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.TH AWK 1
.CT 1 files prog_other
.SH NAME
awk \- pattern-directed scanning and processing language
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B awk
[
.BI \-F
.I fs
]
[
.BI \-v
.I var=value
]
[
.I 'prog'
|
.BI \-f
.I progfile
]
[
.I file ...
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Awk
scans each input
.I file
for lines that match any of a set of patterns specified literally in
.I prog
or in one or more files
specified as
.B \-f
.IR progfile .
With each pattern
there can be an associated action that will be performed
when a line of a
.I file
matches the pattern.
Each line is matched against the
pattern portion of every pattern-action statement;
the associated action is performed for each matched pattern.
The file name
.B \-
means the standard input.
Any
.I file
of the form
.I var=value
is treated as an assignment, not a filename,
and is executed at the time it would have been opened if it were a filename.
The option
.B \-v
followed by
.I var=value
is an assignment to be done before
.I prog
is executed;
any number of
.B \-v
options may be present.
The
.B \-F
.I fs
option defines the input field separator to be the regular expression
.IR fs .
.PP
An input line is normally made up of fields separated by white space,
or by the regular expression
.BR FS .
The fields are denoted
.BR $1 ,
.BR $2 ,
\&..., while
.B $0
refers to the entire line.
If
.BR FS
is null, the input line is split into one field per character.
.PP
A pattern-action statement has the form:
.IP
.IB pattern " { " action " }
.PP
A missing
.BI { " action " }
means print the line;
a missing pattern always matches.
Pattern-action statements are separated by newlines or semicolons.
.PP
An action is a sequence of statements.
A statement can be one of the following:
.PP
.EX
.ta \w'\f(CWdelete array[expression]\fR'u
.RS
.nf
.ft CW
if(\fI expression \fP)\fI statement \fP\fR[ \fPelse\fI statement \fP\fR]\fP
while(\fI expression \fP)\fI statement\fP
for(\fI expression \fP;\fI expression \fP;\fI expression \fP)\fI statement\fP
for(\fI var \fPin\fI array \fP)\fI statement\fP
do\fI statement \fPwhile(\fI expression \fP)
break
continue
{\fR [\fP\fI statement ... \fP\fR] \fP}
\fIexpression\fP        #\fR commonly\fP\fI var = expression\fP
print\fR [ \fP\fIexpression-list \fP\fR] \fP\fR[ \fP>\fI expression \fP\fR]\fP
printf\fI format \fP\fR[ \fP,\fI expression-list \fP\fR] \fP\fR[ \fP>\fI expression \fP\fR]\fP
return\fR [ \fP\fIexpression \fP\fR]\fP
next    #\fR skip remaining patterns on this input line\fP
nextfile        #\fR skip rest of this file, open next, start at top\fP
delete\fI array\fP[\fI expression \fP]  #\fR delete an array element\fP
delete\fI array\fP      #\fR delete all elements of array\fP
exit\fR [ \fP\fIexpression \fP\fR]\fP   #\fR exit immediately; status is \fP\fIexpression\fP
.fi
.RE
.EE
.DT
.PP
Statements are terminated by
semicolons, newlines or right braces.
An empty
.I expression-list
stands for
.BR $0 .
String constants are quoted \&\f(CW"\ "\fR,
with the usual C escapes recognized within.
Expressions take on string or numeric values as appropriate,
and are built using the operators
.B + \- * / % ^
(exponentiation), and concatenation (indicated by white space).
The operators
.B
! ++ \-\- += \-= *= /= %= ^= > >= < <= == != ?:
are also available in expressions.
Variables may be scalars, array elements
(denoted
.IB x  [ i ] \fR)
or fields.
Variables are initialized to the null string.
Array subscripts may be any string,
not necessarily numeric;
this allows for a form of associative memory.
Multiple subscripts such as
.B [i,j,k]
are permitted; the constituents are concatenated,
separated by the value of
.BR SUBSEP .
.PP
The
.B print
statement prints its arguments on the standard output
(or on a file if
.BI > " file
or
.BI >> " file
is present or on a pipe if
.BI | " cmd
is present), separated by the current output field separator,
and terminated by the output record separator.
.I file
and
.I cmd
may be literal names or parenthesized expressions;
identical string values in different statements denote
the same open file.
The
.B printf
statement formats its expression list according to the
.I format
(see
.IR printf (3)).
The built-in function
.BI close( expr )
closes the file or pipe
.IR expr .
The built-in function
.BI fflush( expr )
flushes any buffered output for the file or pipe
.IR expr .
.PP
The mathematical functions
.BR atan2 ,
.BR cos ,
.BR exp ,
.BR log ,
.BR sin ,
and
.B sqrt
are built in.
Other built-in functions:
.TF length
.TP
.B length
the length of its argument
taken as a string,
number of elements in an array for an array argument,
or length of
.B $0
if no argument.
.TP
.B rand
random number on [0,1).
