1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
8 # From Paul Eggert (2014-05-31):
9 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
10 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
11 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
13 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
14 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
15 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
16 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
17 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
19 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
20 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
22 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
23 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
25 # Other sources occasionally used include:
27 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
28 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
29 # which I found in the UCLA library.
31 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
32 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
35 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
36 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
37 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
38 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
39 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
41 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
42 # History of Summer Time
43 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
44 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
47 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
48 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
49 # Corrections are welcome!
52 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
53 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
54 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
55 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
56 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
57 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
58 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
59 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
60 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
61 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
62 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
63 # 3:00 FET Further-eastern Europe*
64 # 3:00 MSK MSD MSM* Moscow
66 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
67 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
68 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
69 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
70 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
71 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
72 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
73 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
74 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
75 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
76 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
78 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
79 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
81 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
82 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
83 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
84 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
88 ###############################################################################
90 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
92 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
94 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
95 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
96 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
99 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
100 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
101 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
102 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
103 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
104 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
105 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
107 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
108 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
109 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
111 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
113 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
115 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
116 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
117 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
118 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
119 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
120 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
121 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
122 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
123 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
124 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
125 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
126 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
127 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
128 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
129 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
130 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
131 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
132 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
133 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
134 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
136 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
137 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
138 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
140 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
141 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
142 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
143 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
144 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
145 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
146 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
147 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
148 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
149 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
150 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
151 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
152 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
153 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
155 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
156 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
157 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
158 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
159 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
160 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
161 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
162 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
163 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
164 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
165 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
166 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
167 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
168 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
169 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
171 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
172 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
173 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
174 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
175 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
176 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
177 # <http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf>
178 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
180 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
181 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
182 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
183 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
184 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
186 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
187 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
188 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
190 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
191 # From: Jonathan Leffler
192 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
193 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
194 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
196 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
197 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
198 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
199 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
200 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
202 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
203 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
204 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
205 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
207 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
208 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
209 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
210 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
211 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
212 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
213 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
214 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
216 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
217 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
218 # which is to be introduced in May....
219 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
220 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
222 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
223 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
224 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
227 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
228 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
229 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
230 # and extending this list, which can be found in
231 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
232 # History of legal time in Britain
233 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
235 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
237 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
238 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
239 # <http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0>
240 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
242 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
244 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
246 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
248 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
249 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
250 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
251 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
252 # It actually just had one transition.
253 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
254 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
255 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
256 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
257 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
259 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
260 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
261 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
262 # conform with Great Britain.
263 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
265 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
266 # we'll ignore it for now.
267 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
270 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
271 # Shanks & Pottenger.
272 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
273 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
274 # to London. For example:
276 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
277 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
279 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
280 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
281 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
283 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
285 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
286 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
288 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
289 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
290 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
292 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
293 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
294 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
296 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
297 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
299 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
300 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
301 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
303 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
304 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
305 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
308 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
309 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
310 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
311 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
312 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
313 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
314 # and Frethun run in CT.
315 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
316 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
317 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
318 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
319 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
320 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
322 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
323 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
324 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
325 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
326 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
327 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
328 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
330 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
331 # Summer Time Act, 1916
332 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
333 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
334 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
335 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
336 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
337 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
338 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
339 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
340 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
341 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
342 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
343 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
344 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
346 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
347 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
348 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
349 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
350 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
351 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
352 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
353 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
354 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
355 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
356 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
357 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
358 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
359 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
360 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
361 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
362 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
363 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
364 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
365 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
366 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
367 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
368 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
369 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
370 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
371 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
372 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
373 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
374 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
375 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
376 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
377 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
378 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
379 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
380 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
381 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
382 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
383 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
384 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
385 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
386 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
388 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
390 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
391 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
392 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
393 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
394 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
395 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
396 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
397 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
398 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
399 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
400 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
401 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
402 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
403 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
404 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
405 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
406 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
407 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
408 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
409 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
410 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
411 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
412 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
413 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
414 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
416 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
417 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
418 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
419 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
420 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
421 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
422 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
424 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
425 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
426 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
427 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
428 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
429 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
430 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
431 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
432 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
433 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
434 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
435 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
436 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
437 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
438 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
440 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
442 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
443 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
444 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
445 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
448 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
449 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
450 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
451 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
452 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
453 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
454 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
455 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
456 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
457 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
458 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
459 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
460 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
461 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
462 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
465 ###############################################################################
469 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
470 # Common Market, etc.
