1 BMAKE(1) FreeBSD General Commands Manual BMAKE(1)
4 \e[1mbmake
\e[22m-- maintain program dependencies
7 \e[1mbmake
\e[22m[
\e[1m-BeikNnqrstWwX
\e[22m] [
\e[1m-C
\e[4m
\e[22mdirectory
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-D
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-d
\e[4m
\e[22mflags
\e[24m]
8 [
\e[1m-f
\e[4m
\e[22mmakefile
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-I
\e[4m
\e[22mdirectory
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-J
\e[4m
\e[22mprivate
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-j
\e[4m
\e[22mmax_jobs
\e[24m]
9 [
\e[1m-m
\e[4m
\e[22mdirectory
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-T
\e[4m
\e[22mfile
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-V
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m] [
\e[1m-v
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m]
10 [
\e[4mvariable=value
\e[24m] [
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
13 \e[1mbmake
\e[22mis a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other pro-
14 grams. Its input is a list of specifications as to the files upon which
15 programs and other files depend. If no
\e[1m-f
\e[4m
\e[22mmakefile
\e[24m makefile option is
16 given,
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill try to open `
\e[4mmakefile
\e[24m' then `
\e[4mMakefile
\e[24m' in order to find
17 the specifications. If the file `
\e[4m.depend
\e[24m' exists, it is read (see
20 This manual page is intended as a reference document only. For a more
21 thorough description of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mand makefiles, please refer to
\e[4mPMake
\e[24m
\e[4m-
\e[24m
\e[4mA
\e[0m
24 \e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill prepend the contents of the
\e[4mMAKEFLAGS
\e[24m environment variable to
25 the command line arguments before parsing them.
27 The options are as follows:
29 \e[1m-B
\e[22mTry to be backwards compatible by executing a single shell per
30 command and by executing the commands to make the sources of a
31 dependency line in sequence.
33 \e[1m-C
\e[4m
\e[22mdirectory
\e[0m
34 Change to
\e[4mdirectory
\e[24m before reading the makefiles or doing any-
35 thing else. If multiple
\e[1m-C
\e[22moptions are specified, each is inter-
36 preted relative to the previous one:
\e[1m-C
\e[4m
\e[22m/
\e[24m
\e[1m-C
\e[4m
\e[22metc
\e[24m is equivalent to
37 \e[1m-C
\e[4m
\e[22m/etc
\e[24m.
39 \e[1m-D
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[0m
40 Define
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m to be 1, in the global context.
42 \e[1m-d
\e[4m
\e[22m[-]flags
\e[0m
43 Turn on debugging, and specify which portions of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mare to
44 print debugging information. Unless the flags are preceded by
45 `-' they are added to the
\e[4mMAKEFLAGS
\e[24m environment variable and will
46 be processed by any child make processes. By default, debugging
47 information is printed to standard error, but this can be changed
48 using the
\e[4mF
\e[24m debugging flag. The debugging output is always
49 unbuffered; in addition, if debugging is enabled but debugging
50 output is not directed to standard output, then the standard out-
51 put is line buffered.
\e[4mFlags
\e[24m is one or more of the following:
53 \e[4mA
\e[24m Print all possible debugging information; equivalent to
54 specifying all of the debugging flags.
56 \e[4ma
\e[24m Print debugging information about archive searching and
59 \e[4mC
\e[24m Print debugging information about current working direc-
62 \e[4mc
\e[24m Print debugging information about conditional evaluation.
64 \e[4md
\e[24m Print debugging information about directory searching and
67 \e[4me
\e[24m Print debugging information about failed commands and
70 \e[4mF
\e[24m[
\e[1m+
\e[22m]
\e[4mfilename
\e[0m
71 Specify where debugging output is written. This must be
72 the last flag, because it consumes the remainder of the
73 argument. If the character immediately after the `F'
74 flag is `+', then the file will be opened in append mode;
75 otherwise the file will be overwritten. If the file name
76 is `stdout' or `stderr' then debugging output will be
77 written to the standard output or standard error output
78 file descriptors respectively (and the `+' option has no
79 effect). Otherwise, the output will be written to the
80 named file. If the file name ends `.%d' then the `%d' is
83 \e[4mf
\e[24m Print debugging information about loop evaluation.
85 \e[4mg1
\e[24m Print the input graph before making anything.
87 \e[4mg2
\e[24m Print the input graph after making everything, or before
90 \e[4mg3
\e[24m Print the input graph before exiting on error.
92 \e[4mh
\e[24m Print debugging information about hash table operations.
94 \e[4mj
\e[24m Print debugging information about running multiple
97 \e[4mL
\e[24m Turn on lint checks. This will throw errors for variable
98 assignments that do not parse correctly, at the time of
99 assignment so the file and line number are available.
101 \e[4ml
\e[24m Print commands in Makefiles regardless of whether or not
102 they are prefixed by `@' or other "quiet" flags. Also
103 known as "loud" behavior.
105 \e[4mM
\e[24m Print debugging information about "meta" mode decisions
108 \e[4mm
\e[24m Print debugging information about making targets, includ-
109 ing modification dates.
111 \e[4mn
\e[24m Don't delete the temporary command scripts created when
112 running commands. These temporary scripts are created in
113 the directory referred to by the TMPDIR environment vari-
114 able, or in
\e[4m/tmp
\e[24m if TMPDIR is unset or set to the empty
115 string. The temporary scripts are created by mkstemp(3),
116 and have names of the form
\e[4mmakeXXXXXX
\e[24m.
\e[4mNOTE
\e[24m: This can
117 create many files in TMPDIR or
\e[4m/tmp
\e[24m, so use with care.
119 \e[4mp
\e[24m Print debugging information about makefile parsing.
121 \e[4ms
\e[24m Print debugging information about suffix-transformation
124 \e[4mt
\e[24m Print debugging information about target list mainte-
127 \e[4mV
\e[24m Force the
\e[1m-V
\e[22moption to print raw values of variables,
128 overriding the default behavior set via
129 \e[4m.MAKE.EXPAND_VARIABLES
\e[24m.
131 \e[4mv
\e[24m Print debugging information about variable assignment.
133 \e[4mx
\e[24m Run shell commands with
\e[1m-x
\e[22mso the actual commands are
134 printed as they are executed.
136 \e[1m-e
\e[22mSpecify that environment variables override macro assignments
139 \e[1m-f
\e[4m
\e[22mmakefile
\e[0m
140 Specify a makefile to read instead of the default `
\e[4mmakefile
\e[24m'. If
141 \e[4mmakefile
\e[24m is `
\e[1m-
\e[22m', standard input is read. Multiple makefiles may
142 be specified, and are read in the order specified.
144 \e[1m-I
\e[4m
\e[22mdirectory
\e[0m
145 Specify a directory in which to search for makefiles and included
146 makefiles. The system makefile directory (or directories, see
147 the
\e[1m-m
\e[22moption) is automatically included as part of this list.
149 \e[1m-i
\e[22mIgnore non-zero exit of shell commands in the makefile. Equiva-
150 lent to specifying `
\e[1m-
\e[22m' before each command line in the makefile.
152 \e[1m-J
\e[4m
\e[22mprivate
\e[0m
153 This option should
\e[4mnot
\e[24m be specified by the user.
155 When the
\e[4mj
\e[24m option is in use in a recursive build, this option is
156 passed by a make to child makes to allow all the make processes
157 in the build to cooperate to avoid overloading the system.
159 \e[1m-j
\e[4m
\e[22mmax_jobs
\e[0m
160 Specify the maximum number of jobs that
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mmay have running at
161 any one time. The value is saved in
\e[4m.MAKE.JOBS
\e[24m. Turns compati-
162 bility mode off, unless the
\e[4mB
\e[24m flag is also specified. When com-
163 patibility mode is off, all commands associated with a target are
164 executed in a single shell invocation as opposed to the tradi-
165 tional one shell invocation per line. This can break traditional
166 scripts which change directories on each command invocation and
167 then expect to start with a fresh environment on the next line.
168 It is more efficient to correct the scripts rather than turn
169 backwards compatibility on.
171 \e[1m-k
\e[22mContinue processing after errors are encountered, but only on
172 those targets that do not depend on the target whose creation
175 \e[1m-m
\e[4m
\e[22mdirectory
\e[0m
176 Specify a directory in which to search for sys.mk and makefiles
177 included via the <
\e[4mfile
\e[24m>-style include statement. The
\e[1m-m
\e[22moption
178 can be used multiple times to form a search path. This path will
179 override the default system include path: /usr/share/mk. Fur-
180 thermore the system include path will be appended to the search
181 path used for "
\e[4mfile
\e[24m"-style include statements (see the
\e[1m-I
\e[0m
184 If a file or directory name in the
\e[1m-m
\e[22margument (or the
185 MAKESYSPATH environment variable) starts with the string ".../"
186 then
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill search for the specified file or directory named
187 in the remaining part of the argument string. The search starts
188 with the current directory of the Makefile and then works upward
189 towards the root of the file system. If the search is success-
190 ful, then the resulting directory replaces the ".../" specifica-
191 tion in the
\e[1m-m
\e[22margument. If used, this feature allows
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mto
192 easily search in the current source tree for customized sys.mk
193 files (e.g., by using ".../mk/sys.mk" as an argument).
