1 Updating Information for FreeBSD current users
3 This file is maintained and copyrighted by M. Warner Losh
4 <imp@village.org>. See end of file for further details. For commonly
5 done items, please see the COMMON ITEMS: section later in the file.
7 Items affecting the ports and packages system can be found in
8 /usr/ports/UPDATING. Please read that file before running
11 NOTE TO PEOPLE WHO THINK THAT FreeBSD 8.x IS SLOW:
12 FreeBSD 8.x has many debugging features turned on, in
13 both the kernel and userland. These features attempt to detect
14 incorrect use of system primitives, and encourage loud failure
15 through extra sanity checking and fail stop semantics. They
16 also substantially impact system performance. If you want to
17 do performance measurement, benchmarking, and optimization,
18 you'll want to turn them off. This includes various WITNESS-
19 related kernel options, INVARIANTS, malloc debugging flags
20 in userland, and various verbose features in the kernel. Many
21 developers choose to disable these features on build machines
22 to maximize performance. (To disable malloc debugging, run
23 ln -s aj /etc/malloc.conf.)
26 GEOM_PART has become the default partition slicer for storage devices,
27 replacing GEOM_MBR, GEOM_BSD, GEOM_PC98 and GEOM_GPT slicers. It
28 introduces some changes: the devices created from MSDOS extended
29 partition entries (EBR) can be named differently than with GEOM_MBR
30 and are now symlinks to devices with offset-based names, and kernel
31 dumps are now not allowed to be written to devices whose partition
32 types indicate they are meant to be used for file systems.
35 The uscanner(4) driver has been removed from the kernel. This follows
36 Linux removing theirs in 2.6 and making libusb the default interface
40 The multicast forwarding code has been cleaned up. netstat(1)
41 only relies on KVM now for printing bandwidth upcall meters.
42 The IPv4 and IPv6 modules are split into ip_mroute_mod and
43 ip6_mroute_mod respectively. The config(5) options for statically
44 compiling this code remain the same, i.e. 'options MROUTING'.
47 Support for the IFF_NEEDSGIANT network interface flag has been
48 removed, which means that non-MPSAFE network device drivers are no
49 longer supported. In particular, if_ar, if_sr, and network device
50 drivers from the old (legacy) USB stack can no longer be built or
54 POSIX.1 Native Language Support (NLS) has been enabled in libc and
55 a bunch of new language catalog files have also been added.
56 This means that some common libc messages are now localized and
57 they depend on the LC_MESSAGES environmental variable.
60 The k8temp(4) driver has been renamed to amdtemp(4) since
61 support for K10 and K11 CPU families was added.
64 IGMPv3 and Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) have been merged
65 to the IPv4 stack. VIMAGE hooks are in but not yet used.
67 For kernel developers, the most important changes are that the
68 ip_output() and ip_input() paths no longer take the IN_MULTI_LOCK(),
69 and this lock has been downgraded to a non-recursive mutex.
71 Transport protocols (UDP, Raw IP) are now responsible for filtering
72 inbound multicast traffic according to group membership and source
73 filters. The imo_multicast_filter() KPI exists for this purpose.
74 Transports which do not use multicast (SCTP, TCP) already reject
75 multicast by default. Forwarding and receive performance may improve
76 as a mutex acquisition is no longer needed in the ip_input()
77 low-level input path. in_addmulti() and in_delmulti() are shimmed
78 to new KPIs which exist to support SSM in-kernel.
80 For application developers, it is recommended that loopback of
81 multicast datagrams be disabled for best performance, as this
82 will still cause the lock to be taken for each looped-back
83 datagram transmission. The net.inet.ip.mcast.loop sysctl may
84 be tuned to 0 to disable loopback by default; it defaults to 1
85 to preserve the existing behaviour.
87 For systems administrators, to obtain best performance with
88 multicast reception and multiple groups, it is always recommended
89 that a card with a suitably precise hash filter is used. Hash
90 collisions will still result in the lock being taken within the
91 transport protocol input path to check group membership.
93 If deploying FreeBSD in an environment with IGMP snooping switches,
94 it is recommended that the net.inet.igmp.sendlocal sysctl remain
95 enabled; this forces 224.0.0.0/24 group membership to be announced
98 The size of 'struct igmpstat' has changed; netstat needs to be
99 recompiled to reflect this.
100 Bump __FreeBSD_version to 800070.
103 libusb20.so.1 is now installed as libusb.so.1 and the ports system
104 updated to use it. This requires a buildworld/installworld in order to
105 update the library and dependencies (usbconfig, etc). Its advisable to
106 rebuild all ports which uses libusb. More specific directions are given
107 in the ports collection UPDATING file. Any /etc/libmap.conf entries for
108 libusb are no longer required and can be removed.
111 A workaround is committed to allow the creation of System V shared
112 memory segment of size > 2 GB on the 64-bit architectures.
113 Due to a limitation of the existing ABI, the shm_segsz member
114 of the struct shmid_ds, returned by shmctl(IPC_STAT) call is
115 wrong for large segments. Note that limits must be explicitely
116 raised to allow such segments to be created.
119 The layout of struct ifnet has changed, requiring a rebuild of all
120 network device driver modules.
123 The /dev handling for the new USB stack has changed, a
124 buildworld/installworld is required for libusb20.
127 The new USB2 stack has now been permanently moved in and all kernel and
128 module names reverted to their previous values (eg, usb, ehci, ohci,
129 ums, ...). The old usb stack can be compiled in by prefixing the name
130 with the letter 'o', the old usb modules have been removed.
131 Updating entry 20090216 for xorg and 20090215 for libmap may still
135 The rc.conf(5) option if_up_delay has been renamed to
136 defaultroute_delay to better reflect its purpose. If you have
137 customized this setting in /etc/rc.conf you need to update it to
141 xorg 7.4 wants to configure its input devices via hald which does not
142 yet work with USB2. If the keyboard/mouse does not work in xorg then
144 Option "AllowEmptyInput" "off"
145 to your ServerLayout section. This will cause X to use the configured
146 kbd and mouse sections from your xorg.conf.
149 The GENERIC kernels for all architectures now default to the new USB2
150 stack. No kernel config options or code have been removed so if a
151 problem arises please report it and optionally revert to the old USB
152 stack. If you are loading USB kernel modules or have a custom kernel
153 that includes GENERIC then ensure that usb names are also changed over,
154 eg uftdi -> usb2_serial_ftdi.
