1 BMAKE(1) FreeBSD General Commands Manual BMAKE(1)
4 \e[1mbmake
\e[22m-- maintain program dependencies
7 \e[1mbmake
\e[22m[
\e[1m-BeikNnqrSstWwX
\e[22m] [
\e[1m-C
\e[4m
\e[22mdirectory
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-D
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-d
\e[4m
\e[22mflags
\e[24m]
8 [
\e[1m-f
\e[4m
\e[22mmakefile
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-I
\e[4m
\e[22mdirectory
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-J
\e[4m
\e[22mprivate
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-j
\e[4m
\e[22mmax_jobs
\e[24m]
9 [
\e[1m-m
\e[4m
\e[22mdirectory
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-T
\e[4m
\e[22mfile
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-V
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-v
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m]
10 [
\e[4mvariable=value
\e[24m] [
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
13 \e[1mbmake
\e[22mis a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other pro-
14 grams. Its input is a list of specifications as to the files upon which
15 programs and other files depend. If no
\e[1m-f
\e[4m
\e[22mmakefile
\e[24m makefile option is
16 given,
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill try to open `
\e[4mmakefile
\e[24m' then `
\e[4mMakefile
\e[24m' in order to find
17 the specifications. If the file `
\e[4m.depend
\e[24m' exists, it is read (see
20 This manual page is intended as a reference document only. For a more
21 thorough description of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mand makefiles, please refer to
\e[4mPMake
\e[24m
\e[4m-
\e[24m
\e[4mA
\e[0m
24 \e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill prepend the contents of the
\e[4mMAKEFLAGS
\e[24m environment variable to
25 the command line arguments before parsing them.
27 The options are as follows:
29 \e[1m-B
\e[22mTry to be backwards compatible by executing a single shell per
30 command and by executing the commands to make the sources of a
31 dependency line in sequence.
33 \e[1m-C
\e[4m
\e[22mdirectory
\e[0m
34 Change to
\e[4mdirectory
\e[24m before reading the makefiles or doing any-
35 thing else. If multiple
\e[1m-C
\e[22moptions are specified, each is inter-
36 preted relative to the previous one:
\e[1m-C
\e[4m
\e[22m/
\e[24m
\e[1m-C
\e[4m
\e[22metc
\e[24m is equivalent to
37 \e[1m-C
\e[4m
\e[22m/etc
\e[24m.
39 \e[1m-D
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[0m
40 Define
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m to be 1, in the global context.
42 \e[1m-d
\e[4m
\e[22m[-]flags
\e[0m
43 Turn on debugging, and specify which portions of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mare to
44 print debugging information. Unless the flags are preceded by
45 `-' they are added to the
\e[4mMAKEFLAGS
\e[24m environment variable and will
46 be processed by any child make processes. By default, debugging
47 information is printed to standard error, but this can be changed
48 using the
\e[4mF
\e[24m debugging flag. The debugging output is always
49 unbuffered; in addition, if debugging is enabled but debugging
50 output is not directed to standard output, then the standard out-
51 put is line buffered.
\e[4mFlags
\e[24m is one or more of the following:
53 \e[4mA
\e[24m Print all possible debugging information; equivalent to
54 specifying all of the debugging flags.
56 \e[4ma
\e[24m Print debugging information about archive searching and
59 \e[4mC
\e[24m Print debugging information about current working direc-
62 \e[4mc
\e[24m Print debugging information about conditional evaluation.
64 \e[4md
\e[24m Print debugging information about directory searching and
67 \e[4me
\e[24m Print debugging information about failed commands and
70 \e[4mF
\e[24m[
\e[1m+
\e[22m]
\e[4mfilename
\e[0m
71 Specify where debugging output is written. This must be
72 the last flag, because it consumes the remainder of the
73 argument. If the character immediately after the `F'
74 flag is `+', then the file will be opened in append mode;
75 otherwise the file will be overwritten. If the file name
76 is `stdout' or `stderr' then debugging output will be
77 written to the standard output or standard error output
78 file descriptors respectively (and the `+' option has no
79 effect). Otherwise, the output will be written to the
80 named file. If the file name ends `.%d' then the `%d' is
83 \e[4mf
\e[24m Print debugging information about loop evaluation.
85 \e[4mg1
\e[24m Print the input graph before making anything.
87 \e[4mg2
\e[24m Print the input graph after making everything, or before
90 \e[4mg3
\e[24m Print the input graph before exiting on error.
92 \e[4mh
\e[24m Print debugging information about hash table operations.
94 \e[4mj
\e[24m Print debugging information about running multiple
97 \e[4mL
\e[24m Turn on lint checks. This will throw errors for variable
98 assignments that do not parse correctly, at the time of
99 assignment so the file and line number are available.
101 \e[4ml
\e[24m Print commands in Makefiles regardless of whether or not
102 they are prefixed by `@' or other "quiet" flags. Also
103 known as "loud" behavior.
105 \e[4mM
\e[24m Print debugging information about "meta" mode decisions
108 \e[4mm
\e[24m Print debugging information about making targets, includ-
109 ing modification dates.
111 \e[4mn
\e[24m Don't delete the temporary command scripts created when
112 running commands. These temporary scripts are created in
113 the directory referred to by the TMPDIR environment vari-
114 able, or in
\e[4m/tmp
\e[24m if TMPDIR is unset or set to the empty
115 string. The temporary scripts are created by mkstemp(3),
116 and have names of the form
\e[4mmakeXXXXXX
\e[24m.
\e[4mNOTE
\e[24m: This can
117 create many files in TMPDIR or
\e[4m/tmp
\e[24m, so use with care.
119 \e[4mp
\e[24m Print debugging information about makefile parsing.
121 \e[4ms
\e[24m Print debugging information about suffix-transformation
124 \e[4mt
\e[24m Print debugging information about target list mainte-
127 \e[4mV
\e[24m Force the
\e[1m-V
\e[22moption to print raw values of variables,
128 overriding the default behavior set via
129 \e[4m.MAKE.EXPAND_VARIABLES
\e[24m.
131 \e[4mv
\e[24m Print debugging information about variable assignment.
133 \e[4mx
\e[24m Run shell commands with
\e[1m-x
\e[22mso the actual commands are
134 printed as they are executed.
136 \e[1m-e
\e[22mSpecify that environment variables override macro assignments
139 \e[1m-f
\e[4m
\e[22mmakefile
\e[0m
140 Specify a makefile to read instead of the default `
\e[4mmakefile
\e[24m'. If
141 \e[4mmakefile
\e[24m is `
\e[1m-
\e[22m', standard input is read. Multiple makefiles may
142 be specified, and are read in the order specified.
144 \e[1m-I
\e[4m
\e[22mdirectory
\e[0m
145 Specify a directory in which to search for makefiles and included
146 makefiles. The system makefile directory (or directories, see
147 the
\e[1m-m
\e[22moption) is automatically included as part of this list.
149 \e[1m-i
\e[22mIgnore non-zero exit of shell commands in the makefile. Equiva-
150 lent to specifying `
\e[1m-
\e[22m' before each command line in the makefile.
152 \e[1m-J
\e[4m
\e[22mprivate
\e[0m
153 This option should
\e[4mnot
\e[24m be specified by the user.
155 When the
\e[4mj
\e[24m option is in use in a recursive build, this option is
156 passed by a make to child makes to allow all the make processes
157 in the build to cooperate to avoid overloading the system.
159 \e[1m-j
\e[4m
\e[22mmax_jobs
\e[0m
160 Specify the maximum number of jobs that
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mmay have running at
161 any one time. The value is saved in
\e[4m.MAKE.JOBS
\e[24m. Turns compati-
162 bility mode off, unless the
\e[4mB
\e[24m flag is also specified. When com-
163 patibility mode is off, all commands associated with a target are
164 executed in a single shell invocation as opposed to the tradi-
165 tional one shell invocation per line. This can break traditional
166 scripts which change directories on each command invocation and
167 then expect to start with a fresh environment on the next line.
168 It is more efficient to correct the scripts rather than turn
169 backwards compatibility on.
171 \e[1m-k
\e[22mContinue processing after errors are encountered, but only on
172 those targets that do not depend on the target whose creation
175 \e[1m-m
\e[4m
\e[22mdirectory
\e[0m
176 Specify a directory in which to search for sys.mk and makefiles
177 included via the <
\e[4mfile
\e[24m>-style include statement. The
\e[1m-m
\e[22moption
178 can be used multiple times to form a search path. This path will
179 override the default system include path: /usr/share/mk. Fur-
180 thermore the system include path will be appended to the search
181 path used for "
\e[4mfile
\e[24m"-style include statements (see the
\e[1m-I
\e[0m
184 If a file or directory name in the
\e[1m-m
\e[22margument (or the
185 MAKESYSPATH environment variable) starts with the string ".../"
186 then
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill search for the specified file or directory named
187 in the remaining part of the argument string. The search starts
188 with the current directory of the Makefile and then works upward
189 towards the root of the file system. If the search is success-
190 ful, then the resulting directory replaces the ".../" specifica-
191 tion in the
\e[1m-m
\e[22margument. If used, this feature allows
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mto
192 easily search in the current source tree for customized sys.mk
193 files (e.g., by using ".../mk/sys.mk" as an argument).