195 \e[1m-n
\e[22mDisplay the commands that would have been executed, but do not
196 actually execute them unless the target depends on the .MAKE spe-
197 cial source (see below) or the command is prefixed with `
\e[1m+
\e[22m'.
199 \e[1m-N
\e[22mDisplay the commands which would have been executed, but do not
200 actually execute any of them; useful for debugging top-level
201 makefiles without descending into subdirectories.
203 \e[1m-q
\e[22mDo not execute any commands, but exit 0 if the specified targets
204 are up-to-date and 1, otherwise.
206 \e[1m-r
\e[22mDo not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile.
208 \e[1m-s
\e[22mDo not echo any commands as they are executed. Equivalent to
209 specifying `
\e[1m@
\e[22m' before each command line in the makefile.
211 \e[1m-T
\e[4m
\e[22mtracefile
\e[0m
212 When used with the
\e[1m-j
\e[22mflag, append a trace record to
\e[4mtracefile
\e[0m
213 for each job started and completed.
215 \e[1m-t
\e[22mRather than re-building a target as specified in the makefile,
216 create it or update its modification time to make it appear up-
219 \e[1m-V
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[0m
220 Print the value of
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m. Do not build any targets. Multiple
221 instances of this option may be specified; the variables will be
222 printed one per line, with a blank line for each null or unde-
223 fined variable. The value printed is extracted from the global
224 context after all makefiles have been read. By default, the raw
225 variable contents (which may include additional unexpanded vari-
226 able references) are shown. If
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m contains a `$' then the
227 value will be recursively expanded to its complete resultant text
228 before printing. The expanded value will also be printed if
229 \e[4m.MAKE.EXPAND_VARIABLES
\e[24m is set to true and the
\e[1m-dV
\e[22moption has not
230 been used to override it. Note that loop-local and target-local
231 variables, as well as values taken temporarily by global vari-
232 ables during makefile processing, are not accessible via this
233 option. The
\e[1m-dv
\e[22mdebug mode can be used to see these at the cost
234 of generating substantial extraneous output.
236 \e[1m-v
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[0m
237 Like
\e[1m-V
\e[22mbut the variable is always expanded to its complete
240 \e[1m-W
\e[22mTreat any warnings during makefile parsing as errors.
242 \e[1m-w
\e[22mPrint entering and leaving directory messages, pre and post pro-
245 \e[1m-X
\e[22mDon't export variables passed on the command line to the environ-
246 ment individually. Variables passed on the command line are
247 still exported via the
\e[4mMAKEFLAGS
\e[24m environment variable. This
248 option may be useful on systems which have a small limit on the
249 size of command arguments.
251 \e[4mvariable=value
\e[0m
252 Set the value of the variable
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m to
\e[4mvalue
\e[24m. Normally, all
253 values passed on the command line are also exported to sub-makes
254 in the environment. The
\e[1m-X
\e[22mflag disables this behavior. Vari-
255 able assignments should follow options for POSIX compatibility
256 but no ordering is enforced.
258 There are seven different types of lines in a makefile: file dependency
259 specifications, shell commands, variable assignments, include statements,
260 conditional directives, for loops, and comments.
262 In general, lines may be continued from one line to the next by ending
263 them with a backslash (`\'). The trailing newline character and initial
264 whitespace on the following line are compressed into a single space.
266 \e[1mFILE DEPENDENCY SPECIFICATIONS
\e[0m
267 Dependency lines consist of one or more targets, an operator, and zero or
268 more sources. This creates a relationship where the targets ``depend''
269 on the sources and are customarily created from them. A target is con-
270 sidered out-of-date if it does not exist, or if its modification time is
271 less than that of any of its sources. An out-of-date target will be re-
272 created, but not until all sources have been examined and themselves re-
273 created as needed. Three operators may be used:
275 \e[1m:
\e[22mMany dependency lines may name this target but only one may have
276 attached shell commands. All sources named in all dependency lines
277 are considered together, and if needed the attached shell commands
278 are run to create or re-create the target. If
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis inter-
279 rupted, the target is removed.
281 \e[1m!
\e[22mThe same, but the target is always re-created whether or not it is
284 \e[1m::
\e[22mAny dependency line may have attached shell commands, but each one
285 is handled independently: its sources are considered and the
286 attached shell commands are run if the target is out of date with
287 respect to (only) those sources. Thus, different groups of the
288 attached shell commands may be run depending on the circumstances.
289 Furthermore, unlike
\e[1m:,
\e[22mfor dependency lines with no sources, the
290 attached shell commands are always run. Also unlike
\e[1m:,
\e[22mthe target
291 will not be removed if
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis interrupted.
292 All dependency lines mentioning a particular target must use the same
295 Targets and sources may contain the shell wildcard values `?', `*', `[]',
296 and `{}'. The values `?', `*', and `[]' may only be used as part of the
297 final component of the target or source, and must be used to describe
298 existing files. The value `{}' need not necessarily be used to describe
299 existing files. Expansion is in directory order, not alphabetically as
302 \e[1mSHELL COMMANDS
\e[0m
303 Each target may have associated with it one or more lines of shell com-
304 mands, normally used to create the target. Each of the lines in this
305 script
\e[4mmust
\e[24m be preceded by a tab. (For historical reasons, spaces are
306 not accepted.) While targets can appear in many dependency lines if
307 desired, by default only one of these rules may be followed by a creation
308 script. If the `
\e[1m::
\e[22m' operator is used, however, all rules may include
309 scripts and the scripts are executed in the order found.
311 Each line is treated as a separate shell command, unless the end of line
312 is escaped with a backslash (`\') in which case that line and the next
313 are combined. If the first characters of the command are any combination
314 of `
\e[1m@
\e[22m', `
\e[1m+
\e[22m', or `
\e[1m-
\e[22m', the command is treated specially. A `
\e[1m@
\e[22m' causes the
315 command not to be echoed before it is executed. A `
\e[1m+
\e[22m' causes the command
316 to be executed even when
\e[1m-n
\e[22mis given. This is similar to the effect of
317 the .MAKE special source, except that the effect can be limited to a sin-
318 gle line of a script. A `
\e[1m-
\e[22m' in compatibility mode causes any non-zero
319 exit status of the command line to be ignored.
321 When
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis run in jobs mode with
\e[1m-j
\e[4m
\e[22mmax_jobs
\e[24m, the entire script for
322 the target is fed to a single instance of the shell. In compatibility
323 (non-jobs) mode, each command is run in a separate process. If the com-
324 mand contains any shell meta characters (`#=|^(){};&<>*?[]:$`\\n') it
325 will be passed to the shell; otherwise
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill attempt direct execu-
326 tion. If a line starts with `
\e[1m-
\e[22m' and the shell has ErrCtl enabled then
327 failure of the command line will be ignored as in compatibility mode.
328 Otherwise `
\e[1m-
\e[22m' affects the entire job; the script will stop at the first
329 command line that fails, but the target will not be deemed to have
332 Makefiles should be written so that the mode of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22moperation does not
333 change their behavior. For example, any command which needs to use
334 ``cd'' or ``chdir'' without potentially changing the directory for subse-
335 quent commands should be put in parentheses so it executes in a subshell.
336 To force the use of one shell, escape the line breaks so as to make the
337 whole script one command. For example:
339 avoid-chdir-side-effects:
340 @echo Building $@ in `pwd`
341 @(cd ${.CURDIR} && ${MAKE} $@)
344 ensure-one-shell-regardless-of-mode:
345 @echo Building $@ in `pwd`; \
346 (cd ${.CURDIR} && ${MAKE} $@); \
349 Since
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill chdir(2) to `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m' before executing any targets, each
350 child process starts with that as its current working directory.
352 \e[1mVARIABLE ASSIGNMENTS
\e[0m
353 Variables in make are much like variables in the shell, and, by tradi-
354 tion, consist of all upper-case letters.
356 \e[1mVariable assignment modifiers
\e[0m
357 The five operators that can be used to assign values to variables are as
360 \e[1m=
\e[22mAssign the value to the variable. Any previous value is overrid-
363 \e[1m+=
\e[22mAppend the value to the current value of the variable.
365 \e[1m?=
\e[22mAssign the value to the variable if it is not already defined.
367 \e[1m:=
\e[22mAssign with expansion, i.e. expand the value before assigning it
368 to the variable. Normally, expansion is not done until the vari-
369 able is referenced.
\e[4mNOTE
\e[24m: References to undefined variables are
370 \e[4mnot
\e[24m expanded. This can cause problems when variable modifiers
373 \e[1m!=
\e[22mExpand the value and pass it to the shell for execution and
374 assign the result to the variable. Any newlines in the result
375 are replaced with spaces.