472 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
473 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
474 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
475 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
476 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
477 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
478 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
479 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
480 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
481 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
482 # <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT>
484 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
485 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
486 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
487 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
488 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
489 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
490 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
492 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
493 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
494 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
495 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
496 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
497 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
498 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
499 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
500 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
501 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
502 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
503 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
504 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
505 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
507 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
508 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
509 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
510 # tz database itself, as seen below:
512 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
513 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
515 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
516 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
518 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
519 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
521 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
522 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
523 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
525 # The rule line to be changed is:
527 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
529 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
530 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
531 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
532 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
535 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
536 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
538 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
540 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
542 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
543 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
544 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
545 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
546 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
547 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
548 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
549 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
551 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
552 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
553 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
554 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
555 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
556 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
557 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
559 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
560 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
561 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
562 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
563 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
564 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
565 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 MSD
566 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
567 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
568 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 MSM # Midsummer
569 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
570 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
571 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
572 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
573 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
574 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
575 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
576 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
577 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
579 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
580 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
581 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
582 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
583 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
585 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
586 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
587 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
588 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
590 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
591 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
593 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
594 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
596 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
597 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
600 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
602 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
603 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
604 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
605 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
606 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
608 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
609 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
611 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
612 # The official German names ... are
614 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
615 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
617 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
618 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
619 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
621 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
622 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
624 # D-38023 Braunschweig
625 # phone: +49 531 592-0
627 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
628 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
629 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
631 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
632 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
636 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
637 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
638 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
639 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
640 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
641 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
642 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
643 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
644 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
645 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
646 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
647 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
648 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
649 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
650 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
651 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
652 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
653 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
654 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
655 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
656 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
657 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
658 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
659 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
660 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
661 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
662 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
663 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
664 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
665 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
669 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
670 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
671 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
672 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
677 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
679 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
680 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
681 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
682 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
683 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
684 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
686 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
687 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
688 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
689 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
690 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
691 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
692 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
693 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
694 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
695 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
696 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
697 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
698 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
699 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
700 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
702 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
706 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
707 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
708 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
710 # Sources (Russian language):
711 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
712 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
713 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
714 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
715 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
716 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
717 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
718 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
719 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
720 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
721 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
722 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
723 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
724 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
725 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
730 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
731 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
732 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
733 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
734 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
736 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
737 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
738 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
739 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
740 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
742 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
743 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
744 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
745 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
746 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
747 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
748 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
749 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
750 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
751 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
752 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
753 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
754 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
755 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
756 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
757 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
758 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
759 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
760 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
761 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
762 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
763 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
764 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
765 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
766 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
767 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
768 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
769 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
770 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
771 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
772 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
773 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
774 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
775 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
776 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
777 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
778 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
779 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
780 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
781 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
782 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
783 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
784 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
785 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
786 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
787 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
788 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
789 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
792 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
793 # See Europe/Belgrade.
797 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
798 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
799 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
800 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
802 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
803 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
804 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
805 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
806 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
807 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
808 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
809 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
810 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
811 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
812 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
813 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
814 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
815 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
816 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
817 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
821 # See Europe/Belgrade.
824 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
827 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
828 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
829 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
830 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
831 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
832 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
833 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
834 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
835 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
836 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
837 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
838 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
839 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
841 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
843 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
845 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
846 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
847 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
848 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
849 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
851 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
852 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
854 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
855 # in subsequent decrees with the law
856 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
858 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
859 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
860 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
861 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
862 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
863 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
864 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
865 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
866 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
867 # was suspended on that night):
868 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
870 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
871 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
872 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
874 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
875 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
876 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
878 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
879 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
880 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
881 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
882 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
883 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
884 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
885 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
886 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
887 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
888 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
889 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
891 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
892 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
893 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
894 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
895 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
896 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
898 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
902 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
903 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
904 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
905 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
907 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
908 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
909 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
910 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
911 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
912 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
914 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
915 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
916 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
918 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
919 # is according to the following time line:
921 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
922 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
926 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
929 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
931 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
932 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
933 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
934 # info from earlier correspondence.]