195 \e[1m-n
\e[22mDisplay the commands that would have been executed, but do not
196 actually execute them unless the target depends on the .MAKE spe-
197 cial source (see below) or the command is prefixed with `
\e[1m+
\e[22m'.
199 \e[1m-N
\e[22mDisplay the commands which would have been executed, but do not
200 actually execute any of them; useful for debugging top-level
201 makefiles without descending into subdirectories.
203 \e[1m-q
\e[22mDo not execute any commands, but exit 0 if the specified targets
204 are up-to-date and 1, otherwise.
206 \e[1m-r
\e[22mDo not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile.
208 \e[1m-S
\e[22mStop processing if an error is encountered. This is the default
209 behavior and the opposite of
\e[1m-k
\e[22m.
211 \e[1m-s
\e[22mDo not echo any commands as they are executed. Equivalent to
212 specifying `
\e[1m@
\e[22m' before each command line in the makefile.
214 \e[1m-T
\e[4m
\e[22mtracefile
\e[0m
215 When used with the
\e[1m-j
\e[22mflag, append a trace record to
\e[4mtracefile
\e[0m
216 for each job started and completed.
218 \e[1m-t
\e[22mRather than re-building a target as specified in the makefile,
219 create it or update its modification time to make it appear up-
222 \e[1m-V
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[0m
223 Print the value of
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m. Do not build any targets. Multiple
224 instances of this option may be specified; the variables will be
225 printed one per line, with a blank line for each null or unde-
226 fined variable. The value printed is extracted from the global
227 context after all makefiles have been read. By default, the raw
228 variable contents (which may include additional unexpanded vari-
229 able references) are shown. If
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m contains a `$' then the
230 value will be recursively expanded to its complete resultant text
231 before printing. The expanded value will also be printed if
232 \e[4m.MAKE.EXPAND_VARIABLES
\e[24m is set to true and the
\e[1m-dV
\e[22moption has not
233 been used to override it. Note that loop-local and target-local
234 variables, as well as values taken temporarily by global vari-
235 ables during makefile processing, are not accessible via this
236 option. The
\e[1m-dv
\e[22mdebug mode can be used to see these at the cost
237 of generating substantial extraneous output.
239 \e[1m-v
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[0m
240 Like
\e[1m-V
\e[22mbut the variable is always expanded to its complete
243 \e[1m-W
\e[22mTreat any warnings during makefile parsing as errors.
245 \e[1m-w
\e[22mPrint entering and leaving directory messages, pre and post pro-
248 \e[1m-X
\e[22mDon't export variables passed on the command line to the environ-
249 ment individually. Variables passed on the command line are
250 still exported via the
\e[4mMAKEFLAGS
\e[24m environment variable. This
251 option may be useful on systems which have a small limit on the
252 size of command arguments.
254 \e[4mvariable=value
\e[0m
255 Set the value of the variable
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m to
\e[4mvalue
\e[24m. Normally, all
256 values passed on the command line are also exported to sub-makes
257 in the environment. The
\e[1m-X
\e[22mflag disables this behavior. Vari-
258 able assignments should follow options for POSIX compatibility
259 but no ordering is enforced.
261 There are seven different types of lines in a makefile: file dependency
262 specifications, shell commands, variable assignments, include statements,
263 conditional directives, for loops, and comments.
265 In general, lines may be continued from one line to the next by ending
266 them with a backslash (`\'). The trailing newline character and initial
267 whitespace on the following line are compressed into a single space.
269 \e[1mFILE DEPENDENCY SPECIFICATIONS
\e[0m
270 Dependency lines consist of one or more targets, an operator, and zero or
271 more sources. This creates a relationship where the targets ``depend''
272 on the sources and are customarily created from them. A target is con-
273 sidered out-of-date if it does not exist, or if its modification time is
274 less than that of any of its sources. An out-of-date target will be re-
275 created, but not until all sources have been examined and themselves re-
276 created as needed. Three operators may be used:
278 \e[1m:
\e[22mMany dependency lines may name this target but only one may have
279 attached shell commands. All sources named in all dependency lines
280 are considered together, and if needed the attached shell commands
281 are run to create or re-create the target. If
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis inter-
282 rupted, the target is removed.
284 \e[1m!
\e[22mThe same, but the target is always re-created whether or not it is
287 \e[1m::
\e[22mAny dependency line may have attached shell commands, but each one
288 is handled independently: its sources are considered and the
289 attached shell commands are run if the target is out of date with
290 respect to (only) those sources. Thus, different groups of the
291 attached shell commands may be run depending on the circumstances.
292 Furthermore, unlike
\e[1m:,
\e[22mfor dependency lines with no sources, the
293 attached shell commands are always run. Also unlike
\e[1m:,
\e[22mthe target
294 will not be removed if
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis interrupted.
295 All dependency lines mentioning a particular target must use the same
298 Targets and sources may contain the shell wildcard values `?', `*', `[]',
299 and `{}'. The values `?', `*', and `[]' may only be used as part of the
300 final component of the target or source, and must be used to describe
301 existing files. The value `{}' need not necessarily be used to describe
302 existing files. Expansion is in directory order, not alphabetically as
305 \e[1mSHELL COMMANDS
\e[0m
306 Each target may have associated with it one or more lines of shell com-
307 mands, normally used to create the target. Each of the lines in this
308 script
\e[4mmust
\e[24m be preceded by a tab. (For historical reasons, spaces are
309 not accepted.) While targets can appear in many dependency lines if
310 desired, by default only one of these rules may be followed by a creation
311 script. If the `
\e[1m::
\e[22m' operator is used, however, all rules may include
312 scripts and the scripts are executed in the order found.
314 Each line is treated as a separate shell command, unless the end of line
315 is escaped with a backslash (`\') in which case that line and the next
316 are combined. If the first characters of the command are any combination
317 of `
\e[1m@
\e[22m', `
\e[1m+
\e[22m', or `
\e[1m-
\e[22m', the command is treated specially. A `
\e[1m@
\e[22m' causes the
318 command not to be echoed before it is executed. A `
\e[1m+
\e[22m' causes the command
319 to be executed even when
\e[1m-n
\e[22mis given. This is similar to the effect of
320 the .MAKE special source, except that the effect can be limited to a sin-
321 gle line of a script. A `
\e[1m-
\e[22m' in compatibility mode causes any non-zero
322 exit status of the command line to be ignored.
324 When
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis run in jobs mode with
\e[1m-j
\e[4m
\e[22mmax_jobs
\e[24m, the entire script for
325 the target is fed to a single instance of the shell. In compatibility
326 (non-jobs) mode, each command is run in a separate process. If the com-
327 mand contains any shell meta characters (`#=|^(){};&<>*?[]:$`\\n') it
328 will be passed to the shell; otherwise
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill attempt direct execu-
329 tion. If a line starts with `
\e[1m-
\e[22m' and the shell has ErrCtl enabled then
330 failure of the command line will be ignored as in compatibility mode.
331 Otherwise `
\e[1m-
\e[22m' affects the entire job; the script will stop at the first
332 command line that fails, but the target will not be deemed to have
335 Makefiles should be written so that the mode of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22moperation does not
336 change their behavior. For example, any command which needs to use
337 ``cd'' or ``chdir'' without potentially changing the directory for subse-
338 quent commands should be put in parentheses so it executes in a subshell.
339 To force the use of one shell, escape the line breaks so as to make the
340 whole script one command. For example:
342 avoid-chdir-side-effects:
343 @echo Building $@ in `pwd`
344 @(cd ${.CURDIR} && ${MAKE} $@)
347 ensure-one-shell-regardless-of-mode:
348 @echo Building $@ in `pwd`; \
349 (cd ${.CURDIR} && ${MAKE} $@); \
352 Since
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill chdir(2) to `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m' before executing any targets, each
353 child process starts with that as its current working directory.
355 \e[1mVARIABLE ASSIGNMENTS
\e[0m
356 Variables in make are much like variables in the shell, and, by tradi-
357 tion, consist of all upper-case letters.
359 \e[1mVariable assignment modifiers
\e[0m
360 The five operators that can be used to assign values to variables are as
363 \e[1m=
\e[22mAssign the value to the variable. Any previous value is overrid-
366 \e[1m+=
\e[22mAppend the value to the current value of the variable.
368 \e[1m?=
\e[22mAssign the value to the variable if it is not already defined.
370 \e[1m:=
\e[22mAssign with expansion, i.e. expand the value before assigning it
371 to the variable. Normally, expansion is not done until the vari-
372 able is referenced.
\e[4mNOTE
\e[24m: References to undefined variables are
373 \e[4mnot
\e[24m expanded. This can cause problems when variable modifiers
376 \e[1m!=
\e[22mExpand the value and pass it to the shell for execution and
377 assign the result to the variable. Any newlines in the result
378 are replaced with spaces.
