2 * WPA Supplicant - Basic mesh mode routines
3 * Copyright (c) 2013-2014, cozybit, Inc. All rights reserved.
5 * This software may be distributed under the terms of the BSD license.
6 * See README for more details.
9 #include "utils/includes.h"
11 #include "utils/common.h"
12 #include "utils/eloop.h"
13 #include "utils/uuid.h"
14 #include "common/ieee802_11_defs.h"
15 #include "common/wpa_ctrl.h"
16 #include "ap/sta_info.h"
17 #include "ap/hostapd.h"
18 #include "ap/ieee802_11.h"
19 #include "config_ssid.h"
21 #include "wpa_supplicant_i.h"
30 static void wpa_supplicant_mesh_deinit(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s)
32 wpa_supplicant_mesh_iface_deinit(wpa_s, wpa_s->ifmsh);
34 wpa_s->current_ssid = NULL;
35 os_free(wpa_s->mesh_rsn);
36 wpa_s->mesh_rsn = NULL;
37 os_free(wpa_s->mesh_params);
38 wpa_s->mesh_params = NULL;
39 /* TODO: leave mesh (stop beacon). This will happen on link down
40 * anyway, so it's not urgent */
44 void wpa_supplicant_mesh_iface_deinit(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s,
45 struct hostapd_iface *ifmsh)
51 mesh_mpm_deinit(wpa_s, ifmsh);
52 if (ifmsh->mconf->rsn_ie) {
53 ifmsh->mconf->rsn_ie = NULL;
54 /* We cannot free this struct
55 * because wpa_authenticator on
56 * hostapd side is also using it
57 * for now just set to NULL and
58 * let hostapd code free it.
61 os_free(ifmsh->mconf);
65 /* take care of shared data */
66 hostapd_interface_deinit(ifmsh);
67 hostapd_interface_free(ifmsh);
71 static struct mesh_conf * mesh_config_create(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s,
72 struct wpa_ssid *ssid)
74 struct mesh_conf *conf;
77 conf = os_zalloc(sizeof(struct mesh_conf));
81 os_memcpy(conf->meshid, ssid->ssid, ssid->ssid_len);
82 conf->meshid_len = ssid->ssid_len;
84 if (ssid->key_mgmt & WPA_KEY_MGMT_SAE)
85 conf->security |= MESH_CONF_SEC_AUTH |
88 conf->security |= MESH_CONF_SEC_NONE;
89 #ifdef CONFIG_IEEE80211W
90 conf->ieee80211w = ssid->ieee80211w;
91 if (conf->ieee80211w == MGMT_FRAME_PROTECTION_DEFAULT) {
92 if (wpa_s->drv_enc & WPA_DRIVER_CAPA_ENC_BIP)
93 conf->ieee80211w = wpa_s->conf->pmf;
95 conf->ieee80211w = NO_MGMT_FRAME_PROTECTION;
97 #endif /* CONFIG_IEEE80211W */
99 conf->ocv = ssid->ocv;
100 #endif /* CONFIG_OCV */
102 cipher = wpa_pick_pairwise_cipher(ssid->pairwise_cipher, 0);
103 if (cipher < 0 || cipher == WPA_CIPHER_TKIP) {
104 wpa_msg(wpa_s, MSG_INFO, "mesh: Invalid pairwise cipher");
108 conf->pairwise_cipher = cipher;
110 cipher = wpa_pick_group_cipher(ssid->group_cipher);
111 if (cipher < 0 || cipher == WPA_CIPHER_TKIP ||
112 cipher == WPA_CIPHER_GTK_NOT_USED) {
113 wpa_msg(wpa_s, MSG_INFO, "mesh: Invalid group cipher");
118 conf->group_cipher = cipher;
119 if (conf->ieee80211w != NO_MGMT_FRAME_PROTECTION)
120 conf->mgmt_group_cipher = WPA_CIPHER_AES_128_CMAC;
123 conf->mesh_pp_id = MESH_PATH_PROTOCOL_HWMP;
124 conf->mesh_pm_id = MESH_PATH_METRIC_AIRTIME;
125 conf->mesh_cc_id = 0;
126 conf->mesh_sp_id = MESH_SYNC_METHOD_NEIGHBOR_OFFSET;
127 conf->mesh_auth_id = (conf->security & MESH_CONF_SEC_AUTH) ? 1 : 0;
128 conf->dot11MeshMaxRetries = ssid->dot11MeshMaxRetries;
129 conf->dot11MeshRetryTimeout = ssid->dot11MeshRetryTimeout;
130 conf->dot11MeshConfirmTimeout = ssid->dot11MeshConfirmTimeout;
