2 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
4 * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993, 1994
5 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
7 * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
8 * Keith Muller of the University of California, San Diego and Lance
9 * Visser of Convex Computer Corporation.
11 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
12 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
14 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
15 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
16 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
17 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
18 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
19 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
20 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
21 * without specific prior written permission.
23 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
24 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
25 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
26 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
27 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
28 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
29 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
30 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
31 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
32 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
38 static char const copyright[] =
39 "@(#) Copyright (c) 1991, 1993, 1994\n\
40 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.\n";
44 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)dd.c 8.5 (Berkeley) 4/2/94";
47 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
48 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
50 #include <sys/param.h>
52 #include <sys/capsicum.h>
54 #include <sys/disklabel.h>
55 #include <sys/filio.h>
60 #include <capsicum_helpers.h>
76 static void dd_close(void);
77 static void dd_in(void);
78 static void getfdtype(IO *);
79 static void setup(void);
81 IO in, out; /* input/output state */
82 STAT st; /* statistics */
83 void (*cfunc)(void); /* conversion function */
84 uintmax_t cpy_cnt; /* # of blocks to copy */
85 static off_t pending = 0; /* pending seek if sparse */
86 u_int ddflags = 0; /* conversion options */
87 size_t cbsz; /* conversion block size */
88 uintmax_t files_cnt = 1; /* # of files to copy */
89 const u_char *ctab; /* conversion table */
90 char fill_char; /* Character to fill with if defined */
91 size_t speed = 0; /* maximum speed, in bytes per second */
92 volatile sig_atomic_t need_summary;
93 volatile sig_atomic_t need_progress;
96 main(int argc __unused, char *argv[])
98 (void)setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
102 caph_cache_catpages();
103 if (caph_enter() < 0)
104 err(1, "unable to enter capability mode");
106 (void)signal(SIGINFO, siginfo_handler);
107 (void)signal(SIGALRM, sigalrm_handler);
108 (void)signal(SIGINT, terminate);
117 * Some devices such as cfi(4) may perform significant amounts
118 * of work when a write descriptor is closed. Close the out
119 * descriptor explicitly so that the summary handler (called
120 * from an atexit() hook) includes this work.
131 i = c ^ (c >> 1) ^ (c >> 2) ^ (c >> 3) ^
132 (c >> 4) ^ (c >> 5) ^ (c >> 6) ^ (c >> 7);
141 unsigned long cmds[] = { FIODTYPE, MTIOCTOP };
143 if (in.name == NULL) {
145 in.fd = STDIN_FILENO;
147 in.fd = open(in.name, O_RDONLY, 0);
149 err(1, "%s", in.name);
154 cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_READ, CAP_SEEK);
155 if (cap_rights_limit(in.fd, &rights) == -1 && errno != ENOSYS)
156 err(1, "unable to limit capability rights");
158 if (files_cnt > 1 && !(in.flags & ISTAPE))
159 errx(1, "files is not supported for non-tape devices");
161 cap_rights_set(&rights, CAP_FTRUNCATE, CAP_IOCTL, CAP_WRITE);
162 if (out.name == NULL) {
163 /* No way to check for read access here. */
164 out.fd = STDOUT_FILENO;
168 (O_CREAT | (ddflags & (C_SEEK | C_NOTRUNC) ? 0 : O_TRUNC))
169 out.fd = open(out.name, O_RDWR | OFLAGS, DEFFILEMODE);
171 * May not have read access, so try again with write only.
172 * Without read we may have a problem if output also does
176 out.fd = open(out.name, O_WRONLY | OFLAGS, DEFFILEMODE);
178 cap_rights_clear(&rights, CAP_READ);
181 err(1, "%s", out.name);
186 if (cap_rights_limit(out.fd, &rights) == -1 && errno != ENOSYS)
187 err(1, "unable to limit capability rights");
188 if (cap_ioctls_limit(out.fd, cmds, nitems(cmds)) == -1 &&
190 err(1, "unable to limit capability rights");
192 if (in.fd != STDIN_FILENO && out.fd != STDIN_FILENO) {
193 if (caph_limit_stdin() == -1)
194 err(1, "unable to limit capability rights");
197 if (in.fd != STDOUT_FILENO && out.fd != STDOUT_FILENO) {
198 if (caph_limit_stdout() == -1)
199 err(1, "unable to limit capability rights");
202 if (in.fd != STDERR_FILENO && out.fd != STDERR_FILENO) {
203 if (caph_limit_stderr() == -1)
204 err(1, "unable to limit capability rights");
208 * Allocate space for the input and output buffers. If not doing
209 * record oriented I/O, only need a single buffer.