156 Older programs linked against the ports libusb 0.1 need to be
157 redirected to the new stack's libusb20. /etc/libmap.conf can
159 # Map old usb library to new one for usb2 stack
160 libusb-0.1.so.8 libusb20.so.1
163 The ichsmb(4) driver has been changed to require SMBus slave
164 addresses be left-justified (xxxxxxx0b) rather than right-justified.
165 All of the other SMBus controller drivers require left-justified
166 slave addresses, so this change makes all the drivers provide the
170 INET6 statistics (struct ip6stat) was updated.
171 netstat(1) needs to be recompiled.
174 NTFS has been removed from GENERIC kernel on amd64 to match
175 GENERIC on i386. Should not cause any issues since mount_ntfs(8)
176 will load ntfs.ko module automatically when NTFS support is
177 actually needed, unless ntfs.ko is not installed or security
178 level prohibits loading kernel modules. If either is the case,
179 "options NTFS" has to be added into kernel config.
182 TCP Appropriate Byte Counting (RFC 3465) support added to kernel.
183 New field in struct tcpcb breaks ABI, so bump __FreeBSD_version to
184 800061. User space tools that rely on the size of struct tcpcb in
185 tcp_var.h (e.g. sockstat) need to be recompiled.
188 ng_tty(4) module updated to match the new TTY subsystem.
189 Due to API change, user-level applications must be updated.
190 New API support added to mpd5 CVS and expected to be present
191 in next mpd5.3 release.
194 With __FreeBSD_version 800060 the makefs tool is part of
195 the base system (it was a port).
198 The afdata and ifnet locks have been changed from mutexes to
199 rwlocks, network modules will need to be re-compiled.
202 __FreeBSD_version 800059 incorporates the new arp-v2 rewrite.
203 RTF_CLONING, RTF_LLINFO and RTF_WASCLONED flags are eliminated.
204 The new code reduced struct rtentry{} by 16 bytes on 32-bit
205 architecture and 40 bytes on 64-bit architecture. The userland
206 applications "arp" and "ndp" have been updated accordingly.
207 The output from "netstat -r" shows only routing entries and
208 none of the L2 information.
211 __FreeBSD_version 800057 marks the switchover from the
212 binary ath hal to source code. Users must add the line:
214 options AH_SUPPORT_AR5416
216 to their kernel config files when specifying:
220 The ath_hal module no longer exists; the code is now compiled
221 together with the driver in the ath module. It is now
222 possible to tailor chip support (i.e. reduce the set of chips
223 and thereby the code size); consult ath_hal(4) for details.
226 __FreeBSD_version 800054 adds memory barriers to
227 <machine/atomic.h>, new interfaces to ifnet to facilitate
228 multiple hardware transmit queues for cards that support
229 them, and a lock-less ring-buffer implementation to
230 enable drivers to more efficiently manage queueing of
234 A new version of ZFS (version 13) has been merged to -HEAD.
235 This version has zpool attribute "listsnapshots" off by
236 default, which means "zfs list" does not show snapshots,
237 and is the same as Solaris behavior.
240 dummynet(4) ABI has changed. ipfw(8) needs to be recompiled.
243 The uhci, ohci, ehci and slhci USB Host controller drivers have
244 been put into separate modules. If you load the usb module
245 separately through loader.conf you will need to load the
246 appropriate *hci module as well. E.g. for a UHCI-based USB 2.0
247 controller add the following to loader.conf:
253 The ABI used by the PMC toolset has changed. Please keep
254 userland (libpmc(3)) and the kernel module (hwpmc(4)) in
258 The TTY subsystem of the kernel has been replaced by a new
259 implementation, which provides better scalability and an
260 improved driver model. Most common drivers have been migrated to
261 the new TTY subsystem, while others have not. The following
262 drivers have not yet been ported to the new TTY layer:
265 cy, digi, rc, rp, sio
271 ng_h4, ng_tty, ppp, sl, snp
273 Adding these drivers to your kernel configuration file shall
274 cause compilation to fail.
277 ntpd has been upgraded to 4.2.4p5.
280 OpenSSH has been upgraded to 5.1p1.
282 For many years, FreeBSD's version of OpenSSH preferred DSA
283 over RSA for host and user authentication keys. With this
284 upgrade, we've switched to the vendor's default of RSA over
285 DSA. This may cause upgraded clients to warn about unknown
286 host keys even for previously known hosts. Users should
287 follow the usual procedure for verifying host keys before
288 accepting the RSA key.
290 This can be circumvented by setting the "HostKeyAlgorithms"
291 option to "ssh-dss,ssh-rsa" in ~/.ssh/config or on the ssh
294 Please note that the sequence of keys offered for
295 authentication has been changed as well. You may want to
296 specify IdentityFile in a different order to revert this
300 The sio(4) driver has been removed from the i386 and amd64
301 kernel configuration files. This means uart(4) is now the
302 default serial port driver on those platforms as well.
304 To prevent collisions with the sio(4) driver, the uart(4) driver
305 uses different names for its device nodes. This means the
306 onboard serial port will now most likely be called "ttyu0"
307 instead of "ttyd0". You may need to reconfigure applications to
308 use the new device names.
310 When using the serial port as a boot console, be sure to update
311 /boot/device.hints and /etc/ttys before booting the new kernel.
312 If you forget to do so, you can still manually specify the hints
313 at the loader prompt:
315 set hint.uart.0.at="isa"
316 set hint.uart.0.port="0x3F8"
317 set hint.uart.0.flags="0x10"
318 set hint.uart.0.irq="4"
322 The gpt(8) utility has been removed. Use gpart(8) to partition
326 The version that Linuxulator emulates was changed from 2.4.2
327 to 2.6.16. If you experience any problems with Linux binaries
328 please try to set sysctl compat.linux.osrelease to 2.4.2 and
329 if it fixes the problem contact emulation mailing list.
332 ISDN4BSD (I4B) was removed from the src tree. You may need to
333 update a your kernel configuration and remove relevant entries.
336 I have checked in code to support multiple routing tables.
337 See the man pages setfib(1) and setfib(2).
338 This is a hopefully backwards compatible version,
339 but to make use of it you need to compile your kernel
340 with options ROUTETABLES=2 (or more up to 16).
