2 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
4 * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993, 1994
5 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
7 * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
8 * Keith Muller of the University of California, San Diego and Lance
9 * Visser of Convex Computer Corporation.
11 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
12 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
14 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
15 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
16 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
17 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
18 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
19 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
20 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
21 * without specific prior written permission.
23 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
24 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
25 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
26 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
27 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
28 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
29 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
30 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
31 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
32 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
38 static char const copyright[] =
39 "@(#) Copyright (c) 1991, 1993, 1994\n\
40 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.\n";
44 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)dd.c 8.5 (Berkeley) 4/2/94";
47 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
48 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
50 #include <sys/param.h>
52 #include <sys/capsicum.h>
54 #include <sys/disklabel.h>
55 #include <sys/filio.h>
60 #include <capsicum_helpers.h>
76 static void dd_close(void);
77 static void dd_in(void);
78 static void getfdtype(IO *);
79 static void setup(void);
81 IO in, out; /* input/output state */
82 STAT st; /* statistics */
83 void (*cfunc)(void); /* conversion function */
84 uintmax_t cpy_cnt; /* # of blocks to copy */
85 static off_t pending = 0; /* pending seek if sparse */
86 uint64_t ddflags = 0; /* conversion options */
87 size_t cbsz; /* conversion block size */
88 uintmax_t files_cnt = 1; /* # of files to copy */
89 const u_char *ctab; /* conversion table */
90 char fill_char; /* Character to fill with if defined */
91 size_t speed = 0; /* maximum speed, in bytes per second */
92 volatile sig_atomic_t need_summary;
93 volatile sig_atomic_t need_progress;
96 main(int argc __unused, char *argv[])
98 struct itimerval itv = { { 1, 0 }, { 1, 0 } }; /* SIGALARM every second, if needed */
100 (void)setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
104 caph_cache_catpages();
105 if (caph_enter() < 0)
106 err(1, "unable to enter capability mode");
108 (void)signal(SIGINFO, siginfo_handler);
109 if (ddflags & C_PROGRESS) {
110 (void)signal(SIGALRM, sigalarm_handler);
111 setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv, NULL);
113 (void)signal(SIGINT, terminate);
122 * Some devices such as cfi(4) may perform significant amounts
123 * of work when a write descriptor is closed. Close the out
124 * descriptor explicitly so that the summary handler (called
125 * from an atexit() hook) includes this work.
127 if (close(out.fd) == -1 && errno != EINTR)
137 i = c ^ (c >> 1) ^ (c >> 2) ^ (c >> 3) ^
138 (c >> 4) ^ (c >> 5) ^ (c >> 6) ^ (c >> 7);
148 unsigned long cmds[] = { FIODTYPE, MTIOCTOP };
150 if (in.name == NULL) {
152 in.fd = STDIN_FILENO;
155 if (ddflags & C_IDIRECT)
157 in.fd = open(in.name, O_RDONLY | iflags, 0);
159 err(1, "%s", in.name);
164 cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_READ, CAP_SEEK);
165 if (caph_rights_limit(in.fd, &rights) == -1)
166 err(1, "unable to limit capability rights");
168 if (files_cnt > 1 && !(in.flags & ISTAPE))
169 errx(1, "files is not supported for non-tape devices");
171 cap_rights_set(&rights, CAP_FTRUNCATE, CAP_IOCTL, CAP_WRITE);
172 if (ddflags & (C_FDATASYNC | C_FSYNC))
173 cap_rights_set(&rights, CAP_FSYNC);
174 if (out.name == NULL) {
175 /* No way to check for read access here. */
176 out.fd = STDOUT_FILENO;
178 if (ddflags & C_OFSYNC) {
179 oflags = fcntl(out.fd, F_GETFL);
181 err(1, "unable to get fd flags for stdout");
183 if (fcntl(out.fd, F_SETFL, oflags) == -1)
184 err(1, "unable to set fd flags for stdout");
188 if (!(ddflags & (C_SEEK | C_NOTRUNC)))
190 if (ddflags & C_OFSYNC)
192 if (ddflags & C_ODIRECT)
194 out.fd = open(out.name, O_RDWR | oflags, DEFFILEMODE);
196 * May not have read access, so try again with write only.
197 * Without read we may have a problem if output also does
201 out.fd = open(out.name, O_WRONLY | oflags, DEFFILEMODE);
203 cap_rights_clear(&rights, CAP_READ);
206 err(1, "%s", out.name);
211 if (caph_rights_limit(out.fd, &rights) == -1)
212 err(1, "unable to limit capability rights");
213 if (caph_ioctls_limit(out.fd, cmds, nitems(cmds)) == -1)
214 err(1, "unable to limit capability rights");
216 if (in.fd != STDIN_FILENO && out.fd != STDIN_FILENO) {
217 if (caph_limit_stdin() == -1)
218 err(1, "unable to limit capability rights");
221 if (in.fd != STDOUT_FILENO && out.fd != STDOUT_FILENO) {
222 if (caph_limit_stdout() == -1)
223 err(1, "unable to limit capability rights");
226 if (in.fd != STDERR_FILENO && out.fd != STDERR_FILENO) {
227 if (caph_limit_stderr() == -1)
228 err(1, "unable to limit capability rights");
232 * Allocate space for the input and output buffers. If not doing
233 * record oriented I/O, only need a single buffer.
