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32 .\" @(#)ls.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 7/29/94
40 .Nd list directory contents
43 .Op Fl ABCFGHILPRSTUWZabcdfghiklmnopqrstuwxy1,
47 For each operand that names a
52 displays its name as well as any requested,
53 associated information.
54 For each operand that names a
58 displays the names of files contained
59 within that directory, as well as any requested, associated
62 If no operands are given, the contents of the current
63 directory are displayed.
64 If more than one operand is given,
65 non-directory operands are displayed first; directory
66 and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in
67 lexicographical order.
69 The following options are available:
70 .Bl -tag -width indent
72 Include directory entries whose names begin with a
79 Automatically set for the super-user unless
83 Force printing of non-printable characters (as defined by
85 and current locale settings) in file names as
89 is the numeric value of the character in octal.
90 This option is not defined in
93 Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
95 When printing in the long
99 to format the date and time output.
104 Depending on the choice of format string, this may result in a
105 different number of columns in the output.
106 This option overrides the
109 This option is not defined in
114 immediately after each pathname that is a directory,
117 after each that is executable,
120 after each symbolic link,
132 Enable colorized output.
133 This option is equivalent to defining
137 This functionality can be compiled out by removing the definition of
139 This option is not defined in
142 Symbolic links on the command line are followed.
143 This option is assumed if
148 options are specified.
152 from being automatically set for the super-user.
153 This option is not defined in
156 If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references
157 rather than the link itself.
158 This option cancels the
162 If argument is a symbolic link, list the link itself rather than the
163 object the link references.
164 This option cancels the
170 Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
172 Sort by size (largest file first) before sorting the operands in
173 lexicographical order.
175 When printing in the long
177 format, display complete time information for the file, including
178 month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
181 option gives even more control over the output format.
182 This option is not defined in
185 Use time when file was created for sorting or printing.
186 This option is not defined in
189 Display whiteouts when scanning directories.
190 This option is not defined in
193 Display each file's MAC label; see
195 This option is not defined in
198 Include directory entries whose names begin with a
206 escape codes whenever possible.
207 This option is not defined in
210 Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or printing.
212 Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively).
214 Output is not sorted.
217 It also negates the effect of the
225 this option has no effect on the
233 This option has no effect.
234 It is only available for compatibility with
236 where it was used to display the group name in the long
239 This option is incompatible with
244 option, use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte
245 and Petabyte in order to reduce the number of digits to four or fewer
246 using base 2 for sizes.
247 This option is not defined in
250 For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number).
252 This has the same effect as setting environment variable
254 to 1024, except that it also nullifies any
258 (The lowercase letter
260 List files in the long format, as described in the
264 Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by commas.
266 Display user and group IDs numerically rather than converting to a user
267 or group name in a long
271 Include the file flags in a long
274 This option is incompatible with
278 for a list of file flags and their meanings.
282 after each filename if that file is a directory.
284 Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as
287 this is the default when output is to a terminal.
289 Reverse the order of the sort.
291 Display the number of blocks used in the file system by each file.
292 Block sizes and directory totals are handled as described in
294 subsection below, except (if the long format is not also requested)
295 the directory totals are not output when the output is in a
296 single column, even if multi-column output is requested.
298 Sort by descending time modified (most recently modified first).
299 If two files have the same modification timestamp, sort their names
300 in ascending lexicographical order.
303 option reverses both of these sort orders.
305 Note that these sort orders are contradictory: the time sequence is in
306 descending order, the lexicographical sort is in ascending order.
307 This behavior is mandated by
309 This feature can cause problems listing files stored with sequential names on
310 FAT file systems, such as from digital cameras, where it is possible to have
311 more than one image with the same timestamp.
312 In such a case, the photos cannot be listed in the sequence in which
314 To ensure the same sort order for time and for lexicographical sorting, set the
322 to reverse the lexicographical sort order when sorting files with the
323 same modification timestamp.
325 Use time of last access,
326 instead of time of last modification
327 of the file for sorting
332 Force raw printing of non-printable characters.
334 when output is not to a terminal.
335 This option is not defined in
340 except that the multi-column output is produced with entries sorted
341 across, rather than down, the columns.
345 option is set, sort the alphabetical output in the same order as the time output.
346 This has the same effect as setting
348 See the description of the
350 option for more details.
351 This option is not defined in
358 This is the default when
359 output is not to a terminal.
363 option is set, print file sizes grouped and separated by thousands using the
364 non-monetary separator returned by
366 typically a comma or period.
367 If no locale is set, or the locale does not have a non-monetary separator, this
368 option has no effect.
369 This option is not defined in
377 options all override each other; the last one specified determines
384 options all override each other; the last one specified determines
391 options override each other; the last one specified determines
398 options all override each other; the last one specified determines
399 the format used for non-printable characters.
405 options all override each other (either partially or fully); they
406 are applied in the order specified.
410 lists one entry per line to standard
411 output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the
415 options are specified.
417 File information is displayed with one or more
419 separating the information associated with the
427 option is given, the following information
428 is displayed for each file:
430 number of links, owner name, group name,
432 number of bytes in the file, abbreviated
433 month, day-of-month file was last modified,
434 hour file last modified, minute file last
435 modified, and the pathname.
