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29 .\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
40 .Op Fl aCcdefHhjlmrSTuvwXxZ
41 .Op Fl O Ar fmt | Fl o Ar fmt
42 .Op Fl G Ar gid Ns Op , Ns Ar gid Ns Ar ...
43 .Op Fl J Ar jid Ns Op , Ns Ar jid Ns Ar ...
46 .Op Fl p Ar pid Ns Op , Ns Ar pid Ns Ar ...
47 .Op Fl t Ar tty Ns Op , Ns Ar tty Ns Ar ...
48 .Op Fl U Ar user Ns Op , Ns Ar user Ns Ar ...
55 displays a header line, followed by lines containing information about
57 processes that have controlling terminals.
62 will also display processes that do not have controlling terminals.
64 A different set of processes can be selected for display by using any
66 .Fl a , G , J , p , T , t ,
70 If more than one of these options are given, then
72 will select all processes which are matched by at least one of the
75 For the processes which have been selected for display,
77 will usually display one line per process.
80 option may result in multiple output lines (one line per thread) for
82 By default all of these output lines are sorted first by controlling
83 terminal, then by process ID.
88 options will change the sort order.
89 If more than one sorting option was given, then the selected processes
90 will be sorted by the last sorting option which was specified.
92 For the processes which have been selected for display, the information
93 to display is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
98 The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID,
99 controlling terminal, state, CPU time (including both user and system time)
100 and associated command.
102 The options are as follows:
103 .Bl -tag -width indent
105 Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
107 .Va security.bsd.see_other_uids
108 sysctl is set to zero, this option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
112 column output to just contain the executable name,
113 rather than the full command line.
115 Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a
117 CPU calculation that ignores
119 time (this normally has
122 Arrange processes into descendancy order and prefix each command with
123 indentation text showing sibling and parent/child relationships.
128 options are also used, they control how sibling processes are sorted
129 relative to each other.
130 Note that this option has no effect if the
132 column is not the last column displayed.
134 Display the environment as well.
136 Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
137 This option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
139 Display information about processes which are running with the specified
144 threads associated with each process.
145 Depending on the threading package that
146 is in use, this may show only the process, only the kernel scheduled entities,
147 or all of the process threads.
149 Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
150 header per page of information.
152 Print information associated with the following keywords:
153 .Cm user , pid , ppid , pgid , sid , jobc , state , tt , time ,
157 Display information about processes which match the specified jail IDs.
158 This may be either the
166 to display only host processes.
171 List the set of keywords available for the
177 Display information associated with the following keywords:
178 .Cm uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , mwchan , state ,
183 Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
184 instead of the currently running system.
186 Sort by memory usage, instead of the combination of controlling
187 terminal and process ID.
189 Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default,
190 which is the kernel image the system has booted from.
192 Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
193 of keywords specified, after the process ID,
194 in the default information
196 Keywords may be appended with an equals
199 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
202 Display information associated with the space or comma separated
203 list of keywords specified.
204 The last keyword in the list may be appended with an equals
206 sign and a string that spans the rest of the argument, and can contain
207 space and comma characters.
208 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
210 Multiple keywords may also be given in the form of more than one
213 So the header texts for multiple keywords can be changed.
214 If all keywords have empty header texts, no header line is written.
216 Display information about processes which match the specified process IDs.
218 Sort by current CPU usage, instead of the combination of controlling
219 terminal and process ID.
221 Change the way the process times, namely cputime, systime, and usertime,
222 are calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.
224 Display information about processes attached to the device associated
225 with the standard input.
227 Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
229 Full pathnames, as well as abbreviations (see explanation of the
231 keyword) can be specified.
233 Display the processes belonging to the specified usernames.
235 Display information associated with the following keywords:
236 .Cm user , pid , %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time ,
245 Display information associated with the following keywords:
246 .Cm pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz ,
256 Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
260 option is specified more than once,
262 will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
263 Note that this option has no effect if the
265 column is not the last column displayed.
267 When displaying processes matched by other options, skip any processes
268 which do not have a controlling terminal.