936 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
937 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
938 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
940 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
941 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
942 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
943 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
944 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
945 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
946 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
948 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
949 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
951 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
952 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
953 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
955 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
956 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
957 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
958 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
959 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
961 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
962 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
965 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
966 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
967 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
968 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
969 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
970 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
971 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
973 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
974 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
975 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
976 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
977 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
978 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
979 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
981 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
982 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
983 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
986 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
987 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
988 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
990 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
991 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
993 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
997 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
998 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
999 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1000 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1002 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1003 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1004 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1005 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1006 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1007 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1008 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1009 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1010 # summer time next spring."
1012 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1013 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1014 # <http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390>
1015 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1016 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1018 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1019 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1020 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1022 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1023 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1024 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1025 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1026 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1027 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1028 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1031 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1032 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1033 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1034 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1036 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1037 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1038 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1040 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1041 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1043 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1044 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1045 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1046 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1047 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1048 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1049 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1050 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1051 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1052 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1053 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1054 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1055 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1060 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1061 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1062 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1064 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1066 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1067 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1068 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1069 # according to the central European standards.
1071 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1072 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1074 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1076 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1077 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1079 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1080 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1082 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1085 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1086 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1087 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1088 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1089 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1090 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1091 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1092 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1094 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1095 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1097 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1098 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1099 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1100 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1101 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1103 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1106 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1107 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1108 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1109 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1113 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1118 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1120 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1121 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1123 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1126 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1127 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1131 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1132 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1133 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1134 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1135 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1136 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1137 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1138 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1139 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1140 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1141 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1142 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1143 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1144 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1145 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1146 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1147 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1148 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1149 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1150 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1151 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1152 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1153 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1154 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1155 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1156 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1157 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1158 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1159 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1160 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1161 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1162 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1163 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1164 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1165 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1166 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1167 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1168 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1169 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1170 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1171 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1172 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1173 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1174 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1175 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1176 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1177 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1178 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1179 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1180 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1181 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1182 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1183 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1184 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1185 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1186 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1187 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1188 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1189 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1190 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1191 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1192 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1193 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1194 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1195 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1196 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1197 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1198 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1199 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1200 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1201 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1202 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1203 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1204 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1205 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1210 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1211 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1212 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1213 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1215 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1216 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1217 # <http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/>
1218 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1220 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1221 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1222 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1223 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1224 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1227 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1228 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1229 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1230 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1231 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1232 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1234 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1235 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1236 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1237 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1238 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1240 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1241 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1242 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1244 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1245 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1246 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1247 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1248 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1251 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1252 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1253 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1254 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1255 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1256 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1258 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1259 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1261 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1262 # Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1264 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1267 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1268 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1269 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1272 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1273 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1274 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1279 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1280 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1281 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1282 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1283 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1284 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1285 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1286 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1287 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1288 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1289 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1290 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1291 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1292 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1293 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1294 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1295 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1296 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1297 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1298 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1299 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1300 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1301 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1302 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1303 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1304 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1305 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1306 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1307 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1308 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1309 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1310 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1314 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1315 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1316 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1317 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1318 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1319 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1320 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1321 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1322 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1323 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1324 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1325 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1326 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1327 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1328 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1329 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1330 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1331 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1332 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1333 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1334 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1335 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1336 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1337 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1338 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1339 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1340 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1341 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1342 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1343 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1344 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1345 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1350 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1351 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1354 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1357 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1358 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1359 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1360 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1362 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1363 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1364 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1365 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1368 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1369 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1370 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1371 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1372 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1373 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1374 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1375 # might mean something else (???).
1377 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1378 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1379 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1380 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1382 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1383 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1384 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1385 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1386 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1387 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1388 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1389 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1390 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1391 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1392 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1393 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1394 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1395 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1396 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1397 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1398 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1399 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1400 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1401 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1402 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1403 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1404 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1405 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1406 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1411 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1412 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1413 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1414 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1415 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1416 # so record only the time in Rome.
