1 # tzdb data for Asia and environs
3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
7 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
8 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
9 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
11 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
13 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
14 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
15 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
16 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
18 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
19 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
20 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
21 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
22 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
23 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
25 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
27 # I found in the UCLA library.
29 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
30 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
31 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
33 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
34 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
35 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
37 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
38 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
40 # The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
41 # (corrections are welcome):
44 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
47 # 7:00 WIB west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
48 # 8:00 WITA central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
50 # 8:00 HKT HKST Hong Kong (HKWT* for Winter Time in late 1941)
51 # 8:00 PST PDT* Philippines
52 # 8:30 KST KDT Korea when at +0830
53 # 9:00 WIT east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
55 # 9:00 KST KDT Korea when at +09
56 # *I invented the abbreviations HKWT and PDT; see below.
57 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
58 # and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets. Although earlier
59 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
60 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
62 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
65 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
66 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
67 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
70 ###############################################################################
72 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
73 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
74 Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
75 Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
76 Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
77 Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -
78 Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
79 Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
80 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
81 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
82 Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
83 Rule RussiaAsia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
84 Rule RussiaAsia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
87 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
88 Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890
93 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
94 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
95 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
96 # readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
97 # when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
98 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
99 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
100 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
101 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
103 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
104 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
105 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
107 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
108 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
109 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
111 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
112 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
113 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
116 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
117 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
118 Rule Armenia 2011 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
119 Rule Armenia 2011 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
120 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
121 Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
123 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
124 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
126 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011
131 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
132 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
133 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
134 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
136 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
137 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
138 # daylight saving time....
139 # https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
140 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
141 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
143 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
144 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 -
145 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
146 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
147 Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
149 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
150 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s
152 4:00 EUAsia +04/+05 1997
159 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
160 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
161 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
163 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
164 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
165 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
167 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
169 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
170 # crippling power crisis. "
172 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
173 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
175 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
176 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
177 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
180 # https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
181 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
184 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
186 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
187 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
188 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
189 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
191 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
193 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
194 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
195 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
197 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
198 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
199 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
200 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
202 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
203 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
204 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
205 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
206 # "continue for an indefinite period."
208 # One of many places where it is published:
209 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
211 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
212 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
213 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
215 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
216 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
217 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
219 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
220 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
221 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
222 # Minister's Office last night..."
224 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
225 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
226 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
227 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
228 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
230 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
231 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 -
232 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 -
234 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
235 Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
236 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
237 6:30 - +0630 1942 May 15
238 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
239 6:30 - +0630 1951 Sep 30
244 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
245 Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
246 5:30 - +0530 1987 Oct
249 # British Indian Ocean Territory
250 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
251 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
252 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
253 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
254 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
255 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
256 Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
261 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
262 Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
268 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
270 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
271 # Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
272 # used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
273 # of Greenwich." This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
274 # a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
276 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
277 Zone Asia/Yangon 6:24:47 - LMT 1880 # or Rangoon
278 6:24:47 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon local time
279 6:30 - +0630 1942 May
280 9:00 - +09 1945 May 3
289 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
290 # According to this news report:
291 # http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-09-01/19524201403.shtml
292 # on April 11, 1919, newspaper in Shanghai said clocks in Shanghai will spring
293 # forward for an hour starting from midnight of that Saturday. The report did
294 # not mention what happened in Shanghai thereafter, but it mentioned that a
295 # similar trial in Tianjin which ended at October 1st as citizens are told to
296 # recede the clock on September 30 from 12:00pm to 11:00pm. The trial at
297 # Tianjin got terminated in 1920.
299 # From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
300 # The Returns of Trade and Trade Reports, page 711, says "Daylight saving was
301 # given a trial during the year, and from the 12th April to the 1st October
302 # the clocks were all set one hour ahead of sun time. Though the scheme was
303 # generally esteemed a success, it was announced early in 1920 that it would
306 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
307 Rule Shang 1919 only - Apr 12 24:00 1:00 D
308 Rule Shang 1919 only - Sep 30 24:00 0 S
310 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
311 # The following comes from Table 1 of:
312 # Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
313 # Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
314 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
315 # The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
316 # Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
317 # zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
319 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
321 # For the history of time in Shanghai between 1940-1942, the situation is
322 # actually slightly more complex than the table [below].... At the time,
323 # there were three different authorities in Shanghai, including Shanghai
324 # International Settlement, a settlement established by western countries with
325 # its own westernized form of government, Shanghai French Concession, similar
326 # to the international settlement but is controlled by French, and then the
327 # rest of the city of Shanghai, which have already been controlled by Japanese
328 # force through a puppet local government (Wang Jingwei regime). It was
329 # additionally complicated by the circumstances that, according to the 1940s
330 # Shanghai summer time essay cited in the database, some
331 # departments/businesses/people in the Shanghai city itself during that time
332 # period, refused to change their clock and instead only changed their opening
335 # For example, as quoted in the article, in 1940, other than the authority
336 # itself, power, tram, bus companies, cinema, department stores, and other
337 # public service organizations have all decided to follow the summer time and
338 # spring forward the clock. On the other hand, the custom office refused to
339 # spring forward the clock because of worry on mechanical wear to the physical
340 # clock, postal office refused to spring forward because of disruption to
341 # business and log-keeping, although they did changed their office hour to
342 # match rest of the city. So is travel agents, and also weather
343 # observatory. It is said both time standards had their own supporters in the
344 # city at the time, those who prefer new time standard would have moved their
345 # clock while those who prefer the old time standard would keep their clock
346 # unchange, and there were different clocks that use different time standard
347 # in the city at the time for people who use different time standard to adjust
348 # their clock to their preferred time.
350 # a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay claim that it was
351 # coordinared between the international settlement authority and the French
352 # concession authority and have gathered support from Hong Kong and Xiamen,
353 # that it would spring forward an hour from May 31 "midnight", and the essay
354 # claim "Hong Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time
355 # on the same date as Shanghai".
357 # b. For the 1940 fall back, it was said that they initially intended to do
358 # so on September 30 00:59 at night, however they postponed it to October 12
359 # after discussion with relevant parties. However schools restored to the
360 # original schedule ten days earlier.
362 # c. For the 1941 spring forward, it is said to start from March 15
363 # "following the previous year's method", and in addition to that the essay
364 # cited an announcement in 1941 from the Wang regime which said the Special
365 # City of Shanghai under Wang regime control will follow the DST rule set by
366 # the Settlements, irrespective of the original DST plan announced by the Wang
367 # regime for other area under its control(April 1 to September 30). (no idea
368 # to situation before that announcement)
370 # d. For the 1941 fall back, it was said that the fall back would occurs at
371 # the end of September (A newspaper headline cited by the essay, published on
372 # October 1, 1941, have the headlines which said "French Concession would
373 # rewind to the old clock this morning), but it ultimately didn't happen due
374 # to disagreement between the international settlement authority and the
375 # French concession authority, and the fall back ultimately occurred on
378 # e. In 1941 December, Japan have officially started war with the United
379 # States and the United Kingdom, and in Shanghai they have marched into the
380 # international settlement, taken over its control
382 # f. For the 1942 spring forward, the essay said that the spring forward
383 # started on January 31. It said this time the custom office and postal
384 # department will also change their clocks, unlike before.
386 # g. The essay itself didn't cover any specific changes thereafter until the
387 # end of the war, it quoted a November 1942 command from the government of the
388 # Wang regime, which claim the daylight saving time applies year round during
389 # the war. However, the essay ambiguously said the period is "February 1 to
390 # September 30", which I don't really understand what is the meaning of such
391 # period in the context of year round implementation here.. More researches
392 # might be needed to show exactly what happened during that period of time.
394 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
395 # According to a Japanese tour bus pamphlet in Nanjing area believed to be
396 # from around year 1941: http://www.tt-museum.jp/tairiku_0280_nan1941.html ,
397 # the schedule listed was in the format of Japanese time. Which indicate some
398 # use of the Japanese time (instead of syncing by DST) might have occurred in
399 # the Yangtze river delta area during that period of time although the scope
400 # of such use will need to be investigated to determine.
402 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
403 Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
404 Rule Shang 1940 only - Oct 12 24:00 0 S
405 Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
406 Rule Shang 1941 only - Nov 1 24:00 0 S
407 Rule Shang 1942 only - Jan 31 0:00 1:00 D
408 Rule Shang 1945 only - Sep 1 24:00 0 S
409 Rule Shang 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
410 Rule Shang 1946 only - Sep 30 24:00 0 S
411 Rule Shang 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
412 Rule Shang 1947 only - Oct 31 24:00 0 S
413 Rule Shang 1948 1949 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
414 Rule Shang 1948 1949 - Sep 30 24:00 0 S #plan
417 # People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
419 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
420 # No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though
421 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
422 # Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
423 # has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
424 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
426 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
427 # painful to suck in another copy. So, here is what I have for
428 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
430 # 1986 May 4 - Sept 14
431 # 1987 mid-April - ??