269 This is the default behaviour.
271 When displaying processes matched by other options, include processes
272 which do not have a controlling terminal.
273 This is the opposite of the
280 are specified in the same command, then
282 will use the one which was specified last.
286 label to the list of keywords for which
288 will display information.
291 A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
292 Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
293 .Bl -tag -width lockname
295 The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
296 a minute of previous (real) time.
297 Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
298 be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
300 fields to exceed 100%.
302 The percentage of real memory used by this process.
304 Login class associated with the process.
306 The flags associated with the process as in
309 .Bl -column P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY 0x40000000
310 .It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001" Ta "Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
311 .It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002" Ta "Has a controlling terminal"
312 .It Dv "P_KTHREAD" Ta No "0x00004" Ta "Kernel thread"
313 .It Dv "P_FOLLOWFORK" Ta No "0x00008" Ta "Attach debugger to new children"
314 .It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010" Ta "Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
315 .It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020" Ta "Has started profiling"
316 .It Dv "P_STOPPROF" Ta No "0x00040" Ta "Has thread in requesting to stop prof"
317 .It Dv "P_HADTHREADS" Ta No "0x00080" Ta "Has had threads (no cleanup shortcuts)"
318 .It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100" Ta "Had set id privileges since last exec"
319 .It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200" Ta "System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
320 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_EXIT" Ta No "0x00400" Ta "Threads suspending should exit, not wait"
321 .It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800" Ta "Debugged process being traced"
322 .It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000" Ta "Someone is waiting for us"
323 .It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000" Ta "Working on exiting"
324 .It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000" Ta "Process called exec"
325 .It Dv "P_WKILLED" Ta No "0x08000" Ta "Killed, shall go to kernel/user boundary ASAP"
326 .It Dv "P_CONTINUED" Ta No "0x10000" Ta "Proc has continued from a stopped state"
327 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SIG" Ta No "0x20000" Ta "Stopped due to SIGSTOP/SIGTSTP"
328 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_TRACE" Ta No "0x40000" Ta "Stopped because of tracing"
329 .It Dv "P_STOPPED_SINGLE" Ta No "0x80000" Ta "Only one thread can continue"
330 .It Dv "P_PROTECTED" Ta No "0x100000" Ta "Do not kill on memory overcommit"
331 .It Dv "P_SIGEVENT" Ta No "0x200000" Ta "Process pending signals changed"
332 .It Dv "P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY" Ta No "0x400000" Ta "Threads should suspend at user boundary"
333 .It Dv "P_HWPMC" Ta No "0x800000" Ta "Process is using HWPMCs"
334 .It Dv "P_JAILED" Ta No "0x1000000" Ta "Process is in jail"
335 .It Dv "P_ORPHAN" Ta No "0x2000000" Ta "Orphaned by original parent, reparented to debugger"
336 .It Dv "P_INEXEC" Ta No "0x4000000" Ta "Process is in execve()"
337 .It Dv "P_STATCHILD" Ta No "0x8000000" Ta "Child process stopped or exited"
338 .It Dv "P_INMEM" Ta No "0x10000000" Ta "Loaded into memory"
339 .It Dv "P_SWAPPINGOUT" Ta No "0x20000000" Ta "Process is being swapped out"
340 .It Dv "P_SWAPPINGIN" Ta No "0x40000000" Ta "Process is being swapped in"
341 .It Dv "P_PPTRACE" Ta No "0x80000000" Ta "Vforked child issued ptrace(PT_TRACEME)"
346 associated with the process as in
349 .Bl -column P2_INHERIT_PROTECTED 0x00000001
350 .It Dv "P2_INHERIT_PROTECTED" Ta No "0x00000001" Ta "New children get P_PROTECTED"
353 The MAC label of the process.
355 The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
358 The exact time the command started, using the
363 The name of the lock that the process is currently blocked on.
364 If the name is invalid or unknown, then
368 The login name associated with the session the process is in (see
371 The event name if the process is blocked normally, or the lock name if
372 the process is blocked on a lock.
