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29 .\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
41 .Op Fl aCcdefHhjlmrSTuvwXxZ
42 .Op Fl O Ar fmt | Fl o Ar fmt
43 .Op Fl G Ar gid Ns Op , Ns Ar gid Ns Ar ...
44 .Op Fl J Ar jid Ns Op , Ns Ar jid Ns Ar ...
47 .Op Fl p Ar pid Ns Op , Ns Ar pid Ns Ar ...
48 .Op Fl t Ar tty Ns Op , Ns Ar tty Ns Ar ...
49 .Op Fl U Ar user Ns Op , Ns Ar user Ns Ar ...
57 displays a header line, followed by lines containing information about
59 processes that have controlling terminals.
64 will also display processes that do not have controlling terminals.
66 A different set of processes can be selected for display by using any
68 .Fl a , G , J , p , T , t ,
72 If more than one of these options are given, then
74 will select all processes which are matched by at least one of the
77 For the processes which have been selected for display,
79 will usually display one line per process.
82 option may result in multiple output lines (one line per thread) for
84 By default all of these output lines are sorted first by controlling
85 terminal, then by process ID.
90 options will change the sort order.
91 If more than one sorting option was given, then the selected processes
92 will be sorted by the last sorting option which was specified.
94 For the processes which have been selected for display, the information
95 to display is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
100 The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID,
101 controlling terminal, state, CPU time (including both user and system time)
102 and associated command.
106 process is associated with a terminal, the default output width is that of the
107 terminal; otherwise the output width is unlimited.
112 The options are as follows:
113 .Bl -tag -width indent
117 in a selection of different human and machine readable formats.
120 for details on command line arguments.
122 Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
124 .Va security.bsd.see_other_uids
125 sysctl is set to zero, this option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
129 column output to just contain the executable name,
130 rather than the full command line.
132 Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a
134 CPU calculation that ignores
136 time (this normally has
139 Arrange processes into descendancy order and prefix each command with
140 indentation text showing sibling and parent/child relationships as a tree.
145 options are also used, they control how sibling processes are sorted
146 relative to each other.
147 Note that this option has no effect if the
149 column is not the last column displayed.
151 Display the environment as well.
153 Show command-line and environment information about swapped out processes.
154 This option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
156 Display information about processes which are running with the specified
159 Show all of the threads associated with each process.
161 Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
162 header per page of information.
164 Print information associated with the following keywords:
165 .Cm user , pid , ppid , pgid , sid , jobc , state , tt , time ,
169 Display information about processes which match the specified jail IDs.
170 This may be either the
178 to display only host processes.
183 List the set of keywords available for the
189 Display information associated with the following keywords:
190 .Cm uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , mwchan , state ,
195 Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
196 instead of the currently running system.
198 Sort by memory usage, instead of the combination of controlling
199 terminal and process ID.
201 Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default,
202 which is the kernel image the system has booted from.
204 Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
205 of keywords specified, after the process ID,
206 in the default information
208 Keywords may be appended with an equals
211 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
214 Display information associated with the space or comma separated
215 list of keywords specified.
216 The last keyword in the list may be appended with an equals
218 sign and a string that spans the rest of the argument, and can contain
219 space and comma characters.
220 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
222 Multiple keywords may also be given in the form of more than one
225 So the header texts for multiple keywords can be changed.
226 If all keywords have empty header texts, no header line is written.
228 Display information about processes which match the specified process IDs.
230 Sort by current CPU usage, instead of the combination of controlling
231 terminal and process ID.
233 Change the way the process times, namely cputime, systime, and usertime,
234 are calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.
236 Display information about processes attached to the device associated
237 with the standard input.
239 Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
241 Full pathnames, as well as abbreviations (see explanation of the
243 keyword) can be specified.
245 Display the processes belonging to the specified usernames.
247 Display information associated with the following keywords:
248 .Cm user , pid , %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time ,
257 Display information associated with the following keywords:
258 .Cm pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz ,
268 Use at least 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
269 is the window size if
271 is associated with a terminal.
274 option is specified more than once,
276 will use as many columns as necessary without regard for the window size.
277 Note that this option has no effect if the
279 column is not the last column displayed.
281 When displaying processes matched by other options, skip any processes
282 which do not have a controlling terminal.
283 This is the default behaviour.
285 When displaying processes matched by other options, include processes
286 which do not have a controlling terminal.