437 If the modification time of the file is more than 6 months
438 in the past or future, and the
443 then the year of the last modification
444 is displayed in place of the hour and minute fields.
446 If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name,
450 the numeric ID's are displayed.
452 If the file is a character special or block special file,
453 the device number for the file is displayed in the size field.
454 If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
455 linked-to file is preceded by
458 The listing of a directory's contents is preceded
459 by a labeled total number of blocks used in the file system by the files
460 which are listed as the directory's contents
461 (which may or may not include
465 and other files which start with a dot, depending on other options).
467 The default block size is 512 bytes.
468 The block size may be set with option
470 or environment variable
472 Numbers of blocks in the output will have been rounded up so the
473 numbers of bytes is at least as many as used by the corresponding
474 file system blocks (which might have a different size).
476 The file mode printed under the
478 option consists of the
479 entry type and the permissions.
480 The entry type character describes the type of file, as
483 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
489 Character special file.
502 The next three fields
503 are three characters each:
505 group permissions, and
507 Each field has three character positions:
508 .Bl -enum -offset indent
512 the file is readable; if
518 the file is writable; if
522 The first of the following that applies:
523 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
525 If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and
526 set-user-ID mode is set.
527 If in the group permissions, the file is not executable
528 and set-group-ID mode is set.
530 If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
531 and set-user-ID mode is set.
532 If in the group permissions, the file is executable
533 and setgroup-ID mode is set.
535 The file is executable or the directory is
538 The file is neither readable, writable, executable,
539 nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky.
543 These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
545 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
547 The sticky bit is set
550 but not execute or search permission.
556 The sticky bit is set (mode
558 and is searchable or executable.
566 The next field contains a
569 character if the file has an ACL, or a
575 utility does not show the actual ACL;
580 The following environment variables affect the execution of
582 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE"
584 If this is set, its value, rounded up to 512 or down to a
585 multiple of 512, will be used as the block size in bytes by the
592 subsection for more information.
596 color sequences to distinguish file types.
600 In addition to the file types mentioned in the
602 option some extra attributes (setuid bit set, etc.) are also displayed.
603 The colorization is dependent on a terminal type with the proper
608 console has the proper capabilities,
609 but to display the colors in an
614 variable must be set to
616 Other terminal types may require similar adjustments.
618 is silently disabled if the output is not directed to a terminal
622 .It Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE
623 Color sequences are normally disabled if the output is not directed to
625 This can be overridden by setting this variable.
628 variable still needs to reference a color capable terminal however
629 otherwise it is not possible to determine which color sequences to
632 If this variable contains a string representing a
633 decimal integer, it is used as the
634 column position width for displaying
635 multiple-text-column output.
638 utility calculates how
639 many pathname text columns to display
640 based on the width provided.
646 The locale to use when determining the order of day and month in the long
651 for more information.
653 The value of this variable describes what color to use for which
654 attribute when colors are enabled with
656 This string is a concatenation of pairs of the format
660 is the foreground color and
662 is the background color.
664 The color designators are as follows:
666 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
684 bold black, usually shows up as dark grey
690 bold brown, usually shows up as yellow
698 bold light grey; looks like bright white
700 default foreground or background
703 Note that the above are standard
706 The actual display may differ
707 depending on the color capabilities of the terminal in use.
709 The order of the attributes are as follows:
711 .Bl -enum -offset indent -compact
727 executable with setuid bit set
729 executable with setgid bit set
731 directory writable to others, with sticky bit
733 directory writable to others, without sticky bit
737 .Qq "exfxcxdxbxegedabagacad" ,
738 i.e., blue foreground and
739 default background for regular directories, black foreground and red
740 background for setuid executables, etc.
742 If this variable is set, it is considered to be a
743 colon-delimited list of minimum column widths.
745 and insufficient widths are ignored (thus zero signifies
746 a dynamically sized column).
747 Not all columns have changeable widths.
749 in order: inode, block count, number of links, user name,
750 group name, flags, file size, file name.
752 If this variable is set, the
754 option sorts the names of files with the same modification timestamp in the same
755 sense as the time sort.
756 See the description of the
758 option for more details.
762 functionality depends on a terminal type with color capabilities.
764 The timezone to use when displaying dates.
767 for more information.
772 List the contents of the current working directory in long format:
776 In addition to listing the contents of the current working directory in
777 long format, show inode numbers, file flags (see
779 and suffix each filename with a symbol representing its file type:
785 sorting the output such that the mostly recently modified entries are
788 .Dl $ ls -lt /var/log
790 The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
791 files in order to be compatible with the
809 With the exception of options
818 .Fl B , D , G , I , T , U , W , Z , b , h , w , y
821 are compatible extensions not defined in
824 The ACL support is compatible with
827 .Pq Dq Tn POSIX Ns .2c
836 To maintain backward compatibility, the relationships between the many
837 options are quite complex.
839 The exception mentioned in the
841 option description might be a feature that was
842 based on the fact that single-column output
843 usually goes to something other than a terminal.
844 It is debatable whether this is a design bug.
847 mandates opposite sort orders for files with the same timestamp when