380 Any white-space before the assigned
\e[4mvalue
\e[24m is removed; if the value is
381 being appended, a single space is inserted between the previous contents
382 of the variable and the appended value.
384 Variables are expanded by surrounding the variable name with either curly
385 braces (`{}') or parentheses (`()') and preceding it with a dollar sign
386 (`$'). If the variable name contains only a single letter, the surround-
387 ing braces or parentheses are not required. This shorter form is not
390 If the variable name contains a dollar, then the name itself is expanded
391 first. This allows almost arbitrary variable names, however names con-
392 taining dollar, braces, parentheses, or whitespace are really best
395 If the result of expanding a variable contains a dollar sign (`$') the
396 string is expanded again.
398 Variable substitution occurs at three distinct times, depending on where
399 the variable is being used.
401 1. Variables in dependency lines are expanded as the line is read.
403 2. Variables in shell commands are expanded when the shell command is
406 3. ``.for'' loop index variables are expanded on each loop iteration.
407 Note that other variables are not expanded inside loops so the fol-
426 Because while ${a} contains ``1 2 3'' after the loop is executed,
427 ${b} contains ``${j} ${j} ${j}'' which expands to ``3 3 3'' since
428 after the loop completes ${j} contains ``3''.
430 \e[1mVariable classes
\e[0m
431 The four different classes of variables (in order of increasing prece-
434 Environment variables
435 Variables defined as part of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m's environment.
438 Variables defined in the makefile or in included makefiles.
440 Command line variables
441 Variables defined as part of the command line.
444 Variables that are defined specific to a certain target.
446 Local variables are all built in and their values vary magically from
447 target to target. It is not currently possible to define new local vari-
448 ables. The seven local variables are as follows:
450 \e[4m.ALLSRC
\e[24m The list of all sources for this target; also known as
453 \e[4m.ARCHIVE
\e[24m The name of the archive file; also known as `
\e[4m!
\e[24m'.
455 \e[4m.IMPSRC
\e[24m In suffix-transformation rules, the name/path of the
456 source from which the target is to be transformed (the
457 ``implied'' source); also known as `
\e[4m<
\e[24m'. It is not
458 defined in explicit rules.
460 \e[4m.MEMBER
\e[24m The name of the archive member; also known as `
\e[4m%
\e[24m'.
462 \e[4m.OODATE
\e[24m The list of sources for this target that were deemed out-
463 of-date; also known as `
\e[4m?
\e[24m'.
465 \e[4m.PREFIX
\e[24m The file prefix of the target, containing only the file
466 portion, no suffix or preceding directory components;
467 also known as `
\e[4m*
\e[24m'. The suffix must be one of the known
468 suffixes declared with
\e[1m.SUFFIXES
\e[22mor it will not be recog-
471 \e[4m.TARGET
\e[24m The name of the target; also known as `
\e[4m@
\e[24m'. For compati-
472 bility with other makes this is an alias for
\e[1m.ARCHIVE
\e[22min
473 archive member rules.
475 The shorter forms (`
\e[4m>
\e[24m', `
\e[4m!
\e[24m', `
\e[4m<
\e[24m', `
\e[4m%
\e[24m', `
\e[4m?
\e[24m', `
\e[4m*
\e[24m', and `
\e[4m@
\e[24m') are permitted
476 for backward compatibility with historical makefiles and legacy POSIX
477 make and are not recommended.
479 Variants of these variables with the punctuation followed immediately by
480 `D' or `F', e.g. `
\e[4m$(@D)
\e[24m', are legacy forms equivalent to using the `:H'
481 and `:T' modifiers. These forms are accepted for compatibility with AT&T
482 System V UNIX makefiles and POSIX but are not recommended.
484 Four of the local variables may be used in sources on dependency lines
485 because they expand to the proper value for each target on the line.
486 These variables are `
\e[4m.TARGET
\e[24m', `
\e[4m.PREFIX
\e[24m', `
\e[4m.ARCHIVE
\e[24m', and `
\e[4m.MEMBER
\e[24m'.
488 \e[1mAdditional built-in variables
\e[0m
489 In addition,
\e[1mbmake
\e[22msets or knows about the following variables:
491 \e[4m$
\e[24m A single dollar sign `$', i.e. `$$' expands to a single
494 \e[4m.ALLTARGETS
\e[24m The list of all targets encountered in the Makefile. If
495 evaluated during Makefile parsing, lists only those tar-
496 gets encountered thus far.
498 \e[4m.CURDIR
\e[24m A path to the directory where
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwas executed. Refer
499 to the description of `PWD' for more details.
501 \e[4m.INCLUDEDFROMDIR
\e[0m
502 The directory of the file this Makefile was included
505 \e[4m.INCLUDEDFROMFILE
\e[0m
506 The filename of the file this Makefile was included from.
508 MAKE The name that
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwas executed with (
\e[4margv[0]
\e[24m). For
509 compatibility
\e[1mbmake
\e[22malso sets
\e[4m.MAKE
\e[24m with the same value.
510 The preferred variable to use is the environment variable
511 MAKE because it is more compatible with other versions of
512 \e[1mbmake
\e[22mand cannot be confused with the special target with
515 \e[4m.MAKE.DEPENDFILE
\e[0m
516 Names the makefile (default `
\e[4m.depend
\e[24m') from which gener-
517 ated dependencies are read.
519 \e[4m.MAKE.EXPAND_VARIABLES
\e[0m
520 A boolean that controls the default behavior of the
\e[1m-V
\e[0m
521 option. If true, variable values printed with
\e[1m-V
\e[22mare
522 fully expanded; if false, the raw variable contents
523 (which may include additional unexpanded variable refer-
526 \e[4m.MAKE.EXPORTED
\e[24m The list of variables exported by
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m.
528 \e[4m.MAKE.JOBS
\e[24m The argument to the
\e[1m-j
\e[22moption.
530 \e[4m.MAKE.JOB.PREFIX
\e[0m
531 If
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis run with
\e[4mj
\e[24m then output for each target is
532 prefixed with a token `--- target ---' the first part of
533 which can be controlled via
\e[4m.MAKE.JOB.PREFIX
\e[24m. If
534 \e[4m.MAKE.JOB.PREFIX
\e[24m is empty, no token is printed.
536 .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX=${.newline}---${.MAKE:T}[${.MAKE.PID}]
537 would produce tokens like `---make[1234] target ---' mak-
538 ing it easier to track the degree of parallelism being
541 MAKEFLAGS The environment variable `MAKEFLAGS' may contain anything
542 that may be specified on
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m's command line. Anything
543 specified on
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m's command line is appended to the
544 `MAKEFLAGS' variable which is then entered into the envi-
545 ronment for all programs which
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mexecutes.
547 \e[4m.MAKE.LEVEL
\e[24m The recursion depth of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m. The initial instance of
548 \e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill be 0, and an incremented value is put into the
549 environment to be seen by the next generation. This
550 allows tests like: .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0 to protect
551 things which should only be evaluated in the initial
552 instance of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m.
554 \e[4m.MAKE.MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE
\e[0m
555 The ordered list of makefile names (default `
\e[4mmakefile
\e[24m',
556 `
\e[4mMakefile
\e[24m') that
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill look for.
558 \e[4m.MAKE.MAKEFILES
\e[0m
559 The list of makefiles read by
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m, which is useful for
560 tracking dependencies. Each makefile is recorded only
561 once, regardless of the number of times read.
563 \e[4m.MAKE.MODE
\e[24m Processed after reading all makefiles. Can affect the
564 mode that
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mruns in. It can contain a number of key-
567 \e[4mcompat
\e[24m Like
\e[1m-B
\e[22m, puts
\e[1mbmake
\e[22minto "compat"
570 \e[4mmeta
\e[24m Puts
\e[1mbmake
\e[22minto "meta" mode, where
571 meta files are created for each tar-
572 get to capture the command run, the
573 output generated and if filemon(4)
574 is available, the system calls which
575 are of interest to
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m. The cap-
576 tured output can be very useful when
579 \e[4mcurdirOk=
\e[24m
\e[4mbf
\e[24m Normally
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill not create .meta
580 files in `
\e[4m.CURDIR
\e[24m'. This can be
581 overridden by setting
\e[4mbf
\e[24m to a value
582 which represents True.
584 \e[4mmissing-meta=
\e[24m
\e[4mbf
\e[24m If
\e[4mbf
\e[24m is True, then a missing .meta
585 file makes the target out-of-date.
587 \e[4mmissing-filemon=
\e[24m
\e[4mbf
\e[24m If
\e[4mbf
\e[24m is True, then missing filemon
588 data makes the target out-of-date.
590 \e[4mnofilemon
\e[24m Do not use filemon(4).
592 \e[4menv
\e[24m For debugging, it can be useful to
593 include the environment in the .meta
596 \e[4mverbose
\e[24m If in "meta" mode, print a clue
597 about the target being built. This
598 is useful if the build is otherwise
599 running silently. The message
600 printed the value of:
601 \e[4m.MAKE.META.PREFIX
\e[24m.