377 Any white-space before the assigned
\e[4mvalue
\e[24m is removed; if the value is
378 being appended, a single space is inserted between the previous contents
379 of the variable and the appended value.
381 Variables are expanded by surrounding the variable name with either curly
382 braces (`{}') or parentheses (`()') and preceding it with a dollar sign
383 (`$'). If the variable name contains only a single letter, the surround-
384 ing braces or parentheses are not required. This shorter form is not
387 If the variable name contains a dollar, then the name itself is expanded
388 first. This allows almost arbitrary variable names, however names con-
389 taining dollar, braces, parentheses, or whitespace are really best
392 If the result of expanding a variable contains a dollar sign (`$') the
393 string is expanded again.
395 Variable substitution occurs at three distinct times, depending on where
396 the variable is being used.
398 1. Variables in dependency lines are expanded as the line is read.
400 2. Variables in shell commands are expanded when the shell command is
403 3. ``.for'' loop index variables are expanded on each loop iteration.
404 Note that other variables are not expanded inside loops so the fol-
423 Because while ${a} contains ``1 2 3'' after the loop is executed,
424 ${b} contains ``${j} ${j} ${j}'' which expands to ``3 3 3'' since
425 after the loop completes ${j} contains ``3''.
427 \e[1mVariable classes
\e[0m
428 The four different classes of variables (in order of increasing prece-
431 Environment variables
432 Variables defined as part of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m's environment.
435 Variables defined in the makefile or in included makefiles.
437 Command line variables
438 Variables defined as part of the command line.
441 Variables that are defined specific to a certain target.
443 Local variables are all built in and their values vary magically from
444 target to target. It is not currently possible to define new local vari-
445 ables. The seven local variables are as follows:
447 \e[4m.ALLSRC
\e[24m The list of all sources for this target; also known as
450 \e[4m.ARCHIVE
\e[24m The name of the archive file; also known as `
\e[4m!
\e[24m'.
452 \e[4m.IMPSRC
\e[24m In suffix-transformation rules, the name/path of the
453 source from which the target is to be transformed (the
454 ``implied'' source); also known as `
\e[4m<
\e[24m'. It is not
455 defined in explicit rules.
457 \e[4m.MEMBER
\e[24m The name of the archive member; also known as `
\e[4m%
\e[24m'.
459 \e[4m.OODATE
\e[24m The list of sources for this target that were deemed out-
460 of-date; also known as `
\e[4m?
\e[24m'.
462 \e[4m.PREFIX
\e[24m The file prefix of the target, containing only the file
463 portion, no suffix or preceding directory components;
464 also known as `
\e[4m*
\e[24m'. The suffix must be one of the known
465 suffixes declared with
\e[1m.SUFFIXES
\e[22mor it will not be recog-
468 \e[4m.TARGET
\e[24m The name of the target; also known as `
\e[4m@
\e[24m'. For compati-
469 bility with other makes this is an alias for
\e[1m.ARCHIVE
\e[22min
470 archive member rules.
472 The shorter forms (`
\e[4m>
\e[24m', `
\e[4m!
\e[24m', `
\e[4m<
\e[24m', `
\e[4m%
\e[24m', `
\e[4m?
\e[24m', `
\e[4m*
\e[24m', and `
\e[4m@
\e[24m') are permitted
473 for backward compatibility with historical makefiles and legacy POSIX
474 make and are not recommended.
476 Variants of these variables with the punctuation followed immediately by
477 `D' or `F', e.g. `
\e[4m$(@D)
\e[24m', are legacy forms equivalent to using the `:H'
478 and `:T' modifiers. These forms are accepted for compatibility with AT&T
479 System V UNIX makefiles and POSIX but are not recommended.
481 Four of the local variables may be used in sources on dependency lines
482 because they expand to the proper value for each target on the line.
483 These variables are `
\e[4m.TARGET
\e[24m', `
\e[4m.PREFIX
\e[24m', `
\e[4m.ARCHIVE
\e[24m', and `
\e[4m.MEMBER
\e[24m'.
485 \e[1mAdditional built-in variables
\e[0m
486 In addition,
\e[1mbmake
\e[22msets or knows about the following variables:
488 \e[4m$
\e[24m A single dollar sign `$', i.e. `$$' expands to a single
491 \e[4m.ALLTARGETS
\e[24m The list of all targets encountered in the Makefile. If
492 evaluated during Makefile parsing, lists only those tar-
493 gets encountered thus far.
495 \e[4m.CURDIR
\e[24m A path to the directory where
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwas executed. Refer
496 to the description of `PWD' for more details.
498 \e[4m.INCLUDEDFROMDIR
\e[0m
499 The directory of the file this Makefile was included
502 \e[4m.INCLUDEDFROMFILE
\e[0m
503 The filename of the file this Makefile was included from.
505 MAKE The name that
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwas executed with (
\e[4margv[0]
\e[24m). For
506 compatibility
\e[1mbmake
\e[22malso sets
\e[4m.MAKE
\e[24m with the same value.
507 The preferred variable to use is the environment variable
508 MAKE because it is more compatible with other versions of
509 \e[1mbmake
\e[22mand cannot be confused with the special target with
512 \e[4m.MAKE.DEPENDFILE
\e[0m
513 Names the makefile (default `
\e[4m.depend
\e[24m') from which gener-
514 ated dependencies are read.
516 \e[4m.MAKE.EXPAND_VARIABLES
\e[0m
517 A boolean that controls the default behavior of the
\e[1m-V
\e[0m
518 option. If true, variable values printed with
\e[1m-V
\e[22mare
519 fully expanded; if false, the raw variable contents
520 (which may include additional unexpanded variable refer-
523 \e[4m.MAKE.EXPORTED
\e[24m The list of variables exported by
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m.
525 \e[4m.MAKE.JOBS
\e[24m The argument to the
\e[1m-j
\e[22moption.
527 \e[4m.MAKE.JOB.PREFIX
\e[0m
528 If
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis run with
\e[4mj
\e[24m then output for each target is
529 prefixed with a token `--- target ---' the first part of
530 which can be controlled via
\e[4m.MAKE.JOB.PREFIX
\e[24m. If
531 \e[4m.MAKE.JOB.PREFIX
\e[24m is empty, no token is printed.
533 .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX=${.newline}---${.MAKE:T}[${.MAKE.PID}]
534 would produce tokens like `---make[1234] target ---' mak-
535 ing it easier to track the degree of parallelism being
538 MAKEFLAGS The environment variable `MAKEFLAGS' may contain anything
539 that may be specified on
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m's command line. Anything
540 specified on
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m's command line is appended to the
541 `MAKEFLAGS' variable which is then entered into the envi-
542 ronment for all programs which
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mexecutes.
544 \e[4m.MAKE.LEVEL
\e[24m The recursion depth of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m. The initial instance of
545 \e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill be 0, and an incremented value is put into the
546 environment to be seen by the next generation. This
547 allows tests like: .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0 to protect
548 things which should only be evaluated in the initial
549 instance of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m.
551 \e[4m.MAKE.MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE
\e[0m
552 The ordered list of makefile names (default `
\e[4mmakefile
\e[24m',
553 `
\e[4mMakefile
\e[24m') that
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill look for.
555 \e[4m.MAKE.MAKEFILES
\e[0m
556 The list of makefiles read by
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m, which is useful for
557 tracking dependencies. Each makefile is recorded only
558 once, regardless of the number of times read.
560 \e[4m.MAKE.MODE
\e[24m Processed after reading all makefiles. Can affect the
561 mode that
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mruns in. It can contain a number of key-
564 \e[4mcompat
\e[24m Like
\e[1m-B
\e[22m, puts
\e[1mbmake
\e[22minto "compat"
567 \e[4mmeta
\e[24m Puts
\e[1mbmake
\e[22minto "meta" mode, where
568 meta files are created for each tar-
569 get to capture the command run, the
570 output generated and if filemon(4)
571 is available, the system calls which
572 are of interest to
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m. The cap-
573 tured output can be very useful when
576 \e[4mcurdirOk=
\e[24m
\e[4mbf
\e[24m Normally
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill not create .meta
577 files in `
\e[4m.CURDIR
\e[24m'. This can be
578 overridden by setting
\e[4mbf
\e[24m to a value
579 which represents True.
581 \e[4mmissing-meta=
\e[24m
\e[4mbf
\e[24m If
\e[4mbf
\e[24m is True, then a missing .meta
582 file makes the target out-of-date.
584 \e[4mmissing-filemon=
\e[24m
\e[4mbf
\e[24m If
\e[4mbf
\e[24m is True, then missing filemon
585 data makes the target out-of-date.
587 \e[4mnofilemon
\e[24m Do not use filemon(4).
589 \e[4menv
\e[24m For debugging, it can be useful to
590 include the environment in the .meta
593 \e[4mverbose
\e[24m If in "meta" mode, print a clue
594 about the target being built. This
595 is useful if the build is otherwise
596 running silently. The message
597 printed the value of:
598 \e[4m.MAKE.META.PREFIX
\e[24m.