235 if (!(ddflags & (C_BLOCK | C_UNBLOCK))) {
236 if ((in.db = malloc((size_t)out.dbsz + in.dbsz - 1)) == NULL)
237 err(1, "input buffer");
239 } else if ((in.db = malloc(MAX((size_t)in.dbsz, cbsz) + cbsz)) == NULL ||
240 (out.db = malloc(out.dbsz + cbsz)) == NULL)
241 err(1, "output buffer");
243 /* dbp is the first free position in each buffer. */
247 /* Position the input/output streams. */
254 * Truncate the output file. If it fails on a type of output file
255 * that it should _not_ fail on, error out.
257 if ((ddflags & (C_OF | C_SEEK | C_NOTRUNC)) == (C_OF | C_SEEK) &&
259 if (ftruncate(out.fd, out.offset * out.dbsz) == -1)
260 err(1, "truncating %s", out.name);
262 if (ddflags & (C_LCASE | C_UCASE | C_ASCII | C_EBCDIC | C_PARITY)) {
264 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
265 casetab[cnt] = ctab[cnt];
267 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
270 if ((ddflags & C_PARITY) && !(ddflags & C_ASCII)) {
272 * If the input is not EBCDIC, and we do parity
273 * processing, strip input parity.
275 for (cnt = 200; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
276 casetab[cnt] = casetab[cnt & 0x7f];
278 if (ddflags & C_LCASE) {
279 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
280 casetab[cnt] = tolower(casetab[cnt]);
281 } else if (ddflags & C_UCASE) {
282 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
283 casetab[cnt] = toupper(casetab[cnt]);
285 if ((ddflags & C_PARITY)) {
287 * This should strictly speaking be a no-op, but I
288 * wonder what funny LANG settings could get us.
290 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
291 casetab[cnt] = casetab[cnt] & 0x7f;
293 if ((ddflags & C_PARSET)) {
294 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
295 casetab[cnt] = casetab[cnt] | 0x80;
297 if ((ddflags & C_PAREVEN)) {
298 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
299 if (parity(casetab[cnt]))
300 casetab[cnt] = casetab[cnt] | 0x80;
302 if ((ddflags & C_PARODD)) {
303 for (cnt = 0; cnt <= 0377; ++cnt)
304 if (!parity(casetab[cnt]))
305 casetab[cnt] = casetab[cnt] | 0x80;
311 if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &st.start))
312 err(1, "clock_gettime");
321 if (fstat(io->fd, &sb) == -1)
322 err(1, "%s", io->name);
323 if (S_ISREG(sb.st_mode))
324 io->flags |= ISTRUNC;
325 if (S_ISCHR(sb.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(sb.st_mode)) {
326 if (ioctl(io->fd, FIODTYPE, &type) == -1) {
327 err(1, "%s", io->name);
331 else if (type & (D_DISK | D_MEM))
333 if (S_ISCHR(sb.st_mode) && (type & D_TAPE) == 0)
339 if (lseek(io->fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_CUR) == -1 && errno == ESPIPE)
346 * Limit the speed by adding a delay before every block read.
347 * The delay (t_usleep) is equal to the time computed from block
348 * size and the specified speed limit (t_target) minus the time
349 * spent on actual read and write operations (t_io).
354 static double t_prev, t_usleep;
355 double t_now, t_io, t_target;
357 t_now = secs_elapsed();
358 t_io = t_now - t_prev - t_usleep;
359 t_target = (double)in.dbsz / (double)speed;
360 t_usleep = t_target - t_io;
362 usleep(t_usleep * 1000000);
369 swapbytes(void *v, size_t len)
371 unsigned char *p = v;
390 case -1: /* count=0 was specified */
395 if (st.in_full + st.in_part >= (uintmax_t)cpy_cnt)
404 * Zero the buffer first if sync; if doing block operations,
407 if (ddflags & C_SYNC) {
408 if (ddflags & C_FILL)
409 memset(in.dbp, fill_char, in.dbsz);
410 else if (ddflags & (C_BLOCK | C_UNBLOCK))
411 memset(in.dbp, ' ', in.dbsz);
413 memset(in.dbp, 0, in.dbsz);
418 n = read(in.fd, in.dbp + in.dbrcnt, in.dbsz - in.dbrcnt);
421 if (n == 0 && in.dbrcnt == 0)
427 * If noerror not specified, die. POSIX requires that
428 * the warning message be followed by an I/O display.