1418 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1419 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1421 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1422 # <http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html>
1423 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1424 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1426 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1427 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1428 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1429 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1430 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1431 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1432 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1433 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1434 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1435 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1436 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1437 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1438 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1439 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1440 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1441 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1443 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1444 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1445 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1446 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1447 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1448 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1449 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1450 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1451 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1452 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1453 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1454 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1455 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1456 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1457 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1458 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1459 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1460 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1461 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1462 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1463 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1464 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1465 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1466 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1467 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1468 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1469 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1470 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1471 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1472 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1473 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1474 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1475 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1476 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1477 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1478 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1479 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1480 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1481 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1482 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1483 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1484 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1485 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1488 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1489 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1493 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1495 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1496 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1497 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1498 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1500 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1501 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1502 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1503 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1504 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1506 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1507 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1508 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1509 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1510 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1511 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1513 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1514 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1515 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1516 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1517 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1518 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1519 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1520 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1521 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1522 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1524 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1525 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1526 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1528 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1529 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1530 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1531 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1532 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1534 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1535 # <http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html>
1536 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1537 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1538 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1539 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1540 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1541 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1542 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1543 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1544 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1545 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1546 # appears that they will not do so....
1548 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1549 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1550 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1552 # Milne says Riga time was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1554 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1555 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:28 - LMT 1880
1556 1:36:28 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1557 1:36:28 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1558 1:36:28 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1559 1:36:28 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1560 1:36:28 - RMT 1926 May 11
1561 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1563 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1564 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1565 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1566 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1567 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1568 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1573 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1574 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1576 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1577 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1578 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1579 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1580 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1581 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1582 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1583 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1584 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1586 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1591 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1592 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1593 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1595 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1596 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1597 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1599 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1600 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1601 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1602 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1603 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1604 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1605 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1606 # already done by Estonia.
1608 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1609 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1610 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1612 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1613 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1614 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1615 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1616 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1617 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1618 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1621 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1622 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1623 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1624 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1625 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1626 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1627 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1628 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1629 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1630 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1631 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1632 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1633 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1634 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1635 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1639 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1640 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1641 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1642 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1643 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1644 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1645 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1646 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1647 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1648 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1649 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1650 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1651 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1652 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1653 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1654 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1655 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1656 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1657 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1658 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1659 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1660 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1661 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1662 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1663 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1664 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1665 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1666 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1667 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1668 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1669 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1670 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1671 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1675 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1678 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1679 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1680 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1681 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1682 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1683 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1684 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1685 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1686 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1687 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1688 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1689 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1690 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1691 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1696 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1697 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1698 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1699 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1700 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1701 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1702 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1703 # But [two people] separately reported via
1704 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1705 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1707 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1708 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1709 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1710 # to the Winter Time).
1712 # News (in Russian):
1713 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1714 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1716 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1717 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1719 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1720 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1721 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1723 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1725 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1726 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1727 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1728 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1729 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1730 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1731 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1732 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1735 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1736 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1737 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1738 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1739 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1740 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1741 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1742 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1743 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1745 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1746 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1747 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1751 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1752 # more precise 0:09:21.
1753 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1754 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1755 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1756 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1757 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1761 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1765 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1766 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1768 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1769 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1770 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1771 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1772 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1773 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1774 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1775 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1776 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1779 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1780 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1781 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1784 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1785 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1786 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1787 # actually followed.
1789 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1790 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1791 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1792 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1793 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1795 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1796 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1797 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1798 # Amsterdam mean time.
1800 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1801 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1803 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1804 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1805 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1806 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1807 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1808 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1809 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1810 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1811 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1812 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1813 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1814 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1815 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1816 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1817 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1818 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1819 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1820 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1821 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1822 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1823 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1824 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1825 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1827 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1828 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1829 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1830 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1831 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1832 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1833 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1834 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1838 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1840 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1841 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1842 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1843 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1844 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1845 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1846 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1847 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1848 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1849 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1850 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1851 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1852 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1855 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1857 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1858 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1859 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1860 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1861 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1862 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1863 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1864 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
1865 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1866 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1867 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1868 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1869 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1870 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1871 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1872 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1873 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1874 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1876 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1878 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1879 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1880 # keeping Berlin time.
1882 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1883 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1884 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1885 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1886 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1887 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1888 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1890 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1891 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1892 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1893 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1894 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1895 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1896 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1897 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1898 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1900 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1901 # for these regions.