600 \e[4mignore-cmd
\e[24m Some makefiles have commands which
601 are simply not stable. This keyword
602 causes them to be ignored for deter-
603 mining whether a target is out of
604 date in "meta" mode. See also
605 \e[1m.NOMETA_CMP
\e[22m.
607 \e[4msilent=
\e[24m
\e[4mbf
\e[24m If
\e[4mbf
\e[24m is True, when a .meta file is
608 created, mark the target
\e[1m.SILENT
\e[22m.
610 \e[4m.MAKE.META.BAILIWICK
\e[0m
611 In "meta" mode, provides a list of prefixes which match
612 the directories controlled by
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m. If a file that was
613 generated outside of
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m but within said bailiwick is
614 missing, the current target is considered out-of-date.
616 \e[4m.MAKE.META.CREATED
\e[0m
617 In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the
618 meta files updated. If not empty, it can be used to
619 trigger processing of
\e[4m.MAKE.META.FILES
\e[24m.
621 \e[4m.MAKE.META.FILES
\e[0m
622 In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the
623 meta files used (updated or not). This list can be used
624 to process the meta files to extract dependency informa-
627 \e[4m.MAKE.META.IGNORE_PATHS
\e[0m
628 Provides a list of path prefixes that should be ignored;
629 because the contents are expected to change over time.
630 The default list includes: `
\e[4m/dev
\e[24m
\e[4m/etc
\e[24m
\e[4m/proc
\e[24m
\e[4m/tmp
\e[24m
\e[4m/var/run
\e[0m
633 \e[4m.MAKE.META.IGNORE_PATTERNS
\e[0m
634 Provides a list of patterns to match against pathnames.
635 Ignore any that match.
637 \e[4m.MAKE.META.IGNORE_FILTER
\e[0m
638 Provides a list of variable modifiers to apply to each
639 pathname. Ignore if the expansion is an empty string.
641 \e[4m.MAKE.META.PREFIX
\e[0m
642 Defines the message printed for each meta file updated in
643 "meta verbose" mode. The default value is:
644 Building ${.TARGET:H:tA}/${.TARGET:T}
646 \e[4m.MAKEOVERRIDES
\e[24m This variable is used to record the names of variables
647 assigned to on the command line, so that they may be
648 exported as part of `MAKEFLAGS'. This behavior can be
649 disabled by assigning an empty value to `
\e[4m.MAKEOVERRIDES
\e[24m'
650 within a makefile. Extra variables can be exported from
651 a makefile by appending their names to `
\e[4m.MAKEOVERRIDES
\e[24m'.
652 `MAKEFLAGS' is re-exported whenever `
\e[4m.MAKEOVERRIDES
\e[24m' is
655 \e[4m.MAKE.PATH_FILEMON
\e[0m
656 If
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwas built with filemon(4) support, this is set
657 to the path of the device node. This allows makefiles to
658 test for this support.
660 \e[4m.MAKE.PID
\e[24m The process-id of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m.
662 \e[4m.MAKE.PPID
\e[24m The parent process-id of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m.
664 \e[4m.MAKE.SAVE_DOLLARS
\e[0m
665 value should be a boolean that controls whether `$$' are
666 preserved when doing `:=' assignments. The default is
667 false, for backwards compatibility. Set to true for com-
668 patability with other makes. If set to false, `$$'
669 becomes `$' per normal evaluation rules.
671 \e[4mMAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR
\e[0m
672 When
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mstops due to an error, it sets `
\e[4m.ERROR_TARGET
\e[24m'
673 to the name of the target that failed, `
\e[4m.ERROR_CMD
\e[24m' to
674 the commands of the failed target, and in "meta" mode, it
675 also sets `
\e[4m.ERROR_CWD
\e[24m' to the getcwd(3), and
676 `
\e[4m.ERROR_META_FILE
\e[24m' to the path of the meta file (if any)
677 describing the failed target. It then prints its name
678 and the value of `
\e[4m.CURDIR
\e[24m' as well as the value of any
679 variables named in `
\e[4mMAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR
\e[24m'.
681 \e[4m.newline
\e[24m This variable is simply assigned a newline character as
682 its value. This allows expansions using the
\e[1m:@
\e[22mmodifier
683 to put a newline between iterations of the loop rather
684 than a space. For example, the printing of
685 `
\e[4mMAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR
\e[24m' could be done as
686 ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@}.
688 \e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m A path to the directory where the targets are built. Its
689 value is determined by trying to chdir(2) to the follow-
690 ing directories in order and using the first match:
692 1. ${MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR}
694 (Only if `MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX' is set in the environ-
695 ment or on the command line.)
699 (Only if `MAKEOBJDIR' is set in the environment or
700 on the command line.)
702 3. ${.CURDIR}
\e[4m/obj.
\e[24m${MACHINE}
704 4. ${.CURDIR}
\e[4m/obj
\e[0m
706 5.
\e[4m/usr/obj/
\e[24m${.CURDIR}
710 Variable expansion is performed on the value before it's
711 used, so expressions such as
712 ${.CURDIR:S,^/usr/src,/var/obj,}
713 may be used. This is especially useful with
716 `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m' may be modified in the makefile via the special
717 target `
\e[1m.OBJDIR
\e[22m'. In all cases,
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill chdir(2) to
718 the specified directory if it exists, and set `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m'
719 and `PWD' to that directory before executing any targets.
721 \e[4m.PARSEDIR
\e[24m A path to the directory of the current `
\e[4mMakefile
\e[24m' being
724 \e[4m.PARSEFILE
\e[24m The basename of the current `
\e[4mMakefile
\e[24m' being parsed.
725 This variable and `
\e[4m.PARSEDIR
\e[24m' are both set only while the
726 `
\e[4mMakefiles
\e[24m' are being parsed. If you want to retain
727 their current values, assign them to a variable using
728 assignment with expansion: (`
\e[1m:=
\e[22m').
730 \e[4m.PATH
\e[24m A variable that represents the list of directories that
731 \e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill search for files. The search list should be
732 updated using the target `
\e[4m.PATH
\e[24m' rather than the vari-
735 PWD Alternate path to the current directory.
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mnormally
736 sets `
\e[4m.CURDIR
\e[24m' to the canonical path given by getcwd(3).
737 However, if the environment variable `PWD' is set and
738 gives a path to the current directory, then
\e[1mbmake
\e[22msets
739 `
\e[4m.CURDIR
\e[24m' to the value of `PWD' instead. This behavior
740 is disabled if `MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX' is set or `MAKEOBJDIR'
741 contains a variable transform. `PWD' is set to the value
742 of `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m' for all programs which
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mexecutes.
744 .SHELL The pathname of the shell used to run target scripts. It
747 .TARGETS The list of targets explicitly specified on the command
750 VPATH Colon-separated (``:'') lists of directories that
\e[1mbmake
\e[0m
751 will search for files. The variable is supported for
752 compatibility with old make programs only, use `
\e[4m.PATH
\e[24m'
755 \e[1mVariable modifiers
\e[0m
756 Variable expansion may be modified to select or modify each word of the
757 variable (where a ``word'' is white-space delimited sequence of charac-
758 ters). The general format of a variable expansion is as follows:
760 ${variable[:modifier[:...]]}
762 Each modifier begins with a colon, which may be escaped with a backslash
765 A set of modifiers can be specified via a variable, as follows:
767 modifier_variable=modifier[:...]
768 ${variable:${modifier_variable}[:...]}
770 In this case the first modifier in the modifier_variable does not start
771 with a colon, since that must appear in the referencing variable. If any
772 of the modifiers in the modifier_variable contain a dollar sign (`$'),
773 these must be doubled to avoid early expansion.
775 The supported modifiers are:
777 \e[1m:E
\e[22mReplaces each word in the variable with its suffix.
779 \e[1m:H
\e[22mReplaces each word in the variable with everything but the last com-
782 \e[1m:M
\e[4m
\e[22mpattern
\e[0m
783 Selects only those words that match
\e[4mpattern
\e[24m. The standard shell
784 wildcard characters (`*', `?', and `[]') may be used. The wildcard
785 characters may be escaped with a backslash (`\'). As a consequence
786 of the way values are split into words, matched, and then joined, a
789 will normalize the inter-word spacing, removing all leading and
790 trailing space, and converting multiple consecutive spaces to single
793 \e[1m:N
\e[4m
\e[22mpattern
\e[0m
794 This is identical to `
\e[1m:M
\e[22m', but selects all words which do not match
797 \e[1m:O
\e[22mOrders every word in variable alphabetically.
799 \e[1m:Or
\e[22mOrders every word in variable in reverse alphabetical order.