211 if (!(ddflags & (C_BLOCK | C_UNBLOCK))) {
212 if ((in.db = malloc((size_t)out.dbsz + in.dbsz - 1)) == NULL)
213 err(1, "input buffer");
215 } else if ((in.db = malloc(MAX((size_t)in.dbsz, cbsz) + cbsz)) == NULL ||
216 (out.db = malloc(out.dbsz + cbsz)) == NULL)
217 err(1, "output buffer");
219 /* dbp is the first free position in each buffer. */
223 /* Position the input/output streams. */
230 * Truncate the output file. If it fails on a type of output file
231 * that it should _not_ fail on, error out.
233 if ((ddflags & (C_OF | C_SEEK | C_NOTRUNC)) == (C_OF | C_SEEK) &&
235 if (ftruncate(out.fd, out.offset * out.dbsz) == -1)
236 err(1, "truncating %s", out.name);
238 if (ddflags & (C_LCASE | C_UCASE | C_ASCII | C_EBCDIC | C_PARITY)) {
240 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
241 casetab[cnt] = ctab[cnt];
243 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
246 if ((ddflags & C_PARITY) && !(ddflags & C_ASCII)) {
248 * If the input is not EBCDIC, and we do parity
249 * processing, strip input parity.
251 for (cnt = 200; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
252 casetab[cnt] = casetab[cnt & 0x7f];
254 if (ddflags & C_LCASE) {
255 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
256 casetab[cnt] = tolower(casetab[cnt]);
257 } else if (ddflags & C_UCASE) {
258 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
259 casetab[cnt] = toupper(casetab[cnt]);
261 if ((ddflags & C_PARITY)) {
263 * This should strictly speaking be a no-op, but I
264 * wonder what funny LANG settings could get us.
266 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
267 casetab[cnt] = casetab[cnt] & 0x7f;
269 if ((ddflags & C_PARSET)) {
270 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
271 casetab[cnt] = casetab[cnt] | 0x80;
273 if ((ddflags & C_PAREVEN)) {
274 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
275 if (parity(casetab[cnt]))
276 casetab[cnt] = casetab[cnt] | 0x80;
278 if ((ddflags & C_PARODD)) {
279 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
280 if (!parity(casetab[cnt]))
281 casetab[cnt] = casetab[cnt] | 0x80;
287 if ((ddflags & C_PROGRESS)) {
288 struct itimerval timer = {
289 .it_interval = { .tv_sec = 1, .tv_usec = 0 },
290 .it_value = { .tv_sec = 1, .tv_usec = 0 },
292 setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &timer, NULL);
295 if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &st.start))
296 err(1, "clock_gettime");
305 if (fstat(io->fd, &sb) == -1)
306 err(1, "%s", io->name);
307 if (S_ISREG(sb.st_mode))
308 io->flags |= ISTRUNC;
309 if (S_ISCHR(sb.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(sb.st_mode)) {
310 if (ioctl(io->fd, FIODTYPE, &type) == -1) {
311 err(1, "%s", io->name);
315 else if (type & (D_DISK | D_MEM))
317 if (S_ISCHR(sb.st_mode) && (type & D_TAPE) == 0)
323 if (lseek(io->fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_CUR) == -1 && errno == ESPIPE)
330 * Limit the speed by adding a delay before every block read.
331 * The delay (t_usleep) is equal to the time computed from block
332 * size and the specified speed limit (t_target) minus the time
333 * spent on actual read and write operations (t_io).
338 static double t_prev, t_usleep;
339 double t_now, t_io, t_target;
341 t_now = secs_elapsed();
342 t_io = t_now - t_prev - t_usleep;
343 t_target = (double)in.dbsz / (double)speed;
344 t_usleep = t_target - t_io;
346 usleep(t_usleep * 1000000);
353 swapbytes(void *v, size_t len)
355 unsigned char *p = v;
374 case -1: /* count=0 was specified */
379 if (st.in_full + st.in_part >= (uintmax_t)cpy_cnt)
388 * Zero the buffer first if sync; if doing block operations,
391 if (ddflags & C_SYNC) {
392 if (ddflags & C_FILL)
393 memset(in.dbp, fill_char, in.dbsz);
394 else if (ddflags & (C_BLOCK | C_UNBLOCK))
395 memset(in.dbp, ' ', in.dbsz);
397 memset(in.dbp, 0, in.dbsz);
400 n = read(in.fd, in.dbp, in.dbsz);
409 * If noerror not specified, die. POSIX requires that
410 * the warning message be followed by an I/O display.