1902 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1906 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
1907 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
1909 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1910 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1911 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1912 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1913 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1914 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1915 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1916 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1917 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1918 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1919 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1920 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1921 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1922 # He also gives these further references:
1923 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1924 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1925 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1926 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1927 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1928 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1929 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1930 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1931 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1932 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1933 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1934 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1935 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1936 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1937 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1938 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1939 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1940 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1941 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1942 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1943 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1944 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1945 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1946 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1947 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1952 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1953 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1954 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1956 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1957 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1958 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1960 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1961 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1962 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1963 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1964 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1965 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1966 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1968 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1969 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1970 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1971 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1972 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1973 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1974 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1975 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1976 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1977 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1978 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1979 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1980 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1981 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1982 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1983 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1984 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1985 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1986 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1987 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1988 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1989 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1990 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1991 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1992 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1993 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1994 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1995 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1996 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1997 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1998 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1999 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2000 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2001 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2002 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2003 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2004 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2005 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2006 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2007 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2008 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2009 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2010 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2011 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2012 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2013 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2014 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2015 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2016 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2017 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2018 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2019 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2020 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2021 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2022 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2023 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2024 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2025 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2026 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2027 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2028 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2029 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2030 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2031 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2032 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
2033 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
2034 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
2035 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2036 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2037 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2038 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2039 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2040 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2042 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2043 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2044 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2045 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2046 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2047 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2049 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2050 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2051 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2052 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2057 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2058 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2059 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2060 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2061 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2062 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2064 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2065 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2066 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2067 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2068 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2069 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2070 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2071 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2072 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2073 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2074 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2075 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2076 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2077 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2078 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2079 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2080 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2086 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2087 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2088 # (Government document
2089 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2091 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2092 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2093 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2094 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2096 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2097 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2098 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2099 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2101 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2102 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2103 # changed in September 2011:
2106 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2107 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2108 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2111 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2112 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2113 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2114 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2115 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2116 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2119 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2120 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2121 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2122 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2124 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2125 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2126 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2128 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2129 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2130 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2131 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2134 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2136 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2138 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2139 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2140 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2141 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2142 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2143 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2144 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2145 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2146 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2147 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2148 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2150 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2151 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2152 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2153 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2154 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2155 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2156 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2158 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2159 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2160 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2161 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2162 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2163 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2165 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2166 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2167 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2168 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2169 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2171 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2172 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2173 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2174 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2175 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2177 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2178 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2179 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2180 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2182 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2183 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2184 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2185 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2186 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2187 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2189 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2190 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2191 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2192 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2193 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2194 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2195 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2196 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2198 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2199 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2200 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2201 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2202 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2203 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2204 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2205 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2206 # divisions where available.
2208 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2211 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2212 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2213 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2215 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2216 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2217 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2218 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2219 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2220 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2224 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2225 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2226 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2227 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2228 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2229 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2230 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2231 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2232 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2233 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2234 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2235 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2236 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2237 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2238 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2239 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2240 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2241 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2242 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2243 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2244 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2245 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2246 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2247 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2248 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2249 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2250 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2251 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2252 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2253 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2254 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2255 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2256 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2257 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2258 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2259 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2260 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2261 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2262 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2263 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2264 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2265 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2266 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2267 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2268 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2270 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2271 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2273 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2274 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2275 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2276 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2277 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz E.L. New Counting of Time in Russia
2278 # since July 1, 1919, p. 18.) The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia
2279 # was defined by Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2280 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2281 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2282 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2285 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2286 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2287 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2288 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2289 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2291 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2292 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2293 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2294 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2295 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2296 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2297 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2298 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2299 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2300 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2304 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2305 # Europe/Simferopol covers...
2306 # ** **** Crimea, Republic of
2307 # ** **** Sevastopol
2309 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2310 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2311 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2313 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2314 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2315 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2317 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2319 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2320 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2321 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2322 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2323 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2324 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2326 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2327 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2328 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2329 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2330 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2331 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2332 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2333 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2334 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2335 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2336 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2337 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2338 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2339 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2340 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2341 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2342 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2346 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2347 # Europe/Volgograd covers...
2348 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2349 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2350 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2351 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2353 # From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09):
2354 # Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300.
2355 # Perhaps it switched after the others? But we have no data.
2357 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2358 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2359 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2360 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2361 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2362 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2363 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2364 3:00 Russia MSK 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2365 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2369 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2370 # Europe/Samara covers...
2371 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2372 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2374 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2375 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2376 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2377 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2378 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2379 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2380 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2381 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2382 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2386 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2387 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2388 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2389 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2390 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2391 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2392 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2393 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2394 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2395 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2396 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2398 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2399 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2401 # Milne says Yekaterinburg time was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2403 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2404 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2405 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2406 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2407 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2408 6:00 - YEKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2412 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2413 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2414 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2415 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2416 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2418 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2419 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
2420 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2421 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2422 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2423 7:00 - OMST 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2427 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2428 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers...