801 \e[1m:Ox
\e[22mShuffles the words in variable. The results will be different each
802 time you are referring to the modified variable; use the assignment
803 with expansion (`
\e[1m:=
\e[22m') to prevent such behavior. For example,
805 LIST= uno due tre quattro
806 RANDOM_LIST= ${LIST:Ox}
807 STATIC_RANDOM_LIST:= ${LIST:Ox}
810 @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}"
811 @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}"
812 @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}"
813 @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}"
814 may produce output similar to:
821 \e[1m:Q
\e[22mQuotes every shell meta-character in the variable, so that it can be
822 passed safely to the shell.
824 \e[1m:q
\e[22mQuotes every shell meta-character in the variable, and also doubles
825 `$' characters so that it can be passed safely through recursive
826 invocations of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m. This is equivalent to: `:S/\$/&&/g:Q'.
828 \e[1m:R
\e[22mReplaces each word in the variable with everything but its suffix.
830 \e[1m:range[=count]
\e[0m
831 The value is an integer sequence representing the words of the orig-
832 inal value, or the supplied
\e[4mcount
\e[24m.
834 \e[1m:gmtime[=utc]
\e[0m
835 The value is a format string for strftime(3), using gmtime(3). If a
836 \e[4mutc
\e[24m value is not provided or is 0, the current time is used.
839 Computes a 32-bit hash of the value and encode it as hex digits.
841 \e[1m:localtime[=utc]
\e[0m
842 The value is a format string for strftime(3), using localtime(3).
843 If a
\e[4mutc
\e[24m value is not provided or is 0, the current time is used.
845 \e[1m:tA
\e[22mAttempts to convert variable to an absolute path using realpath(3),
846 if that fails, the value is unchanged.
848 \e[1m:tl
\e[22mConverts variable to lower-case letters.
850 \e[1m:ts
\e[4m
\e[22mc
\e[0m
851 Words in the variable are normally separated by a space on expan-
852 sion. This modifier sets the separator to the character
\e[4mc
\e[24m. If
\e[4mc
\e[24m is
853 omitted, then no separator is used. The common escapes (including
854 octal numeric codes) work as expected.
856 \e[1m:tu
\e[22mConverts variable to upper-case letters.
858 \e[1m:tW
\e[22mCauses the value to be treated as a single word (possibly containing
859 embedded white space). See also `
\e[1m:[*]
\e[22m'.
861 \e[1m:tw
\e[22mCauses the value to be treated as a sequence of words delimited by
862 white space. See also `
\e[1m:[@]
\e[22m'.
864 \e[1m:S
\e[22m/
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m/
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m/[
\e[1m1gW
\e[22m]
865 Modifies the first occurrence of
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m in each word of the
866 variable's value, replacing it with
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m. If a `g' is
867 appended to the last delimiter of the pattern, all occurrences in
868 each word are replaced. If a `1' is appended to the last delimiter
869 of the pattern, only the first occurrence is affected. If a `W' is
870 appended to the last delimiter of the pattern, then the value is
871 treated as a single word (possibly containing embedded white space).
872 If
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m begins with a caret (`^'),
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m is anchored at
873 the beginning of each word. If
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m ends with a dollar sign
874 (`$'), it is anchored at the end of each word. Inside
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m,
875 an ampersand (`&') is replaced by
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m (without any `^' or
876 `$'). Any character may be used as a delimiter for the parts of the
877 modifier string. The anchoring, ampersand and delimiter characters
878 may be escaped with a backslash (`\').
880 Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside both
881 \e[4mold_string
\e[24m and
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m with the single exception that a backslash
882 is used to prevent the expansion of a dollar sign (`$'), not a pre-
883 ceding dollar sign as is usual.
885 \e[1m:C
\e[22m/
\e[4mpattern
\e[24m/
\e[4mreplacement
\e[24m/[
\e[1m1gW
\e[22m]
886 The
\e[1m:C
\e[22mmodifier is just like the
\e[1m:S
\e[22mmodifier except that the old and
887 new strings, instead of being simple strings, are an extended regu-
888 lar expression (see regex(3)) string
\e[4mpattern
\e[24m and an ed(1)-style
889 string
\e[4mreplacement
\e[24m. Normally, the first occurrence of the pattern
890 \e[4mpattern
\e[24m in each word of the value is substituted with
\e[4mreplacement
\e[24m.
891 The `1' modifier causes the substitution to apply to at most one
892 word; the `g' modifier causes the substitution to apply to as many
893 instances of the search pattern
\e[4mpattern
\e[24m as occur in the word or
894 words it is found in; the `W' modifier causes the value to be
895 treated as a single word (possibly containing embedded white space).
897 As for the
\e[1m:S
\e[22mmodifier, the
\e[4mpattern
\e[24m and
\e[4mreplacement
\e[24m are subjected to
898 variable expansion before being parsed as regular expressions.
900 \e[1m:T
\e[22mReplaces each word in the variable with its last path component.
902 \e[1m:u
\e[22mRemoves adjacent duplicate words (like uniq(1)).
904 \e[1m:?
\e[4m
\e[22mtrue_string
\e[24m
\e[1m:
\e[4m
\e[22mfalse_string
\e[0m
905 If the variable name (not its value), when parsed as a .if condi-
906 tional expression, evaluates to true, return as its value the
907 \e[4mtrue_string
\e[24m, otherwise return the
\e[4mfalse_string
\e[24m. Since the variable
908 name is used as the expression, :? must be the first modifier after
909 the variable name itself - which will, of course, usually contain
910 variable expansions. A common error is trying to use expressions
912 ${NUMBERS:M42:?match:no}
913 which actually tests defined(NUMBERS), to determine if any words
914 match "42" you need to use something like:
915 ${"${NUMBERS:M42}" != "":?match:no}.
917 \e[4m:old_string=new_string
\e[0m
918 This is the AT&T System V UNIX style variable substitution. It must
919 be the last modifier specified. If
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m or
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m do not
920 contain the pattern matching character
\e[4m%
\e[24m then it is assumed that
921 they are anchored at the end of each word, so only suffixes or
922 entire words may be replaced. Otherwise
\e[4m%
\e[24m is the substring of
923 \e[4mold_string
\e[24m to be replaced in
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m. If only
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m con-
924 tains the pattern matching character
\e[4m%
\e[24m, and
\e[4mold_string
\e[24m matches, then
925 the result is the
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m. If only the
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m contains the
926 pattern matching character
\e[4m%
\e[24m, then it is not treated specially and
927 it is printed as a literal
\e[4m%
\e[24m on match. If there is more than one
928 pattern matching character (
\e[4m%
\e[24m) in either the
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m or
929 \e[4mold_string
\e[24m, only the first instance is treated specially (as the
930 pattern character); all subsequent instances are treated as regular
933 Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside both
934 \e[4mold_string
\e[24m and
\e[4mnew_string
\e[24m with the single exception that a backslash
935 is used to prevent the expansion of a dollar sign (`$'), not a pre-
936 ceding dollar sign as is usual.
938 \e[1m:@
\e[4m
\e[22mtemp
\e[24m
\e[1m@
\e[4m
\e[22mstring
\e[24m
\e[1m@
\e[0m
939 This is the loop expansion mechanism from the OSF Development Envi-
940 ronment (ODE) make. Unlike
\e[1m.for
\e[22mloops, expansion occurs at the time
941 of reference. Assigns
\e[4mtemp
\e[24m to each word in the variable and evalu-
942 ates
\e[4mstring
\e[24m. The ODE convention is that
\e[4mtemp
\e[24m should start and end
943 with a period. For example.
944 ${LINKS:@.LINK.@${LN} ${TARGET} ${.LINK.}@}
946 However a single character variable is often more readable:
947 ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@}
950 Saves the current variable value in `$_' or the named
\e[4mvar
\e[24m for later
951 reference. Example usage:
953 M_cmpv.units = 1 1000 1000000
954 M_cmpv = S,., ,g:_:range:@i@+ $${_:[-$$i]} \
955 \* $${M_cmpv.units:[$$i]}@:S,^,expr 0 ,1:sh
957 .if ${VERSION:${M_cmpv}} < ${3.1.12:L:${M_cmpv}}
959 Here `$_' is used to save the result of the `:S' modifier which is
960 later referenced using the index values from `:range'.
962 \e[1m:U
\e[4m
\e[22mnewval
\e[0m
963 If the variable is undefined,
\e[4mnewval
\e[24m is the value. If the variable
964 is defined, the existing value is returned. This is another ODE
965 make feature. It is handy for setting per-target CFLAGS for
967 ${_${.TARGET:T}_CFLAGS:U${DEF_CFLAGS}}
968 If a value is only required if the variable is undefined, use:
971 \e[1m:D
\e[4m
\e[22mnewval
\e[0m
972 If the variable is defined,
\e[4mnewval
\e[24m is the value.
974 \e[1m:L
\e[22mThe name of the variable is the value.
976 \e[1m:P
\e[22mThe path of the node which has the same name as the variable is the
977 value. If no such node exists or its path is null, then the name of
978 the variable is used. In order for this modifier to work, the name
979 (node) must at least have appeared on the rhs of a dependency.
981 \e[1m:!
\e[4m
\e[22mcmd
\e[24m
\e[1m!