.TP
.B srand
sets seed for
.B rand
and returns the previous seed.
.TP
.B int
truncates to an integer value.
.TP
\fBsubstr(\fIs\fB, \fIm\fR [\fB, \fIn\^\fR]\fB)\fR
the
.IR n -character
substring of
.I s
that begins at position
.I m
counted from 1.
If no
.IR n ,
use the rest of the string.
.TP
.BI index( s , " t" )
the position in
.I s
where the string
.I t
occurs, or 0 if it does not.
.TP
.BI match( s , " r" )
the position in
.I s
where the regular expression
.I r
occurs, or 0 if it does not.
The variables
.B RSTART
and
.B RLENGTH
are set to the position and length of the matched string.
.TP
\fBsplit(\fIs\fB, \fIa \fR[\fB, \fIfs\^\fR]\fB)\fR
splits the string
.I s
into array elements
.IB a [1] \fR,
.IB a [2] \fR,
\&...,
.IB a [ n ] \fR,
and returns
.IR n .
The separation is done with the regular expression
.I fs
or with the field separator
.B FS
if
.I fs
is not given.
An empty string as field separator splits the string
into one array element per character.
.TP
\fBsub(\fIr\fB, \fIt \fR[, \fIs\^\fR]\fB)
substitutes
.I t
for the first occurrence of the regular expression
.I r
in the string
.IR s .
If
.I s
is not given,
.B $0
is used.
.TP
\fBgsub(\fIr\fB, \fIt \fR[, \fIs\^\fR]\fB)
same as
.B sub
except that all occurrences of the regular expression
are replaced;
.B sub
and
.B gsub
return the number of replacements.
.TP
\fBgensub(\fIpat\fB, \fIrepl\fB, \fIhow\fR [\fB, \fItarget\fR]\fB)\fR
replaces instances of
.I pat
in
.I target
with
.IR repl .
If
.I how
is \fB"g"\fR or \fB"G"\fR, do so globally. Otherwise,
.I how
is a number indicating which occurrence to replace.  If no
.IR target ,
use
.BR $0 .
Return the resulting string;
.I target
is not modified.
.TP
.BI sprintf( fmt , " expr" , " ...\fB)
the string resulting from formatting
.I expr ...
according to the
.IR printf (3)
format
.IR fmt .
.TP
.B systime()
returns the current date and time as a standard
``seconds since the epoch'' value.
.TP
.BI strftime( fmt ", " timestamp\^ )
formats
.I timestamp
(a value in seconds since the epoch)
according to
.IR fmt ,
which is a format string as supported by
.IR strftime (3).
Both
.I timestamp
and
.I fmt
may be omitted; if no
.IR timestamp ,
the current time of day is used, and if no
.IR fmt ,
a default format of \fB"%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y"\fR is used.
.TP
.BI system( cmd )
executes
.I cmd
and returns its exit status. This will be \-1 upon error,
.IR cmd 's
exit status upon a normal exit,
256 +
.I sig
upon death-by-signal, where
.I sig
is the number of the murdering signal,
or 512 +
.I sig
if there was a core dump.
.TP
.BI tolower( str )
returns a copy of
.I str
with all upper-case characters translated to their
corresponding lower-case equivalents.
.TP
.BI toupper( str )
returns a copy of
.I str
with all lower-case characters translated to their
corresponding upper-case equivalents.
.PD
.PP
The ``function''
.B getline
sets
.B $0
to the next input record from the current input file;
.B getline
.BI < " file
sets
.B $0
to the next record from
.IR file .
.B getline
.I x
sets variable
.I x
instead.
Finally,
.IB cmd " | getline
pipes the output of
.I cmd
into
.BR getline ;
each call of
.B getline
returns the next line of output from
.IR cmd .
In all cases,
.B getline
returns 1 for a successful input,
0 for end of file, and \-1 for an error.
.PP
The functions
.BR compl ,
.BR and ,
.BR or ,
.BR xor ,
.BR lshift ,
and
.B rshift
peform the corresponding bitwise operations on their
operands, which are first truncated to integer.
.PP
Patterns are arbitrary Boolean combinations
(with
.BR "! || &&" )
of regular expressions and
relational expressions.
Regular expressions are as in
.IR egrep ;
see
.IR grep (1).
Isolated regular expressions
in a pattern apply to the entire line.
Regular expressions may also occur in
relational expressions, using the operators
.B ~
and
.BR !~ .
.BI / re /
is a constant regular expression;
any string (constant or variable) may be used
as a regular expression, except in the position of an isolated regular expression
in a pattern.
.PP
A pattern may consist of two patterns separated by a comma;
in this case, the action is performed for all lines
from an occurrence of the first pattern
though an occurrence of the second.
.PP
A relational expression is one of the following:
.IP
.I expression matchop regular-expression
.br
.I expression relop expression
.br
.IB expression " in " array-name
.br
.BI ( expr , expr,... ") in " array-name
.PP
where a
.I relop
is any of the six relational operators in C,
and a
.I matchop
is either
.B ~
(matches)
or
.B !~
(does not match).