412 if (!(ddflags & C_NOERROR))
413 err(1, "%s", in.name);
418 * If it's a seekable file descriptor, seek past the
419 * error. If your OS doesn't do the right thing for
420 * raw disks this section should be modified to re-read
421 * in sector size chunks.
423 if (in.flags & ISSEEK &&
424 lseek(in.fd, (off_t)in.dbsz, SEEK_CUR))
427 /* If sync not specified, omit block and continue. */
428 if (!(ddflags & C_SYNC))
431 /* Read errors count as full blocks. */
432 in.dbcnt += in.dbrcnt = in.dbsz;
435 /* Handle full input blocks. */
436 } else if ((size_t)n == (size_t)in.dbsz) {
437 in.dbcnt += in.dbrcnt = n;
440 /* Handle partial input blocks. */
442 /* If sync, use the entire block. */
443 if (ddflags & C_SYNC)
444 in.dbcnt += in.dbrcnt = in.dbsz;
446 in.dbcnt += in.dbrcnt = n;
451 * POSIX states that if bs is set and no other conversions
452 * than noerror, notrunc or sync are specified, the block
453 * is output without buffering as it is read.
455 if ((ddflags & ~(C_NOERROR | C_NOTRUNC | C_SYNC)) == C_BS) {
456 out.dbcnt = in.dbcnt;
462 if (ddflags & C_SWAB) {
463 if ((n = in.dbrcnt) & 1) {
467 swapbytes(in.dbp, (size_t)n);
482 * Clean up any remaining I/O and flush output. If necessary, the output file
490 else if (cfunc == block)
492 else if (cfunc == unblock)
494 if (ddflags & C_OSYNC && out.dbcnt && out.dbcnt < out.dbsz) {
495 if (ddflags & C_FILL)
496 memset(out.dbp, fill_char, out.dbsz - out.dbcnt);
497 else if (ddflags & (C_BLOCK | C_UNBLOCK))
498 memset(out.dbp, ' ', out.dbsz - out.dbcnt);
500 memset(out.dbp, 0, out.dbsz - out.dbcnt);
501 out.dbcnt = out.dbsz;
503 if (out.dbcnt || pending)
507 * If the file ends with a hole, ftruncate it to extend its size
508 * up to the end of the hole (without having to write any data).
510 if (out.seek_offset > 0 && (out.flags & ISTRUNC)) {
511 if (ftruncate(out.fd, out.seek_offset) == -1)
512 err(1, "truncating %s", out.name);
526 * Write one or more blocks out. The common case is writing a full
527 * output block in a single write; increment the full block stats.
528 * Otherwise, we're into partial block writes. If a partial write,
529 * and it's a character device, just warn. If a tape device, quit.
531 * The partial writes represent two cases. 1: Where the input block
532 * was less than expected so the output block was less than expected.
533 * 2: Where the input block was the right size but we were forced to
534 * write the block in multiple chunks. The original versions of dd(1)
535 * never wrote a block in more than a single write, so the latter case
538 * One special case is if we're forced to do the write -- in that case
539 * we play games with the buffer size, and it's usually a partial write.
544 * If force, first try to write all pending data, else try to write
545 * just one block. Subsequently always write data one full block at
548 for (n = force ? out.dbcnt : out.dbsz;; n = out.dbsz) {
552 if (ddflags & C_SPARSE) {
553 sparse = 1; /* Is buffer sparse? */
554 for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++)
560 if (sparse && !force) {
566 * Seek past hole. Note that we need to record the
567 * reached offset, because we might have no more data
568 * to write, in which case we'll need to call
569 * ftruncate to extend the file size.
571 out.seek_offset = lseek(out.fd, pending, SEEK_CUR);
572 if (out.seek_offset == -1)
573 err(2, "%s: seek error creating sparse file",
578 nw = write(out.fd, outp, cnt);
587 errx(1, "%s: end of device", out.name);
589 err(1, "%s", out.name);
596 if ((size_t)nw == n && n == (size_t)out.dbsz)
601 if ((size_t) nw != cnt) {
602 if (out.flags & ISTAPE)
603 errx(1, "%s: short write on tape device",
605 if (out.flags & ISCHR && !warned) {
607 warnx("%s: short write on character device",
615 if ((out.dbcnt -= n) < out.dbsz)
619 /* Reassemble the output block. */
621 (void)memmove(out.db, out.dbp - out.dbcnt, out.dbcnt);
622 out.dbp = out.db + out.dbcnt;