\e[0m
982 The output of running
\e[4mcmd
\e[24m is the value.
984 \e[1m:sh
\e[22mIf the variable is non-empty it is run as a command and the output
985 becomes the new value.
987 \e[1m::=
\e[4m
\e[22mstr
\e[0m
988 The variable is assigned the value
\e[4mstr
\e[24m after substitution. This
989 modifier and its variations are useful in obscure situations such as
990 wanting to set a variable when shell commands are being parsed.
991 These assignment modifiers always expand to nothing, so if appearing
992 in a rule line by themselves should be preceded with something to
993 keep
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mhappy.
995 The `
\e[1m::
\e[22m' helps avoid false matches with the AT&T System V UNIX style
996 \e[1m:=
\e[22mmodifier and since substitution always occurs the
\e[1m::=
\e[22mform is
999 \e[1m::?=
\e[4m
\e[22mstr
\e[0m
1000 As for
\e[1m::=
\e[22mbut only if the variable does not already have a value.
1002 \e[1m::+=
\e[4m
\e[22mstr
\e[0m
1003 Append
\e[4mstr
\e[24m to the variable.
1005 \e[1m::!=
\e[4m
\e[22mcmd
\e[0m
1006 Assign the output of
\e[4mcmd
\e[24m to the variable.
1008 \e[1m:[
\e[4m
\e[22mrange
\e[24m
\e[1m]
\e[0m
1009 Selects one or more words from the value, or performs other opera-
1010 tions related to the way in which the value is divided into words.
1012 Ordinarily, a value is treated as a sequence of words delimited by
1013 white space. Some modifiers suppress this behavior, causing a value
1014 to be treated as a single word (possibly containing embedded white
1015 space). An empty value, or a value that consists entirely of white-
1016 space, is treated as a single word. For the purposes of the `
\e[1m:[]
\e[22m'
1017 modifier, the words are indexed both forwards using positive inte-
1018 gers (where index 1 represents the first word), and backwards using
1019 negative integers (where index -1 represents the last word).
1021 The
\e[4mrange
\e[24m is subjected to variable expansion, and the expanded
1022 result is then interpreted as follows:
1024 \e[4mindex
\e[24m Selects a single word from the value.
1026 \e[4mstart
\e[24m
\e[1m..
\e[4m
\e[22mend
\e[0m
1027 Selects all words from
\e[4mstart
\e[24m to
\e[4mend
\e[24m, inclusive. For example,
1028 `
\e[1m:[2..-1]
\e[22m' selects all words from the second word to the last
1029 word. If
\e[4mstart
\e[24m is greater than
\e[4mend
\e[24m, then the words are out-
1030 put in reverse order. For example, `
\e[1m:[-1..1]
\e[22m' selects all
1031 the words from last to first. If the list is already
1032 ordered, then this effectively reverses the list, but it is
1033 more efficient to use `
\e[1m:Or
\e[22m' instead of `
\e[1m:O:[-1..1]
\e[22m'.
1035 \e[1m*
\e[22mCauses subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a single
1036 word (possibly containing embedded white space). Analogous
1037 to the effect of "$*" in Bourne shell.
1039 0 Means the same as `
\e[1m:[*]
\e[22m'.
1041 \e[1m@
\e[22mCauses subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a sequence
1042 of words delimited by white space. Analogous to the effect
1043 of "$@" in Bourne shell.
1045 \e[1m#
\e[22mReturns the number of words in the value.
1047 \e[1mINCLUDE STATEMENTS, CONDITIONALS AND FOR LOOPS
\e[0m
1048 Makefile inclusion, conditional structures and for loops reminiscent of
1049 the C programming language are provided in
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m. All such structures
1050 are identified by a line beginning with a single dot (`.') character.
1051 Files are included with either
\e[1m.include <
\e[4m
\e[22mfile
\e[24m
\e[1m>
\e[22mor
\e[1m.include "
\e[4m
\e[22mfile
\e[24m
\e[1m"
\e[22m. Vari-
1052 ables between the angle brackets or double quotes are expanded to form
1053 the file name. If angle brackets are used, the included makefile is
1054 expected to be in the system makefile directory. If double quotes are
1055 used, the including makefile's directory and any directories specified
1056 using the
\e[1m-I
\e[22moption are searched before the system makefile directory.
1057 For compatibility with other versions of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m`include file ...' is also
1060 If the include statement is written as
\e[1m.-include
\e[22mor as
\e[1m.sinclude
\e[22mthen
1061 errors locating and/or opening include files are ignored.
1063 If the include statement is written as
\e[1m.dinclude
\e[22mnot only are errors
1064 locating and/or opening include files ignored, but stale dependencies
1065 within the included file will be ignored just like
\e[4m.MAKE.DEPENDFILE
\e[24m.
1067 Conditional expressions are also preceded by a single dot as the first
1068 character of a line. The possible conditionals are as follows:
1070 \e[1m.error
\e[4m
\e[22mmessage
\e[0m
1071 The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and
1072 line number, then
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill exit immediately.
1074 \e[1m.export
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[0m
1075 Export the specified global variable. If no variable list is
1076 provided, all globals are exported except for internal variables
1077 (those that start with `.'). This is not affected by the
\e[1m-X
\e[0m
1078 flag, so should be used with caution. For compatibility with
1079 other
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mprograms `export variable=value' is also accepted.
1081 Appending a variable name to
\e[4m.MAKE.EXPORTED
\e[24m is equivalent to
1082 exporting a variable.
1084 \e[1m.export-env
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[0m
1085 The same as `.export', except that the variable is not appended
1086 to
\e[4m.MAKE.EXPORTED
\e[24m. This allows exporting a value to the environ-
1087 ment which is different from that used by
\e[1mbmake
\e[22minternally.
1089 \e[1m.export-literal
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[0m
1090 The same as `.export-env', except that variables in the value are
1093 \e[1m.info
\e[4m
\e[22mmessage
\e[0m
1094 The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and
1097 \e[1m.undef
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[0m
1098 Un-define the specified global variable. Only global variables
1101 \e[1m.unexport
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[0m
1102 The opposite of `.export'. The specified global
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m will be
1103 removed from
\e[4m.MAKE.EXPORTED
\e[24m. If no variable list is provided,
1104 all globals are unexported, and
\e[4m.MAKE.EXPORTED
\e[24m deleted.
1106 \e[1m.unexport-env
\e[0m
1107 Unexport all globals previously exported and clear the environ-
1108 ment inherited from the parent. This operation will cause a mem-
1109 ory leak of the original environment, so should be used spar-
1110 ingly. Testing for
\e[4m.MAKE.LEVEL
\e[24m being 0, would make sense. Also
1111 note that any variables which originated in the parent environ-
1112 ment should be explicitly preserved if desired. For example:
1114 .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0
1120 Would result in an environment containing only `PATH', which is
1121 the minimal useful environment. Actually `.MAKE.LEVEL' will also
1122 be pushed into the new environment.
1124 \e[1m.warning
\e[4m
\e[22mmessage
\e[0m
1125 The message prefixed by `
\e[4mwarning:
\e[24m' is printed along with the name
1126 of the makefile and line number.
1128 \e[1m.if
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mexpression
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mexpression
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1129 Test the value of an expression.
1131 \e[1m.ifdef
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1132 Test the value of a variable.
1134 \e[1m.ifndef
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1135 Test the value of a variable.
1137 \e[1m.ifmake
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1138 Test the target being built.
1140 \e[1m.ifnmake
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1141 Test the target being built.
1143 \e[1m.else
\e[22mReverse the sense of the last conditional.
1145 \e[1m.elif
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mexpression
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mexpression
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1146 A combination of `
\e[1m.else
\e[22m' followed by `
\e[1m.if
\e[22m'.
1148 \e[1m.elifdef
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1149 A combination of `
\e[1m.else
\e[22m' followed by `
\e[1m.ifdef
\e[22m'.
1151 \e[1m.elifndef
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1152 A combination of `
\e[1m.else
\e[22m' followed by `
\e[1m.ifndef
\e[22m'.
1154 \e[1m.elifmake
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1155 A combination of `
\e[1m.else
\e[22m' followed by `
\e[1m.ifmake
\e[22m'.
1157 \e[1m.elifnmake
\e[22m[!]
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m [
\e[4moperator
\e[24m
\e[4mtarget
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
1158 A combination of `
\e[1m.else
\e[22m' followed by `
\e[1m.ifnmake
\e[22m'.
1160 \e[1m.endif
\e[22mEnd the body of the conditional.
1162 The
\e[4moperator
\e[24m may be any one of the following:
1164 \e[1m||
\e[22mLogical OR.
1166 \e[1m&&
\e[22mLogical AND; of higher precedence than ``||''.
1168 As in C,
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill only evaluate a conditional as far as is necessary to
1169 determine its value. Parentheses may be used to change the order of
1170 evaluation. The boolean operator `
\e[1m!
\e[22m' may be used to logically negate an
1171 entire conditional. It is of higher precedence than `
\e[1m&&
\e[22m'.