603 \e[4mignore-cmd
\e[24m Some makefiles have commands which
604 are simply not stable. This keyword
605 causes them to be ignored for deter-
606 mining whether a target is out of
607 date in "meta" mode. See also
608 \e[1m.NOMETA_CMP
\e[22m.
610 \e[4msilent=
\e[24m
\e[4mbf
\e[24m If
\e[4mbf
\e[24m is True, when a .meta file is
611 created, mark the target
\e[1m.SILENT
\e[22m.
613 \e[4m.MAKE.META.BAILIWICK
\e[0m
614 In "meta" mode, provides a list of prefixes which match
615 the directories controlled by
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m. If a file that was
616 generated outside of
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m but within said bailiwick is
617 missing, the current target is considered out-of-date.
619 \e[4m.MAKE.META.CREATED
\e[0m
620 In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the
621 meta files updated. If not empty, it can be used to
622 trigger processing of
\e[4m.MAKE.META.FILES
\e[24m.
624 \e[4m.MAKE.META.FILES
\e[0m
625 In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the
626 meta files used (updated or not). This list can be used
627 to process the meta files to extract dependency informa-
630 \e[4m.MAKE.META.IGNORE_PATHS
\e[0m
631 Provides a list of path prefixes that should be ignored;
632 because the contents are expected to change over time.
633 The default list includes: `
\e[4m/dev
\e[24m
\e[4m/etc
\e[24m
\e[4m/proc
\e[24m
\e[4m/tmp
\e[24m
\e[4m/var/run
\e[0m
636 \e[4m.MAKE.META.IGNORE_PATTERNS
\e[0m
637 Provides a list of patterns to match against pathnames.
638 Ignore any that match.
640 \e[4m.MAKE.META.IGNORE_FILTER
\e[0m
641 Provides a list of variable modifiers to apply to each
642 pathname. Ignore if the expansion is an empty string.
644 \e[4m.MAKE.META.PREFIX
\e[0m
645 Defines the message printed for each meta file updated in
646 "meta verbose" mode. The default value is:
647 Building ${.TARGET:H:tA}/${.TARGET:T}
649 \e[4m.MAKEOVERRIDES
\e[24m This variable is used to record the names of variables
650 assigned to on the command line, so that they may be
651 exported as part of `MAKEFLAGS'. This behavior can be
652 disabled by assigning an empty value to `
\e[4m.MAKEOVERRIDES
\e[24m'
653 within a makefile. Extra variables can be exported from
654 a makefile by appending their names to `
\e[4m.MAKEOVERRIDES
\e[24m'.
655 `MAKEFLAGS' is re-exported whenever `
\e[4m.MAKEOVERRIDES
\e[24m' is
658 \e[4m.MAKE.PATH_FILEMON
\e[0m
659 If
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwas built with filemon(4) support, this is set
660 to the path of the device node. This allows makefiles to
661 test for this support.
663 \e[4m.MAKE.PID
\e[24m The process-id of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m.
665 \e[4m.MAKE.PPID
\e[24m The parent process-id of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m.
667 \e[4m.MAKE.SAVE_DOLLARS
\e[0m
668 value should be a boolean that controls whether `$$' are
669 preserved when doing `:=' assignments. The default is
670 false, for backwards compatibility. Set to true for com-
671 patability with other makes. If set to false, `$$'
672 becomes `$' per normal evaluation rules.
674 \e[4mMAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR
\e[0m
675 When
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mstops due to an error, it sets `
\e[4m.ERROR_TARGET
\e[24m'
676 to the name of the target that failed, `
\e[4m.ERROR_CMD
\e[24m' to
677 the commands of the failed target, and in "meta" mode, it
678 also sets `
\e[4m.ERROR_CWD
\e[24m' to the getcwd(3), and
679 `
\e[4m.ERROR_META_FILE
\e[24m' to the path of the meta file (if any)
680 describing the failed target. It then prints its name
681 and the value of `
\e[4m.CURDIR
\e[24m' as well as the value of any
682 variables named in `
\e[4mMAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR
\e[24m'.
684 \e[4m.newline
\e[24m This variable is simply assigned a newline character as
685 its value. This allows expansions using the
\e[1m:@
\e[22mmodifier
686 to put a newline between iterations of the loop rather
687 than a space. For example, the printing of
688 `
\e[4mMAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR
\e[24m' could be done as
689 ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@}.
691 \e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m A path to the directory where the targets are built. Its
692 value is determined by trying to chdir(2) to the follow-
693 ing directories in order and using the first match:
695 1. ${MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR}
697 (Only if `MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX' is set in the environ-
698 ment or on the command line.)
702 (Only if `MAKEOBJDIR' is set in the environment or
703 on the command line.)
705 3. ${.CURDIR}
\e[4m/obj.
\e[24m${MACHINE}
707 4. ${.CURDIR}
\e[4m/obj
\e[0m
709 5.
\e[4m/usr/obj/
\e[24m${.CURDIR}
713 Variable expansion is performed on the value before it's
714 used, so expressions such as
715 ${.CURDIR:S,^/usr/src,/var/obj,}
716 may be used. This is especially useful with
719 `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m' may be modified in the makefile via the special
720 target `
\e[1m.OBJDIR
\e[22m'. In all cases,
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill chdir(2) to
721 the specified directory if it exists, and set `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m'
722 and `PWD' to that directory before executing any targets.
724 Except in the case of an explicit `
\e[1m.OBJDIR
\e[22m' target,
\e[1mbmake
\e[0m
725 will check that the specified directory is writable and
726 ignore it if not. This check can be skipped by setting
727 the environment variable `MAKE_OBJDIR_CHECK_WRITABLE' to
730 \e[4m.PARSEDIR
\e[24m A path to the directory of the current `
\e[4mMakefile
\e[24m' being
733 \e[4m.PARSEFILE
\e[24m The basename of the current `
\e[4mMakefile
\e[24m' being parsed.
734 This variable and `
\e[4m.PARSEDIR
\e[24m' are both set only while the
735 `
\e[4mMakefiles
\e[24m' are being parsed. If you want to retain
736 their current values, assign them to a variable using
737 assignment with expansion: (`
\e[1m:=
\e[22m').
739 \e[4m.PATH
\e[24m A variable that represents the list of directories that
740 \e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill search for files. The search list should be
741 updated using the target `
\e[4m.PATH
\e[24m' rather than the vari-
744 PWD Alternate path to the current directory.
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mnormally
745 sets `
\e[4m.CURDIR
\e[24m' to the canonical path given by getcwd(3).
746 However, if the environment variable `PWD' is set and
747 gives a path to the current directory, then
\e[1mbmake
\e[22msets
748 `
\e[4m.CURDIR
\e[24m' to the value of `PWD' instead. This behavior
749 is disabled if `MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX' is set or `MAKEOBJDIR'
750 contains a variable transform. `PWD' is set to the value
751 of `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m' for all programs which
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mexecutes.
753 .SHELL The pathname of the shell used to run target scripts. It
756 .TARGETS The list of targets explicitly specified on the command
759 VPATH Colon-separated (``:'') lists of directories that
\e[1mbmake
\e[0m
760 will search for files. The variable is supported for
761 compatibility with old make programs only, use `
\e[4m.PATH
\e[24m'
764 \e[1mVariable modifiers
\e[0m
765 Variable expansion may be modified to select or modify each word of the
766 variable (where a ``word'' is white-space delimited sequence of charac-
767 ters). The general format of a variable expansion is as follows:
769 ${variable[:modifier[:...]]}
771 Each modifier begins with a colon, which may be escaped with a backslash
774 A set of modifiers can be specified via a variable, as follows:
776 modifier_variable=modifier[:...]
777 ${variable:${modifier_variable}[:...]}
779 In this case the first modifier in the modifier_variable does not start
780 with a colon, since that must appear in the referencing variable. If any
781 of the modifiers in the modifier_variable contain a dollar sign (`$'),
782 these must be doubled to avoid early expansion.
784 The supported modifiers are:
786 \e[1m:E
\e[22mReplaces each word in the variable with its suffix.
788 \e[1m:H
\e[22mReplaces each word in the variable with everything but the last com-
791 \e[1m:M
\e[4m
\e[22mpattern
\e[0m
792 Selects only those words that match
\e[4mpattern
\e[24m. The standard shell
793 wildcard characters (`*', `?', and `[]') may be used. The wildcard
794 characters may be escaped with a backslash (`\'). As a consequence
795 of the way values are split into words, matched, and then joined, a
798 will normalize the inter-word spacing, removing all leading and
799 trailing space, and converting multiple consecutive spaces to single
802 \e[1m:N
\e[4m
\e[22mpattern
\e[0m
803 This is identical to `
\e[1m:M
\e[22m', but selects all words which do not match
806 \e[1m:O
\e[22mOrders every word in variable alphabetically.