287 This is the opposite of the
294 are specified in the same command, then
296 will use the one which was specified last.
300 label to the list of keywords for which
302 will display information.
305 A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
306 Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
307 .Bl -tag -width lockname
309 The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
310 a minute of previous (real) time.
311 Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
312 be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
314 fields to exceed 100%.
316 The percentage of real memory used by this process.
318 Login class associated with the process.
320 The flags associated with the process as in
323 .Bl -column P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY 0x40000000
324 .It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001" Ta "Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
325 .It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002" Ta "Has a controlling terminal"
326 .It Dv "P_KPROC" Ta No "0x00004" Ta "Kernel process"
327 .It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010" Ta "Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
328 .It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020" Ta "Has started profiling"
329 .It Dv "P_STOPPROF" Ta No "0x00040" Ta "Has thread in requesting to stop prof"
330 .It Dv "P_HADTHREADS" Ta No "0x00080" Ta "Has had threads (no cleanup shortcuts)"
331 .It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100" Ta "Had set id privileges since last exec"
332 .It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200" Ta "System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
333 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_EXIT" Ta No "0x00400" Ta "Threads suspending should exit, not wait"
334 .It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800" Ta "Debugged process being traced"
335 .It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000" Ta "Someone is waiting for us"
336 .It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000" Ta "Working on exiting"
337 .It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000" Ta "Process called exec"
338 .It Dv "P_WKILLED" Ta No "0x08000" Ta "Killed, shall go to kernel/user boundary ASAP"
339 .It Dv "P_CONTINUED" Ta No "0x10000" Ta "Proc has continued from a stopped state"
340 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SIG" Ta No "0x20000" Ta "Stopped due to SIGSTOP/SIGTSTP"
341 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_TRACE" Ta No "0x40000" Ta "Stopped because of tracing"
342 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SINGLE" Ta No "0x80000" Ta "Only one thread can continue"
343 .It Dv "P_PROTECTED" Ta No "0x100000" Ta "Do not kill on memory overcommit"
344 .It Dv "P_SIGEVENT" Ta No "0x200000" Ta "Process pending signals changed"
345 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY" Ta No "0x400000" Ta "Threads should suspend at user boundary"
346 .It Dv "P_HWPMC" Ta No "0x800000" Ta "Process is using HWPMCs"
347 .It Dv "P_JAILED" Ta No "0x1000000" Ta "Process is in jail"
348 .It Dv "P_TOTAL_STOP" Ta No "0x2000000" Ta "Stopped for system suspend"
349 .It Dv "P_INEXEC" Ta No "0x4000000" Ta Process is in Xr execve 2
350 .It Dv "P_STATCHILD" Ta No "0x8000000" Ta "Child process stopped or exited"
351 .It Dv "P_INMEM" Ta No "0x10000000" Ta "Loaded into memory"
352 .It Dv "P_SWAPPINGOUT" Ta No "0x20000000" Ta "Process is being swapped out"
353 .It Dv "P_SWAPPINGIN" Ta No "0x40000000" Ta "Process is being swapped in"
354 .It Dv "P_PPTRACE" Ta No "0x80000000" Ta "Vforked child issued ptrace(PT_TRACEME)"
359 associated with the process as in
362 .Bl -column P2_INHERIT_PROTECTED 0x00000001
363 .It Dv "P2_INHERIT_PROTECTED" Ta No "0x00000001" Ta "New children get P_PROTECTED"
364 .It Dv "P2_NOTRACE" Ta No "0x00000002" Ta "No" Xr ptrace 2 attach or coredumps
365 .It Dv "P2_NOTRACE_EXEC" Ta No "0x00000004" Ta Keep P2_NOPTRACE on Xr execve 2
366 .It Dv "P2_AST_SU" Ta No "0x00000008" Ta "Handles SU ast for kthreads"
367 .It Dv "P2_PTRACE_FSTP" Ta No "0x00000010" Ta "SIGSTOP from PT_ATTACH not yet handled"
370 The MAC label of the process.
372 The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
375 The exact time the command started, using the
380 The name of the lock that the process is currently blocked on.
381 If the name is invalid or unknown, then
385 The login name associated with the session the process is in (see
388 The event name if the process is blocked normally, or the lock name if
389 the process is blocked on a lock.