343 The 802.11 wireless support was redone to enable multi-bss
344 operation on devices that are capable. The underlying device
345 is no longer used directly but instead wlanX devices are
346 cloned with ifconfig. This requires changes to rc.conf files.
348 ifconfig_ath0="WPA DHCP"
351 ifconfig_wlan0="WPA DHCP"
352 see rc.conf(5) for more details. In addition, mergemaster of
353 /etc/rc.d is highly recommended. Simultaneous update of userland
354 and kernel wouldn't hurt either.
356 As part of the multi-bss changes the wlan_scan_ap and wlan_scan_sta
357 modules were merged into the base wlan module. All references
358 to these modules (e.g. in kernel config files) must be removed.
361 psm(4) has gained write(2) support in native operation level.
362 Arbitrary commands can be written to /dev/psm%d and status can
363 be read back from it. Therefore, an application is responsible
364 for status validation and error recovery. It is a no-op in
365 other operation levels.
368 Support for KSE threading has been removed from the kernel. To
369 run legacy applications linked against KSE libmap.conf may
370 be used. The following libmap.conf may be used to ensure
371 compatibility with any prior release:
373 libpthread.so.1 libthr.so.1
374 libpthread.so.2 libthr.so.2
375 libkse.so.3 libthr.so.3
378 The layout of struct vmspace has changed. This affects libkvm
379 and any executables that link against libkvm and use the
380 kvm_getprocs() function. In particular, but not exclusively,
381 it affects ps(1), fstat(1), pkill(1), systat(1), top(1) and w(1).
382 The effects are minimal, but it's advisable to upgrade world
386 The latest em driver no longer has support in it for the
387 82575 adapter, this is now moved to the igb driver. The
388 split was done to make new features that are incompatible
389 with older hardware easier to do.
392 The new geom_lvm(4) geom class has been renamed to geom_linux_lvm(4),
393 likewise the kernel option is now GEOM_LINUX_LVM.
396 The default NFS mount mode has changed from UDP to TCP for
397 increased reliability. If you rely on (insecurely) NFS
398 mounting across a firewall you may need to update your
402 Belatedly note the addition of m_collapse for compacting
406 The fts(3) structures have been changed to use adequate
407 integer types for their members and so to be able to cope
408 with huge file trees. The old fts(3) ABI is preserved
409 through symbol versioning in libc, so third-party binaries
410 using fts(3) should still work, although they will not take
411 advantage of the extended types. At the same time, some
412 third-party software might fail to build after this change
413 due to unportable assumptions made in its source code about
414 fts(3) structure members. Such software should be fixed
415 by its vendor or, in the worst case, in the ports tree.
416 FreeBSD_version 800015 marks this change for the unlikely
417 case that a portable fix is impossible.
420 To upgrade to -current after this date, you must be running
421 FreeBSD not older than 6.0-RELEASE. Upgrading to -current
422 from 5.x now requires a stop over at RELENG_6 or RELENG_7 systems.
425 The ADAPTIVE_GIANT kernel option has been retired because its
426 functionality is the default now.
429 The AT keyboard emulation of sunkbd(4) has been turned on
430 by default. In order to make the special symbols of the Sun
431 keyboards driven by sunkbd(4) work under X these now have
432 to be configured the same way as Sun USB keyboards driven
433 by ukbd(4) (which also does AT keyboard emulation), f.e.:
435 Option "XkbLayout" "us"
436 Option "XkbRules" "xorg"
437 Option "XkbSymbols" "pc(pc105)+sun_vndr/usb(sun_usb)+us"
440 It has been decided that it is desirable to provide ABI
441 backwards compatibility to the FreeBSD 4/5/6 versions of the
442 PCIOCGETCONF, PCIOCREAD and PCIOCWRITE IOCTLs, which was
443 broken with the introduction of PCI domain support (see the
444 20070930 entry). Unfortunately, this required the ABI of
445 PCIOCGETCONF to be broken again in order to be able to
446 provide backwards compatibility to the old version of that
447 IOCTL. Thus consumers of PCIOCGETCONF have to be recompiled
448 again. As for prominent ports this affects neither pciutils
449 nor xorg-server this time, the hal port needs to be rebuilt
453 The misnamed kthread_create() and friends have been renamed
454 to kproc_create() etc. Many of the callers already
456 I will return kthread_create() and friends in a while
457 with implementations that actually create threads, not procs.
458 Renaming corresponds with version 800002.
464 Setting WITHOUT_LIBPTHREAD now means WITHOUT_LIBKSE and
465 WITHOUT_LIBTHR are set.
468 The PCI code has been made aware of PCI domains. This means that
469 the location strings as used by pciconf(8) etc are now in the
470 following format: pci<domain>:<bus>:<device>[:<function>]. It
471 also means that consumers of <sys/pciio.h> potentially need to
472 be recompiled; this includes the hal and xorg-server ports.
475 The caching daemon (cached) was renamed to nscd. nscd.conf
476 configuration file should be used instead of cached.conf and
477 nscd_enable, nscd_pidfile and nscd_flags options should be used
478 instead of cached_enable, cached_pidfile and cached_flags in
482 The getfacl(1) utility now prints owning user and group name
483 instead of owning uid and gid in the three line comment header.
484 This is the same behavior as getfacl(1) on Solaris and Linux.
487 The new IPsec code is now compiled in using the IPSEC option. The
488 IPSEC option now requires "device crypto" be defined in your kernel
489 configuration. The FAST_IPSEC kernel option is now deprecated.
492 The packet filter (pf) code has been updated to OpenBSD 4.1 Please
493 note the changed syntax - keep state is now on by default. Also
494 note the fact that ftp-proxy(8) has been changed from bottom up and
495 has been moved from libexec to usr/sbin. Changes in the ALTQ
496 handling also affect users of IPFW's ALTQ capabilities.
499 Remove KAME IPsec in favor of FAST_IPSEC, which is now the
500 only IPsec supported by FreeBSD. The new IPsec stack
501 supports both IPv4 and IPv6. The kernel option will change
502 after the code changes have settled in. For now the kernel
503 option IPSEC is deprecated and FAST_IPSEC is the only option, that
504 will change after some settling time.
507 The wicontrol(8) utility has been removed from the base system. wi(4)
508 cards should be configured using ifconfig(8), see the man page for more
512 The i386/amd64 GENERIC kernel now defaults to the nfe(4) driver
513 instead of the nve(4) driver. Please update your configuration
517 By default, /etc/rc.d/sendmail no longer rebuilds the aliases
518 database if it is missing or older than the aliases file. If
519 desired, set the new rc.conf option sendmail_rebuild_aliases
520 to "YES" to restore that functionality.