131 conf->dot11MeshHoldingTimeout = ssid->dot11MeshHoldingTimeout;
137 static void wpas_mesh_copy_groups(struct hostapd_data *bss,
138 struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s)
143 for (num_groups = 0; wpa_s->conf->sae_groups[num_groups] > 0;
147 groups_size = (num_groups + 1) * sizeof(wpa_s->conf->sae_groups[0]);
148 bss->conf->sae_groups = os_malloc(groups_size);
149 if (bss->conf->sae_groups)
150 os_memcpy(bss->conf->sae_groups, wpa_s->conf->sae_groups,
155 static int wpas_mesh_init_rsn(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s)
157 struct hostapd_iface *ifmsh = wpa_s->ifmsh;
158 struct wpa_ssid *ssid = wpa_s->current_ssid;
159 struct hostapd_data *bss = ifmsh->bss[0];
160 static int default_groups[] = { 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, -1 };
161 const char *password;
164 password = ssid->sae_password;
166 password = ssid->passphrase;
168 wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
169 "mesh: Passphrase for SAE not configured");
173 bss->conf->wpa = ssid->proto;
174 bss->conf->wpa_key_mgmt = ssid->key_mgmt;
176 if (wpa_s->conf->sae_groups && wpa_s->conf->sae_groups[0] > 0) {
177 wpas_mesh_copy_groups(bss, wpa_s);
179 bss->conf->sae_groups = os_memdup(default_groups,
180 sizeof(default_groups));
181 if (!bss->conf->sae_groups)
185 len = os_strlen(password);
186 bss->conf->ssid.wpa_passphrase = dup_binstr(password, len);
188 wpa_s->mesh_rsn = mesh_rsn_auth_init(wpa_s, ifmsh->mconf);
189 return !wpa_s->mesh_rsn ? -1 : 0;
193 static int wpas_mesh_complete(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s)
195 struct hostapd_iface *ifmsh = wpa_s->ifmsh;
196 struct wpa_driver_mesh_join_params *params = wpa_s->mesh_params;
197 struct wpa_ssid *ssid = wpa_s->current_ssid;
200 if (!params || !ssid || !ifmsh) {
201 wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "mesh: %s called without active mesh",
206 if (ifmsh->mconf->security != MESH_CONF_SEC_NONE &&
207 wpas_mesh_init_rsn(wpa_s)) {
208 wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
209 "mesh: RSN initialization failed - deinit mesh");
210 wpa_supplicant_mesh_deinit(wpa_s);
211 wpa_drv_leave_mesh(wpa_s);
215 if (ssid->key_mgmt & WPA_KEY_MGMT_SAE) {
216 wpa_s->pairwise_cipher = wpa_s->mesh_rsn->pairwise_cipher;
217 wpa_s->group_cipher = wpa_s->mesh_rsn->group_cipher;
218 wpa_s->mgmt_group_cipher = wpa_s->mesh_rsn->mgmt_group_cipher;
221 params->ies = ifmsh->mconf->rsn_ie;
222 params->ie_len = ifmsh->mconf->rsn_ie_len;
223 params->basic_rates = ifmsh->basic_rates;
224 params->conf.flags |= WPA_DRIVER_MESH_CONF_FLAG_HT_OP_MODE;
225 params->conf.ht_opmode = ifmsh->bss[0]->iface->ht_op_mode;
227 wpa_msg(wpa_s, MSG_INFO, "joining mesh %s",
228 wpa_ssid_txt(ssid->ssid, ssid->ssid_len));
229 ret = wpa_drv_join_mesh(wpa_s, params);
231 wpa_msg(wpa_s, MSG_ERROR, "mesh join error=%d", ret);
233 /* hostapd sets the interface down until we associate */
234 wpa_drv_set_operstate(wpa_s, 1);
237 wpa_supplicant_set_state(wpa_s, WPA_COMPLETED);
243 static int wpa_supplicant_mesh_init(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s,
244 struct wpa_ssid *ssid,
245 struct hostapd_freq_params *freq)
247 struct hostapd_iface *ifmsh;
248 struct hostapd_data *bss;