430 if (!(ddflags & C_NOERROR))
431 err(1, "%s", in.name);
436 * If it's a seekable file descriptor, seek past the
437 * error. If your OS doesn't do the right thing for
438 * raw disks this section should be modified to re-read
439 * in sector size chunks.
441 if (in.flags & ISSEEK &&
442 lseek(in.fd, (off_t)in.dbsz, SEEK_CUR))
445 /* If sync not specified, omit block and continue. */
446 if (!(ddflags & C_SYNC))
450 /* If conv=sync, use the entire block. */
451 if (ddflags & C_SYNC)
454 /* Count the bytes read for this block. */
457 /* Count the number of full and partial blocks. */
458 if (in.dbrcnt == in.dbsz)
460 else if (ddflags & C_IFULLBLOCK && n != 0)
461 goto fill; /* these don't count */
465 /* Count the total bytes read for this file. */
466 in.dbcnt += in.dbrcnt;
469 * POSIX states that if bs is set and no other conversions
470 * than noerror, notrunc or sync are specified, the block
471 * is output without buffering as it is read.
473 if ((ddflags & ~(C_NOERROR | C_NOTRUNC | C_SYNC)) == C_BS) {
474 out.dbcnt = in.dbcnt;
480 if (ddflags & C_SWAB) {
481 if ((n = in.dbrcnt) & 1) {
485 swapbytes(in.dbp, (size_t)n);
488 /* Advance to the next block. */
499 * Clean up any remaining I/O and flush output. If necessary, the output file
507 else if (cfunc == block)
509 else if (cfunc == unblock)
511 if (ddflags & C_OSYNC && out.dbcnt && out.dbcnt < out.dbsz) {
512 if (ddflags & C_FILL)
513 memset(out.dbp, fill_char, out.dbsz - out.dbcnt);
514 else if (ddflags & (C_BLOCK | C_UNBLOCK))
515 memset(out.dbp, ' ', out.dbsz - out.dbcnt);
517 memset(out.dbp, 0, out.dbsz - out.dbcnt);
518 out.dbcnt = out.dbsz;
520 if (out.dbcnt || pending)
524 * If the file ends with a hole, ftruncate it to extend its size
525 * up to the end of the hole (without having to write any data).
527 if (out.seek_offset > 0 && (out.flags & ISTRUNC)) {
528 if (ftruncate(out.fd, out.seek_offset) == -1)
529 err(1, "truncating %s", out.name);
532 if (ddflags & C_FSYNC) {
533 if (fsync(out.fd) == -1)
534 err(1, "fsyncing %s", out.name);
535 } else if (ddflags & C_FDATASYNC) {
536 if (fdatasync(out.fd) == -1)
537 err(1, "fdatasyncing %s", out.name);
551 * Write one or more blocks out. The common case is writing a full
552 * output block in a single write; increment the full block stats.
553 * Otherwise, we're into partial block writes. If a partial write,
554 * and it's a character device, just warn. If a tape device, quit.
556 * The partial writes represent two cases. 1: Where the input block
557 * was less than expected so the output block was less than expected.
558 * 2: Where the input block was the right size but we were forced to
559 * write the block in multiple chunks. The original versions of dd(1)
560 * never wrote a block in more than a single write, so the latter case
563 * One special case is if we're forced to do the write -- in that case
564 * we play games with the buffer size, and it's usually a partial write.
569 * If force, first try to write all pending data, else try to write
570 * just one block. Subsequently always write data one full block at
573 for (n = force ? out.dbcnt : out.dbsz;; n = out.dbsz) {
577 if (ddflags & C_SPARSE) {
578 /* Is buffer sparse? */
579 sparse = BISZERO(outp, cnt);
581 if (sparse && !force) {
587 * Seek past hole. Note that we need to record the
588 * reached offset, because we might have no more data
589 * to write, in which case we'll need to call
590 * ftruncate to extend the file size.
592 out.seek_offset = lseek(out.fd, pending, SEEK_CUR);
593 if (out.seek_offset == -1)
594 err(2, "%s: seek error creating sparse file",
599 nw = write(out.fd, outp, cnt);
608 errx(1, "%s: end of device", out.name);
610 err(1, "%s", out.name);
617 if ((size_t)nw == n && n == (size_t)out.dbsz)
622 if ((size_t) nw != cnt) {
623 if (out.flags & ISTAPE)
624 errx(1, "%s: short write on tape device",
626 if (out.flags & ISCHR && !warned) {
628 warnx("%s: short write on character device",
636 if ((out.dbcnt -= n) < out.dbsz)
640 /* Reassemble the output block. */
642 (void)memmove(out.db, out.dbp - out.dbcnt, out.dbcnt);
643 out.dbp = out.db + out.dbcnt;