523 The IPv4 multicast socket code has been considerably modified, and
524 moved to the file sys/netinet/in_mcast.c. Initial support for the
525 RFC 3678 Source-Specific Multicast Socket API has been added to
526 the IPv4 network stack.
528 Strict multicast and broadcast reception is now the default for
529 UDP/IPv4 sockets; the net.inet.udp.strict_mcast_mship sysctl variable
530 has now been removed.
532 The RFC 1724 hack for interface selection has been removed; the use
533 of the Linux-derived ip_mreqn structure with IP_MULTICAST_IF has
534 been added to replace it. Consumers such as routed will soon be
535 updated to reflect this.
537 These changes affect users who are running routed(8) or rdisc(8)
538 from the FreeBSD base system on point-to-point or unnumbered
542 The net80211 layer has changed significantly and all wireless
543 drivers that depend on it need to be recompiled. Further these
544 changes require that any program that interacts with the wireless
545 support in the kernel be recompiled; this includes: ifconfig,
546 wpa_supplicant, hostapd, and wlanstats. Users must also, for
547 the moment, kldload the wlan_scan_sta and/or wlan_scan_ap modules
548 if they use modules for wireless support. These modules implement
549 scanning support for station and ap modes, respectively. Failure
550 to load the appropriate module before marking a wireless interface
551 up will result in a message to the console and the device not
555 The pam_nologin(8) module ceases to provide an authentication
556 function and starts providing an account management function.
557 Consequent changes to /etc/pam.d should be brought in using
558 mergemaster(8). Third-party files in /usr/local/etc/pam.d may
559 need manual editing as follows. Locate this line (or similar):
561 auth required pam_nologin.so no_warn
563 and change it according to this example:
565 account required pam_nologin.so no_warn
567 That is, the first word needs to be changed from "auth" to
568 "account". The new line can be moved to the account section
569 within the file for clarity. Not updating pam.conf(5) files
570 will result in nologin(5) ignored by the respective services.
573 The ether_ioctl() function has been synchronized with ioctl(2)
574 and ifnet.if_ioctl. Due to that, the size of one of its arguments
575 has changed on 64-bit architectures. All kernel modules using
576 ether_ioctl() need to be rebuilt on such architectures.
579 Improved INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE support has been introduced to the
580 config(8) utility. In order to take advantage of this new
581 functionality, you are expected to recompile and install
582 src/usr.sbin/config. If you don't rebuild config(8), and your
583 kernel configuration depends on INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE, the kernel
584 build will be broken because of a missing "kernconfstring"
588 Symbol versioning is enabled by default. To disable it, use
589 option WITHOUT_SYMVER. It is not advisable to attempt to
590 disable symbol versioning once it is enabled; your installworld
591 will break because a symbol version-less libc will get installed
592 before the install tools. As a result, the old install tools,
593 which previously had symbol dependencies to FBSD_1.0, will fail
594 because the freshly installed libc will not have them.
596 The default threading library (providing "libpthread") has been
597 changed to libthr. If you wish to have libkse as your default,
598 use option DEFAULT_THREAD_LIB=libkse for the buildworld.
601 The ABI breakage in sendmail(8)'s libmilter has been repaired
602 so it is no longer necessary to recompile mail filters (aka,
603 milters). If you recompiled mail filters after the 20070408
604 note, it is not necessary to recompile them again.
607 The new trunk(4) driver has been renamed to lagg(4) as it better
608 reflects its purpose. ifconfig will need to be recompiled.
611 sendmail(8) has been updated to version 8.14.1. Mail filters
612 (aka, milters) compiled against the libmilter included in the
613 base operating system should be recompiled.
616 Firmwares for ipw(4) and iwi(4) are now included in the base tree.
617 In order to use them one must agree to the respective LICENSE in
618 share/doc/legal and define legal.intel_<name>.license_ack=1 via
619 loader.conf(5) or kenv(1). Make sure to deinstall the now
620 deprecated modules from the respective firmware ports.
623 The name resolution/mapping functions addr2ascii(3) and ascii2addr(3)
624 were removed from FreeBSD's libc. These originally came from INRIA
625 IPv6. Nothing in FreeBSD ever used them. They may be regarded as
626 deprecated in previous releases.
627 The AF_LINK support for getnameinfo(3) was merged from NetBSD to
628 replace it as a more portable (and re-entrant) API.
631 To support interrupt filtering a modification to the newbus API
632 has occurred, ABI was broken and __FreeBSD_version was bumped
633 to 700031. Please make sure that your kernel and modules are in
635 http://docs.freebsd.org/cgi/mid.cgi?20070221233124.GA13941
638 The IPv6 multicast forwarding code may now be loaded into GENERIC
639 kernels by loading the ip_mroute.ko module. This is built into the
640 module unless WITHOUT_INET6 or WITHOUT_INET6_SUPPORT options are
641 set; see src.conf(5) for more information.
644 The output of netstat -r has changed. Without -n, we now only
645 print a "network name" without the prefix length if the network
646 address and mask exactly match a Class A/B/C network, and an entry
647 exists in the nsswitch "networks" map.
648 With -n, we print the full unabbreviated CIDR network prefix in
649 the form "a.b.c.d/p". 0.0.0.0/0 is always printed as "default".
650 This change is in preparation for changes such as equal-cost
651 multipath, and to more generally assist operational deployment
652 of FreeBSD as a modern IPv4 router.
655 PIM has been turned on by default in the IPv4 multicast
656 routing code. The kernel option 'PIM' has now been removed.
657 PIM is now built by default if option 'MROUTING' is specified.
658 It may now be loaded into GENERIC kernels by loading the
662 Support for IPIP tunnels (VIFF_TUNNEL) in IPv4 multicast routing
663 has been removed. Its functionality may be achieved by explicitly
664 configuring gif(4) interfaces and using the 'phyint' keyword in
666 XORP does not support source-routed IPv4 multicast tunnels nor the
667 integrated IPIP tunneling, therefore it is not affected by this
668 change. The __FreeBSD_version macro has been bumped to 700030.
