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32 .\" @(#)ls.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 7/29/94
40 .Nd list directory contents
43 .Op Fl ABCFGHILPRSTUWZabcdfghiklmnopqrstuwxy1,
44 .Op Fl -color Ns = Ns Ar when
48 For each operand that names a
53 displays its name as well as any requested,
54 associated information.
55 For each operand that names a
59 displays the names of files contained
60 within that directory, as well as any requested, associated
63 If no operands are given, the contents of the current
64 directory are displayed.
65 If more than one operand is given,
66 non-directory operands are displayed first; directory
67 and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in
68 lexicographical order.
70 The following options are available:
71 .Bl -tag -width indent
73 Include directory entries whose names begin with a
80 Automatically set for the super-user unless
84 Force printing of non-printable characters (as defined by
86 and current locale settings) in file names as
90 is the numeric value of the character in octal.
91 This option is not defined in
94 Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
96 When printing in the long
100 to format the date and time output.
105 Depending on the choice of format string, this may result in a
106 different number of columns in the output.
107 This option overrides the
110 This option is not defined in
115 immediately after each pathname that is a directory,
118 after each that is executable,
121 after each symbolic link,
133 Enable colorized output.
134 This option is equivalent to defining
140 This functionality can be compiled out by removing the definition of
142 This option is not defined in
145 Symbolic links on the command line are followed.
146 This option is assumed if
151 options are specified.
155 from being automatically set for the super-user.
156 This option is not defined in
159 If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references
160 rather than the link itself.
161 This option cancels the
165 If argument is a symbolic link, list the link itself rather than the
166 object the link references.
167 This option cancels the
173 Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
175 Sort by size (largest file first) before sorting the operands in
176 lexicographical order.
178 When printing in the long
180 format, display complete time information for the file, including
181 month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
184 option gives even more control over the output format.
185 This option is not defined in
188 Use time when file was created for sorting or printing.
189 This option is not defined in
192 Display whiteouts when scanning directories.
193 This option is not defined in
196 Display each file's MAC label; see
198 This option is not defined in
201 Include directory entries whose names begin with a
209 escape codes whenever possible.
210 This option is not defined in
213 Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or printing.
214 .It Fl -color Ns = Ns Ar when
215 Output colored escape sequences based on
217 which may be set to either
229 is unset or set to an invalid terminal, then
231 will fall back to explicit
233 escape sequences without the help of
238 is specified without an argument.
243 output escape sequences based on
247 is a tty and either the
249 flag is specified or the
251 environment variable is set and not empty.
254 will disable color regardless of environment variables.
256 is the default when neither
262 For compatibility with GNU coreutils,
282 Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively).
284 Output is not sorted.
287 It also negates the effect of the
295 this option has no effect on the
303 This option has no effect.
304 It is only available for compatibility with
306 where it was used to display the group name in the long
309 This option is incompatible with
314 option, use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte
315 and Petabyte in order to reduce the number of digits to four or fewer
316 using base 2 for sizes.
317 This option is not defined in
320 For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number).
322 This has the same effect as setting environment variable
324 to 1024, except that it also nullifies any
328 (The lowercase letter
330 List files in the long format, as described in the
334 Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by commas.
336 Display user and group IDs numerically rather than converting to a user
337 or group name in a long
341 Include the file flags in a long
344 This option is incompatible with
348 for a list of file flags and their meanings.
352 after each filename if that file is a directory.
354 Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as
357 this is the default when output is to a terminal.
359 Reverse the order of the sort.
361 Display the number of blocks used in the file system by each file.
362 Block sizes and directory totals are handled as described in
364 subsection below, except (if the long format is not also requested)
365 the directory totals are not output when the output is in a
366 single column, even if multi-column output is requested.
368 Sort by descending time modified (most recently modified first).
369 If two files have the same modification timestamp, sort their names
370 in ascending lexicographical order.
373 option reverses both of these sort orders.
375 Note that these sort orders are contradictory: the time sequence is in
376 descending order, the lexicographical sort is in ascending order.
377 This behavior is mandated by
379 This feature can cause problems listing files stored with sequential names on
380 FAT file systems, such as from digital cameras, where it is possible to have
381 more than one image with the same timestamp.
382 In such a case, the photos cannot be listed in the sequence in which
384 To ensure the same sort order for time and for lexicographical sorting, set the
392 to reverse the lexicographical sort order when sorting files with the
393 same modification timestamp.
395 Use time of last access,
396 instead of time of last modification
397 of the file for sorting
402 Force raw printing of non-printable characters.
404 when output is not to a terminal.
405 This option is not defined in
410 except that the multi-column output is produced with entries sorted
411 across, rather than down, the columns.
415 option is set, sort the alphabetical output in the same order as the time output.
416 This has the same effect as setting
418 See the description of the
420 option for more details.
421 This option is not defined in
428 This is the default when
429 output is not to a terminal.
433 option is set, print file sizes grouped and separated by thousands using the
434 non-monetary separator returned by
436 typically a comma or period.
437 If no locale is set, or the locale does not have a non-monetary separator, this
438 option has no effect.
439 This option is not defined in
447 options all override each other; the last one specified determines
454 options all override each other; the last one specified determines
461 options override each other; the last one specified determines
468 options all override each other; the last one specified determines
469 the format used for non-printable characters.
475 options all override each other (either partially or fully); they
476 are applied in the order specified.
480 lists one entry per line to standard
481 output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the
485 options are specified.