A conditional is an arithmetic expression,
a relational expression,
or a Boolean combination
of these.
.PP
The special patterns
.B BEGIN
and
.B END
may be used to capture control before the first input line is read
and after the last.
.B BEGIN
and
.B END
do not combine with other patterns.
They may appear multiple times in a program and execute
in the order they are read by
.IR awk .
.PP
Variable names with special meanings:
.TF FILENAME
.TP
.B ARGC
argument count, assignable.
.TP
.B ARGV
argument array, assignable;
non-null members are taken as filenames.
.TP
.B CONVFMT
conversion format used when converting numbers
(default
.BR "%.6g" ).
.TP
.B ENVIRON
array of environment variables; subscripts are names.
.TP
.B FILENAME
the name of the current input file.
.TP
.B FNR
ordinal number of the current record in the current file.
.TP
.B FS
regular expression used to separate fields; also settable
by option
.BI \-F fs\fR.
.TP
.BR NF
number of fields in the current record.
.TP
.B NR
ordinal number of the current record.
.TP
.B OFMT
output format for numbers (default
.BR "%.6g" ).
.TP
.B OFS
output field separator (default space).
.TP
.B ORS
output record separator (default newline).
.TP
.B RLENGTH
the length of a string matched by
.BR match .
.TP
.B RS
input record separator (default newline).
If empty, blank lines separate records.
If more than one character long,
.B RS
is treated as a regular expression, and records are
separated by text matching the expression.
.TP
.B RSTART
the start position of a string matched by
.BR match .
.TP
.B SUBSEP
separates multiple subscripts (default 034).
.PD
.PP
Functions may be defined (at the position of a pattern-action statement) thus:
.IP
.B
function foo(a, b, c) { ...; return x }
.PP
Parameters are passed by value if scalar and by reference if array name;
functions may be called recursively.
Parameters are local to the function; all other variables are global.
Thus local variables may be created by providing excess parameters in
the function definition.
.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
If
.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
is set in the environment, then
.I awk
follows the POSIX rules for
.B sub
and
.B gsub
with respect to consecutive backslashes and ampersands.
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
.EX
length($0) > 72
.EE
Print lines longer than 72 characters.
.TP
.EX
{ print $2, $1 }
.EE
Print first two fields in opposite order.
.PP
.EX
BEGIN { FS = ",[ \et]*|[ \et]+" }
      { print $2, $1 }
.EE
.ns
.IP
Same, with input fields separated by comma and/or spaces and tabs.
.PP
.EX
.nf
        { s += $1 }
END     { print "sum is", s, " average is", s/NR }
.fi
.EE
.ns
.IP
Add up first column, print sum and average.
.TP
.EX
/start/, /stop/
.EE
Print all lines between start/stop pairs.
.PP
.EX
.nf
BEGIN   {       # Simulate echo(1)
        for (i = 1; i < ARGC; i++) printf "%s ", ARGV[i]
        printf "\en"
        exit }
.fi
.EE
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR grep (1),
.IR lex (1),
.IR sed (1)
.br
A. V. Aho, B. W. Kernighan, P. J. Weinberger,
.IR "The AWK Programming Language" ,
Addison-Wesley, 1988.  ISBN 0-201-07981-X.
.SH BUGS
There are no explicit conversions between numbers and strings.
To force an expression to be treated as a number add 0 to it;
to force it to be treated as a string concatenate
\&\f(CW""\fP to it.
.PP
The scope rules for variables in functions are a botch;
the syntax is worse.
.PP
Only eight-bit characters sets are handled correctly.
.SH UNUSUAL FLOATING-POINT VALUES
.I Awk
was designed before IEEE 754 arithmetic defined Not-A-Number (NaN)
and Infinity values, which are supported by all modern floating-point
hardware.
.PP
Because
.I awk
uses
.IR strtod (3)
and
.IR atof (3)
to convert string values to double-precision floating-point values,
modern C libraries also convert strings starting with
.B inf
and
.B nan
into infinity and NaN values respectively.  This led to strange results,
with something like this:
.PP
.EX
.nf
echo nancy | awk '{ print $1 + 0 }'
.fi
.EE
.PP
printing
.B nan
instead of zero.
.PP
.I Awk
now follows GNU AWK, and prefilters string values before attempting
to convert them to numbers, as follows:
.TP
.I "Hexadecimal values"
Hexadecimal values (allowed since C99) convert to zero, as they did
prior to C99.
.TP
.I "NaN values"
The two strings
.B +nan
and
.B \-nan
(case independent) convert to NaN. No others do.
(NaNs can have signs.)
.TP
.I "Infinity values"
The two strings
.B +inf
and
.B \-inf
(case independent) convert to positive and negative infinity, respectively.
No others do.