREEBSD11 to run 11.x
1896 binaries). Failure to do so may leave you with a system that is
1897 hard to boot to recover. A GENERIC kernel will include suitable
1898 compatibility options to run binaries from older branches.
1900 Make sure that you merge any new devices from GENERIC since the
1901 last time you updated your kernel config file.
1903 [9] When checking out sources, you must include the -P flag to have
1904 cvs prune empty directories.
1906 If CPUTYPE is defined in your /etc/make.conf, make sure to use the
1907 "?=" instead of the "=" assignment operator, so that buildworld can
1908 override the CPUTYPE if it needs to.
1910 MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX must be defined in an environment variable, and
1911 not on the command line, or in /etc/make.conf. buildworld will
1912 warn if it is improperly defined.
1915 This file contains a list, in reverse chronological order, of major
1916 breakages in tracking -current. It is not guaranteed to be a complete
1917 list of such breakages, and only contains entries since September 23, 2011.
1918 If you need to see UPDATING entries from before that date, you will need
1919 to fetch an UPDATING file from an older FreeBSD release.
1921 Copyright information:
1923 Copyright 1998-2009 M. Warner Losh. All Rights Reserved.
1925 Redistribution, publication, translation and use, with or without
1926 modification, in full or in part, in any form or format of this
1927 document are permitted without further permission from the author.
1929 THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED BY WARNER LOSH ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
1930 IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
1931 WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
1932 DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL WARNER LOSH BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
1933 INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
1934 (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
1935 SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
1936 HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
1937 STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
1938 IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
1939 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
1941 Contact Warner Losh if you have any questions about your use of