433 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
434 # CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
435 # CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
437 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
438 # Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
439 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
440 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
442 # From P Chan (2018-05-07):
443 # The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
444 # (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
445 # Government notices about summer time:
447 # 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
448 # (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
449 # at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
451 # 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
452 # (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
454 # 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
455 # (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
456 # until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
458 # 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
459 # (To suspend summer time from 1992)
461 # The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
462 # to begin on 17 April.
463 # http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
465 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
466 Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 2:00 1:00 D
467 Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 2:00 0 S
468 Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=11 2:00 1:00 D
470 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
471 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
472 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
473 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
475 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
476 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
477 # https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
478 # boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two
479 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
480 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
481 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
482 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
483 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
484 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
486 # From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
487 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
490 # Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
491 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
492 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
493 # (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
494 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
495 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
496 # officially apparent solar time! However, Guo also says that the
497 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
498 # been taken over by the PRC yet. It's plausible that apparent solar
499 # time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
500 # to use UT+8. As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
501 # observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
502 # could well have ignored any such mandate.
505 # Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
506 # A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
507 # [undated and unknown publication location]
508 # It says several things:
509 # * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
510 # * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
511 # the official calendar book of 1914.
512 # * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
513 # French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
514 # Observatory and set to local mean time.
515 # * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
516 # * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
517 # eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
518 # became used by railways as well.
519 # * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
520 # five time zones (see below for details). This caught on
521 # at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
522 # * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7. In practice
523 # this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
524 # Japanese-occupied territory.
525 # * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
526 # * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
527 # place (with some modifications) in March 1948. It's not clear
528 # how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
529 # * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
531 # An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
532 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
533 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
534 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai." Guess that the
535 # Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
537 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
538 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
539 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
540 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
541 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
542 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
544 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
545 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
546 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
548 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
549 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
551 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
552 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
554 # Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
555 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
556 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
557 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
558 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
559 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
561 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
562 # This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
563 # current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
564 # disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
565 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
566 # the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
567 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
568 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
569 # east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
570 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
571 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
572 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
574 # Kunlun Time UT +05:30
575 # This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
576 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
577 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
578 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
581 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
582 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
583 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
584 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
585 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
586 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
588 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
589 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
590 # hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
591 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
592 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
593 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
594 # "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
595 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
597 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
598 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
599 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
601 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
602 # or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with
603 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
604 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
605 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
607 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
608 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
609 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
616 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
617 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
618 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
620 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
621 # start date for Xinjiang time.
623 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
624 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
625 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
626 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
628 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
629 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
630 # https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
632 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
633 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
634 # different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
635 # report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
636 # Cochrane. Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
637 # recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
638 # the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
639 # and Beijing Time. There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
640 # to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
641 # population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other. The only
642 # problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
643 # having the same time as Beijing.
645 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
646 # In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
647 # but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
648 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
649 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
650 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
652 # Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized. E.g., see
653 # "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
654 # <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
655 # Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
656 # During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
657 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
658 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
659 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
660 # quite a trick. Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
661 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
662 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
663 # guess) as the transition from LMT. Ignore the usage of +08 before
664 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
665 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
666 # +08 mandate back then.
668 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
669 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
670 Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901
671 8:00 Shang C%sT 1949 May 28
673 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
674 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
675 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
681 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
683 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
684 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
685 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
686 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
687 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
688 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
689 # think 3:30 is correct.
691 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
692 # According to Singaporean newspaper
693 # http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
694 # the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
696 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
697 # Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
698 # "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
699 # (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
700 # Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
701 # <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
702 # "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
703 # of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
704 # advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
705 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
706 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
708 # From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
709 # An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
710 # astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
712 # From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
713 # Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
714 # page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4>
715 # ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
716 # ball was dropped. So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
717 # of broadcasting the new local time.
719 # From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
720 # According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
721 # governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
722 # make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
723 # dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
724 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
725 # See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
727 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
728 # I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
729 # on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
730 # stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
731 # Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
732 # probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
733 # the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
734 # Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
735 # before. After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
736 # the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
737 # period of time. Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
738 # same month, but there were not much information about time there. Later they
739 # started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
740 # explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
741 # saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
742 # also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
745 # Image of related sections on newspaper:
746 # * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
747 # https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
748 # * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
749 # time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
750 # https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
751 # * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
752 # https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
753 # * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
754 # https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
755 # * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
756 # https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
758 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
759 # "Hong Kong winter time" is considered to be daylight saving.
760 # "Hong Kong had adopted daylight saving on June 15 as a wartime measure,
761 # clocks moving forward one hour until October 1, when they would be put back
762 # by just half an hour for 'Hong Kong Winter time', so that daylight saving
763 # operated year round." -- Low Z. The longest day: when wartime Hong Kong
764 # introduced daylight saving. South China Morning Post. 2019-06-28.
765 # https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3016281/longest-day-when-wartime-hong-kong-introduced
767 # From P Chan (2018-12-31):
768 # * According to the Hong Kong Daylight-Saving Regulations, 1941, the
769 # 1941 spring-forward transition was at 03:00.
770 # http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/304271.pdf
771 # http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/305516.pdf
772 # * According to some articles from South China Morning Post, +08 was
773 # resumed on 1945-11-18 at 02:00.
774 # https://i.imgur.com/M2IsZ3c.png
775 # https://i.imgur.com/iOPqrVo.png
776 # https://i.imgur.com/fffcGDs.png
777 # * Some newspapers ... said the 1946 spring-forward transition was on
778 # 04-21 at 00:00. The Kung Sheung Evening News 1946-04-20 (Chinese)
779 # https://i.imgur.com/ZSzent0.png
780 # https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2FH7zGe%2FKF%2BFLYsuqGhRBfe p.4
781 # The Kung Sheung Daily News 1946-04-21 (Chinese)
782 # https://i.imgur.com/7ecmRlcm.png
783 # https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2BQBGt1%2BwUj5qG2GqtwR3Wh p.4
784 # * According to the Summer Time Ordinance (1946), the fallback
785 # transitions between 1946 and 1952 were at 03:30 Standard Time (+08)
786 # http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/bb74b06a74d5294620a15de560ab33c6.pdf
787 # * Some other laws and regulations related to DST from 1953 to 1979
788 # Summer Time Ordinance 1953
789 # https://i.imgur.com/IOlJMav.jpg
790 # Summer Time (Amendment) Ordinance 1965
791 # https://i.imgur.com/8rofeLa.jpg
792 # Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (1966)
793 # https://i.imgur.com/joy3msj.jpg
794 # Emergency (Summer Time) Regulation 1973 <https://i.imgur.com/OpRWrKz.jpg>
795 # Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance 1977
796 # https://i.imgur.com/RaNqnc4.jpg
797 # Resolution of the Legislative Council passed on 9 May 1979
798 # https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr78-79/english/lc_sitg/hansard/h790509.pdf#page=39
800 # From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
801 # Here are the dates given at
802 # https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm
805 # 1941 15 Jun to 30 Sep
810 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
811 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Nov
812 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
813 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
814 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
815 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
816 # 1952 6 Apr to 2 Nov
817 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
818 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
819 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
820 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
821 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
822 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
823 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
824 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
825 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
826 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
827 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
828 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
829 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
830 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
831 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
832 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
833 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
834 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
835 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
836 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
837 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
838 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
839 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
840 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
843 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
845 # The page does not give times of day for transitions,
846 # or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
847 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
849 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
850 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 21 0:00 1:00 S
851 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30s 0 -
852 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30s 1:00 S
853 Rule HK 1947 only - Nov 30 3:30s 0 -
854 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30s 1:00 S
855 Rule HK 1948 1952 - Oct Sun>=28 3:30s 0 -
856 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
857 Rule HK 1953 1964 - Oct Sun>=31 3:30 0 -
858 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
859 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
860 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
861 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
862 Rule HK 1979 only - May 13 3:30 1:00 S
863 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct 21 3:30 0 -
864 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
865 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30 0:36:42
866 8:00 - HKT 1941 Jun 15 3:00
867 8:00 1:00 HKST 1941 Oct 1 4:00
868 8:00 0:30 HKWT 1941 Dec 25
869 9:00 - JST 1945 Nov 18 2:00
872 ###############################################################################
876 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
877 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
878 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
879 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
881 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
882 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
883 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
884 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
885 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
886 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
887 # found on Wikisource:
888 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
889 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
890 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
891 # declared officially.
893 # Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
894 # Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
895 # revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
896 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
897 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
898 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
899 # (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
900 # be found on Wikisource:
901 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
903 # That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
905 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
906 # I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
907 # back to UT+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document
908 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
909 # zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21. And in another
910 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
911 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time". From these two
912 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21. And
913 # today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
914 # from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
917 # 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
918 # the time at 135E (GMT+9)
920 # 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
921 # 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
922 # as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
923 # Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
925 # 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
926 # territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
929 # [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
930 # http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
931 # [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
932 # http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
933 # [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
934 # http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
936 # Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
937 # I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
938 # Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan. It's Taiwan Governor-General
939 # Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
940 # [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
941 # bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
942 # Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21. I think this bulletin is much more
943 # official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
944 # top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
945 # would be a good one.
946 # [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
947 # http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
949 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
950 # In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
951 # Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
954 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
955 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
957 # In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
958 # telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
960 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
962 # Here is a brief translation:
964 # The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
965 # midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
966 # adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
968 # The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
969 # be found from historical government announcement database.