249 struct hostapd_config *conf;
250 struct mesh_conf *mconf;
251 int basic_rates_erp[] = { 10, 20, 55, 60, 110, 120, 240, -1 };
255 if (!wpa_s->conf->user_mpm) {
256 /* not much for us to do here */
257 wpa_msg(wpa_s, MSG_WARNING,
258 "user_mpm is not enabled in configuration");
262 wpa_s->ifmsh = ifmsh = hostapd_alloc_iface();
266 ifmsh->drv_flags = wpa_s->drv_flags;
268 ifmsh->bss = os_calloc(wpa_s->ifmsh->num_bss,
269 sizeof(struct hostapd_data *));
273 ifmsh->bss[0] = bss = hostapd_alloc_bss_data(NULL, NULL, NULL);
277 ifmsh->bss[0]->msg_ctx = wpa_s;
278 os_memcpy(bss->own_addr, wpa_s->own_addr, ETH_ALEN);
279 bss->driver = wpa_s->driver;
280 bss->drv_priv = wpa_s->drv_priv;
282 bss->mesh_sta_free_cb = mesh_mpm_free_sta;
283 frequency = ssid->frequency;
284 if (frequency != freq->freq &&
285 frequency == freq->freq + freq->sec_channel_offset * 20) {
286 wpa_printf(MSG_DEBUG, "mesh: pri/sec channels switched");
287 frequency = freq->freq;
289 wpa_s->assoc_freq = frequency;
290 wpa_s->current_ssid = ssid;
292 /* setup an AP config for auth processing */
293 conf = hostapd_config_defaults();
297 bss->conf = *conf->bss;
298 bss->conf->start_disabled = 1;
299 bss->conf->mesh = MESH_ENABLED;
300 bss->conf->ap_max_inactivity = wpa_s->conf->mesh_max_inactivity;
302 if (ieee80211_is_dfs(ssid->frequency, wpa_s->hw.modes,
303 wpa_s->hw.num_modes) && wpa_s->conf->country[0]) {
304 conf->ieee80211h = 1;
305 conf->ieee80211d = 1;
306 conf->country[0] = wpa_s->conf->country[0];
307 conf->country[1] = wpa_s->conf->country[1];
308 conf->country[2] = ' ';
314 ifmsh->bss[0]->max_plinks = wpa_s->conf->max_peer_links;
315 ifmsh->bss[0]->dot11RSNASAERetransPeriod =
316 wpa_s->conf->dot11RSNASAERetransPeriod;
317 os_strlcpy(bss->conf->iface, wpa_s->ifname, sizeof(bss->conf->iface));
319 mconf = mesh_config_create(wpa_s, ssid);
322 ifmsh->mconf = mconf;
324 /* need conf->hw_mode for supported rates. */
325 conf->hw_mode = ieee80211_freq_to_chan(frequency, &conf->channel);
326 if (conf->hw_mode == NUM_HOSTAPD_MODES) {
327 wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR, "Unsupported mesh mode frequency: %d MHz",
332 conf->secondary_channel = ssid->ht40;
333 if (conf->hw_mode == HOSTAPD_MODE_IEEE80211A && ssid->vht) {
334 if (ssid->max_oper_chwidth != DEFAULT_MAX_OPER_CHWIDTH)
335 conf->vht_oper_chwidth = ssid->max_oper_chwidth;
336 switch (conf->vht_oper_chwidth) {
337 case CHANWIDTH_80MHZ:
338 case CHANWIDTH_80P80MHZ:
339 ieee80211_freq_to_chan(
341 &conf->vht_oper_centr_freq_seg0_idx);
342 conf->vht_oper_centr_freq_seg0_idx += ssid->ht40 * 2;
344 case CHANWIDTH_160MHZ:
345 ieee80211_freq_to_chan(
347 &conf->vht_oper_centr_freq_seg0_idx);
348 conf->vht_oper_centr_freq_seg0_idx += ssid->ht40 * 2;
349 conf->vht_oper_centr_freq_seg0_idx += 40 / 5;
352 ieee80211_freq_to_chan(ssid->vht_center_freq2,
353 &conf->vht_oper_centr_freq_seg1_idx);
356 if (ssid->mesh_basic_rates == NULL) {
358 * XXX: Hack! This is so an MPM which correctly sets the ERP
359 * mandatory rates as BSSBasicRateSet doesn't reject us. We
360 * could add a new hw_mode HOSTAPD_MODE_IEEE80211G_ERP, but
361 * this is way easier. This also makes our BSSBasicRateSet
362 * advertised in beacons match the one in peering frames, sigh.