2429 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2430 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2432 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2433 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2435 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2436 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2437 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2438 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2439 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2440 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2441 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2445 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2446 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2447 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2449 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2450 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2452 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2453 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2455 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2456 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2457 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2459 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2460 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2461 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2462 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2463 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2465 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2466 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2468 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2469 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2471 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2472 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2473 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2475 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2476 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2477 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2478 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2479 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2480 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s # Novosibirsk T
2481 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2482 7:00 - KRAT # Krasnoyarsk Time
2485 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2486 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2487 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2488 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2489 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2491 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2492 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2494 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2495 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2496 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2497 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2498 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2499 8:00 - KRAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2503 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2504 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2505 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2506 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2508 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2509 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2511 # Milne says Irkutsk time was 6:57:15.
2513 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:15 - LMT 1880
2514 6:57:15 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2515 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2516 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2517 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2518 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2519 9:00 - IRKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2523 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2524 # Asia/Chita covers...
2525 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2527 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2528 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2530 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2531 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2532 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2533 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2534 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2535 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2539 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2540 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2541 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2543 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2544 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2545 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2546 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2547 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
2548 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
2549 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
2550 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
2551 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
2552 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
2553 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
2554 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
2555 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
2556 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
2557 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
2558 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
2559 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
2560 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
2561 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
2562 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
2563 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
2564 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
2565 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
2566 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2568 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2569 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2570 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2571 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2573 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2574 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2575 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2576 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2577 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2578 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2582 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2583 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
2584 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
2585 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
2586 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2588 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2589 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
2590 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
2592 # Milne says Vladivostok time was 8:47:33.5; round to nearest.
2594 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:34 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2595 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2596 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2597 9:00 Russia VLA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2598 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2599 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2603 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2604 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2605 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
2606 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
2608 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2609 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2612 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2613 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2614 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2615 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2617 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2618 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2619 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2620 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2621 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2622 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2623 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2624 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2628 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2629 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
2630 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
2631 # ...with the exception of:
2632 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2634 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2635 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2636 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
2637 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2638 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2639 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2640 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2641 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2642 11:00 - SAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2646 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2647 # Asia/Magadan covers...
2648 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
2650 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2651 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
2652 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
2653 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
2654 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
2655 # need their own zone.
2657 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2658 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2659 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2660 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2661 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2662 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2666 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2667 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2668 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
2669 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
2670 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
2671 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
2672 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
2673 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
2675 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
2676 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2678 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
2679 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
2680 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
2681 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
2682 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
2683 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
2685 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2686 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
2687 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
2688 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
2690 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
2691 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
2692 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
2694 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
2695 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
2696 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
2698 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
2699 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
2700 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
2701 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
2702 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
2703 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
2704 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
2705 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
2707 # Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
2708 # as the abbreviation. Use SRET instead.
2710 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2711 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2712 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2713 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2714 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2715 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2716 11:00 - SRET # Srednekolymsk Time
2719 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2720 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2721 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
2723 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2724 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
2725 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2727 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2728 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
2729 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
2730 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
2731 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
2733 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2734 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2735 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
2736 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2737 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2738 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2739 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2740 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2744 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2745 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
2746 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
2748 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
2749 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
2751 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
2752 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
2753 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2754 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2755 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2756 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2757 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2758 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2762 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2763 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
2764 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
2766 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2767 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2768 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2769 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2770 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2771 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2772 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2780 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2781 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2782 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2783 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2784 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2785 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2786 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
2787 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2788 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
2789 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2791 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2792 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2793 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2794 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2795 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2798 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2801 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2804 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2805 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2806 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2807 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2808 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2809 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2810 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2811 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2812 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2813 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2814 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2815 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2816 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2817 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2818 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2819 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2820 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2821 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2822 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2823 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2824 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2825 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2826 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2827 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2828 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2829 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2830 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2831 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2832 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2833 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2834 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2835 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2836 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2837 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2838 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2839 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2840 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2841 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2842 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2843 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2844 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2845 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2846 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2847 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2848 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2849 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2850 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2851 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2852 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2853 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2854 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2855 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2856 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2857 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2859 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2860 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2861 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2863 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2864 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2867 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2868 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2869 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2870 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2872 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2873 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2877 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2879 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2880 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2881 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2882 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2883 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2885 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2886 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2887 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2889 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2890 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2891 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2892 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2893 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2894 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2895 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2896 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2898 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2899 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2900 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2901 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2903 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2904 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2905 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2906 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2907 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2912 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2913 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2914 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2915 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2916 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2917 # hour before the event took place.