971 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
972 # As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
973 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
974 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
976 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
977 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
978 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
979 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
980 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
981 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
982 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
983 Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
984 Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
985 Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
986 Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
987 Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
988 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
989 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
990 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 D
991 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
993 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
994 # Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
995 Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 Jan 1
996 8:00 - CST 1937 Oct 1
997 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 21 1:00
1000 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
1002 # From P Chan (2018-05-10):
1004 # http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
1005 # A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
1006 # Chinese and Portuguese. The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
1007 # searching decrees about summer time.
1008 # * Archives of Macao
1009 # http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
1010 # It contains images of old official gazettes.
1011 # * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
1012 # summer time history. But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
1013 # http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
1014 # Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong. Clocks were
1015 # advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds. Which means the LMT used was
1016 # +7:34:10. As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
1017 # and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
1018 # http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
1020 # Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
1022 # From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
1023 # [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
1024 # DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
1025 # DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
1026 # DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
1027 # PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
1028 # PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
1029 # PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
1030 # PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
1031 # PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
1032 # PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
1033 # PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
1034 # PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
1035 # PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
1036 # PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
1037 # PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
1038 # PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
1039 # PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
1040 # PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
1041 # PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
1042 # PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
1043 # PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
1044 # PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
1045 # PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
1046 # PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
1047 # PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
1048 # PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
1049 # PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
1050 # PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
1051 # PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
1052 # PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
1053 # PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
1054 # PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
1055 # PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
1056 # PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
1057 # PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
1058 # PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
1059 # PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
1060 # PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
1061 # PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
1062 # PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
1063 # PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
1064 # PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
1065 # PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
1066 # PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
1067 # PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
1068 # PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
1069 # PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
1070 # PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
1071 # PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
1072 # PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
1073 # PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
1074 # PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
1075 # PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
1076 # PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
1077 # PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
1078 # PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
1079 # PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
1080 # PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
1081 # PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
1082 # PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
1083 # PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
1084 # PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
1085 # PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
1086 # PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
1087 # PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
1088 # PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
1089 # PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
1090 # PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
1091 # PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
1092 # PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
1093 # PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
1094 # Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
1095 # LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
1096 # between GMT+9 and GMT+10. Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
1098 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
1099 # The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
1100 # Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
1102 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1103 Rule Macau 1942 1943 - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 -
1104 Rule Macau 1942 only - Nov 17 23:00 0 -
1105 Rule Macau 1943 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 S
1106 Rule Macau 1946 only - Apr 30 23:00s 1:00 D
1107 Rule Macau 1946 only - Sep 30 23:00s 0 S
1108 Rule Macau 1947 only - Apr 19 23:00s 1:00 D
1109 Rule Macau 1947 only - Nov 30 23:00s 0 S
1110 Rule Macau 1948 only - May 2 23:00s 1:00 D
1111 Rule Macau 1948 only - Oct 31 23:00s 0 S
1112 Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D
1113 Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S
1114 Rule Macau 1951 only - Mar 31 23:00s 1:00 D
1115 Rule Macau 1951 only - Oct 28 23:00s 0 S
1116 Rule Macau 1952 1953 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D
1117 Rule Macau 1952 only - Nov 1 23:00s 0 S
1118 Rule Macau 1953 1954 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S
1119 Rule Macau 1954 1956 - Mar Sat>=17 23:00s 1:00 D
1120 Rule Macau 1955 only - Nov 5 23:00s 0 S
1121 Rule Macau 1956 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 03:30 0 S
1122 Rule Macau 1957 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 03:30 1:00 D
1123 Rule Macau 1965 1973 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D
1124 Rule Macau 1965 1966 - Oct Sun>=16 02:30 0 S
1125 Rule Macau 1967 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S
1126 Rule Macau 1973 only - Dec 30 03:30 1:00 D
1127 Rule Macau 1975 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D
1128 Rule Macau 1979 only - May 13 03:30 1:00 D
1129 Rule Macau 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S
1131 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1132 Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:10 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
1133 8:00 - CST 1941 Dec 21 23:00
1134 9:00 Macau +09/+10 1945 Sep 30 24:00
1138 ###############################################################################
1142 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00. Stick with LMT.
1143 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
1145 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
1146 # Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
1147 # lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
1148 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
1150 # From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
1151 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
1152 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
1154 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1155 # Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
1156 # staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus. See: Anastasiou A.
1157 # Cyprus to remain united in time. Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
1158 # https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
1160 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1161 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S
1162 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 -
1163 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1164 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 -
1165 Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1166 Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
1167 Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1168 Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1169 Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1170 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1171 Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
1172 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
1174 Zone Asia/Famagusta 2:15:48 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
1175 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
1176 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT 2016 Sep 8
1177 3:00 - +03 2017 Oct 29 1:00u
1180 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
1181 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
1182 Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
1185 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
1186 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
1187 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
1188 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
1189 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
1191 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
1192 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
1193 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
1194 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
1196 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
1198 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
1199 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
1200 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
1201 # ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
1202 # Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
1203 # of integration into Europe.
1205 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
1206 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
1207 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
1208 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
1209 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
1210 # about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
1211 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
1212 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
1213 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
1215 # Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
1216 # Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
1219 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1220 Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:11 - LMT 1880
1221 2:59:11 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
1223 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1224 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992
1225 3:00 E-EurAsia +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun
1226 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun
1227 4:00 1:00 +05 1997 Mar lastSun
1228 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 2004 Jun 27
1229 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
1234 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
1236 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
1237 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
1238 # <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
1239 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
1240 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
1241 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
1242 # conflicts with their way of life.
1244 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
1245 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1246 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1248 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1249 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1251 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1252 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
1253 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1254 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1256 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1257 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
1258 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
1259 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
1260 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
1265 # British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
1266 # "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
1267 # The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
1268 # east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories. No reason is
1269 # given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
1270 # chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
1271 # that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
1272 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
1273 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
1275 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1276 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1278 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1279 # outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1280 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
1281 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
1283 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1284 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1285 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1286 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1287 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1288 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1289 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1290 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1291 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time. The citizen of
1292 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1293 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1294 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1295 # the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
1296 # Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
1297 # rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
1298 # place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
1299 # Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
1301 # "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
1302 # only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
1303 # first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
1304 # Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
1305 # local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
1306 # Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
1308 # Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
1309 # https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
1310 # This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
1311 # 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530. Some
1312 # municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
1313 # continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
1314 # government offices. Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
1315 # at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book). Railway time is more
1316 # appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
1317 # elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
1318 # consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata. So, use railway
1319 # time for 1870-1941. Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
1322 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1323 Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
1324 5:53:20 - HMT 1870 # Howrah Mean Time?
1325 5:21:10 - MMT 1906 Jan 1 # Madras local time
1327 5:30 1:00 +0630 1942 May 15
1329 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
1331 # Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
1333 # Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
1338 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
1339 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
1340 # civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
1342 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
1343 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
1344 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
1345 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
1346 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
1348 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
1349 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
1350 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
1351 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
1352 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
1353 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
1354 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
1355 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
1356 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
1357 # from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
1358 # (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
1359 # switched on 1945-09-23.
1361 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
1362 # Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
1363 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
1364 # when writing in English. For example, see the English-language
1365 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
1366 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
1367 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
1368 # The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
1370 # WIB - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
1371 # WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
1372 # WIT - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
1374 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1376 Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
1377 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
1378 # but this must be a typo.
1379 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
1380 7:20 - +0720 1932 Nov
1381 7:30 - +0730 1942 Mar 23
1382 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1383 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1387 # west and central Borneo
1388 Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
1389 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
1390 7:30 - +0730 1942 Jan 29
1391 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1392 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1395 8:00 - WITA 1988 Jan 1
1397 # Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
1398 Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
1399 7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
1400 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 9
1401 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1403 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
1404 Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
1405 9:00 - +09 1944 Sep 1
1411 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
1412 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
1413 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
1415 # Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
1416 # No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
1418 # The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
1420 # The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
1421 # based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
1422 # of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
1423 # and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
1424 # and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
1425 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1427 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1428 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1429 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1432 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1434 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1435 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1436 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1437 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1439 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1440 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1441 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1442 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1443 # plan to change that law....
1445 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
1446 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1447 # I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran"
1448 # lines from 2008 through 2087. Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's
1449 # cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the
1450 # 2008-2087 range disagrees with the astronomical Persian calendar
1451 # for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058), so
1452 # the following code special-cases those years. See Table 15.1, page 264, of:
1453 # Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations:
1454 # The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018).
1455 # https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition
1456 # Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will
1457 # happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code
1458 # stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below.