671 Support for PCI Message Signalled Interrupts has been
672 re-enabled in the bge driver, only for those chips which are
673 believed to support it properly. If there are any problems,
674 MSI can be disabled completely by setting the
675 'hw.pci.enable_msi' and 'hw.pci.enable_msix' tunables to 0
679 Support for PCI Message Signalled Interrupts has been
680 disabled again in the bge driver. Many revisions of the
681 hardware fail to support it properly. Support can be
682 re-enabled by removing the #define of BGE_DISABLE_MSI in
683 "src/sys/dev/bge/if_bge.c".
686 Support for PCI Message Signalled Interrupts has been added
687 to the bge driver. If there are any problems, MSI can be
688 disabled completely by setting the 'hw.pci.enable_msi' and
689 'hw.pci.enable_msix' tunables to 0 in the loader.
692 The removal of several facets of the experimental Threading
693 system from the kernel means that the proc and thread structures
694 have changed quite a bit. I suggest all kernel modules that might
695 reference these structures be recompiled.. Especially the
699 Sound infrastructure has been updated with various fixes and
700 improvements. Most of the changes are pretty much transparent,
701 with exceptions of followings:
702 1) All sound driver specific sysctls (hw.snd.pcm%d.*) have been
703 moved to their own dev sysctl nodes, for example:
704 hw.snd.pcm0.vchans -> dev.pcm.0.vchans
705 2) /dev/dspr%d.%d has been deprecated. Each channel now has its
706 own chardev in the form of "dsp%d.<function>%d", where <function>
707 is p = playback, r = record and v = virtual, respectively. Users
708 are encouraged to use these devs instead of (old) "/dev/dsp%d.%d".
709 This does not affect those who are using "/dev/dsp".
712 geom(4)'s gmirror(8) class metadata structure has been
713 rev'd from v3 to v4. If you update across this point and
714 your metadata is converted for you, you will not be easily
715 able to downgrade since the /boot/kernel.old/geom_mirror.ko
716 kernel module will be unable to read the v4 metadata. You
717 can resolve this by doing from the loader(8) prompt:
719 set vfs.root.mountfrom="ufs:/dev/XXX"
721 where XXX is the root slice of one of the disks that composed
722 the mirror (i.e.: /dev/ad0s1a). You can then rebuild
723 the array the same way you built it originally.
726 The following binaries have been disconnected from the build:
727 mount_devfs, mount_ext2fs, mount_fdescfs, mount_procfs, mount_linprocfs,
728 and mount_std. The functionality of these programs has been
729 moved into the mount program. For example, to mount a devfs
730 filesystem, instead of using mount_devfs, use: "mount -t devfs".
731 This does not affect entries in /etc/fstab, since entries in
732 /etc/fstab are always processed with "mount -t fstype".
735 Support for PCI Message Signalled Interrupts on i386 and amd64
736 has been added to the kernel and various drivers will soon be
737 updated to use MSI when it is available. If there are any problems,
738 MSI can be disabled completely by setting the 'hw.pci.enable_msi'
739 and 'hw.pci.enable_msix' tunables to 0 in the loader.
742 The MUTEX_PROFILING option has been renamed to LOCK_PROFILING.
743 The lockmgr object layout has been changed as a result of having
744 a lock_object embedded in it. As a consequence all file system
745 kernel modules must be re-compiled. The mutex profiling man page
746 has not yet been updated to reflect this change.
749 KSE in the kernel has now been made optional and turned on by
750 default. Use 'nooption KSE' in your kernel config to turn it
751 off. All kernel modules *must* be recompiled after this change.
752 There-after, modules from a KSE kernel should be compatible with
753 modules from a NOKSE kernel due to the temporary padding fields
754 added to 'struct proc'.
757 mrouted and its utilities have been removed from the base system.
760 Some ioctl(2) command codes have changed. Full backward ABI
761 compatibility is provided if the "options COMPAT_FREEBSD6" is
762 present in the kernel configuration file. Make sure to add
763 this option to your kernel config file, or recompile X.Org
764 and the rest of ports; otherwise they may refuse to work.
767 tcpslice has been removed from the base system.
770 The sizes of struct tcpcb (and struct xtcpcb) have changed due to
771 the rewrite of TCP syncookies. Tools like netstat, sockstat, and
772 systat needs to be rebuilt.
775 libpcap updated to v0.9.4 and tcpdump to v3.9.4
778 The IPFIREWALL_FORWARD_EXTENDED option is gone and the behaviour
779 for IPFIREWALL_FORWARD is now as it was before when it was first
780 committed and for years after. The behaviour is now ON.
783 enigma(1)/crypt(1) utility has been changed on 64 bit architectures.
784 Now it can decrypt files created from different architectures.
785 Unfortunately, it is no longer able to decrypt a cipher text
786 generated with an older version on 64 bit architectures.
787 If you have such a file, you need old utility to decrypt it.
790 The interface version of the i4b kernel part has changed. So
791 after updating the kernel sources and compiling a new kernel,
792 the i4b user space tools in "/usr/src/usr.sbin/i4b" must also
793 be rebuilt, and vice versa.
796 The XBOX kernel now defaults to the nfe(4) driver instead of
797 the nve(4) driver. Please update your configuration
801 The i386-only lnc(4) driver for the AMD Am7900 LANCE and Am79C9xx
802 PCnet family of NICs has been removed. The new le(4) driver serves
803 as an equivalent but cross-platform replacement with the pcn(4)
804 driver still providing performance-optimized support for the subset
805 of AMD Am79C971 PCnet-FAST and greater chips as before.
808 The machdep.* sysctls and the adjkerntz utility have been
809 modified a bit. The new adjkerntz utility uses the new
810 sysctl names and sysctlbyname() calls, so it may be impossible
811 to run an old /sbin/adjkerntz utility in single-user mode
812 with a new kernel. Replace the `adjkerntz -i' step before
813 `make installworld' with:
815 /usr/obj/usr/src/sbin/adjkerntz/adjkerntz -i
817 and proceed as usual with the rest of the installworld-stage
818 steps. Otherwise, you risk installing binaries with their
819 timestamp set several hours in the future, especially if
820 you are running with local time set to GMT+X hours.
823 The ip6fw utility has been removed. The behavior provided by
824 ip6fw has been in ipfw2 for a good while and the rc.d scripts
825 have been updated to deal with it. There are some rules that
826 might not migrate cleanly. Use rc.firewall6 as a template to
830 The puc(4) driver has been overhauled. The ebus(4) and sbus(4)
831 attachments have been removed. Make sure to configure scc(4)
832 on sparc64. Note also that by default puc(4) will use uart(4)
833 and not sio(4) for serial ports because interrupt handling has
834 been optimized for multi-port serial cards and only uart(4)
835 implements the interface to support it.
