2 .\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
3 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
5 .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
6 .\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
8 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
9 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
11 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
12 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
13 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
14 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
15 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
16 .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
17 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
18 .\" without specific prior written permission.
20 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
21 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
22 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
23 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
24 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
25 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
26 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
27 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
28 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
29 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32 .\" @(#)ls.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 7/29/94
40 .Nd list directory contents
44 .Op Fl ABCFGHILPRSTUWZabcdfghiklmnopqrstuwxy1,
48 For each operand that names a
53 displays its name as well as any requested,
54 associated information.
55 For each operand that names a
59 displays the names of files contained
60 within that directory, as well as any requested, associated
63 If no operands are given, the contents of the current
64 directory are displayed.
65 If more than one operand is given,
66 non-directory operands are displayed first; directory
67 and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in
68 lexicographical order.
70 The following options are available:
71 .Bl -tag -width indent
75 in a selection of different human and machine readable formats.
78 for details on command line arguments.
80 Include directory entries whose names begin with a
87 Automatically set for the super-user unless
91 Force printing of non-printable characters (as defined by
93 and current locale settings) in file names as
97 is the numeric value of the character in octal.
98 This option is not defined in
101 Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
103 When printing in the long
107 to format the date and time output.
112 Depending on the choice of format string, this may result in a
113 different number of columns in the output.
114 This option overrides the
117 This option is not defined in
122 immediately after each pathname that is a directory,
125 after each that is executable,
128 after each symbolic link,
140 Enable colorized output.
141 This option is equivalent to defining
147 This functionality can be compiled out by removing the definition of
149 This option is not defined in
152 Symbolic links on the command line are followed.
153 This option is assumed if
158 options are specified.
162 from being automatically set for the super-user.
163 This option is not defined in
166 If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references
167 rather than the link itself.
168 This option cancels the
172 If argument is a symbolic link, list the link itself rather than the
173 object the link references.
174 This option cancels the
180 Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
182 Sort by size (largest file first) before sorting the operands in
183 lexicographical order.
185 When printing in the long
187 format, display complete time information for the file, including
188 month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
191 option gives even more control over the output format.
192 This option is not defined in
195 Use time when file was created for sorting or printing.
196 This option is not defined in
199 Display whiteouts when scanning directories.
200 This option is not defined in
203 Display each file's MAC label; see
205 This option is not defined in
208 Include directory entries whose names begin with a
216 escape codes whenever possible.
217 This option is not defined in
220 Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or printing.
222 Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively).
224 Output is not sorted.
227 It also negates the effect of the
235 this option has no effect on the
243 This option has no effect.
244 It is only available for compatibility with
246 where it was used to display the group name in the long
249 This option is incompatible with
254 option, use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte
255 and Petabyte in order to reduce the number of digits to four or fewer
256 using base 2 for sizes.
257 This option is not defined in
260 For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number).
262 This has the same effect as setting environment variable
264 to 1024, except that it also nullifies any
268 (The lowercase letter
270 List files in the long format, as described in the
274 Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by commas.
276 Display user and group IDs numerically rather than converting to a user
277 or group name in a long
281 Include the file flags in a long
284 This option is incompatible with
288 for a list of file flags and their meanings.
292 after each filename if that file is a directory.
294 Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as
297 this is the default when output is to a terminal.
299 Reverse the order of the sort.
301 Display the number of blocks used in the file system by each file.
302 Block sizes and directory totals are handled as described in
304 subsection below, except (if the long format is not also requested)
305 the directory totals are not output when the output is in a
306 single column, even if multi-column output is requested.
308 Sort by descending time modified (most recently modified first).
309 If two files have the same modification timestamp, sort their names
310 in ascending lexicographical order.
313 option reverses both of these sort orders.
315 Note that these sort orders are contradictory: the time sequence is in
316 descending order, the lexicographical sort is in ascending order.
317 This behavior is mandated by
319 This feature can cause problems listing files stored with sequential names on
320 FAT file systems, such as from digital cameras, where it is possible to have
321 more than one image with the same timestamp.
322 In such a case, the photos cannot be listed in the sequence in which
324 To ensure the same sort order for time and for lexicographical sorting, set the
332 to reverse the lexicographical sort order when sorting files with the
333 same modification timestamp.
335 Use time of last access,
336 instead of time of last modification
337 of the file for sorting
342 Force raw printing of non-printable characters.
344 when output is not to a terminal.
345 This option is not defined in
350 except that the multi-column output is produced with entries sorted
351 across, rather than down, the columns.
355 option is set, sort the alphabetical output in the same order as the time output.
356 This has the same effect as setting
358 See the description of the
360 option for more details.
361 This option is not defined in
368 This is the default when
369 output is not to a terminal.
373 option is set, print file sizes grouped and separated by thousands using the
374 non-monetary separator returned by
376 typically a comma or period.
377 If no locale is set, or the locale does not have a non-monetary separator, this
378 option has no effect.
379 This option is not defined in
387 options all override each other; the last one specified determines
394 options all override each other; the last one specified determines
401 options override each other; the last one specified determines
408 options all override each other; the last one specified determines
409 the format used for non-printable characters.
415 options all override each other (either partially or fully); they
416 are applied in the order specified.
420 lists one entry per line to standard
421 output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the
425 options are specified.