1173 The value of
\e[4mexpression
\e[24m may be any of the following:
1175 \e[1mdefined
\e[22mTakes a variable name as an argument and evaluates to true if
1176 the variable has been defined.
1178 \e[1mmake
\e[22mTakes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1179 target was specified as part of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m's command line or was
1180 declared the default target (either implicitly or explicitly,
1181 see
\e[4m.MAIN
\e[24m) before the line containing the conditional.
1183 \e[1mempty
\e[22mTakes a variable, with possible modifiers, and evaluates to true
1184 if the expansion of the variable would result in an empty
1187 \e[1mexists
\e[22mTakes a file name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1188 file exists. The file is searched for on the system search path
1189 (see
\e[4m.PATH
\e[24m).
1191 \e[1mtarget
\e[22mTakes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1192 target has been defined.
1195 Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1196 target has been defined and has commands associated with it.
1198 \e[4mExpression
\e[24m may also be an arithmetic or string comparison. Variable
1199 expansion is performed on both sides of the comparison, after which the
1200 integral values are compared. A value is interpreted as hexadecimal if
1201 it is preceded by 0x, otherwise it is decimal; octal numbers are not sup-
1202 ported. The standard C relational operators are all supported. If after
1203 variable expansion, either the left or right hand side of a `
\e[1m==
\e[22m' or `
\e[1m!=
\e[22m'
1204 operator is not an integral value, then string comparison is performed
1205 between the expanded variables. If no relational operator is given, it
1206 is assumed that the expanded variable is being compared against 0, or an
1207 empty string in the case of a string comparison.
1209 When
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis evaluating one of these conditional expressions, and it
1210 encounters a (white-space separated) word it doesn't recognize, either
1211 the ``make'' or ``defined'' expression is applied to it, depending on the
1212 form of the conditional. If the form is `
\e[1m.ifdef
\e[22m', `
\e[1m.ifndef
\e[22m', or `
\e[1m.if
\e[22m'
1213 the ``defined'' expression is applied. Similarly, if the form is
1214 `
\e[1m.ifmake
\e[22m' or `
\e[1m.ifnmake
\e[22m', the ``make'' expression is applied.
1216 If the conditional evaluates to true the parsing of the makefile contin-
1217 ues as before. If it evaluates to false, the following lines are
1218 skipped. In both cases this continues until a `
\e[1m.else
\e[22m' or `
\e[1m.endif
\e[22m' is
1221 For loops are typically used to apply a set of rules to a list of files.
1222 The syntax of a for loop is:
1224 \e[1m.for
\e[4m
\e[22mvariable
\e[24m [
\e[4mvariable
\e[24m
\e[4m...
\e[24m]
\e[1min
\e[4m
\e[22mexpression
\e[0m
1228 After the for
\e[1mexpression
\e[22mis evaluated, it is split into words. On each
1229 iteration of the loop, one word is taken and assigned to each
\e[1mvariable
\e[22m,
1230 in order, and these
\e[1mvariables
\e[22mare substituted into the
\e[1mmake-lines
\e[22minside
1231 the body of the for loop. The number of words must come out even; that
1232 is, if there are three iteration variables, the number of words provided
1233 must be a multiple of three.
1236 Comments begin with a hash (`#') character, anywhere but in a shell com-
1237 mand line, and continue to the end of an unescaped new line.
1239 \e[1mSPECIAL SOURCES (ATTRIBUTES)
\e[0m
1240 \e[1m.EXEC
\e[22mTarget is never out of date, but always execute commands any-
1243 \e[1m.IGNORE
\e[22mIgnore any errors from the commands associated with this tar-
1244 get, exactly as if they all were preceded by a dash (`-').
1246 \e[1m.MADE
\e[22mMark all sources of this target as being up-to-date.
1248 \e[1m.MAKE
\e[22mExecute the commands associated with this target even if the
\e[1m-n
\e[0m
1249 or
\e[1m-t
\e[22moptions were specified. Normally used to mark recursive
1252 \e[1m.META
\e[22mCreate a meta file for the target, even if it is flagged as
1253 \e[1m.PHONY
\e[22m,
\e[1m.MAKE
\e[22m, or
\e[1m.SPECIAL
\e[22m. Usage in conjunction with
\e[1m.MAKE
\e[22mis
1254 the most likely case. In "meta" mode, the target is out-of-
1255 date if the meta file is missing.
1257 \e[1m.NOMETA
\e[22mDo not create a meta file for the target. Meta files are also
1258 not created for
\e[1m.PHONY
\e[22m,
\e[1m.MAKE
\e[22m, or
\e[1m.SPECIAL
\e[22mtargets.
1260 \e[1m.NOMETA_CMP
\e[0m
1261 Ignore differences in commands when deciding if target is out
1262 of date. This is useful if the command contains a value which
1263 always changes. If the number of commands change, though, the
1264 target will still be out of date. The same effect applies to
1265 any command line that uses the variable
\e[4m.OODATE
\e[24m, which can be
1266 used for that purpose even when not otherwise needed or
1270 skip-compare-for-some:
1271 @echo this will be compared
1272 @echo this will not ${.OODATE:M.NOMETA_CMP}
1273 @echo this will also be compared
1275 The
\e[1m:M
\e[22mpattern suppresses any expansion of the unwanted vari-
1278 \e[1m.NOPATH
\e[22mDo not search for the target in the directories specified by
1281 \e[1m.NOTMAIN
\e[22mNormally
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mselects the first target it encounters as the
1282 default target to be built if no target was specified. This
1283 source prevents this target from being selected.
1286 If a target is marked with this attribute and
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mcan't fig-
1287 ure out how to create it, it will ignore this fact and assume
1288 the file isn't needed or already exists.
1290 \e[1m.PHONY
\e[22mThe target does not correspond to an actual file; it is always
1291 considered to be out of date, and will not be created with the
1292 \e[1m-t
\e[22moption. Suffix-transformation rules are not applied to
1293 \e[1m.PHONY
\e[22mtargets.
1296 When
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis interrupted, it normally removes any partially
1297 made targets. This source prevents the target from being
1300 \e[1m.RECURSIVE
\e[0m
1301 Synonym for
\e[1m.MAKE
\e[22m.
1303 \e[1m.SILENT
\e[22mDo not echo any of the commands associated with this target,
1304 exactly as if they all were preceded by an at sign (`@').
1306 \e[1m.USE
\e[22mTurn the target into
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m's version of a macro. When the tar-
1307 get is used as a source for another target, the other target
1308 acquires the commands, sources, and attributes (except for
1309 \e[1m.USE
\e[22m) of the source. If the target already has commands, the
1310 \e[1m.USE
\e[22mtarget's commands are appended to them.
1312 \e[1m.USEBEFORE
\e[0m
1313 Exactly like
\e[1m.USE
\e[22m, but prepend the
\e[1m.USEBEFORE
\e[22mtarget commands
1316 \e[1m.WAIT
\e[22mIf
\e[1m.WAIT
\e[22mappears in a dependency line, the sources that precede
1317 it are made before the sources that succeed it in the line.
1318 Since the dependents of files are not made until the file
1319 itself could be made, this also stops the dependents being
1320 built unless they are needed for another branch of the depen-
1321 dency tree. So given:
1332 the output is always `a', `b1', `b', `x'.
1333 The ordering imposed by
\e[1m.WAIT
\e[22mis only relevant for parallel
1336 \e[1mSPECIAL TARGETS
\e[0m
1337 Special targets may not be included with other targets, i.e. they must be
1338 the only target specified.
1340 \e[1m.BEGIN
\e[22mAny command lines attached to this target are executed before
1341 anything else is done.
1344 This is sort of a
\e[1m.USE
\e[22mrule for any target (that was used only
1345 as a source) that
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mcan't figure out any other way to cre-
1346 ate. Only the shell script is used. The
\e[1m.IMPSRC
\e[22mvariable of a
1347 target that inherits
\e[1m.DEFAULT
\e[22m's commands is set to the target's
1350 \e[1m.DELETE_ON_ERROR
\e[0m
1351 If this target is present in the makefile, it globally causes
1352 make to delete targets whose commands fail. (By default, only
1353 targets whose commands are interrupted during execution are
1354 deleted. This is the historical behavior.) This setting can be
1355 used to help prevent half-finished or malformed targets from
1356 being left around and corrupting future rebuilds.
1358 \e[1m.END
\e[22mAny command lines attached to this target are executed after
1359 everything else is done.
1361 \e[1m.ERROR
\e[22mAny command lines attached to this target are executed when
1362 another target fails. The
\e[1m.ERROR_TARGET
\e[22mvariable is set to the
1363 target that failed. See also
\e[1mMAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR
\e[22m.
1365 \e[1m.IGNORE
\e[22mMark each of the sources with the
\e[1m.IGNORE
\e[22mattribute. If no
1366 sources are specified, this is the equivalent of specifying the
1367 \e[1m-i
\e[22moption.