838 The scc(4) driver replaces puc(4) for Serial Communications
839 Controllers (SCCs) like the Siemens SAB82532 and the Zilog
840 Z8530. On sparc64, it is advised to add scc(4) to the kernel
841 configuration to make sure that the serial ports remain
845 Most world/kernel related NO_* build options changed names.
846 New knobs have common prefixes WITHOUT_*/WITH_* (modelled
847 after FreeBSD ports) and should be set in /etc/src.conf
848 (the src.conf(5) manpage is provided). Full backwards
849 compatibility is maintained for the time being though it's
850 highly recommended to start moving old options out of the
851 system-wide /etc/make.conf file into the new /etc/src.conf
852 while also properly renaming them. More conversions will
853 likely follow. Posting to current@:
855 http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-current/2006-March/061725.html
858 The NETSMBCRYPTO kernel option has been retired because its
859 functionality is always included in NETSMB and smbfs.ko now.
862 The TDFX_LINUX kernel option was retired and replaced by the
863 tdfx_linux device. The latter can be loaded as the 3dfx_linux.ko
864 kernel module. Loading it alone should suffice to get 3dfx support
865 for Linux apps because it will pull in 3dfx.ko and linux.ko through
869 The 'audit' group was added to support the new auditing functionality
870 in the base system. Be sure to follow the directions for updating,
871 including the requirement to run mergemaster -p.
874 The kernel ABI to file system modules was changed on i386.
875 Please make sure that your kernel and modules are in sync.
878 This actually occured some time ago, but installing the kernel
879 now also installs a bunch of symbol files for the kernel modules.
880 This increases the size of /boot/kernel to about 67Mbytes. You
881 will need twice this if you will eventually back this up to kernel.old
882 on your next install.
883 If you have a shortage of room in your root partition, you should add
884 -DINSTALL_NODEBUG to your make arguments or add INSTALL_NODEBUG="yes"
885 to your /etc/make.conf.
888 libc's malloc implementation has been replaced. This change has the
889 potential to uncover application bugs that previously went unnoticed.
890 See the malloc(3) manual page for more details.
893 The generic netgraph(4) cookie has been changed. If you upgrade
894 kernel passing this point, you also need to upgrade userland
895 and netgraph(4) utilities like ports/net/mpd or ports/net/mpd4.
898 si(4)'s device files now contain the unit number.
899 Uses of {cua,tty}A[0-9a-f] should be replaced by {cua,tty}A0[0-9a-f].
902 The kernel ABI was mostly destroyed due to a change in the size
903 of struct lock_object which is nested in other structures such
904 as mutexes which are nested in all sorts of other structures.
905 Make sure your kernel and modules are in sync.
908 The page coloring algorithm in the VM subsystem was converted
909 from tuning with kernel options to autotuning. Please remove
910 any PQ_* option except PQ_NOOPT from your kernel config.
913 The net80211-related tools in the tools/tools/ath directory
914 have been moved to tools/tools/net80211 and renamed with a
915 "wlan" prefix. Scripts that use them should be adjusted
919 Scripts in the local_startup directories (as defined in
920 /etc/defaults/rc.conf) that have the new rc.d semantics will
921 now be run as part of the base system rcorder. If there are
922 errors or problems with one of these local scripts, it could
923 cause boot problems. If you encounter such problems, boot in
924 single user mode, remove that script from the */rc.d directory.
925 Please report the problem to the port's maintainer, and the
926 freebsd-ports@freebsd.org mailing list.
929 The nodev mount option was deprecated in RELENG_6 (where it
930 was a no-op), and is now unsupported. If you have nodev or dev listed
931 in /etc/fstab, remove it, otherwise it will result in a mount error.
934 ABI between ipfw(4) and ipfw(8) has been changed. You need
935 to rebuild ipfw(8) when rebuilding kernel.
938 rp(4)'s device files now contain the unit number.
939 Uses of {cua,tty}R[0-9a-f] should be replaced by {cua,tty}R0[0-9a-f].
942 /etc/rc.d/ppp-user has been renamed to /etc/rc.d/ppp.
943 Its /etc/rc.conf.d configuration file has been `ppp' from
944 the beginning, and hence there is no need to touch it.
947 Now most modules get their build-time options from the kernel
948 configuration file. A few modules still have fixed options
949 due to their non-conformant implementation, but they will be
950 corrected eventually. You may need to review the options of
951 the modules in use, explicitly specify the non-default options
952 in the kernel configuration file, and rebuild the kernel and
956 kern.polling.enable sysctl MIB is now deprecated. Use ifconfig(8)
957 to turn polling(4) on your interfaces.
960 The old bridge(4) implementation was retired. The new
961 if_bridge(4) serves as a full functional replacement.
964 The ai_addrlen of a struct addrinfo was changed to a socklen_t
965 to conform to POSIX-2001. This change broke an ABI
966 compatibility on 64 bit architecture. You have to recompile
967 userland programs that use getaddrinfo(3) on 64 bit
971 RELENG_6 branched here.
974 The pccard_ifconfig rc.conf variable has been removed and a new
975 variable, ifconfig_DEFAULT has been introduced. Unlike
976 pccard_ifconfig, ifconfig_DEFAULT applies to ALL interfaces that
977 do not have ifconfig_ifn entries rather than just those in
978 removable_interfaces.
981 Some previous versions of PAM have permitted the use of
982 non-absolute paths in /etc/pam.conf or /etc/pam.d/* when referring
983 to third party PAM modules in /usr/local/lib. A change has been
984 made to require the use of absolute paths in order to avoid
985 ambiguity and dependence on library path configuration, which may
986 affect existing configurations.
989 Major changes to network interface API. All drivers must be
990 recompiled. Drivers not in the base system will need to be
991 updated to the new APIs.
994 Changes were made to kinfo_proc in sys/user.h. Please recompile
995 userland, or commands like `fstat', `pkill', `ps', `top' and `w'
996 will not behave correctly.
998 The API and ABI for hwpmc(4) have changed with the addition
999 of sampling support. Please recompile lib/libpmc(3) and
1000 usr.sbin/{pmcstat,pmccontrol}.