427 File information is displayed with one or more
429 separating the information associated with the
437 option is given, the following information
438 is displayed for each file:
440 number of links, owner name, group name,
442 number of bytes in the file, abbreviated
443 month, day-of-month file was last modified,
444 hour file last modified, minute file last
445 modified, and the pathname.
447 If the modification time of the file is more than 6 months
448 in the past or future, and the
453 then the year of the last modification
454 is displayed in place of the hour and minute fields.
456 If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name,
460 the numeric ID's are displayed.
462 If the file is a character special or block special file,
463 the device number for the file is displayed in the size field.
464 If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
465 linked-to file is preceded by
468 The listing of a directory's contents is preceded
469 by a labeled total number of blocks used in the file system by the files
470 which are listed as the directory's contents
471 (which may or may not include
475 and other files which start with a dot, depending on other options).
477 The default block size is 512 bytes.
478 The block size may be set with option
480 or environment variable
482 Numbers of blocks in the output will have been rounded up so the
483 numbers of bytes is at least as many as used by the corresponding
484 file system blocks (which might have a different size).
486 The file mode printed under the
488 option consists of the
489 entry type and the permissions.
490 The entry type character describes the type of file, as
493 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
499 Character special file.
512 The next three fields
513 are three characters each:
515 group permissions, and
517 Each field has three character positions:
518 .Bl -enum -offset indent
522 the file is readable; if
528 the file is writable; if
532 The first of the following that applies:
533 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
535 If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and
536 set-user-ID mode is set.
537 If in the group permissions, the file is not executable
538 and set-group-ID mode is set.
540 If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
541 and set-user-ID mode is set.
542 If in the group permissions, the file is executable
543 and setgroup-ID mode is set.
545 The file is executable or the directory is
548 The file is neither readable, writable, executable,
549 nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky.
553 These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
555 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
557 The sticky bit is set
560 but not execute or search permission.
566 The sticky bit is set (mode
568 and is searchable or executable.
576 The next field contains a
579 character if the file has an ACL, or a
585 utility does not show the actual ACL;
590 The following environment variables affect the execution of
592 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE"
594 If this is set, its value, rounded up to 512 or down to a
595 multiple of 512, will be used as the block size in bytes by the
602 subsection for more information.
606 color sequences to distinguish file types.
610 In addition to the file types mentioned in the
612 option some extra attributes (setuid bit set, etc.) are also displayed.
613 The colorization is dependent on a terminal type with the proper
618 console has the proper capabilities,
619 but to display the colors in an
624 variable must be set to
626 Other terminal types may require similar adjustments.
628 is silently disabled if the output is not directed to a terminal
632 .It Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE
633 Color sequences are normally disabled if the output is not directed to
635 This can be overridden by setting this variable.
638 variable still needs to reference a color capable terminal however
639 otherwise it is not possible to determine which color sequences to
646 If this variable contains a string representing a
647 decimal integer, it is used as the
648 column position width for displaying
649 multiple-text-column output.
652 utility calculates how
653 many pathname text columns to display
654 based on the width provided.
660 The locale to use when determining the order of day and month in the long
665 for more information.
667 The value of this variable describes what color to use for which
668 attribute when colors are enabled with
672 This string is a concatenation of pairs of the format
676 is the foreground color and
678 is the background color.
680 The color designators are as follows:
682 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
700 bold black, usually shows up as dark grey
706 bold brown, usually shows up as yellow
714 bold light grey; looks like bright white
716 default foreground or background
719 Note that the above are standard
722 The actual display may differ
723 depending on the color capabilities of the terminal in use.
725 The order of the attributes are as follows:
727 .Bl -enum -offset indent -compact
743 executable with setuid bit set
745 executable with setgid bit set
747 directory writable to others, with sticky bit
749 directory writable to others, without sticky bit
753 .Qq "exfxcxdxbxegedabagacad" ,
754 i.e., blue foreground and
755 default background for regular directories, black foreground and red
756 background for setuid executables, etc.
758 If this variable is set, it is considered to be a
759 colon-delimited list of minimum column widths.
761 and insufficient widths are ignored (thus zero signifies
762 a dynamically sized column).
763 Not all columns have changeable widths.
765 in order: inode, block count, number of links, user name,
766 group name, flags, file size, file name.
768 If this variable is set, the
770 option sorts the names of files with the same modification timestamp in the same
771 sense as the time sort.
772 See the description of the
774 option for more details.
780 functionality depends on a terminal type with color capabilities.
782 The timezone to use when displaying dates.
785 for more information.
790 List the contents of the current working directory in long format:
794 In addition to listing the contents of the current working directory in
795 long format, show inode numbers, file flags (see
797 and suffix each filename with a symbol representing its file type:
803 sorting the output such that the mostly recently modified entries are
806 .Dl $ ls -lt /var/log
808 The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
809 files in order to be compatible with the
822 .Xr xo_parse_args 3 ,
829 With the exception of options
838 .Fl B , D , G , I , T , U , W , Z , b , h , w , y
841 are compatible extensions not defined in
844 The ACL support is compatible with
847 .Pq Dq Tn POSIX Ns .2c
856 To maintain backward compatibility, the relationships between the many
857 options are quite complex.
859 The exception mentioned in the
861 option description might be a feature that was
862 based on the fact that single-column output
863 usually goes to something other than a terminal.
864 It is debatable whether this is a design bug.
867 mandates opposite sort orders for files with the same timestamp when