1460 # initially (require 'cal-persia)
1461 # with first-persian-year = 1387
1462 # with last-persian-year = 1466
1463 # ;; Exceptional years in the above range,
1464 # ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264:
1465 # with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437)
1466 # with range-start = nil
1467 # for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year
1470 # ((exceptional-year-offset
1471 # (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))
1473 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year))
1474 # exceptional-year-offset))
1476 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year))
1477 # exceptional-year-offset))
1478 # (next-year-beg-dst-absolute
1479 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year)))
1480 # (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)))
1481 # (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute))
1482 # (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute))
1483 # (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
1484 # next-year-beg-dst-absolute))
1485 # (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst))
1486 # (range-end (if range-start year "only")))
1487 # (setq range-start (or range-start year))
1488 # (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)
1489 # (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst))
1490 # (= persian-year last-persian-year))
1493 # "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n"
1494 # range-start range-end
1495 # (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t)
1496 # (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)))
1499 # "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
1500 # range-start range-end
1501 # (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t)
1502 # (calendar-extract-day end-dst)))
1503 # (setq range-start nil))))
1505 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1506 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1507 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1508 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1509 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1510 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1511 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1512 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1513 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1514 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1515 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1516 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1517 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1519 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1520 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1521 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1523 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1524 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1525 # daylight saving time ...
1526 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1528 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1529 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1530 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1531 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1532 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1533 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1534 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1535 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1537 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1538 Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1539 Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 20 24:00 0 -
1540 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1541 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 22 24:00 0 -
1542 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 2 24:00 1:00 -
1543 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1544 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1545 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1546 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1547 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1548 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1549 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1550 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1551 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1552 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1553 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1554 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1555 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1556 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1557 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1558 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1559 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1560 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1561 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1562 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1563 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1564 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1565 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1566 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1567 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1568 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1569 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1570 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1571 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1572 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1573 Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1574 Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1575 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1576 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1577 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1578 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1579 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1580 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1581 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1582 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1583 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1584 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1585 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1586 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1587 Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1588 Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1589 Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1590 Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1591 Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1592 Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1593 Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1594 Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1595 Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1596 Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1597 Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1598 Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1599 Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1600 Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1601 Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1602 Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1603 Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1604 Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1605 Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1606 Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1607 Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1608 Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1609 Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1610 Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1611 Rule Iran 2063 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1612 Rule Iran 2063 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1613 Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1614 Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1615 Rule Iran 2067 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1616 Rule Iran 2067 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1617 Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1618 Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1619 Rule Iran 2071 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1620 Rule Iran 2071 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1621 Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1622 Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1623 Rule Iran 2075 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1624 Rule Iran 2075 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1625 Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1626 Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1627 Rule Iran 2079 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1628 Rule Iran 2079 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1629 Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1630 Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1631 Rule Iran 2083 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1632 Rule Iran 2083 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1633 Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1634 Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1635 Rule Iran 2087 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1636 Rule Iran 2087 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1638 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088.
1639 # These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the
1640 # restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates.
1641 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1642 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1643 Rule Iran 2088 max - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1644 Rule Iran 2088 max - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1646 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1647 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1648 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1649 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
1650 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
1651 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
1656 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1657 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1658 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1659 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1660 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1662 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1663 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1664 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1665 # to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
1666 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1668 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1670 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1671 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1672 # news sources (in Arabic):
1673 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1674 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1676 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1677 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1679 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1680 Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 -
1681 Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1682 Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 -
1683 Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
1684 Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1685 Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 -
1686 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1687 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1689 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 -
1690 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 -
1691 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1692 Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
1693 2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
1698 ###############################################################################
1702 # For more info about the motivation for DST in Israel, see:
1703 # Barak Y. Israel's Daylight Saving Time controversy. Israel Affairs.
1704 # 2020-08-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2020.1806564
1706 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1708 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
1709 # different abbreviations in use:
1711 # JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1712 # IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1713 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1715 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1716 # I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1717 # EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1718 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1719 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1720 # settings in Israeli computers.
1722 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1723 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1724 # family is from India).
1726 # From P Chan (2020-10-27), with corrections:
1728 # 1940-1946 Supplement No. 2 to the Palestine Gazette
1729 # # issue page Order No. dated start end note
1730 # 1 1010 729 67 of 1940 1940-05-22 1940-05-31* 1940-09-30* revoked by #2
1731 # 2 1013 758 73 of 1940 1940-05-31 1940-05-31 1940-09-30
1732 # 3 1055 1574 196 of 1940 1940-11-06 1940-11-16 1940-12-31
1733 # 4 1066 1811 208 of 1940 1940-12-17 1940-12-31 1941-12-31
1734 # 5 1156 1967 116 of 1941 1941-12-16 1941-12-31 1942-12-31* amended by #6
1735 # 6 1228 1608 86 of 1942 1942-10-14 1941-12-31 1942-10-31
1736 # 7 1256 279 21 of 1943 1943-03-18 1943-03-31 1943-10-31
1737 # 8 1323 249 19 of 1944 1944-03-13 1944-03-31 1944-10-31
1738 # 9 1402 328 20 of 1945 1945-04-05 1945-04-15 1945-10-31
1739 #10 1487 596 14 of 1946 1946-04-04 1946-04-15 1946-10-31
1741 # 1948 Iton Rishmi (Official Gazette of the Provisional Government)
1742 # # issue page dated start end
1743 #11 2 7 1948-05-20 1948-05-22 1948-10-31*
1744 # ^This moved timezone to +04, replaced by #12 from 1948-08-31 24:00 GMT.
1745 #12 17 (Annex B) 84 1948-08-22 1948-08-31 1948-10-31
1747 # 1949-2000 Kovetz HaTakanot (Collection of Regulations)
1748 # # issue page dated start end note
1749 #13 6 133 1949-03-23 1949-04-30 1949-10-31
1750 #14 80 755 1950-03-17 1950-04-15 1950-09-14
1751 #15 164 782 1951-03-22 1951-03-31 1951-09-29* amended by #16
1752 #16 206 1940 1951-09-23 ---------- 1951-10-22* amended by #17
1753 #17 212 78 1951-10-19 ---------- 1951-11-10
1754 #18 254 652 1952-03-03 1952-04-19 1952-09-27* amended by #19
1755 #19 300 11 1952-09-15 ---------- 1952-10-18
1756 #20 348 817 1953-03-03 1953-04-11 1953-09-12
1757 #21 420 385 1954-02-17 1954-06-12 1954-09-11
1758 #22 497 548 1955-01-14 1955-06-11 1955-09-10
1759 #23 591 608 1956-03-12 1956-06-02 1956-09-29
1760 #24 680 957 1957-02-08 1957-04-27 1957-09-21
1761 #25 3192 1418 1974-06-28 1974-07-06 1974-10-12
1762 #26 3322 1389 1975-04-03 1975-04-19 1975-08-30
1763 #27 4146 2089 1980-07-15 1980-08-02 1980-09-13
1764 #28 4604 1081 1984-02-22 1984-05-05* 1984-08-25* revoked by #29
1765 #29 4619 1312 1984-04-06 1984-05-05 1984-08-25
1766 #30 4744 475 1984-12-23 1985-04-13 1985-09-14* amended by #31
1767 #31 4851 1848 1985-08-18 ---------- 1985-08-31
1768 #32 4932 899 1986-04-22 1986-05-17 1986-09-06
1769 #33 5013 580 1987-02-15 1987-04-18* 1987-08-22* revoked by #34
1770 #34 5021 744 1987-03-30 1987-04-14 1987-09-12
1771 #35 5096 659 1988-02-14 1988-04-09 1988-09-03
1772 #36 5167 514 1989-02-03 1989-04-29 1989-09-02
1773 #37 5248 375 1990-01-23 1990-03-24 1990-08-25
1774 #38 5335 612 1991-02-10 1991-03-09* 1991-08-31 amended by #39
1775 # 1992-03-28 1992-09-05
1776 #39 5339 709 1991-03-04 1991-03-23 ----------
1777 #40 5506 503 1993-02-18 1993-04-02 1993-09-05
1778 # 1994-04-01 1994-08-28
1779 # 1995-03-31 1995-09-03
1780 #41 5731 438 1996-01-01 1996-03-14 1996-09-15
1781 # 1997-03-13* 1997-09-18* overridden by 1997 Temp Prov
1782 # 1998-03-19* 1998-09-17* revoked by #42
1783 #42 5853 1243 1997-09-18 1998-03-19 1998-09-05
1784 #43 5937 77 1998-10-18 1999-04-02 1999-09-03
1785 # 2000-04-14* 2000-09-15* revoked by #44
1786 # 2001-04-13* 2001-09-14* revoked by #44
1787 #44 6024 39 2000-03-14 2000-04-14 2000-10-22* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
1788 # 2001-04-06* 2001-10-10* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
1789 # 2002-03-29* 2002-10-29* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
1791 # These are laws enacted by the Knesset since the Minister could only alter the
1792 # transition dates at least six months in advanced under the 1992 Law.
1794 # 1997 Temporary Provisions 1997-03-06 1997-03-20 1997-09-13
1795 # 2000 Temporary Provisions 2000-07-28 ---------- 2000-10-06
1796 # 2001-04-09 2001-09-24
1797 # 2002-03-29 2002-10-07
1798 # 2003-03-28 2003-10-03
1799 # 2004-04-07 2004-09-22
1801 # Transition times in 1940-1957 (#1-#24) were midnight GMT,
1802 # in 1974-1998 (#25-#42 and the 1997 Temporary Provisions) were midnight,
1803 # in 1999-April 2000 (#43,#44) were 02:00,
1804 # in the 2000 Temporary Provisions were 01:00.
