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32 .\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
43 .Op Fl aCcefhjlmrSTuvwxZ
50 .Oo Fl U Ar username Ns Xo
51 .Op , Ns Ar username Ns No ...
60 displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your
61 processes that have controlling terminals.
62 This information is sorted by controlling terminal, then by process
65 The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
71 The default output format includes, for each process, the process'
73 controlling terminal, cpu time (including both user and system time),
74 state, and associated command.
76 The process filesystem (see
78 should be mounted when
80 is executed, otherwise not all information will be available.
82 The options are as follows:
83 .Bl -tag -width indent
85 Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
86 This can be disabled by setting the
87 .Va security.bsd.see_other_uids
90 Change the ``command'' column output to just contain the executable name,
91 rather than the full command line.
93 Change the way the cpu percentage is calculated by using a ``raw''
94 cpu calculation that ignores ``resident'' time (this normally has
97 Display the environment as well.
99 Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
100 This option is honored only if the uid of the user is 0.
102 Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
103 header per page of information.
105 Print information associated with the following keywords:
106 user, pid, ppid, pgid, jobc, state, tt, time and command.
108 List the set of available keywords.
110 Display information associated with the following keywords:
111 uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, mwchan, state, tt, time
114 Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
115 instead of the default
118 Sort by memory usage, instead of by process
121 Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default
122 .Pa /boot/kernel/kernel .
124 Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
125 of keywords specified, after the process
127 in the default information
129 Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
130 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
133 Display information associated with the space or comma separated
134 list of keywords specified.
135 Multiple keywords may also be given in the form of more than one
138 Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
139 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
142 Display information associated with the specified process
145 Sort by current cpu usage, instead of by process
148 Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
149 children to their parent process.
151 Display information about processes attached to the device associated
152 with the standard input.
154 Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
157 Display the processes belonging to the specified
158 .Ar username Ns (s) .
160 Display information associated with the following keywords:
161 user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time and command.
168 Display information associated with the following keywords:
169 pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz,
170 %cpu, %mem and command.
177 Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
181 option is specified more than once,
183 will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
185 Display information about processes without controlling terminals.
187 Add lvl to the list of keywords for which
189 will display information.
192 A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
193 Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
194 .Bl -tag -width mtxname
196 The cpu utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
197 a minute of previous (real) time.
198 Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
199 be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
201 fields to exceed 100%.
203 The percentage of real memory used by this process.
205 The flags associated with the process as in
208 .Bl -column P_NOCLDSTOP P_NOCLDSTOP
209 .It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001 Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
210 .It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002 Has a controlling terminal"
211 .It Dv "P_INMEM" Ta No "0x00004 Loaded into memory"
212 .It Dv "P_NOCLDSTOP" Ta No "0x00008 No SIGCHLD when children stop"
213 .It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010 Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
214 .It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020 Has started profiling"
215 .It Dv "P_SELECT" Ta No "0x00040 Selecting; wakeup/waiting danger"
216 .It Dv "P_SINTR" Ta No "0x00080 Sleep is interruptible"
217 .It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100 Had set id privileges since last exec"
218 .It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200 System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
219 .It Dv "P_TIMEOUT" Ta No "0x00400 Timing out during sleep"
220 .It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800 Debugged process being traced"
221 .It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000 Debugging process has waited for child"
222 .It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000 Working on exiting"
223 .It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000 Process called exec"
224 .It Dv "P_OWEUPC" Ta No "0x20000 Owe process an addupc() call at next ast"
225 .It Dv "P_SWAPPING" Ta No "0x40000 Process is being swapped"
228 The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
231 The exact time the command started, using the ``%c'' format described in
234 The LOMAC level of the process.
238 that the process is currently blocked on.
239 If the name is invalid or unknown, then
243 The event name if the process is blocked normally, or the mutex name if
244 the process is blocked on a mutex. See the wchan and mtxname keywords
247 The process scheduling increment (see
248 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
250 the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
252 The time the command started.
253 If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
254 displayed using the ``%l:ps.1p'' format described in
256 If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
257 displayed using the ``%a6.15p'' format.
258 Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the ``%e%b%y'' format.
260 The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
262 The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
264 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
266 Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
268 Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
270 Marks a process which is in
272 The hostname of the prison can be found in
273 .Ql Li /proc/<pid>/status .
275 Marks a process that is waiting to acquire a mutex.
277 Marks a runnable process.
279 Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
281 Marks a stopped process.
283 Marks a dead process (a ``zombie'').
286 Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
289 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
291 The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
293 The process has raised
297 The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is
298 currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not
301 the process has asked for random page replacement
302 .Pf ( Dv MADV_RANDOM ,
307 in a garbage collect).
309 The process is trying to exit.
311 The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
314 The process has reduced
316 scheduling priority (see
317 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
319 The process has asked for
322 .Pf ( Dv MADV_SEQUENTIAL ,
325 for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to
326 sequentially address voluminous data).
328 The process is a session leader.
330 The process is suspended during a
333 The process is swapped out.
335 The process is being traced or debugged.
338 An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
339 The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
341 or, for the console, ``con''.
342 This is followed by a ``-'' if the process can no longer reach that
343 controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
345 The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
346 When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
347 trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
351 When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
352 has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
353 is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while trying
354 to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''.
358 makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
359 process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
360 The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
361 is entitled to destroy this information, so the names cannot be depended
363 The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
365 The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
367 Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
369 .Bl -tag -width sigignore -compact
371 percentage cpu usage (alias pcpu)
373 percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
375 accounting flag (alias acflg)
377 command and arguments
381 command and arguments
383 short-term cpu usage factor (for scheduling)
387 the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias f)
389 total blocks read (alias inblock)
397 login name of user who started the process
407 total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
409 total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
412 currently blocked on (as a symbolic name)
414 wait channel or mutex currently blocked on
416 nice value (alias ni)
418 total involuntary context switches
420 total signals taken (alias nsignals)
424 total voluntary context switches
426 wait channel (as an address)
428 total blocks written (alias oublock)
432 pageins (same as majflt)
446 core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
451 group name (from rgid)
453 reverse link on run queue, or 0
457 realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
462 user name (from ruid)
467 pending signals (alias pending)
469 caught signals (alias caught)
471 ignored signals (alias ignored)
473 blocked signals (alias blocked)
475 sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
479 symbolic process state (alias stat)
481 saved gid from a setgid executable
483 saved uid from a setuid executable
485 control terminal device number
487 accumulated cpu time, user + system (alias cputime)
489 control terminal process group
492 .\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
494 control terminal session
497 text size (in Kbytes)
499 control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
501 full name of control terminal
505 name to be used for accounting
510 scheduling priority on return from system call (alias usrpri)
514 virtual size in Kbytes (alias vsize)
516 wait channel (as a symbolic name)
518 exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
521 The following environment variables affect the execution of
523 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev COLUMNS"
525 If set, specifies the user's preferred output width in column positions.
528 attempts to automatically determine the terminal width.
531 .Bl -tag -width /var/db/kvm_kernel.db -compact
533 default kernel memory
535 interface used to query the
538 .It Pa /var/run/dev.db
540 .It Pa /var/db/kvm_kernel.db
541 system namelist database
542 .It Pa /boot/kernel/kernel
543 default system namelist
566 cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
567 process, the information it displays can never be exact.