373 See the wchan and lockname keywords
376 The process scheduling increment (see
377 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
379 the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
381 The time the command started.
382 If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
387 If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
391 Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
395 The state is given by a sequence of characters, for example,
397 The first character indicates the run state of the process:
399 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
401 Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
403 Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
405 Marks a process that is waiting to acquire a lock.
407 Marks a runnable process.
409 Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
411 Marks a stopped process.
413 Marks an idle interrupt thread.
415 Marks a dead process (a
419 Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
422 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
424 The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
426 The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
428 The process is trying to exit.
430 Marks a process which is in
432 The hostname of the prison can be found in
433 .Pa /proc/ Ns Ao Ar pid Ac Ns Pa /status .
435 The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
438 The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
439 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
441 The process is a session leader.
443 The process' parent is suspended during a
445 waiting for the process to exec or exit.
447 The process is swapped out.
449 The process is being traced or debugged.
452 An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
453 The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
455 or, for pseudo-terminals, the corresponding entry in
457 This is followed by a
459 if the process can no longer reach that
460 controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
463 without a preceding two letter abbreviation or pseudo-terminal device number
464 indicates a process which never had a controlling terminal.
465 The full pathname of the controlling terminal is available via the
469 The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
470 When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
471 trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
475 When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
476 has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
479 and a process which is blocked while trying
482 If the arguments cannot be located (usually because it has not been set, as is
483 the case of system processes and/or kernel threads) the command name is printed
484 within square brackets.
487 utility first tries to obtain the arguments cached by the kernel (if they were
488 shorter than the value of the
489 .Va kern.ps_arg_cache_limit
491 The process can change the arguments shown with
495 makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
496 process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
497 The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
498 is entitled to destroy this information.
499 The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
500 If the arguments are unavailable or do not agree with the ucomm keyword,
501 the value for the ucomm keyword is appended to the arguments in parentheses.
503 The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
505 Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
507 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm sigignore" -compact
509 percentage CPU usage (alias
512 percentage memory usage (alias
515 accounting flag (alias
518 command and arguments
524 command and arguments
526 number of copy-on-write faults
528 short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
530 data size (in Kbytes)
532 system-call emulation environment
534 elapsed running time, format
539 elapsed running time, in decimal integer seconds
541 default FIB number, see
544 the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
547 the additional set of process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
550 effective group ID (alias
553 group name (from egid) (alias
556 total blocks read (alias
569 lock currently blocked on (as a symbolic name)
571 login name of user who started the session
581 total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
583 total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
585 wait channel or lock currently blocked on
590 total involuntary context switches
592 number of threads tied to a process
594 total signals taken (alias
599 total voluntary context switches
601 wait channel (as an address)
603 total blocks written (alias
608 pageins (same as majflt)
618 core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
622 group name (from rgid)
626 realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
630 user name (from ruid)
634 pending signals (alias
637 caught signals (alias
640 ignored signals (alias
643 blocked signals (alias
646 sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
648 stack size (in Kbytes)
652 symbolic process state (alias
655 saved gid from a setgid executable
657 saved UID from a setuid executable
659 accumulated system CPU time
663 control terminal device number
665 accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias
668 control terminal process group ID
670 .\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
672 control terminal session ID
674 text size (in Kbytes)
676 control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
678 full name of control terminal
680 name to be used for accounting
682 effective user ID (alias
685 scheduling priority on return from system call (alias
692 accumulated user CPU time
694 virtual size in Kbytes (alias
697 wait channel (as a symbolic name)
699 exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
704 column displays bitmask of signals pending in the process queue when
706 option is not specified, otherwise the per-thread queue of pending signals
709 The following environment variables affect the execution of
711 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev COLUMNS"
713 If set, specifies the user's preferred output width in column positions.
716 attempts to automatically determine the terminal width.
719 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /boot/kernel/kernel" -compact
720 .It Pa /boot/kernel/kernel
721 default system namelist
724 Display information on all system processes:
741 For historical reasons, the
745 supports a different set of options from what is described by
747 and what is supported on
758 cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
759 process, the information it displays can never be exact.
763 utility does not correctly display argument lists containing multibyte