364 if (conf->hw_mode == HOSTAPD_MODE_IEEE80211G) {
365 conf->basic_rates = os_memdup(basic_rates_erp,
366 sizeof(basic_rates_erp));
367 if (!conf->basic_rates)
373 if (ssid->mesh_basic_rates[rate_len] < 1)
377 conf->basic_rates = os_calloc(rate_len + 1, sizeof(int));
378 if (conf->basic_rates == NULL)
380 os_memcpy(conf->basic_rates, ssid->mesh_basic_rates,
381 rate_len * sizeof(int));
382 conf->basic_rates[rate_len] = -1;
385 if (wpa_drv_init_mesh(wpa_s)) {
386 wpa_msg(wpa_s, MSG_ERROR, "Failed to init mesh in driver");
390 if (hostapd_setup_interface(ifmsh)) {
391 wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
392 "Failed to initialize hostapd interface for mesh");
396 wpa_supplicant_conf_ap_ht(wpa_s, ssid, conf);
400 wpa_supplicant_mesh_deinit(wpa_s);
405 void wpa_mesh_notify_peer(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s, const u8 *addr,
406 const u8 *ies, size_t ie_len)
408 struct ieee802_11_elems elems;
410 wpa_msg(wpa_s, MSG_INFO,
411 "new peer notification for " MACSTR, MAC2STR(addr));
413 if (ieee802_11_parse_elems(ies, ie_len, &elems, 0) == ParseFailed) {
414 wpa_msg(wpa_s, MSG_INFO, "Could not parse beacon from " MACSTR,
418 wpa_mesh_new_mesh_peer(wpa_s, addr, &elems);
422 void wpa_supplicant_mesh_add_scan_ie(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s,
423 struct wpabuf **extra_ie)
425 /* EID + 0-length (wildcard) mesh-id */
428 if (wpabuf_resize(extra_ie, ielen) == 0) {
429 wpabuf_put_u8(*extra_ie, WLAN_EID_MESH_ID);
430 wpabuf_put_u8(*extra_ie, 0);
435 int wpa_supplicant_join_mesh(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s,
436 struct wpa_ssid *ssid)
438 struct wpa_driver_mesh_join_params *params = os_zalloc(sizeof(*params));
441 if (!ssid || !ssid->ssid || !ssid->ssid_len || !ssid->frequency ||
448 wpa_supplicant_mesh_deinit(wpa_s);
450 wpa_s->pairwise_cipher = WPA_CIPHER_NONE;
451 wpa_s->group_cipher = WPA_CIPHER_NONE;
452 wpa_s->mgmt_group_cipher = 0;
454 params->meshid = ssid->ssid;
455 params->meshid_len = ssid->ssid_len;
456 ibss_mesh_setup_freq(wpa_s, ssid, ¶ms->freq);
457 wpa_s->mesh_ht_enabled = !!params->freq.ht_enabled;
458 wpa_s->mesh_vht_enabled = !!params->freq.vht_enabled;
459 wpa_s->mesh_he_enabled = !!params->freq.he_enabled;
460 if (params->freq.ht_enabled && params->freq.sec_channel_offset)
461 ssid->ht40 = params->freq.sec_channel_offset;
463 if (wpa_s->mesh_vht_enabled) {
465 ssid->vht_center_freq1 = params->freq.center_freq1;
466 switch (params->freq.bandwidth) {
468 if (params->freq.center_freq2) {
469 ssid->max_oper_chwidth = CHANWIDTH_80P80MHZ;
470 ssid->vht_center_freq2 =
471 params->freq.center_freq2;
473 ssid->max_oper_chwidth = CHANWIDTH_80MHZ;
477 ssid->max_oper_chwidth = CHANWIDTH_160MHZ;
480 ssid->max_oper_chwidth = CHANWIDTH_USE_HT;
484 if (wpa_s->mesh_he_enabled)
486 if (ssid->beacon_int > 0)
487 params->beacon_int = ssid->beacon_int;
488 else if (wpa_s->conf->beacon_int > 0)
489 params->beacon_int = wpa_s->conf->beacon_int;
490 if (ssid->dtim_period > 0)
491 params->dtim_period = ssid->dtim_period;
492 else if (wpa_s->conf->dtim_period > 0)