808 \e[1m:Or
\e[22mOrders every word in variable in reverse alphabetical order.
810 \e[1m:Ox
\e[22mShuffles the words in variable. The results will be different each
811 time you are referring to the modified variable; use the assignment
812 with expansion (`
\e[1m:=
\e[22m') to prevent such behavior. For example,
814 LIST= uno due tre quattro
815 RANDOM_LIST= ${LIST:Ox}
816 STATIC_RANDOM_LIST:= ${LIST:Ox}
819 @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}"
820 @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}"
821 @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}"
822 @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}"
823 may produce output similar to:
830 \e[1m:Q
\e[22mQuotes every shell meta-character in the variable, so that it can be
831 passed safely to the shell.
833 \e[1m:q
\e[22mQuotes every shell meta-character in the variable, and also doubles
834 `$' characters so that it can be passed safely through recursive
835 invocations of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m. This is equivalent to: `:S/\$/&&/g:Q'.
837 \e[1m:R
\e[22mReplaces each word in the variable with everything but its suffix.
839 \e[1m:range[=count]
\e[0m
840 The value is an integer sequence representing the words of the orig-
841 inal value, or the supplied
\e[4mcount
\e[24m.
843 \e[1m:gmtime[=utc]
\e[0m
844 The value is a format string for strftime(3), using gmtime(3). If a
845 \e[4mutc
\e[24m value is not provided or is 0, the current time is used.
848 Computes a 32-bit hash of the value and encode it as hex digits.
850 \e[1m:localtime[=utc]
\e[0m
851 The value is a format string for strftime(3), using localtime(3).
852 If a
\e[4mutc
\e[24m value is not provided or is 0, the current time is used.
854 \e[1m:tA
\e[22mAttempts to convert variable to an absolute path using realpath(3),
855 if that fails, the value is unchanged.
857 \e[1m:tl
\e[22mConverts variable to lower-case letters.
859 \e[1m:ts
\e[4m
\e[22mc
\e[0m
860 Words in the variable are normally separated by a space on expan-
861 sion. This modifier sets the separator to the character
\e[4mc
\e[24m. If
\e[4mc
\e[24m is
862 omitted, then no separator is used. The common escapes (including
863 octal numeric codes) work as expected.
865 \e[1m:tu
\e[22mConverts variable to upper-case letters.
867 \e[1m:tW
\e[22mCauses the value to be treated as a single word (possibly containing
868 embedded white space). See also `
\e[1m:[*]
\e[22m'.
870 \e[1m:tw
\e[22mCauses the value to be treated as a sequence of words delimited by
871 white space. See also `
\e[1m:[@]
\e[22m'.
873 \e[1m:S
\e[22m/
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m/
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m/[
\e[1m1gW
\e[22m]
874 Modifies the first occurrence of
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m in each word of the
875 variable's value, replacing it with
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m. If a `g' is
876 appended to the last delimiter of the pattern, all occurrences in
877 each word are replaced. If a `1' is appended to the last delimiter
878 of the pattern, only the first occurrence is affected. If a `W' is
879 appended to the last delimiter of the pattern, then the value is
880 treated as a single word (possibly containing embedded white space).
881 If
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m begins with a caret (`^'),
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m is anchored at
882 the beginning of each word. If
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m ends with a dollar sign
883 (`$'), it is anchored at the end of each word. Inside
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m,
884 an ampersand (`&') is replaced by
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m (without any `^' or
885 `$'). Any character may be used as a delimiter for the parts of the
886 modifier string. The anchoring, ampersand and delimiter characters
887 may be escaped with a backslash (`\').
889 Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside both
890 \e[4mold_string
\e[24m and
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m with the single exception that a backslash
891 is used to prevent the expansion of a dollar sign (`$'), not a pre-
892 ceding dollar sign as is usual.
894 \e[1m:C
\e[22m/
\e[4mpattern
\e[24m/
\e[4mreplacement
\e[24m/[
\e[1m1gW
\e[22m]
895 The
\e[1m:C
\e[22mmodifier is just like the
\e[1m:S
\e[22mmodifier except that the old and
896 new strings, instead of being simple strings, are an extended regu-
897 lar expression (see regex(3)) string
\e[4mpattern
\e[24m and an ed(1)-style
898 string
\e[4mreplacement
\e[24m. Normally, the first occurrence of the pattern
899 \e[4mpattern
\e[24m in each word of the value is substituted with
\e[4mreplacement
\e[24m.
900 The `1' modifier causes the substitution to apply to at most one
901 word; the `g' modifier causes the substitution to apply to as many
902 instances of the search pattern
\e[4mpattern
\e[24m as occur in the word or
903 words it is found in; the `W' modifier causes the value to be
904 treated as a single word (possibly containing embedded white space).
906 As for the
\e[1m:S
\e[22mmodifier, the
\e[4mpattern
\e[24m and
\e[4mreplacement
\e[24m are subjected to
907 variable expansion before being parsed as regular expressions.
909 \e[1m:T
\e[22mReplaces each word in the variable with its last path component.
911 \e[1m:u
\e[22mRemoves adjacent duplicate words (like uniq(1)).
913 \e[1m:?
\e[4m
\e[22mtrue_string
\e[24m
\e[1m:
\e[4m
\e[22mfalse_string
\e[0m
914 If the variable name (not its value), when parsed as a .if condi-
915 tional expression, evaluates to true, return as its value the
916 \e[4mtrue_string
\e[24m, otherwise return the
\e[4mfalse_string
\e[24m. Since the variable
917 name is used as the expression, :? must be the first modifier after
918 the variable name itself - which will, of course, usually contain
919 variable expansions. A common error is trying to use expressions
921 ${NUMBERS:M42:?match:no}
922 which actually tests defined(NUMBERS), to determine if any words
923 match "42" you need to use something like:
924 ${"${NUMBERS:M42}" != "":?match:no}.
926 \e[4m:old_string=new_string
\e[0m
927 This is the AT&T System V UNIX style variable substitution. It must
928 be the last modifier specified. If
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m or
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m do not
929 contain the pattern matching character
\e[4m%
\e[24m then it is assumed that
930 they are anchored at the end of each word, so only suffixes or
931 entire words may be replaced. Otherwise
\e[4m%
\e[24m is the substring of
932 \e[4mold_string
\e[24m to be replaced in
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m. If only
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m con-
933 tains the pattern matching character
\e[4m%
\e[24m, and
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m matches, then
934 the result is the
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m. If only the
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m contains the
935 pattern matching character
\e[4m%
\e[24m, then it is not treated specially and
936 it is printed as a literal
\e[4m%
\e[24m on match. If there is more than one
937 pattern matching character (
\e[4m%
\e[24m) in either the
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m or
938 \e[4mold_string
\e[24m, only the first instance is treated specially (as the
939 pattern character); all subsequent instances are treated as regular
942 Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside both
943 \e[4mold_string
\e[24m and
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m with the single exception that a backslash
944 is used to prevent the expansion of a dollar sign (`$'), not a pre-
945 ceding dollar sign as is usual.
947 \e[1m:@
\e[4m
\e[22mtemp
\e[24m
\e[1m@
\e[4m
\e[22mstring
\e[24m
\e[1m@
\e[0m
948 This is the loop expansion mechanism from the OSF Development Envi-
949 ronment (ODE) make. Unlike
\e[1m.for
\e[22mloops, expansion occurs at the time
950 of reference. Assigns
\e[4mtemp
\e[24m to each word in the variable and evalu-
951 ates
\e[4mstring
\e[24m. The ODE convention is that
\e[4mtemp
\e[24m should start and end
952 with a period. For example.
953 ${LINKS:@.LINK.@${LN} ${TARGET} ${.LINK.}@}
955 However a single character variable is often more readable:
956 ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@}
959 Saves the current variable value in `$_' or the named
\e[4mvar
\e[24m for later
960 reference. Example usage:
962 M_cmpv.units = 1 1000 1000000
963 M_cmpv = S,., ,g:_:range:@i@+ $${_:[-$$i]} \
964 \* $${M_cmpv.units:[$$i]}@:S,^,expr 0 ,1:sh
966 .if ${VERSION:${M_cmpv}} < ${3.1.12:L:${M_cmpv}}
968 Here `$_' is used to save the result of the `:S' modifier which is
969 later referenced using the index values from `:range'.
971 \e[1m:U
\e[4m
\e[22mnewval
\e[0m
972 If the variable is undefined,
\e[4mnewval
\e[24m is the value. If the variable
973 is defined, the existing value is returned. This is another ODE
974 make feature. It is handy for setting per-target CFLAGS for
976 ${_${.TARGET:T}_CFLAGS:U${DEF_CFLAGS}}
977 If a value is only required if the variable is undefined, use:
980 \e[1m:D
\e[4m
\e[22mnewval
\e[0m
981 If the variable is defined,
\e[4mnewval
\e[24m is the value.
983 \e[1m:L
\e[22mThe name of the variable is the value.