1806 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1808 # 1 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=687
1809 # 2 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=716
1810 # 3 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=721
1811 # 4 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=958
1812 # 5 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537502&increment=558
1813 # 6 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537511&increment=105
1814 # 7 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537516&increment=278
1815 # 8 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537522&increment=248
1816 # 9 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537530&increment=329
1817 #10 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537537&increment=601
1818 #11 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-002.pdf#page=3
1819 #12 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-017-t2.pdf#page=4
1820 #13 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0006.pdf#page=3
1821 #14 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0080.pdf#page=7
1822 #15 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0164.pdf#page=10
1823 #16 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0206.pdf#page=4
1824 #17 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0212.pdf#page=2
1825 #18 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0254.pdf#page=4
1826 #19 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0300.pdf#page=5
1827 #20 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0348.pdf#page=3
1828 #21 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0420.pdf#page=5
1829 #22 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0497.pdf#page=10
1830 #23 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0591.pdf#page=6
1831 #24 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0680.pdf#page=3
1832 #25 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3192.pdf#page=2
1833 #26 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3322.pdf#page=5
1834 #27 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4146.pdf#page=2
1835 #28 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4604.pdf#page=7
1836 #29 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4619.pdf#page=2
1837 #30 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4744.pdf#page=11
1838 #31 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4851.pdf#page=2
1839 #32 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4932.pdf#page=19
1840 #33 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5013.pdf#page=8
1841 #34 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5021.pdf#page=8
1842 #35 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5096.pdf#page=3
1843 #36 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5167.pdf#page=2
1844 #37 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5248.pdf#page=7
1845 #38 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5335.pdf#page=6
1846 #39 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5339.pdf#page=7
1847 #40 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5506.pdf#page=19
1848 #41 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5731.pdf#page=2
1849 #42 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5853.pdf#page=3
1850 #43 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5937.pdf#page=9
1851 #44 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-6024.pdf#page=4
1853 # Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 1997
1854 # https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_003.htm
1856 # Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 2000
1857 # https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_004.htm
1859 # Time Determination Law, 1992 and amendments
1860 # https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p201_002.htm
1861 # https://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Legislation/Laws/Pages/LawPrimary.aspx?lawitemid=2001174
1863 # From Paul Eggert (2020-10-27):
1864 # Several of the midnight transitions mentioned above are ambiguous;
1865 # are they 00:00, 00:00s, 24:00, or 24:00s? When resolving these ambiguities,
1866 # try to minimize changes from previous tzdb versions, for lack of better info.
1867 # Commentary from previous versions is included below, to help explain this.
1869 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1870 Rule Zion 1940 only - May 31 24:00u 1:00 D
1871 Rule Zion 1940 only - Sep 30 24:00u 0 S
1872 Rule Zion 1940 only - Nov 16 24:00u 1:00 D
1873 Rule Zion 1942 1946 - Oct 31 24:00u 0 S
1874 Rule Zion 1943 1944 - Mar 31 24:00u 1:00 D
1875 Rule Zion 1945 1946 - Apr 15 24:00u 1:00 D
1876 Rule Zion 1948 only - May 22 24:00u 2:00 DD
1877 Rule Zion 1948 only - Aug 31 24:00u 1:00 D
1878 Rule Zion 1948 1949 - Oct 31 24:00u 0 S
1879 Rule Zion 1949 only - Apr 30 24:00u 1:00 D
1880 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 15 24:00u 1:00 D
1881 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 14 24:00u 0 S
1882 Rule Zion 1951 only - Mar 31 24:00u 1:00 D
1883 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 10 24:00u 0 S
1884 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 19 24:00u 1:00 D
1885 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 18 24:00u 0 S
1886 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 11 24:00u 1:00 D
1887 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 12 24:00u 0 S
1888 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 12 24:00u 1:00 D
1889 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 11 24:00u 0 S
1890 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 24:00u 1:00 D
1891 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 10 24:00u 0 S
1892 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 2 24:00u 1:00 D
1893 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 29 24:00u 0 S
1894 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 27 24:00u 1:00 D
1895 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 21 24:00u 0 S
1896 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 6 24:00 1:00 D
1897 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 12 24:00 0 S
1898 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 19 24:00 1:00 D
1899 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 30 24:00 0 S
1901 # From Alois Treindl (2019-03-06):
1902 # http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/שעון%20קיץ/clock-50-years-7-2014.pdf
1903 # From Isaac Starkman (2019-03-06):
1904 # Summer time was in that period in 1980 and 1984, see
1905 # https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3951073,00.html
1906 # You can of course read it in translation.
1907 # I checked the local newspapers for that years.
1908 # It started on midnight and end at 01.00 am.
1909 # From Paul Eggert (2019-03-06):
1910 # Also see this thread about the moin.gov.il URL:
1911 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027194.html
1912 Rule Zion 1980 only - Aug 2 24:00s 1:00 D
1913 Rule Zion 1980 only - Sep 13 24:00s 0 S
1914 Rule Zion 1984 only - May 5 24:00s 1:00 D
1915 Rule Zion 1984 only - Aug 25 24:00s 0 S
1917 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 13 24:00 1:00 D
1918 Rule Zion 1985 only - Aug 31 24:00 0 S
1919 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 17 24:00 1:00 D
1920 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 6 24:00 0 S
1921 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 14 24:00 1:00 D
1922 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 12 24:00 0 S
1924 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1925 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1926 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1927 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1928 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 9 24:00 1:00 D
1929 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 3 24:00 0 S
1931 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1932 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1935 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1936 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1937 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1938 # days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to
1939 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1940 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1941 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1942 # time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1943 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1944 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to
1945 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1946 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1947 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1948 # 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1949 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1950 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all
1951 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1952 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1953 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1954 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1955 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1956 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1958 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1959 Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 29 24:00 1:00 D
1960 Rule Zion 1989 only - Sep 2 24:00 0 S
1961 Rule Zion 1990 only - Mar 24 24:00 1:00 D
1962 Rule Zion 1990 only - Aug 25 24:00 0 S
1963 Rule Zion 1991 only - Mar 23 24:00 1:00 D
1964 Rule Zion 1991 only - Aug 31 24:00 0 S
1965 Rule Zion 1992 only - Mar 28 24:00 1:00 D
1966 Rule Zion 1992 only - Sep 5 24:00 0 S
1967 Rule Zion 1993 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 D
1968 Rule Zion 1993 only - Sep 5 0:00 0 S
1970 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1971 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by
1972 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1974 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1975 Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1976 Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S
1977 Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1978 Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1980 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1981 # time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1982 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1984 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1986 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1988 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1990 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1992 # where YYYY is the relevant year.
1994 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1995 Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 14 24:00 1:00 D
1996 Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 15 24:00 0 S
1997 Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 D
1998 Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 13 24:00 0 S
1999 Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D
2000 Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
2001 Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D
2002 Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S
2004 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
2005 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
2006 # years 2001-2004 as well.
2008 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
2010 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
2012 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
2013 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
2015 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
2017 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2018 Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D
2019 Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S
2020 Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D
2021 Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S
2022 Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D
2023 Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S
2024 Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D
2025 Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S
2026 Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D
2027 Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S
2029 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
2030 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
2031 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
2032 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
2033 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
2035 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
2037 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
2039 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2040 Rule Zion 2005 2012 - Apr Fri<=1 2:00 1:00 D
2041 Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
2042 Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S
2043 Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
2044 Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S
2045 Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
2046 Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
2047 Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
2048 Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S
2050 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2020-10-26):
2051 # The current time law (2013) from the State of Israel can be viewed
2053 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/israel/announcements/2013+law.pdf
2055 # Every year, in the period from the Friday before the last Sunday in
2056 # the month of March at 02:00 a.m. until the last Sunday of the month
2057 # of October at 02:00 a.m., Israel Time will be advanced an additional
2058 # hour such that it will be UTC+3.
2060 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2061 Rule Zion 2013 max - Mar Fri>=23 2:00 1:00 D
2062 Rule Zion 2013 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
2064 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2065 Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:54 - LMT 1880
2066 2:20:40 - JMT 1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
2071 ###############################################################################
2075 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
2077 # From Paul Eggert (2020-01-19):
2078 # Starting in the 7th century, Japan generally followed an ancient Chinese
2079 # timekeeping system that divided night and day into six hours each,
2080 # with hour length depending on season. In 1873 the government
2081 # started requiring the use of a Western style 24-hour clock. See:
2082 # Yulia Frumer, "Making Time: Astronomical Time Measurement in Tokugawa Japan"
2083 # <https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043907065>. As the tzdb code and
2084 # data support only 24-hour clocks, its tables model timestamps before
2085 # 1873 using Western-style local mean time.
2087 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
2088 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
2089 # Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
2090 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
2091 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
2092 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
2093 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
2095 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
2096 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
2097 # which stands for the time on 135° E.
2098 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
2099 # standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard
2100 # time", which stands for the time on 120° E.... But "western standard
2101 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
2102 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
2105 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
2106 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
2108 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
2109 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
2110 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
2111 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
2113 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
2114 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
2115 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
2116 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
2118 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
2119 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
2120 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
2121 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
2123 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
2124 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
2125 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
2126 # [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of
2127 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
2128 # deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
2129 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
2130 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
2131 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
2132 # wanted to keep it.)