487 File information is displayed with one or more
489 separating the information associated with the
497 option is given, the following information
498 is displayed for each file:
500 number of links, owner name, group name,
502 number of bytes in the file, abbreviated
503 month, day-of-month file was last modified,
504 hour file last modified, minute file last
505 modified, and the pathname.
507 If the modification time of the file is more than 6 months
508 in the past or future, and the
513 then the year of the last modification
514 is displayed in place of the hour and minute fields.
516 If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name,
520 the numeric ID's are displayed.
522 If the file is a character special or block special file,
523 the device number for the file is displayed in the size field.
524 If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
525 linked-to file is preceded by
528 The listing of a directory's contents is preceded
529 by a labeled total number of blocks used in the file system by the files
530 which are listed as the directory's contents
531 (which may or may not include
535 and other files which start with a dot, depending on other options).
537 The default block size is 512 bytes.
538 The block size may be set with option
540 or environment variable
542 Numbers of blocks in the output will have been rounded up so the
543 numbers of bytes is at least as many as used by the corresponding
544 file system blocks (which might have a different size).
546 The file mode printed under the
548 option consists of the
549 entry type and the permissions.
550 The entry type character describes the type of file, as
553 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
559 Character special file.
572 The next three fields
573 are three characters each:
575 group permissions, and
577 Each field has three character positions:
578 .Bl -enum -offset indent
582 the file is readable; if
588 the file is writable; if
592 The first of the following that applies:
593 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
595 If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and
596 set-user-ID mode is set.
597 If in the group permissions, the file is not executable
598 and set-group-ID mode is set.
600 If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
601 and set-user-ID mode is set.
602 If in the group permissions, the file is executable
603 and setgroup-ID mode is set.
605 The file is executable or the directory is
608 The file is neither readable, writable, executable,
609 nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky.
613 These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
615 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
617 The sticky bit is set
620 but not execute or search permission.
626 The sticky bit is set (mode
628 and is searchable or executable.
636 The next field contains a
639 character if the file has an ACL, or a
645 utility does not show the actual ACL;
650 The following environment variables affect the execution of
652 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE"
654 If this is set, its value, rounded up to 512 or down to a
655 multiple of 512, will be used as the block size in bytes by the
662 subsection for more information.
666 color sequences to distinguish file types.
670 In addition to the file types mentioned in the
672 option some extra attributes (setuid bit set, etc.) are also displayed.
673 The colorization is dependent on a terminal type with the proper
678 console has the proper capabilities,
679 but to display the colors in an
684 variable must be set to
686 Other terminal types may require similar adjustments.
688 is silently disabled if the output is not directed to a terminal
691 variable is defined or
695 .It Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE
696 Color sequences are normally disabled if the output is not directed to
698 This can be overridden by setting this variable.
701 variable still needs to reference a color capable terminal however
702 otherwise it is not possible to determine which color sequences to
709 If this variable contains a string representing a
710 decimal integer, it is used as the
711 column position width for displaying
712 multiple-text-column output.
715 utility calculates how
716 many pathname text columns to display
717 based on the width provided.
723 The locale to use when determining the order of day and month in the long
728 for more information.
730 The value of this variable describes what color to use for which
731 attribute when colors are enabled with
735 This string is a concatenation of pairs of the format
739 is the foreground color and
741 is the background color.
743 The color designators are as follows:
745 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
763 bold black, usually shows up as dark grey
769 bold brown, usually shows up as yellow
777 bold light grey; looks like bright white
779 default foreground or background
782 Note that the above are standard
785 The actual display may differ
786 depending on the color capabilities of the terminal in use.
788 The order of the attributes are as follows:
790 .Bl -enum -offset indent -compact
806 executable with setuid bit set
808 executable with setgid bit set
810 directory writable to others, with sticky bit
812 directory writable to others, without sticky bit
816 .Qq "exfxcxdxbxegedabagacad" ,
817 i.e., blue foreground and
818 default background for regular directories, black foreground and red
819 background for setuid executables, etc.
821 If this variable is set, it is considered to be a
822 colon-delimited list of minimum column widths.
824 and insufficient widths are ignored (thus zero signifies
825 a dynamically sized column).
826 Not all columns have changeable widths.
828 in order: inode, block count, number of links, user name,
829 group name, flags, file size, file name.
831 If this variable is set, the
833 option sorts the names of files with the same modification timestamp in the same
834 sense as the time sort.
835 See the description of the
837 option for more details.
843 functionality depends on a terminal type with color capabilities.
845 The timezone to use when displaying dates.
848 for more information.
853 List the contents of the current working directory in long format:
857 In addition to listing the contents of the current working directory in
858 long format, show inode numbers, file flags (see
860 and suffix each filename with a symbol representing its file type:
866 sorting the output such that the mostly recently modified entries are
869 .Dl $ ls -lt /var/log
871 The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
872 files in order to be compatible with the
890 With the exception of options
899 .Fl B , D , G , I , T , U , W , Z , b , h , w , y
902 are compatible extensions not defined in
905 The ACL support is compatible with
908 .Pq Dq Tn POSIX Ns .2c
917 To maintain backward compatibility, the relationships between the many
918 options are quite complex.
920 The exception mentioned in the
922 option description might be a feature that was
923 based on the fact that single-column output
924 usually goes to something other than a terminal.
925 It is debatable whether this is a design bug.
928 mandates opposite sort orders for files with the same timestamp when