1003 The OpenBSD dhclient was imported in place of the ISC dhclient
1004 and the network interface configuration scripts were updated
1005 accordingly. If you use DHCP to configure your interfaces, you
1006 must now run devd. Also, DNS updating was lost so you will need
1007 to find a workaround if you use this feature.
1009 The '_dhcp' user was added to support the OpenBSD dhclient. Be
1010 sure to run mergemaster -p (like you are supposed to do every time
1014 if_bridge was added to the tree. This has changed struct ifnet.
1015 Please recompile userland and all network related modules.
1018 The n_net of a struct netent was changed to an uint32_t, and
1019 1st argument of getnetbyaddr() was changed to an uint32_t, to
1020 conform to POSIX-2001. These changes broke an ABI
1021 compatibility on 64 bit architecture. With these changes,
1022 shlib major of libpcap was bumped. You have to recompile
1023 userland programs that use getnetbyaddr(3), getnetbyname(3),
1024 getnetent(3) and/or libpcap on 64 bit architecture.
1027 Kernel parsing of extra options on '#!' first lines of shell
1028 scripts has changed. Lines with multiple options likely will
1029 fail after this date. For full details, please see
1030 http://people.freebsd.org/~gad/Updating-20050528.txt
1033 The packet filter (pf) code has been updated to OpenBSD 3.7
1034 Please note the changed anchor syntax and the fact that
1035 authpf(8) now needs a mounted fdescfs(5) to function.
1038 The NO_MIXED_MODE kernel option has been removed from the i386
1039 amd64 platforms as its use has been superceded by the new local
1040 APIC timer code. Any kernel config files containing this option
1044 The on-disk format of LC_CTYPE files was changed to be machine
1045 independent. Please make sure NOT to use NO_CLEAN buildworld
1046 when crossing this point. Crossing this point also requires
1047 recompile or reinstall of all locale depended packages.
1050 The ifi_epoch member of struct if_data has been changed to
1051 contain the uptime at which the interface was created or the
1052 statistics zeroed rather then the wall clock time because
1053 wallclock time may go backwards. This should have no impact
1054 unless an snmp implementation is using this value (I know of
1055 none at this point.)
1058 The acpi_perf and acpi_throttle drivers are now part of the
1059 acpi(4) main module. They are no longer built separately.
1062 The layout of struct image_params has changed. You have to
1063 recompile all compatibility modules (linux, svr4, etc) for use
1064 with the new kernel.
1067 The p4tcc driver has been merged into cpufreq(4). This makes
1068 "options CPU_ENABLE_TCC" obsolete. Please load cpufreq.ko or
1069 compile in "device cpufreq" to restore this functionality.
1072 The responsibility of recomputing the file system summary of
1073 a SoftUpdates-enabled dirty volume has been transferred to the
1074 background fsck. A rebuild of fsck(8) utility is recommended
1075 if you have updated the kernel.
1077 To get the old behavior (recompute file system summary at mount
1078 time), you can set vfs.ffs.compute_summary_at_mount=1 before
1079 mounting the new volume.
1082 The cpufreq import is complete. As part of this, the sysctls for
1083 acpi(4) throttling have been removed. The power_profile script
1084 has been updated, so you can use performance/economy_cpu_freq in
1085 rc.conf(5) to set AC on/offline cpu frequencies.
1088 NG_VERSION has been increased. Recompiling kernel (or ng_socket.ko)
1089 requires recompiling libnetgraph and userland netgraph utilities.
1092 Support for abbreviated forms of a number of ipfw options is
1093 now deprecated. Warnings are printed to stderr indicating the
1094 correct full form when a match occurs. Some abbreviations may
1095 be supported at a later date based on user feedback. To be
1096 considered for support, abbreviations must be in use prior to
1097 this commit and unlikely to be confused with current key words.
1100 By a popular demand, a lot of NOFOO options were renamed
1101 to NO_FOO (see bsd.compat.mk for a full list). The old
1102 spellings are still supported, but will cause annoying
1103 warnings on stderr. Make sure you upgrade properly (see
1104 the COMMON ITEMS: section later in this file).
1107 Auto-loading of ancillary wlan modules such as wlan_wep has
1108 been temporarily disabled; you need to statically configure
1109 the modules you need into your kernel or explicitly load them
1110 prior to use. Specifically, if you intend to use WEP encryption
1111 with an 802.11 device load/configure wlan_wep; if you want to
1112 use WPA with the ath driver load/configure wlan_tkip, wlan_ccmp,
1113 and wlan_xauth as required.
1116 The behaviour of ppp(8) has changed slightly. If lqr is enabled
1117 (``enable lqr''), older versions would revert to LCP ECHO mode on
1118 negotiation failure. Now, ``enable echo'' is required for this
1119 behaviour. The ppp version number has been bumped to 3.4.2 to
1123 The wlan support has been updated to split the crypto support
1124 into separate modules. For static WEP you must configure the
1125 wlan_wep module in your system or build and install the module
1126 in place where it can be loaded (the kernel will auto-load
1127 the module when a wep key is configured).
1130 The ath driver has been updated to split the tx rate control
1131 algorithm into a separate module. You need to include either
1132 ath_rate_onoe or ath_rate_amrr when configuring the kernel.
1135 Support for systems with an 80386 CPU has been removed. Please
1136 use FreeBSD 5.x or earlier on systems with an 80386.
1139 We have had a hack which would mount the root filesystem
1140 R/W if the device were named 'md*'. As part of the vnode
1141 work I'm doing I have had to remove this hack. People
1142 building systems which use preloaded MD root filesystems
1143 may need to insert a "/sbin/mount -u -o rw /dev/md0 /" in
1144 their /etc/rc scripts.
1147 FreeBSD 5.3 shipped here.
1150 The size of struct tcpcb has changed again due to the removal
1151 of RFC1644 T/TCP. You have to recompile userland programs that
1152 read kmem for tcp sockets directly (netstat, sockstat, etc.)
1155 The size of struct tcpcb has changed. You have to recompile
1156 userland programs that read kmem for tcp sockets directly
1157 (netstat, sockstat, etc.)
1160 RELENG_5 branched here. For older entries, please see updating
1161 in the RELENG_5 branch.
1167 Avoid using make -j when upgrading. From time to time in the
1168 past there have been problems using -j with buildworld and/or
1169 installworld. This is especially true when upgrading between
1170 "distant" versions (eg one that cross a major release boundary
1171 or several minor releases, or when several months have passed
1172 on the -current branch).