2134 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
2135 # The source of information is Japanese law.
2136 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
2137 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
2138 # ... In summary, it is written as follows. From 24:00 on the first Saturday
2139 # in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
2141 # From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
2142 # [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
2143 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
2144 # ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
2145 # 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
2146 # It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
2147 # during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
2148 # of the summer time is described in the document.
2149 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
2150 # The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
2151 # September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
2152 # change the clock before they sleep.
2154 # From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
2155 # This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that. zic treats
2156 # it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
2157 # do in any POSIX or C platform. The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
2158 # which should be safe now.
2160 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2161 Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
2162 Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S
2163 Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
2164 Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
2166 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2167 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
2169 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
2170 # except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
2171 # switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
2175 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
2176 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
2177 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
2178 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
2181 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
2182 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
2183 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
2184 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
2185 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
2186 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
2188 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2189 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2191 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2192 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
2193 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
2195 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
2196 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
2197 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
2200 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
2201 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
2202 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
2204 # Google's translation:
2206 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
2207 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
2208 # > of the month of March of each year.
2210 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
2212 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
2213 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
2215 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
2216 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
2217 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
2218 # until about the same time next year (at least).
2219 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
2221 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
2222 # Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
2223 # UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
2224 # http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
2225 # Official, in Arabic:
2226 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
2227 # ... Our background/permalink about it
2228 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
2230 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
2231 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
2232 # (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
2234 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
2235 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
2237 # From Steffen Thorsen (2021-09-24):
2238 # The Jordanian Government announced yesterday that they will start DST
2239 # in February instead of March:
2240 # https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=37683&lang=en&name=en_news (English)
2241 # https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=189969&lang=ar&name=news (Arabic)
2242 # From the Arabic version, it seems to say it would be at midnight
2243 # (assume 24:00) on the last Thursday in February, starting from 2022.
2245 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2246 Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
2247 Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2248 Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2249 Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2250 Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2251 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
2252 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2253 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2254 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2255 Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2256 Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
2257 Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
2258 Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
2259 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
2260 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
2261 Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2262 Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
2263 Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2264 Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
2265 Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
2266 Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S
2267 Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2268 Rule Jordan 2000 2001 - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S
2269 Rule Jordan 2002 2012 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2270 Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 -
2271 Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 -
2272 Rule Jordan 2005 only - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2273 Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2274 Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 -
2275 Rule Jordan 2014 2021 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2276 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2277 Rule Jordan 2022 max - Feb lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2278 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2279 Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
2285 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
2286 # <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
2287 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
2288 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
2289 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
2291 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
2292 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
2293 # was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
2294 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone
2295 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
2296 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
2297 # Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses
2298 # everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
2299 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
2301 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
2302 # Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
2303 # produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
2305 # 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
2306 # from 1991-02-04 No. 20
2307 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
2308 # removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
2309 # starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
2310 # It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
2311 # Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
2313 # The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
2314 # of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
2315 # of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
2318 # According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
2319 # -- page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
2320 # http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564 -- on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
2321 # transition to "summer" time:
2322 # Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
2323 # Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
2324 # were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
2325 # Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
2326 # SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
2327 # of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
2328 # Other territories were to not move clocks.
2329 # When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
2330 # moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
2331 # Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
2333 # Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
2334 # was one of such changes.
2336 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное_время
2337 # claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
2338 # Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
2339 # were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
2340 # forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
2341 # (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
2342 # article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
2345 # This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
2346 # the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
2347 # to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
2348 # time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
2350 # 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2351 # from 1992-01-13 No. 28
2352 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
2353 # (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
2354 # introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
2355 # 1992-01-08 act. It specified that time would be calculated
2356 # according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
2357 # on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
2358 # 2:00, specified DST rules. It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
2359 # located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
2360 # border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
2361 # oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
2364 # This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
2365 # Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
2366 # +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
2368 # 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2369 # from 1992-03-27 No. 284
2370 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
2371 # cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
2372 # since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
2373 # and the fifth time belts respectively.
2375 # 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2376 # from 1994-09-23 No. 384
2377 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
2378 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
2379 # oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
2380 # the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
2383 # 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2384 # from 1996-05-08 No. 575
2385 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
2386 # amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
2387 # of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
2389 # 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2390 # from 1999-03-26 No. 305
2391 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
2392 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
2393 # last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
2396 # This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
2398 # 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2399 # from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
2400 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
2401 # replaces the previous five documents.
2403 # The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
2404 # fourth and the fifth time belts. They account for changes in spelling
2405 # and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
2406 # probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
2407 # (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
2408 # from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
2409 # fourth time belt (no change in practice).
2411 # 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2412 # from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
2413 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
2414 # modified the 2000-11-23 act. No relevant changes, apparently.
2416 # 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2417 # from 2004-07-20 No. 775
2418 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
2419 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
2420 # the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
2421 # using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
2422 # zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07). The changes were to be implemented
2423 # during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
2424 # amended before implementation happened.
2426 # 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2427 # from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
2428 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
2429 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
2430 # (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
2431 # 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
2432 # Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
2433 # during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
2435 # This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
2436 # zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
2437 # +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
2438 # and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
2440 # 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2441 # from 2005-03-15 No. 231
2442 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
2443 # removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
2444 # (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
2445 # acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
2446 # The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
2449 # Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
2450 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
2451 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
2452 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
2454 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
2455 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
2456 # oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
2457 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
2458 # according to wikipedia.)
2460 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
2461 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
2462 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
2463 # how that could happen....
2465 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2466 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2467 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2468 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2470 # From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
2471 # Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from
2472 # UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is
2473 # located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
2475 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2477 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2478 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
2479 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
2480 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
2481 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2482 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2483 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2484 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2486 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
2487 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2488 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2489 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2490 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2491 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2492 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2493 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2494 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2495 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2496 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2497 6:00 - +06 2018 Dec 21 0:00
2500 # Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS)
2501 # The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2503 Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:28 - LMT 1924 May 2
2504 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2505 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2506 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2507 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2508 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2509 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2510 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2513 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
2514 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2515 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2516 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2517 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2518 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2519 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2520 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2521 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2523 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
2524 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2525 # so include timestamps before 1963.
2526 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
2527 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2528 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2529 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2530 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2531 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2532 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2533 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2535 # Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
2536 # +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
2537 Zone Asia/Atyrau 3:27:44 - LMT 1924 May 2
2538 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2539 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2540 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2541 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2542 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2543 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28 2:00s
2544 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2546 # West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
2547 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2548 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2549 Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk
2550 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2551 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2552 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2553 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2554 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2555 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2556 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2557 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2560 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
2561 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2563 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
2564 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
2565 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
2566 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article
2567 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
2568 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
2569 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
2570 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
2572 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2573 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 -
2574 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2575 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 -
2576 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 -
2577 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2578 Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
2579 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2580 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2581 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31 2:00
2582 5:00 Kyrgyz +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
2585 ###############################################################################
2587 # Korea (North and South)
2589 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2590 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2591 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2592 # during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
2593 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
2595 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2596 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2597 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
2598 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2599 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2600 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
2601 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2602 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2603 # started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
2604 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2606 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
2607 # 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
2608 # date in South Korea should be
2609 # 1955-09-08 without specifying time
2610 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
2611 # 1956-09-29 without specifying time
2612 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
2613 # 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
2614 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
2615 # 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
2616 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
2617 # 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
2618 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
2619 # 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
2620 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
2622 # 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
2623 # when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
2624 # aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
2625 # follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
2628 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2629 Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
2630 Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 12 24:00 0 S
2631 Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
2632 Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sat>=7 24:00 0 S
2633 Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
2634 Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
2635 Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
2636 Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 8 24:00 0 S
2637 Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
2638 Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 29 24:00 0 S
2639 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
2640 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sat>=17 24:00 0 S
2641 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
2642 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
2644 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2645 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2647 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2648 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2649 # (Announcement No. 338)
2650 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2651 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2653 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2654 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2656 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2657 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2658 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2660 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
2661 # have no information otherwise.
2663 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
2664 # According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
2665 # the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
2666 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
2668 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
2669 # Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations. See:
2670 # Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
2671 # http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
2672 # There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
2673 # Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
2675 # From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
2676 # North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
2677 # Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
2679 # From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
2680 # Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
2681 # https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
2682 # ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ... Citation should be Decree
2683 # No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
2684 # Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
2685 # From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
2686 # It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
2688 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
2689 # The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
2690 # https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
2692 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2693 Zone Asia/Seoul 8:27:52 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
2694 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
2695 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 8
2696 9:00 ROK K%sT 1954 Mar 21
2697 8:30 ROK K%sT 1961 Aug 10
2699 Zone Asia/Pyongyang 8:23:00 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
2700 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
2701 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 24
2702 9:00 - KST 2015 Aug 15 00:00
2703 8:30 - KST 2018 May 4 23:30
2706 ###############################################################################
2716 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2717 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2718 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2719 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2720 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2721 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2722 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2723 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2724 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
2725 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2726 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2727 Rule Lebanon 1972 only - Jun 22 0:00 1:00 S
2728 Rule Lebanon 1972 1977 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2729 Rule Lebanon 1973 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2730 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
2731 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2732 Rule Lebanon 1984 1987 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2733 Rule Lebanon 1984 1991 - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2734 Rule Lebanon 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2735 Rule Lebanon 1989 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2736 Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2737 Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
2738 Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
2739 Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2740 Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2741 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2742 Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
2746 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2747 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 -
2748 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
2750 # peninsular Malaysia
2751 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2752 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2753 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2754 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
2755 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
2756 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
2757 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
2758 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
2759 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
2760 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2761 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
2764 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2765 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2766 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2767 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2768 Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar
2770 8:00 NBorneo +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16
2771 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2775 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2776 Zone Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 - LMT 1880 # Malé
2777 4:54:00 - MMT 1960 # Malé Mean Time
2782 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
2783 # The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
2784 # (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
2786 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
2787 # General Information Mongolia
2788 # <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
2789 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
2790 # Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
2791 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
2794 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
2795 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
2796 # being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am
2797 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
2798 # of implementation may have been different....