985 \e[1m:P
\e[22mThe path of the node which has the same name as the variable is the
986 value. If no such node exists or its path is null, then the name of
987 the variable is used. In order for this modifier to work, the name
988 (node) must at least have appeared on the rhs of a dependency.
990 \e[1m:!
\e[4m
\e[22mcmd
\e[24m
\e[1m!
\e[0m
991 The output of running
\e[4mcmd
\e[24m is the value.
993 \e[1m:sh
\e[22mIf the variable is non-empty it is run as a command and the output
994 becomes the new value.
996 \e[1m::=
\e[4m
\e[22mstr
\e[0m
997 The variable is assigned the value
\e[4mstr
\e[24m after substitution. This
998 modifier and its variations are useful in obscure situations such as
999 wanting to set a variable when shell commands are being parsed.
1000 These assignment modifiers always expand to nothing, so if appearing
1001 in a rule line by themselves should be preceded with something to
1002 keep
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mhappy.
1004 The `
\e[1m::
\e[22m' helps avoid false matches with the AT&T System V UNIX style
1005 \e[1m:=
\e[22mmodifier and since substitution always occurs the
\e[1m::=
\e[22mform is
1006 vaguely appropriate.
1008 \e[1m::?=
\e[4m
\e[22mstr
\e[0m
1009 As for
\e[1m::=
\e[22mbut only if the variable does not already have a value.
1011 \e[1m::+=
\e[4m
\e[22mstr
\e[0m
1012 Append
\e[4mstr
\e[24m to the variable.
1014 \e[1m::!=
\e[4m
\e[22mcmd
\e[0m
1015 Assign the output of
\e[4mcmd
\e[24m to the variable.
1017 \e[1m:[
\e[4m
\e[22mrange
\e[24m
\e[1m]
\e[0m
1018 Selects one or more words from the value, or performs other opera-
1019 tions related to the way in which the value is divided into words.
1021 Ordinarily, a value is treated as a sequence of words delimited by
1022 white space. Some modifiers suppress this behavior, causing a value
1023 to be treated as a single word (possibly containing embedded white
1024 space). An empty value, or a value that consists entirely of white-
1025 space, is treated as a single word. For the purposes of the `
\e[1m:[]
\e[22m'
1026 modifier, the words are indexed both forwards using positive inte-
1027 gers (where index 1 represents the first word), and backwards using
1028 negative integers (where index -1 represents the last word).
1030 The
\e[4mrange
\e[24m is subjected to variable expansion, and the expanded
1031 result is then interpreted as follows:
1033 \e[4mindex
\e[24m Selects a single word from the value.
1035 \e[4mstart
\e[24m
\e[1m..
\e[4m
\e[22mend
\e[0m
1036 Selects all words from
\e[4mstart
\e[24m to
\e[4mend
\e[24m, inclusive. For example,
1037 `
\e[1m:[2..-1]
\e[22m' selects all words from the second word to the last
1038 word. If
\e[4mstart
\e[24m is greater than
\e[4mend
\e[24m, then the words are out-
1039 put in reverse order. For example, `
\e[1m:[-1..1]
\e[22m' selects all
1040 the words from last to first. If the list is already
1041 ordered, then this effectively reverses the list, but it is
1042 more efficient to use `
\e[1m:Or
\e[22m' instead of `
\e[1m:O:[-1..1]
\e[22m'.
1044 \e[1m*
\e[22mCauses subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a single
1045 word (possibly containing embedded white space). Analogous
1046 to the effect of "$*" in Bourne shell.
1048 0 Means the same as `
\e[1m:[*]
\e[22m'.
1050 \e[1m@
\e[22mCauses subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a sequence
1051 of words delimited by white space. Analogous to the effect
1052 of "$@" in Bourne shell.
1054 \e[1m#
\e[22mReturns the number of words in the value.
1056 \e[1mINCLUDE STATEMENTS, CONDITIONALS AND FOR LOOPS
\e[0m
1057 Makefile inclusion, conditional structures and for loops reminiscent of
1058 the C programming language are provided in
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m. All such structures
1059 are identified by a line beginning with a single dot (`.') character.
1060 Files are included with either
\e[1m.include <
\e[4m
\e[22mfile
\e[24m
\e[1m>
\e[22mor
\e[1m.include "
\e[4m
\e[22mfile
\e[24m
\e[1m"
\e[22m. Vari-
1061 ables between the angle brackets or double quotes are expanded to form
1062 the file name. If angle brackets are used, the included makefile is
1063 expected to be in the system makefile directory. If double quotes are
1064 used, the including makefile's directory and any directories specified
1065 using the
\e[1m-I
\e[22moption are searched before the system makefile directory.
1066 For compatibility with other versions of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m`include file ...' is also
1069 If the include statement is written as
\e[1m.-include
\e[22mor as
\e[1m.sinclude
\e[22mthen
1070 errors locating and/or opening include files are ignored.
1072 If the include statement is written as
\e[1m.dinclude
\e[22mnot only are errors
1073 locating and/or opening include files ignored, but stale dependencies
1074 within the included file will be ignored just like
\e[4m.MAKE.DEPENDFILE
\e[24m.
1076 Conditional expressions are also preceded by a single dot as the first
1077 character of a line. The possible conditionals are as follows:
1079 \e[1m.error
\e[4m
\e[22mmessage
\e[0m
1080 The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and
1081 line number, then
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill exit immediately.
1083 \e[1m.export
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[0m
1084 Export the specified global variable. If no variable list is
1085 provided, all globals are exported except for internal variables
1086 (those that start with `.'). This is not affected by the
\e[1m-X
\e[0m
1087 flag, so should be used with caution. For compatibility with
1088 other
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mprograms `export variable=value' is also accepted.
1090 Appending a variable name to
\e[4m.MAKE.EXPORTED
\e[24m is equivalent to
1091 exporting a variable.
1093 \e[1m.export-env
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[0m
1094 The same as `.export', except that the variable is not appended
1095 to
\e[4m.MAKE.EXPORTED
\e[24m. This allows exporting a value to the environ-
1096 ment which is different from that used by
\e[1mbmake
\e[22minternally.
1098 \e[1m.export-literal
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[0m
1099 The same as `.export-env', except that variables in the value are
1102 \e[1m.info
\e[4m
\e[22mmessage
\e[0m
1103 The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and
1106 \e[1m.undef
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[0m
1107 Un-define the specified global variable. Only global variables
1110 \e[1m.unexport
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[0m
1111 The opposite of `.export'. The specified global
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m will be
1112 removed from
\e[4m.MAKE.EXPORTED
\e[24m. If no variable list is provided,
1113 all globals are unexported, and
\e[4m.MAKE.EXPORTED
\e[24m deleted.
1115 \e[1m.unexport-env
\e[0m
1116 Unexport all globals previously exported and clear the environ-
1117 ment inherited from the parent. This operation will cause a mem-
1118 ory leak of the original environment, so should be used spar-
1119 ingly. Testing for
\e[4m.MAKE.LEVEL
\e[24m being 0, would make sense. Also
1120 note that any variables which originated in the parent environ-
1121 ment should be explicitly preserved if desired. For example:
1123 .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0
1129 Would result in an environment containing only `PATH', which is
1130 the minimal useful environment. Actually `.MAKE.LEVEL' will also
1131 be pushed into the new environment.
1133 \e[1m.warning
\e[4m
\e[22mmessage
\e[0m
1134 The message prefixed by `
\e[4mwarning:
\e[24m' is printed along with the name
1135 of the makefile and line number.
1137 \e[1m.if
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mexpression
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mexpression
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1138 Test the value of an expression.
1140 \e[1m.ifdef
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1141 Test the value of a variable.
1143 \e[1m.ifndef
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1144 Test the value of a variable.
1146 \e[1m.ifmake
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1147 Test the target being built.
1149 \e[1m.ifnmake
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1150 Test the target being built.
1152 \e[1m.else
\e[22mReverse the sense of the last conditional.
1154 \e[1m.elif
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mexpression
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mexpression
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1155 A combination of `
\e[1m.else
\e[22m' followed by `
\e[1m.if
\e[22m'.
1157 \e[1m.elifdef
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1158 A combination of `
\e[1m.else
\e[22m' followed by `
\e[1m.ifdef
\e[22m'.
1160 \e[1m.elifndef
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1161 A combination of `
\e[1m.else
\e[22m' followed by `
\e[1m.ifndef
\e[22m'.
1163 \e[1m.elifmake
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1164 A combination of `
\e[1m.else
\e[22m' followed by `
\e[1m.ifmake
\e[22m'.
1166 \e[1m.elifnmake
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1167 A combination of `
\e[1m.else
\e[22m' followed by `
\e[1m.ifnmake
\e[22m'.
1169 \e[1m.endif
\e[22mEnd the body of the conditional.
1171 The
\e[4moperator
\e[24m may be any one of the following:
1173 \e[1m||
\e[22mLogical OR.
1175 \e[1m&&
\e[22mLogical AND; of higher precedence than ``||''.