1369 \e[1m.INTERRUPT
\e[0m
1370 If
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis interrupted, the commands for this target will be
1373 \e[1m.MAIN
\e[22mIf no target is specified when
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mis invoked, this target
1376 \e[1m.MAKEFLAGS
\e[0m
1377 This target provides a way to specify flags for
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwhen the
1378 makefile is used. The flags are as if typed to the shell,
1379 though the
\e[1m-f
\e[22moption will have no effect.
1381 \e[1m.NOPATH
\e[22mApply the
\e[1m.NOPATH
\e[22mattribute to any specified sources.
1383 \e[1m.NOTPARALLEL
\e[0m
1384 Disable parallel mode.
1386 \e[1m.NO_PARALLEL
\e[0m
1387 Synonym for
\e[1m.NOTPARALLEL
\e[22m, for compatibility with other pmake
1390 \e[1m.OBJDIR
\e[22mThe source is a new value for `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m'. If it exists,
\e[1mbmake
\e[0m
1391 will chdir(2) to it and update the value of `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m'.
1393 \e[1m.ORDER
\e[22mThe named targets are made in sequence. This ordering does not
1394 add targets to the list of targets to be made. Since the depen-
1395 dents of a target do not get built until the target itself could
1396 be built, unless `a' is built by another part of the dependency
1397 graph, the following is a dependency loop:
1402 The ordering imposed by
\e[1m.ORDER
\e[22mis only relevant for parallel
1405 \e[1m.PATH
\e[22mThe sources are directories which are to be searched for files
1406 not found in the current directory. If no sources are speci-
1407 fied, any previously specified directories are deleted. If the
1408 source is the special
\e[1m.DOTLAST
\e[22mtarget, then the current working
1409 directory is searched last.
1411 \e[1m.PATH.
\e[4m
\e[22msuffix
\e[0m
1412 Like
\e[1m.PATH
\e[22mbut applies only to files with a particular suffix.
1413 The suffix must have been previously declared with
\e[1m.SUFFIXES
\e[22m.
1415 \e[1m.PHONY
\e[22mApply the
\e[1m.PHONY
\e[22mattribute to any specified sources.
1418 Apply the
\e[1m.PRECIOUS
\e[22mattribute to any specified sources. If no
1419 sources are specified, the
\e[1m.PRECIOUS
\e[22mattribute is applied to
1420 every target in the file.
1422 \e[1m.SHELL
\e[22mSets the shell that
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mwill use to execute commands. The
1423 sources are a set of
\e[4mfield=value
\e[24m pairs.
1425 \e[4mname
\e[24m This is the minimal specification, used to select
1426 one of the built-in shell specs;
\e[4msh
\e[24m,
\e[4mksh
\e[24m, and
\e[4mcsh
\e[24m.
1428 \e[4mpath
\e[24m Specifies the path to the shell.
1430 \e[4mhasErrCtl
\e[24m Indicates whether the shell supports exit on error.
1432 \e[4mcheck
\e[24m The command to turn on error checking.
1434 \e[4mignore
\e[24m The command to disable error checking.
1436 \e[4mecho
\e[24m The command to turn on echoing of commands executed.
1438 \e[4mquiet
\e[24m The command to turn off echoing of commands exe-
1441 \e[4mfilter
\e[24m The output to filter after issuing the
\e[4mquiet
\e[24m com-
1442 mand. It is typically identical to
\e[4mquiet
\e[24m.
1444 \e[4merrFlag
\e[24m The flag to pass the shell to enable error checking.
1446 \e[4mechoFlag
\e[24m The flag to pass the shell to enable command echo-
1449 \e[4mnewline
\e[24m The string literal to pass the shell that results in
1450 a single newline character when used outside of any
1454 .SHELL: name=ksh path=/bin/ksh hasErrCtl=true \
1455 check="set -e" ignore="set +e" \
1456 echo="set -v" quiet="set +v" filter="set +v" \
1457 echoFlag=v errFlag=e newline="'\n'"
1459 \e[1m.SILENT
\e[22mApply the
\e[1m.SILENT
\e[22mattribute to any specified sources. If no
1460 sources are specified, the
\e[1m.SILENT
\e[22mattribute is applied to every
1461 command in the file.
1463 \e[1m.STALE
\e[22mThis target gets run when a dependency file contains stale
1464 entries, having
\e[4m.ALLSRC
\e[24m set to the name of that dependency file.
1467 Each source specifies a suffix to
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m. If no sources are
1468 specified, any previously specified suffixes are deleted. It
1469 allows the creation of suffix-transformation rules.
1475 cc -o ${.TARGET} -c ${.IMPSRC}
1477 \e[1mENVIRONMENT
\e[0m
1478 \e[1mbmake
\e[22muses the following environment variables, if they exist: MACHINE,
1479 MACHINE_ARCH, MAKE, MAKEFLAGS, MAKEOBJDIR, MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX, MAKESYSPATH,
1482 MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX and MAKEOBJDIR may only be set in the environment or on
1483 the command line to
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mand not as makefile variables; see the descrip-
1484 tion of `
\e[4m.OBJDIR
\e[24m' for more details.
1487 .depend list of dependencies
1488 Makefile list of dependencies
1489 makefile list of dependencies
1490 sys.mk system makefile
1491 /usr/share/mk system makefile directory
1493 \e[1mCOMPATIBILITY
\e[0m
1494 The basic make syntax is compatible between different versions of make;
1495 however the special variables, variable modifiers and conditionals are
1498 \e[1mOlder versions
\e[0m
1499 An incomplete list of changes in older versions of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22m:
1501 The way that .for loop variables are substituted changed after NetBSD 5.0
1502 so that they still appear to be variable expansions. In particular this
1503 stops them being treated as syntax, and removes some obscure problems
1504 using them in .if statements.
1506 The way that parallel makes are scheduled changed in NetBSD 4.0 so that
1507 .ORDER and .WAIT apply recursively to the dependent nodes. The algo-
1508 rithms used may change again in the future.
1510 \e[1mOther make dialects
\e[0m
1511 Other make dialects (GNU make, SVR4 make, POSIX make, etc.) do not sup-
1512 port most of the features of
\e[1mbmake
\e[22mas described in this manual. Most
1515 \e[1m+
\bo
\e[22mThe
\e[1m.WAIT
\e[22mand
\e[1m.ORDER
\e[22mdeclarations and most functionality per-
1516 taining to parallelization. (GNU make supports parallelization
1517 but lacks these features needed to control it effectively.)
1519 \e[1m+
\bo
\e[22mDirectives, including for loops and conditionals and most of
1520 the forms of include files. (GNU make has its own incompatible
1521 and less powerful syntax for conditionals.)
1523 \e[1m+
\bo
\e[22mAll built-in variables that begin with a dot.
1525 \e[1m+
\bo
\e[22mMost of the special sources and targets that begin with a dot,
1526 with the notable exception of
\e[1m.PHONY
\e[22m,
\e[1m.PRECIOUS
\e[22m, and
\e[1m.SUFFIXES
\e[22m.
1528 \e[1m+
\bo
\e[22mVariable modifiers, except for the
1530 string substitution, which does not portably support globbing
1531 with `%' and historically only works on declared suffixes.
1533 \e[1m+
\bo
\e[22mThe
\e[1m$>
\e[22mvariable even in its short form; most makes support this
1534 functionality but its name varies.
1536 Some features are somewhat more portable, such as assignment with
\e[1m+=
\e[22m,
\e[1m?=
\e[22m,
1537 and
\e[1m!=
\e[22m. The
\e[1m.PATH
\e[22mfunctionality is based on an older feature
\e[1mVPATH
\e[22mfound
1538 in GNU make and many versions of SVR4 make; however, historically its
1539 behavior is too ill-defined (and too buggy) to rely upon.
1541 The
\e[1m$@
\e[22mand
\e[1m$<
\e[22mvariables are more or less universally portable, as is the
1542 \e[1m$(MAKE)
\e[22mvariable. Basic use of suffix rules (for files only in the cur-
1543 rent directory, not trying to chain transformations together, etc.) is
1544 also reasonably portable.
1550 \e[1mbmake
\e[22mis derived from NetBSD make(1). It uses autoconf to facilitate
1551 portability to other platforms.
1553 A make command appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. This make implementation
1554 is based on Adam De Boor's pmake program which was written for Sprite at
1555 Berkeley. It was designed to be a parallel distributed make running jobs
1556 on different machines using a daemon called ``customs''.
1558 Historically the target/dependency ``FRC'' has been used to FoRCe
1559 rebuilding (since the target/dependency does not exist... unless someone
1560 creates an ``FRC'' file).
1563 The make syntax is difficult to parse without actually acting on the
1564 data. For instance, finding the end of a variable's use should involve
1565 scanning each of the modifiers, using the correct terminator for each
1566 field. In many places make just counts {} and () in order to find the
1567 end of a variable expansion.
1569 There is no way of escaping a space character in a filename.
1571 FreeBSD 11.3 August 28, 2020 FreeBSD 11.3