2799 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
2800 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
2801 # Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
2803 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
2804 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
2805 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
2806 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
2807 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
2808 # is good enough for our purposes.
2810 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
2811 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
2812 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
2813 # there are three time zones.
2815 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
2816 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
2817 # Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
2818 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
2820 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
2822 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
2823 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
2824 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
2825 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
2827 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
2828 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
2829 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
2831 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
2832 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
2833 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
2834 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
2835 # Windows XP as the source. Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
2836 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
2837 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
2838 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
2840 # http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
2841 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
2842 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
2843 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
2844 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
2845 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
2846 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
2847 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
2849 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
2850 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
2851 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
2852 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
2854 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
2855 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
2856 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
2857 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
2858 # database on this, e.g.:
2860 # https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
2861 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
2863 # both say GMT+08:00.
2865 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
2866 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
2868 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
2869 # (click the English flag for English)
2871 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
2872 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2873 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2874 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2875 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2876 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2878 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2879 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2880 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2881 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2882 # this is almost surely wrong.
2884 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2885 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2886 # daylight saving time in Mongolia.... Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2887 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts. And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2888 # September daylight saving time ends. Source:
2889 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2891 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2892 Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
2893 Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2894 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2895 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00. Also, IATA SSIM
2896 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2898 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2899 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2900 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2901 # the country. That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2902 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2903 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2905 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2906 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2907 # saving time adoption in Mongolia. Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2909 Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -
2910 Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2911 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2912 Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2913 Rule Mongol 2001 2006 - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 -
2914 Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2915 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2916 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Sep lastSat 0:00 0 -
2918 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2919 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2920 Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug
2923 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2924 Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
2927 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2928 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2929 Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
2932 9:00 Mongol +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2936 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2937 Zone Asia/Kathmandu 5:41:16 - LMT 1920
2946 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2947 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2948 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2949 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was
2950 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2951 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2953 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2954 # Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
2955 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2956 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2957 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2958 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2959 # 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2960 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2961 # it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday
2962 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2963 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2965 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2966 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2967 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now.
2969 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2970 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2971 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2973 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2974 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2975 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2976 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2978 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2979 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2981 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2983 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
2984 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
2986 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
2987 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
2988 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
2990 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
2991 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
2993 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2994 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
2996 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2997 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2998 # for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2999 # instead of August 31.
3001 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
3002 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
3004 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
3005 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
3006 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
3007 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
3008 # official working."
3009 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
3011 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
3012 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
3014 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
3016 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
3017 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
3018 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
3021 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
3022 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
3025 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
3026 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
3027 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
3028 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
3029 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
3031 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
3033 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
3034 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
3035 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
3038 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
3039 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
3040 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
3042 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
3043 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
3044 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
3045 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
3046 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
3049 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
3050 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
3051 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
3052 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
3054 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
3055 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
3056 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
3058 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
3059 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
3060 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
3062 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
3063 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
3064 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
3065 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
3067 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
3068 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
3069 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
3070 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
3071 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
3073 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
3074 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
3076 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
3077 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
3079 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3080 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3081 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3082 Rule Pakistan 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3083 Rule Pakistan 2008 2009 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3084 Rule Pakistan 2009 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
3086 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3087 Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907
3088 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
3089 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
3090 5:30 - +0530 1951 Sep 30
3091 5:00 - +05 1971 Mar 26
3092 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time
3096 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
3098 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
3099 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
3100 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
3102 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
3103 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
3104 # time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
3107 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
3108 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
3109 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
3110 # Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major
3111 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
3114 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
3115 # for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might
3116 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
3117 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
3118 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
3120 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
3121 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to
3122 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
3123 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
3124 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
3127 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
3129 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
3130 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
3131 # Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion
3132 # West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan
3133 # Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan
3135 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
3138 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
3139 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
3140 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
3141 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
3142 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
3143 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
3144 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
3145 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
3146 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
3147 # to Palestine's rules.
3149 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
3150 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
3152 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
3153 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
3154 # one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
3155 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
3157 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
3158 # Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
3159 # http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
3160 # (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
3161 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
3162 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
3163 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
3164 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
3166 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
3167 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
3169 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
3170 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
3171 # the Ramadan. Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
3172 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
3173 # earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
3175 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
3176 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
3177 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
3178 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel. I was not
3179 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
3180 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
3183 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
3184 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
3185 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
3186 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
3187 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday. It is also time to turn
3188 # > back the clocks for winter. Friday will begin an hour late this week.
3189 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
3190 # because of the Ramadan.
3192 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
3193 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
3194 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
3196 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
3197 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
3198 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
3199 # surprised if they agreed about DST. But for now, assume they agree.
3200 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
3201 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
3203 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
3204 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
3206 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
3207 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
3209 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
3210 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
3211 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
3213 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
3214 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
3215 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
3216 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
3219 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
3221 # (English translation)
3222 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
3224 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
3225 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
3226 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
3229 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
3230 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
3231 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
3232 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
3233 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
3234 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
3236 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
3237 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
3238 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
3240 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
3241 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
3243 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
3244 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
3246 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
3247 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
3248 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
3249 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
3251 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
3252 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
3253 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
3254 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
3256 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
3258 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
3260 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
3261 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
3262 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
3265 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
3266 # (Ma'an News Agency)
3267 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
3268 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
3270 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
3271 # According to several sources, including
3272 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
3273 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
3274 # Gaza and the West Bank.
3275 # Some more background info:
3276 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
3278 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
3279 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
3280 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
3281 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
3284 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
3286 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
3288 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
3289 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
3290 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
3291 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
3292 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
3293 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
3294 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
3296 # https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
3297 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
3298 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
3300 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
3301 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
3303 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
3305 # Many sources, including:
3306 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
3308 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3309 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
3310 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
3311 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
3312 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
3314 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
3316 # Our brief summary:
3317 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
3319 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
3320 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
3321 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
3322 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
3323 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
3324 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
3326 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
3327 # The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
3328 # (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
3329 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
3330 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
3331 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
3332 # official source...:
3333 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
3335 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
3336 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
3337 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
3338 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
3340 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
3341 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
3342 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
3344 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
3345 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
3346 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
3347 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
3348 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
3350 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
3351 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
3352 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
3353 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
3355 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
3356 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 ...
3357 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
3359 # From Even Scharning (2019-03-23):
3360 # http://pnn.ps/news/401130
3361 # http://palweather.ps/ar/node/50136.html
3363 # From Sharif Mustafa (2019-03-26):
3364 # The Palestinian cabinet announced today that the switch to DST will
3365 # be on Fri Mar 29th 2019 by advancing the clock by 60 minutes.
3366 # http://palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e54e9ea1-50ee-4137-84df-0d6c78da259b
3368 # From Even Scharning (2019-04-10):
3369 # Our source in Palestine said it happened Friday 29 at 00:00 local time....
3371 # From Sharef Mustafa (2019-10-18):
3372 # Palestine summer time will end on midnight Oct 26th 2019 ...
3374 # From Steffen Thorsen (2020-10-20):
3375 # Some sources such as these say, and display on clocks, that DST ended at
3376 # midnight last year...
3377 # https://www.amad.ps/ar/post/320006
3379 # From Tim Parenti (2020-10-20):
3380 # The report of the Palestinian Cabinet meeting of 2019-10-14 confirms
3381 # a decision on (translated): "The start of the winter time in Palestine, by
3382 # delaying the clock by sixty minutes, starting from midnight on Friday /
3383 # Saturday corresponding to 26/10/2019."
3384 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/43948
3386 # From Sharef Mustafa (2020-10-20):
3387 # As per the palestinian cabinet announcement yesterday , the day light saving
3388 # shall [end] on Oct 24th 2020 at 01:00AM by delaying the clock by 60 minutes.
3389 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/Meeting/Details/51584
3391 # From Tim Parenti (2020-10-20):
3392 # Predict future fall transitions at 01:00 on the Saturday preceding October's
3393 # last Sunday (i.e., Sat>=24). This is consistent with our predictions since
3394 # 2016, although the time of the change differed slightly in 2019.
3396 # From Pierre Cashon (2020-10-20):
3397 # The summer time this year started on March 28 at 00:00.
3398 # https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=GveQNZa872839351758aGveQNZ
3399 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/50284
3400 # The winter time in 2015 started on October 23 at 01:00.