2919 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2921 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2922 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2923 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2924 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2925 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2931 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2932 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2933 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
2934 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2935 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
2936 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2937 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2938 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2939 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2940 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2942 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2943 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2945 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2946 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2948 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2949 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2950 # federal law collection)...
2952 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2953 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2955 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2956 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2958 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2959 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2960 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2961 # other years are made.
2963 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2964 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2965 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2966 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2968 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
2969 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2970 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2971 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2973 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2974 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2975 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2977 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2979 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2980 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
2981 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2982 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
2983 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2984 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2986 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
2987 # The Federal regulations say
2988 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
2989 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
2990 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
2992 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
2993 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
2994 # <http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353> ...
2995 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
2996 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
2997 # hour before the beginning of service.
2999 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3000 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3002 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3003 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3005 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3006 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3007 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3009 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3010 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3011 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3012 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3013 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3014 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3015 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3016 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3017 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3018 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3019 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3021 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3022 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3023 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3024 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3025 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3026 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3027 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3032 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
3033 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
3034 # ... The latest rules are available at:
3035 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
3036 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
3037 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
3038 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
3039 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
3040 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
3041 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
3042 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
3043 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
3044 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
3045 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
3046 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
3047 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
3049 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3050 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3051 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3052 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3053 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3054 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3055 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3056 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3057 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3059 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3060 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3061 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3062 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3063 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3065 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3067 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3068 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3069 # Turkish Local election....
3070 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3071 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3072 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3073 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3074 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3075 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3076 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3077 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3078 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3079 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3080 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3081 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3083 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3084 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3085 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3086 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3087 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3088 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3089 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3090 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3091 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3092 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3093 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3094 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3095 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3096 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3097 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3098 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3099 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3100 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3101 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3102 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3103 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3104 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3105 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3106 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3107 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3108 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3109 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3110 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3111 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3112 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3113 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3114 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3115 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3116 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3117 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3118 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3119 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3120 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3121 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3122 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3123 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3124 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3125 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3126 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3127 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3128 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3129 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3130 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3131 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3132 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3133 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3134 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3135 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3136 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3137 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
3138 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
3139 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3140 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3141 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3142 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3143 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3144 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3145 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3146 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
3147 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3148 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3149 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3150 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3151 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3153 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3157 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3158 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3159 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3160 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3161 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3162 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3163 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3165 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3166 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3167 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3169 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3170 # approval from 266 deputies.
3172 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3173 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3175 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3176 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3178 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3179 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3181 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3182 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3183 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3184 # time this year after all.
3186 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3187 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3188 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3189 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3190 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3192 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3193 # The law documents themselves are at
3194 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3196 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3197 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3198 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3199 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3200 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3201 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3203 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3204 # "summer time" was still in action):
3205 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3206 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3207 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3209 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3210 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3212 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3213 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3214 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3215 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3216 # This is an answer.
3218 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3219 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3220 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3221 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3222 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3224 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3225 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3226 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3227 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3228 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3229 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3230 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3231 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3232 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3233 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3234 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3235 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3237 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3238 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3239 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3240 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3242 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3243 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3244 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3245 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3246 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3247 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3249 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3251 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3252 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3253 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3254 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3255 # portable Posix file names.
3256 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3257 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
3258 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3259 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3260 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3261 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3262 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3268 ###############################################################################
3270 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3271 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3272 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3274 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3275 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3276 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3277 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3278 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3279 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3282 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3286 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3287 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
3288 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3289 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3290 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3292 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3293 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3294 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3295 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3297 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3298 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3300 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3301 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3305 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3306 # From: Dik T. Winter
3309 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3310 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3311 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3313 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3314 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3315 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3316 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3317 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3318 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3321 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3322 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3323 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3324 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3325 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3326 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3327 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3328 # in advance of normal time.
3331 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3334 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3336 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3337 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3339 # Monaco: has same DST as France.