1174 Sometimes, obscure build problems are the result of environment
1175 poisoning. This can happen because the make utility reads its
1176 environment when searching for values for global variables.
1177 To run your build attempts in an "environmental clean room",
1178 prefix all make commands with 'env -i '. See the env(1) manual
1179 page for more details.
1181 When upgrading from one major version to another it is generally
1182 best to upgrade to the latest code in the currently installed branch
1183 first, then do an upgrade to the new branch. This is the best-tested
1184 upgrade path, and has the highest probability of being successful.
1185 Please try this approach before reporting problems with a major
1190 If you are updating from a prior version of FreeBSD (even one just
1191 a few days old), you should follow this procedure. It is the most
1192 failsafe as it uses a /usr/obj tree with a fresh mini-buildworld,
1194 make kernel-toolchain
1195 make -DALWAYS_CHECK_MAKE buildkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE
1196 make -DALWAYS_CHECK_MAKE installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE
1198 To test a kernel once
1199 ---------------------
1200 If you just want to boot a kernel once (because you are not sure
1201 if it works, or if you want to boot a known bad kernel to provide
1202 debugging information) run
1203 make installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE KODIR=/boot/testkernel
1204 nextboot -k testkernel
1206 To just build a kernel when you know that it won't mess you up
1207 --------------------------------------------------------------
1208 This assumes you are already running a 5.X system. Replace
1209 ${arch} with the architecture of your machine (e.g. "i386",
1210 "alpha", "amd64", "ia64", "pc98", "sparc64", etc).
1212 cd src/sys/${arch}/conf
1213 config KERNEL_NAME_HERE
1214 cd ../compile/KERNEL_NAME_HERE
1219 If this fails, go to the "To build a kernel" section.
1221 To rebuild everything and install it on the current system.
1222 -----------------------------------------------------------
1223 # Note: sometimes if you are running current you gotta do more than
1224 # is listed here if you are upgrading from a really old current.
1226 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps>
1228 make kernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE
1230 <reboot in single user> [3]
1238 To cross-install current onto a separate partition
1239 --------------------------------------------------
1240 # In this approach we use a separate partition to hold
1241 # current's root, 'usr', and 'var' directories. A partition
1242 # holding "/", "/usr" and "/var" should be about 2GB in
1245 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps>
1248 make buildkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE
1249 <maybe newfs current's root partition>
1250 <mount current's root partition on directory ${CURRENT_ROOT}>
1251 make installworld DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT}
1252 make distribution DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT} # if newfs'd
1253 make installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT}
1254 cp /etc/fstab ${CURRENT_ROOT}/etc/fstab # if newfs'd
1255 <edit ${CURRENT_ROOT}/etc/fstab to mount "/" from the correct partition>
1256 <reboot into current>
1257 <do a "native" rebuild/install as described in the previous section>
1258 <maybe install compatibility libraries from ports/misc/compat*>
1262 To upgrade in-place from 5.x-stable to current
1263 ----------------------------------------------
1264 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps>
1266 make kernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE [8]
1268 <reboot in single user> [3]
1275 Make sure that you've read the UPDATING file to understand the
1276 tweaks to various things you need. At this point in the life
1277 cycle of current, things change often and you are on your own
1278 to cope. The defaults can also change, so please read ALL of
1279 the UPDATING entries.
1281 Also, if you are tracking -current, you must be subscribed to
1282 freebsd-current@freebsd.org. Make sure that before you update
1283 your sources that you have read and understood all the recent
1284 messages there. If in doubt, please track -stable which has
1285 much fewer pitfalls.
1287 [1] If you have third party modules, such as vmware, you
1288 should disable them at this point so they don't crash your
1291 [3] From the bootblocks, boot -s, and then do
1296 adjkerntz -i # if CMOS is wall time
1297 Also, when doing a major release upgrade, it is required that
1298 you boot into single user mode to do the installworld.
1300 [4] Note: This step is non-optional. Failure to do this step
1301 can result in a significant reduction in the functionality of the
1302 system. Attempting to do it by hand is not recommended and those
1303 that pursue this avenue should read this file carefully, as well
1304 as the archives of freebsd-current and freebsd-hackers mailing lists
1305 for potential gotchas.
1307 [5] Usually this step is a noop. However, from time to time
1308 you may need to do this if you get unknown user in the following
1309 step. It never hurts to do it all the time. You may need to
1310 install a new mergemaster (cd src/usr.sbin/mergemaster && make
1311 install) after the buildworld before this step if you last updated
1312 from current before 20020224 or from -stable before 20020408.
1314 [8] In order to have a kernel that can run the 4.x binaries
1315 needed to do an installworld, you must include the COMPAT_FREEBSD4
1316 option in your kernel. Failure to do so may leave you with a system
1317 that is hard to boot to recover. A similar kernel option COMPAT_FREEBSD5
1318 is required to run the 5.x binaries on more recent kernels.
1320 Make sure that you merge any new devices from GENERIC since the
1321 last time you updated your kernel config file.
1323 [9] When checking out sources, you must include the -P flag to have
1324 cvs prune empty directories.
1326 If CPUTYPE is defined in your /etc/make.conf, make sure to use the
1327 "?=" instead of the "=" assignment operator, so that buildworld can
1328 override the CPUTYPE if it needs to.
1330 MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX must be defined in an environment variable, and
1331 not on the command line, or in /etc/make.conf. buildworld will
1332 warn if it is improperly defined.
1335 This file contains a list, in reverse chronological order, of major
1336 breakages in tracking -current. Not all things will be listed here,
1337 and it only starts on October 16, 2004. Updating files can found in
1338 previous releases if your system is older than this.
1340 Copyright information:
1342 Copyright 1998-2005 M. Warner Losh. All Rights Reserved.
1344 Redistribution, publication, translation and use, with or without
1345 modification, in full or in part, in any form or format of this
1346 document are permitted without further permission from the author.
1348 THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED BY WARNER LOSH ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
1349 IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
1350 WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
1351 DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL WARNER LOSH BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
1352 INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
1353 (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
1354 SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
1355 HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
1356 STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
1357 IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
1358 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
1360 If you find this document useful, and you want to, you may buy the
1363 Contact Warner Losh if you have any questions about your use of