1177 As in C,
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill only evaluate a conditional as far as is necessary to
1178 determine its value. Parentheses may be used to change the order of
1179 evaluation. The boolean operator `
\e[1m!
\e[22m' may be used to logically negate an
1180 entire conditional. It is of higher precedence than `
\e[1m&&
\e[22m'.
1182 The value of
\e[4mexpression
\e[24m may be any of the following:
1184 \e[1mdefined
\e[22mTakes a variable name as an argument and evaluates to true if
1185 the variable has been defined.
1187 \e[1mmake
\e[22mTakes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1188 target was specified as part of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m's command line or was
1189 declared the default target (either implicitly or explicitly,
1190 see
\e[4m.MAIN
\e[24m) before the line containing the conditional.
1192 \e[1mempty
\e[22mTakes a variable, with possible modifiers, and evaluates to true
1193 if the expansion of the variable would result in an empty
1196 \e[1mexists
\e[22mTakes a file name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1197 file exists. The file is searched for on the system search path
1198 (see
\e[4m.PATH
\e[24m).
1200 \e[1mtarget
\e[22mTakes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1201 target has been defined.
1204 Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1205 target has been defined and has commands associated with it.
1207 \e[4mExpression
\e[24m may also be an arithmetic or string comparison. Variable
1208 expansion is performed on both sides of the comparison, after which the
1209 numerical values are compared. A value is interpreted as hexadecimal if
1210 it is preceded by 0x, otherwise it is decimal; octal numbers are not sup-
1211 ported. The standard C relational operators are all supported. If after
1212 variable expansion, either the left or right hand side of a `
\e[1m==
\e[22m' or `
\e[1m!=
\e[22m'
1213 operator is not a numerical value, then string comparison is performed
1214 between the expanded variables. If no relational operator is given, it
1215 is assumed that the expanded variable is being compared against 0, or an
1216 empty string in the case of a string comparison.
1218 When
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis evaluating one of these conditional expressions, and it
1219 encounters a (white-space separated) word it doesn't recognize, either
1220 the ``make'' or ``defined'' expression is applied to it, depending on the
1221 form of the conditional. If the form is `
\e[1m.ifdef
\e[22m', `
\e[1m.ifndef
\e[22m', or `
\e[1m.if
\e[22m'
1222 the ``defined'' expression is applied. Similarly, if the form is
1223 `
\e[1m.ifmake
\e[22m' or `
\e[1m.ifnmake
\e[22m', the ``make'' expression is applied.
1225 If the conditional evaluates to true the parsing of the makefile contin-
1226 ues as before. If it evaluates to false, the following lines are
1227 skipped. In both cases this continues until a `
\e[1m.else
\e[22m' or `
\e[1m.endif
\e[22m' is
1230 For loops are typically used to apply a set of rules to a list of files.
1231 The syntax of a for loop is:
1233 \e[1m.for
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m [
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
\e[1min
\e[4m
\e[22mexpression
\e[0m
1237 After the for
\e[1mexpression
\e[22mis evaluated, it is split into words. On each
1238 iteration of the loop, one word is taken and assigned to each
\e[1mvariable
\e[22m,
1239 in order, and these
\e[1mvariables
\e[22mare substituted into the
\e[1mmake-lines
\e[22minside
1240 the body of the for loop. The number of words must come out even; that
1241 is, if there are three iteration variables, the number of words provided
1242 must be a multiple of three.
1245 Comments begin with a hash (`#') character, anywhere but in a shell com-
1246 mand line, and continue to the end of an unescaped new line.
1248 \e[1mSPECIAL SOURCES (ATTRIBUTES)
\e[0m
1249 \e[1m.EXEC
\e[22mTarget is never out of date, but always execute commands any-
1252 \e[1m.IGNORE
\e[22mIgnore any errors from the commands associated with this tar-
1253 get, exactly as if they all were preceded by a dash (`-').
1255 \e[1m.MADE
\e[22mMark all sources of this target as being up-to-date.
1257 \e[1m.MAKE
\e[22mExecute the commands associated with this target even if the
\e[1m-n
\e[0m
1258 or
\e[1m-t
\e[22moptions were specified. Normally used to mark recursive
1261 \e[1m.META
\e[22mCreate a meta file for the target, even if it is flagged as
1262 \e[1m.PHONY
\e[22m,
\e[1m.MAKE
\e[22m, or
\e[1m.SPECIAL
\e[22m. Usage in conjunction with
\e[1m.MAKE
\e[22mis
1263 the most likely case. In "meta" mode, the target is out-of-
1264 date if the meta file is missing.
1266 \e[1m.NOMETA
\e[22mDo not create a meta file for the target. Meta files are also
1267 not created for
\e[1m.PHONY
\e[22m,
\e[1m.MAKE
\e[22m, or
\e[1m.SPECIAL
\e[22mtargets.
1269 \e[1m.NOMETA_CMP
\e[0m
1270 Ignore differences in commands when deciding if target is out
1271 of date. This is useful if the command contains a value which
1272 always changes. If the number of commands change, though, the
1273 target will still be out of date. The same effect applies to
1274 any command line that uses the variable
\e[4m.OODATE
\e[24m, which can be
1275 used for that purpose even when not otherwise needed or
1279 skip-compare-for-some:
1280 @echo this will be compared
1281 @echo this will not ${.OODATE:M.NOMETA_CMP}
1282 @echo this will also be compared
1284 The
\e[1m:M
\e[22mpattern suppresses any expansion of the unwanted vari-
1287 \e[1m.NOPATH
\e[22mDo not search for the target in the directories specified by
1290 \e[1m.NOTMAIN
\e[22mNormally
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mselects the first target it encounters as the
1291 default target to be built if no target was specified. This
1292 source prevents this target from being selected.
1295 If a target is marked with this attribute and
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mcan't fig-
1296 ure out how to create it, it will ignore this fact and assume
1297 the file isn't needed or already exists.
1299 \e[1m.PHONY
\e[22mThe target does not correspond to an actual file; it is always
1300 considered to be out of date, and will not be created with the
1301 \e[1m-t
\e[22moption. Suffix-transformation rules are not applied to
1302 \e[1m.PHONY
\e[22mtargets.
1305 When
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis interrupted, it normally removes any partially
1306 made targets. This source prevents the target from being
1309 \e[1m.RECURSIVE
\e[0m
1310 Synonym for
\e[1m.MAKE
\e[22m.
1312 \e[1m.SILENT
\e[22mDo not echo any of the commands associated with this target,
1313 exactly as if they all were preceded by an at sign (`@').
1315 \e[1m.USE
\e[22mTurn the target into
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m's version of a macro. When the tar-
1316 get is used as a source for another target, the other target
1317 acquires the commands, sources, and attributes (except for
1318 \e[1m.USE
\e[22m) of the source. If the target already has commands, the
1319 \e[1m.USE
\e[22mtarget's commands are appended to them.
1321 \e[1m.USEBEFORE
\e[0m
1322 Exactly like
\e[1m.USE
\e[22m, but prepend the
\e[1m.USEBEFORE
\e[22mtarget commands
1325 \e[1m.WAIT
\e[22mIf
\e[1m.WAIT
\e[22mappears in a dependency line, the sources that precede
1326 it are made before the sources that succeed it in the line.
1327 Since the dependents of files are not made until the file
1328 itself could be made, this also stops the dependents being
1329 built unless they are needed for another branch of the depen-
1330 dency tree. So given:
1341 the output is always `a', `b1', `b', `x'.
1342 The ordering imposed by
\e[1m.WAIT
\e[22mis only relevant for parallel
1345 \e[1mSPECIAL TARGETS
\e[0m
1346 Special targets may not be included with other targets, i.e. they must be
1347 the only target specified.
1349 \e[1m.BEGIN
\e[22mAny command lines attached to this target are executed before
1350 anything else is done.
1353 This is sort of a
\e[1m.USE
\e[22mrule for any target (that was used only
1354 as a source) that
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mcan't figure out any other way to cre-
1355 ate. Only the shell script is used. The
\e[1m.IMPSRC
\e[22mvariable of a
1356 target that inherits
\e[1m.DEFAULT
\e[22m's commands is set to the target's
1359 \e[1m.DELETE_ON_ERROR
\e[0m
1360 If this target is present in the makefile, it globally causes
1361 make to delete targets whose commands fail. (By default, only
1362 targets whose commands are interrupted during execution are
1363 deleted. This is the historical behavior.) This setting can be
1364 used to help prevent half-finished or malformed targets from
1365 being left around and corrupting future rebuilds.
1367 \e[1m.END
\e[22mAny command lines attached to this target are executed after
1368 everything else is done.
1370 \e[1m.ERROR
\e[22mAny command lines attached to this target are executed when
1371 another target fails. The
\e[1m.ERROR_TARGET
\e[22mvariable is set to the
1372 target that failed. See also
\e[1mMAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR
\e[22m.
1374 \e[1m.IGNORE
\e[22mMark each of the sources with the
\e[1m.IGNORE
\e[22mattribute. If no
1375 sources are specified, this is the equivalent of specifying the
1376 \e[1m-i
\e[22moption.