390 See the wchan and lockname keywords
393 The process scheduling increment (see
394 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
396 the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
398 The time the command started.
399 If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
404 If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
408 Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
412 The state is given by a sequence of characters, for example,
414 The first character indicates the run state of the process:
416 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
418 Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
420 Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
422 Marks a process that is waiting to acquire a lock.
424 Marks a runnable process.
426 Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
428 Marks a stopped process.
430 Marks an idle interrupt thread.
432 Marks a dead process (a
436 Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
439 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
441 The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
443 The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
449 The process is trying to exit.
451 Marks a process which is in
453 The hostname of the prison can be found in
454 .Pa /proc/ Ns Ao Ar pid Ac Ns Pa /status .
456 The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw I/O).
458 The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
459 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
461 The process is a session leader.
463 The process' parent is suspended during a
465 waiting for the process to exec or exit.
467 The process is swapped out.
469 The process is being traced or debugged.
472 An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
473 The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
475 or, for pseudo-terminals, the corresponding entry in
477 This is followed by a
479 if the process can no longer reach that
480 controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
483 without a preceding two letter abbreviation or pseudo-terminal device number
484 indicates a process which never had a controlling terminal.
485 The full pathname of the controlling terminal is available via the
489 The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
490 When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
491 trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
495 When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
496 has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
499 and a process which is blocked while trying
502 If the arguments cannot be located (usually because it has not been set, as is
503 the case of system processes and/or kernel threads) the command name is printed
504 within square brackets.
507 utility first tries to obtain the arguments cached by the kernel (if they were
508 shorter than the value of the
509 .Va kern.ps_arg_cache_limit
511 The process can change the arguments shown with
515 makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
516 process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
517 The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
518 is entitled to destroy this information.
519 The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
520 If the arguments are unavailable or do not agree with the ucomm keyword,
521 the value for the ucomm keyword is appended to the arguments in parentheses.
523 The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
525 Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
527 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm sigignore" -compact
529 percentage CPU usage (alias
532 percentage memory usage (alias
535 accounting flag (alias
538 command and arguments
544 command and arguments
546 number of copy-on-write faults
548 short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
550 data size (in Kbytes)
552 system-call emulation environment (ABI)
554 elapsed running time, format
561 elapsed running time, in decimal integer seconds
563 default FIB number, see
566 the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
569 the additional set of process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
572 effective group ID (alias
575 group name (from egid) (alias
578 total blocks read (alias
593 lock currently blocked on (as a symbolic name)
595 login name of user who started the session
599 thread (light-weight process) ID (alias
606 total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
608 total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
610 wait channel or lock currently blocked on
615 total involuntary context switches
617 number of threads (light-weight processes) tied to a process
619 total signals taken (alias
624 total voluntary context switches
626 wait channel (as an address)
628 total blocks written (alias
633 pageins (same as majflt)
643 core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
647 group name (from rgid)
651 realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
655 user name (from ruid)
659 pending signals (alias
662 caught signals (alias
665 ignored signals (alias
668 blocked signals (alias
671 sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
673 stack size (in Kbytes)
677 symbolic process state (alias
680 saved gid from a setgid executable
682 saved UID from a setuid executable
684 accumulated system CPU time
690 control terminal device number
692 accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias
695 control terminal process group ID
699 .\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
701 control terminal session ID
703 text size (in Kbytes)
705 control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
707 full name of control terminal
709 name to be used for accounting
711 effective user ID (alias
714 scheduling priority on return from system call (alias
721 accumulated user CPU time
725 virtual size in Kbytes (alias
728 wait channel (as a symbolic name)
730 exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
735 column displays bitmask of signals pending in the process queue when
737 option is not specified, otherwise the per-thread queue of pending signals
740 The following environment variables affect the execution of
742 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev COLUMNS"
744 If set, specifies the user's preferred output width in column positions.
747 attempts to automatically determine the terminal width.
750 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /boot/kernel/kernel" -compact
751 .It Pa /boot/kernel/kernel
752 default system namelist
757 Display information on all system processes:
769 .Xr xo_parse_args 3 ,
776 For historical reasons, the
780 supports a different set of options from what is described by
782 and what is supported on
790 in section 8 of the manual.
794 cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
795 process, the information it displays can never be exact.
799 utility does not correctly display argument lists containing multibyte