3401 # https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=CgpCdYa670694628582aCgpCdY
3402 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/27583
3404 # From Paul Eggert (2019-04-10):
3405 # For now, guess spring-ahead transitions are at 00:00 on the Saturday
3406 # preceding March's last Sunday (i.e., Sat>=24).
3408 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3409 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
3410 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3411 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3412 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
3413 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
3414 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
3416 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
3417 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
3418 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
3419 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
3420 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3421 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3422 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep 13 2:00 0 -
3423 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3424 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3425 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep 4 1:00 0 -
3426 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3427 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
3428 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
3429 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3430 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
3431 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
3432 Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
3433 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
3434 Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
3435 Rule Palestine 2014 only - Oct 24 0:00 0 -
3436 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3437 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Oct 23 1:00 0 -
3438 Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Mar Sat>=24 1:00 1:00 S
3439 Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Oct Sat>=24 1:00 0 -
3440 Rule Palestine 2019 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 S
3441 Rule Palestine 2019 only - Oct Sat>=24 0:00 0 -
3442 Rule Palestine 2020 max - Mar Sat>=24 0:00 1:00 S
3443 Rule Palestine 2020 max - Oct Sat>=24 1:00 0 -
3445 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3446 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
3447 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3448 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3450 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3451 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
3453 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
3454 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
3455 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
3457 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3459 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
3460 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3461 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3463 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3464 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3471 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
3472 # The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
3473 # It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
3474 # 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
3475 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
3476 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
3477 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
3478 # History of the International Date Line
3479 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
3480 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
3482 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
3483 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
3484 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
3485 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
3488 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
3489 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
3490 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
3491 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
3492 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
3493 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
3494 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
3496 # From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
3497 # In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
3498 # which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
3499 # The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
3500 # the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
3501 # it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
3502 # [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
3503 # [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
3505 # From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
3506 # I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
3507 # more popular among reliable English-language news sources. This is
3508 # not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
3509 # influence of the sources. There is no current abbreviation for DST,
3510 # so use "PDT", the usual American style.
3512 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3513 Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 D
3514 Rule Phil 1937 only - Feb 1 0:00 0 S
3515 Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 D
3516 Rule Phil 1954 only - Jul 1 0:00 0 S
3517 Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
3518 Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
3519 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3520 Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
3521 8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11
3522 8:00 Phil P%sT 1942 May
3527 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3528 Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
3531 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
3535 # From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
3536 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
3537 # standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
3538 # has never been made official. Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
3539 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
3540 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3541 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3542 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
3544 # Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3545 # Arabia you were in. In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3546 # practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3547 # which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3548 # the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3549 # instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3550 # used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3551 # Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3552 # (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.) Antar writes,
3553 # "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3554 # station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3555 # assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3556 # shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3557 # going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did." See:
3558 # Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3559 # http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3560 # Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
3561 # Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
3563 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3564 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3565 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3566 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3567 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3570 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3571 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3572 # the country. Presumably this is documenting airline time. Ignore this,
3573 # as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3575 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3576 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
3578 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
3579 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
3582 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
3583 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
3584 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3585 Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
3586 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
3587 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
3588 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
3589 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
3590 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
3591 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
3592 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
3600 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
3601 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898. Prior to this Colombo
3602 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used." But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
3603 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
3604 # Shanks and Pottenger.
3606 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
3607 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
3608 # (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
3609 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
3610 # reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
3611 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
3613 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
3614 # by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
3615 # <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
3616 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
3617 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
3619 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
3620 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
3621 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
3622 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
3624 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
3625 # http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
3626 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
3627 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
3628 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
3629 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
3630 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
3631 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
3633 # From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
3634 # According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
3635 # Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
3636 # standard time is SLST.
3638 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
3639 # "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
3640 # zone nerd sources. I searched Google News and found three uses of
3641 # it in the International Business Times of India in February and
3642 # March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
3643 # since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
3644 # other English-language news sources. Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
3645 # even worse. For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
3646 # switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
3648 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3649 Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880
3650 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time
3651 5:30 - +0530 1942 Jan 5
3652 5:30 0:30 +06 1942 Sep
3653 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 16 2:00
3654 5:30 - +0530 1996 May 25 0:00
3655 6:30 - +0630 1996 Oct 26 0:30
3656 6:00 - +06 2006 Apr 15 0:30
3660 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3661 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
3662 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
3663 Rule Syria 1962 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 S
3664 Rule Syria 1962 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3665 Rule Syria 1963 1965 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
3666 Rule Syria 1963 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3667 Rule Syria 1964 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3668 Rule Syria 1965 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3669 Rule Syria 1966 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 S
3670 Rule Syria 1966 1976 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3671 Rule Syria 1967 1978 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
3672 Rule Syria 1977 1978 - Sep 1 2:00 0 -
3673 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Apr 9 2:00 1:00 S
3674 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3675 Rule Syria 1986 only - Feb 16 2:00 1:00 S
3676 Rule Syria 1986 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 -
3677 Rule Syria 1987 only - Mar 1 2:00 1:00 S
3678 Rule Syria 1987 1988 - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
3679 Rule Syria 1988 only - Mar 15 2:00 1:00 S
3680 Rule Syria 1989 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3681 Rule Syria 1989 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3682 Rule Syria 1990 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 S
3683 Rule Syria 1990 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3684 Rule Syria 1991 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3685 Rule Syria 1991 1992 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3686 Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S
3687 Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3688 Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
3689 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
3690 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
3691 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
3692 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
3693 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
3694 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
3695 Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3696 Rule Syria 1994 2005 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3697 Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S
3698 Rule Syria 1999 2006 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3699 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
3700 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
3701 # this year [only].... This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
3702 Rule Syria 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3703 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
3704 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
3705 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
3706 Rule Syria 2007 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3707 # From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
3708 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
3709 # not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
3710 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
3711 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
3712 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
3713 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
3715 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
3716 # Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
3718 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
3719 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
3721 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
3722 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
3724 # which using Google's translate tools says:
3725 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
3726 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
3727 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
3728 Rule Syria 2007 only - Nov Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
3730 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
3731 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
3732 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
3733 # Country Time Standard --- DST Start --- --- DST End --- DST
3734 # Name Zone Variation Time Date Time Date
3737 # Republic SY +0200 2200 03APR08 2100 30SEP08 +0300
3738 # 2200 02APR09 2100 30SEP09 +0300
3739 # 2200 01APR10 2100 30SEP10 +0300
3741 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
3742 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
3744 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
3745 # ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
3746 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
3747 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
3748 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
3749 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
3751 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3752 # My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
3753 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
3754 # compilers can't handle or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
3755 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
3757 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
3758 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
3759 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
3761 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
3762 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
3763 # clocks back 60 minutes).
3765 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
3767 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
3768 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
3771 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
3772 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
3773 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
3774 # (Arabic, gov-site)
3776 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
3779 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
3781 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
3782 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
3783 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
3784 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
3785 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
3787 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
3788 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
3789 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
3790 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
3792 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
3793 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
3794 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
3795 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
3796 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
3798 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3799 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
3800 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
3802 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
3803 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
3805 # Our brief summary:
3806 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
3808 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
3809 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
3811 Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3812 Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3813 Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3814 Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3815 Rule Syria 2012 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3816 Rule Syria 2009 max - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
3818 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3819 Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
3823 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3824 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3825 Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3826 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3827 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3828 5:00 1:00 +05/+06 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
3832 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3833 Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880
3834 6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
3836 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh # Cambodia
3837 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane # Laos
3840 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3841 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3842 Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad
3843 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3844 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3845 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00
3848 # United Arab Emirates
3849 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3850 Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920
3852 Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat # Oman
3855 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
3856 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3857 Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:53 - LMT 1924 May 2
3858 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3859 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
3860 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
3861 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
3862 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3864 # Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
3865 Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2
3866 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3867 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3868 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3873 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3874 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3875 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam. But this is quite a ways
3876 # from Saigon's location. For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3877 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3879 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3880 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3881 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3883 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
3884 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3885 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3886 # is quoted verbatim in:
3887 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3888 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3889 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3890 # and is the basis for the information below.
3892 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
3893 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
3894 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
3895 # the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
3896 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
3897 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
3898 # is closer to 07:06:31. Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
3900 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3901 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3902 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3903 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3904 # To 09:00 on 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3905 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3906 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3907 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3908 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3909 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3911 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3913 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3914 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3916 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3917 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3919 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3920 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3922 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3923 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
3924 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
3925 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
3926 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
3927 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
3928 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
3929 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
3930 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
3931 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
3934 # From Paul Eggert (2019-02-19):
3936 # The Ho Chi Minh entry suffices for most purposes as it agrees with all of
3937 # Vietnam since 1975-06-13. Presumably clocks often changed in south Vietnam
3938 # in the early 1970s as locations changed hands during the war; however the
3939 # details are unknown and would likely be too voluminous for this database.
3941 # For timestamps in north Vietnam back to 1970 (the tzdb cutoff),
3942 # use Asia/Bangkok; see the VN entries in the file zone1970.tab.
3943 # For timestamps before 1970, see Asia/Hanoi in the file 'backzone'.