1378 \e[1m.INTERRUPT
\e[0m
1379 If
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis interrupted, the commands for this target will be
1382 \e[1m.MAIN
\e[22mIf no target is specified when
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis invoked, this target
1385 \e[1m.MAKEFLAGS
\e[0m
1386 This target provides a way to specify flags for
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwhen the
1387 makefile is used. The flags are as if typed to the shell,
1388 though the
\e[1m-f
\e[22moption will have no effect.
1390 \e[1m.NOPATH
\e[22mApply the
\e[1m.NOPATH
\e[22mattribute to any specified sources.
1392 \e[1m.NOTPARALLEL
\e[0m
1393 Disable parallel mode.
1395 \e[1m.NO_PARALLEL
\e[0m
1396 Synonym for
\e[1m.NOTPARALLEL
\e[22m, for compatibility with other pmake
1399 \e[1m.OBJDIR
\e[22mThe source is a new value for `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m'. If it exists,
\e[1mbmake
\e[0m
1400 will chdir(2) to it and update the value of `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m'.
1402 \e[1m.ORDER
\e[22mThe named targets are made in sequence. This ordering does not
1403 add targets to the list of targets to be made. Since the depen-
1404 dents of a target do not get built until the target itself could
1405 be built, unless `a' is built by another part of the dependency
1406 graph, the following is a dependency loop:
1411 The ordering imposed by
\e[1m.ORDER
\e[22mis only relevant for parallel
1414 \e[1m.PATH
\e[22mThe sources are directories which are to be searched for files
1415 not found in the current directory. If no sources are speci-
1416 fied, any previously specified directories are deleted. If the
1417 source is the special
\e[1m.DOTLAST
\e[22mtarget, then the current working
1418 directory is searched last.
1420 \e[1m.PATH.
\e[4m
\e[22msuffix
\e[0m
1421 Like
\e[1m.PATH
\e[22mbut applies only to files with a particular suffix.
1422 The suffix must have been previously declared with
\e[1m.SUFFIXES
\e[22m.
1424 \e[1m.PHONY
\e[22mApply the
\e[1m.PHONY
\e[22mattribute to any specified sources.
1427 Apply the
\e[1m.PRECIOUS
\e[22mattribute to any specified sources. If no
1428 sources are specified, the
\e[1m.PRECIOUS
\e[22mattribute is applied to
1429 every target in the file.
1431 \e[1m.SHELL
\e[22mSets the shell that
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill use to execute commands. The
1432 sources are a set of
\e[4mfield=value
\e[24m pairs.
1434 \e[4mname
\e[24m This is the minimal specification, used to select
1435 one of the built-in shell specs;
\e[4msh
\e[24m,
\e[4mksh
\e[24m, and
\e[4mcsh
\e[24m.
1437 \e[4mpath
\e[24m Specifies the path to the shell.
1439 \e[4mhasErrCtl
\e[24m Indicates whether the shell supports exit on error.
1441 \e[4mcheck
\e[24m The command to turn on error checking.
1443 \e[4mignore
\e[24m The command to disable error checking.
1445 \e[4mecho
\e[24m The command to turn on echoing of commands executed.
1447 \e[4mquiet
\e[24m The command to turn off echoing of commands exe-
1450 \e[4mfilter
\e[24m The output to filter after issuing the
\e[4mquiet
\e[24m com-
1451 mand. It is typically identical to
\e[4mquiet
\e[24m.
1453 \e[4merrFlag
\e[24m The flag to pass the shell to enable error checking.
1455 \e[4mechoFlag
\e[24m The flag to pass the shell to enable command echo-
1458 \e[4mnewline
\e[24m The string literal to pass the shell that results in
1459 a single newline character when used outside of any
1463 .SHELL: name=ksh path=/bin/ksh hasErrCtl=true \
1464 check="set -e" ignore="set +e" \
1465 echo="set -v" quiet="set +v" filter="set +v" \
1466 echoFlag=v errFlag=e newline="'\n'"
1468 \e[1m.SILENT
\e[22mApply the
\e[1m.SILENT
\e[22mattribute to any specified sources. If no
1469 sources are specified, the
\e[1m.SILENT
\e[22mattribute is applied to every
1470 command in the file.
1472 \e[1m.STALE
\e[22mThis target gets run when a dependency file contains stale
1473 entries, having
\e[4m.ALLSRC
\e[24m set to the name of that dependency file.
1476 Each source specifies a suffix to
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m. If no sources are
1477 specified, any previously specified suffixes are deleted. It
1478 allows the creation of suffix-transformation rules.
1484 cc -o ${.TARGET} -c ${.IMPSRC}
1486 \e[1mENVIRONMENT
\e[0m
1487 \e[1mbmake
\e[22muses the following environment variables, if they exist: MACHINE,
1488 MACHINE_ARCH, MAKE, MAKEFLAGS, MAKEOBJDIR, MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX, MAKESYSPATH,
1491 MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX and MAKEOBJDIR may only be set in the environment or on
1492 the command line to
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mand not as makefile variables; see the descrip-
1493 tion of `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m' for more details.
1496 .depend list of dependencies
1497 Makefile list of dependencies
1498 makefile list of dependencies
1499 sys.mk system makefile
1500 /usr/share/mk system makefile directory
1502 \e[1mCOMPATIBILITY
\e[0m
1503 The basic make syntax is compatible between different versions of make;
1504 however the special variables, variable modifiers and conditionals are
1507 \e[1mOlder versions
\e[0m
1508 An incomplete list of changes in older versions of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m:
1510 The way that .for loop variables are substituted changed after NetBSD 5.0
1511 so that they still appear to be variable expansions. In particular this
1512 stops them being treated as syntax, and removes some obscure problems
1513 using them in .if statements.
1515 The way that parallel makes are scheduled changed in NetBSD 4.0 so that
1516 .ORDER and .WAIT apply recursively to the dependent nodes. The algo-
1517 rithms used may change again in the future.
1519 \e[1mOther make dialects
\e[0m
1520 Other make dialects (GNU make, SVR4 make, POSIX make, etc.) do not sup-
1521 port most of the features of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mas described in this manual. Most
1524 \e[1m+
\bo
\e[22mThe
\e[1m.WAIT
\e[22mand
\e[1m.ORDER
\e[22mdeclarations and most functionality per-
1525 taining to parallelization. (GNU make supports parallelization
1526 but lacks these features needed to control it effectively.)
1528 \e[1m+
\bo
\e[22mDirectives, including for loops and conditionals and most of
1529 the forms of include files. (GNU make has its own incompatible
1530 and less powerful syntax for conditionals.)
1532 \e[1m+
\bo
\e[22mAll built-in variables that begin with a dot.
1534 \e[1m+
\bo
\e[22mMost of the special sources and targets that begin with a dot,
1535 with the notable exception of
\e[1m.PHONY
\e[22m,
\e[1m.PRECIOUS
\e[22m, and
\e[1m.SUFFIXES
\e[22m.
1537 \e[1m+
\bo
\e[22mVariable modifiers, except for the
1539 string substitution, which does not portably support globbing
1540 with `%' and historically only works on declared suffixes.
1542 \e[1m+
\bo
\e[22mThe
\e[1m$>
\e[22mvariable even in its short form; most makes support this
1543 functionality but its name varies.
1545 Some features are somewhat more portable, such as assignment with
\e[1m+=
\e[22m,
\e[1m?=
\e[22m,
1546 and
\e[1m!=
\e[22m. The
\e[1m.PATH
\e[22mfunctionality is based on an older feature
\e[1mVPATH
\e[22mfound
1547 in GNU make and many versions of SVR4 make; however, historically its
1548 behavior is too ill-defined (and too buggy) to rely upon.
1550 The
\e[1m$@
\e[22mand
\e[1m$<
\e[22mvariables are more or less universally portable, as is the
1551 \e[1m$(MAKE)
\e[22mvariable. Basic use of suffix rules (for files only in the cur-
1552 rent directory, not trying to chain transformations together, etc.) is
1553 also reasonably portable.
1559 \e[1mbmake
\e[22mis derived from NetBSD make(1). It uses autoconf to facilitate
1560 portability to other platforms.
1562 A make command appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. This make implementation
1563 is based on Adam De Boor's pmake program which was written for Sprite at
1564 Berkeley. It was designed to be a parallel distributed make running jobs
1565 on different machines using a daemon called ``customs''.
1567 Historically the target/dependency ``FRC'' has been used to FoRCe
1568 rebuilding (since the target/dependency does not exist... unless someone
1569 creates an ``FRC'' file).
1572 The make syntax is difficult to parse without actually acting on the
1573 data. For instance, finding the end of a variable's use should involve
1574 scanning each of the modifiers, using the correct terminator for each
1575 field. In many places make just counts {} and () in order to find the
1576 end of a variable expansion.
1578 There is no way of escaping a space character in a filename.
1580 FreeBSD 11.3 November 14, 2020 FreeBSD 11.3