493 params->dtim_period = wpa_s->conf->dtim_period;
494 params->conf.max_peer_links = wpa_s->conf->max_peer_links;
495 if (ssid->mesh_rssi_threshold < DEFAULT_MESH_RSSI_THRESHOLD) {
496 params->conf.rssi_threshold = ssid->mesh_rssi_threshold;
497 params->conf.flags |= WPA_DRIVER_MESH_CONF_FLAG_RSSI_THRESHOLD;
500 if (ssid->key_mgmt & WPA_KEY_MGMT_SAE) {
501 params->flags |= WPA_DRIVER_MESH_FLAG_SAE_AUTH;
502 params->flags |= WPA_DRIVER_MESH_FLAG_AMPE;
503 wpa_s->conf->user_mpm = 1;
506 if (wpa_s->conf->user_mpm) {
507 params->flags |= WPA_DRIVER_MESH_FLAG_USER_MPM;
508 params->conf.auto_plinks = 0;
510 params->flags |= WPA_DRIVER_MESH_FLAG_DRIVER_MPM;
511 params->conf.auto_plinks = 1;
513 params->conf.peer_link_timeout = wpa_s->conf->mesh_max_inactivity;
515 os_free(wpa_s->mesh_params);
516 wpa_s->mesh_params = params;
517 if (wpa_supplicant_mesh_init(wpa_s, ssid, ¶ms->freq)) {
518 wpa_msg(wpa_s, MSG_ERROR, "Failed to init mesh");
519 wpa_drv_leave_mesh(wpa_s);
524 ret = wpas_mesh_complete(wpa_s);
530 int wpa_supplicant_leave_mesh(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s)
534 wpa_msg(wpa_s, MSG_INFO, "leaving mesh");
536 /* Need to send peering close messages first */
537 wpa_supplicant_mesh_deinit(wpa_s);
539 ret = wpa_drv_leave_mesh(wpa_s);
541 wpa_msg(wpa_s, MSG_ERROR, "mesh leave error=%d", ret);
543 wpa_drv_set_operstate(wpa_s, 1);
549 static int mesh_attr_text(const u8 *ies, size_t ies_len, char *buf, char *end)
551 struct ieee802_11_elems elems;
552 char *mesh_id, *pos = buf;
553 u8 *bss_basic_rate_set;
554 int bss_basic_rate_set_len, ret, i;
556 if (ieee802_11_parse_elems(ies, ies_len, &elems, 0) == ParseFailed)
559 if (elems.mesh_id_len < 1)
562 mesh_id = os_malloc(elems.mesh_id_len + 1);
566 os_memcpy(mesh_id, elems.mesh_id, elems.mesh_id_len);
567 mesh_id[elems.mesh_id_len] = '\0';
568 ret = os_snprintf(pos, end - pos, "mesh_id=%s\n", mesh_id);
570 if (os_snprintf_error(end - pos, ret))
574 if (elems.mesh_config_len > 6) {
575 ret = os_snprintf(pos, end - pos,
576 "active_path_selection_protocol_id=0x%02x\n"
577 "active_path_selection_metric_id=0x%02x\n"
578 "congestion_control_mode_id=0x%02x\n"
579 "synchronization_method_id=0x%02x\n"
580 "authentication_protocol_id=0x%02x\n"
581 "mesh_formation_info=0x%02x\n"
582 "mesh_capability=0x%02x\n",
583 elems.mesh_config[0], elems.mesh_config[1],
584 elems.mesh_config[2], elems.mesh_config[3],
585 elems.mesh_config[4], elems.mesh_config[5],
586 elems.mesh_config[6]);
587 if (os_snprintf_error(end - pos, ret))
592 bss_basic_rate_set = os_malloc(elems.supp_rates_len +
593 elems.ext_supp_rates_len);
594 if (bss_basic_rate_set == NULL)
597 bss_basic_rate_set_len = 0;
598 for (i = 0; i < elems.supp_rates_len; i++) {
599 if (elems.supp_rates[i] & 0x80) {
600 bss_basic_rate_set[bss_basic_rate_set_len++] =
601 (elems.supp_rates[i] & 0x7f) * 5;
604 for (i = 0; i < elems.ext_supp_rates_len; i++) {
605 if (elems.ext_supp_rates[i] & 0x80) {
606 bss_basic_rate_set[bss_basic_rate_set_len++] =
607 (elems.ext_supp_rates[i] & 0x7f) * 5;
610 if (bss_basic_rate_set_len > 0) {
611 ret = os_snprintf(pos, end - pos, "bss_basic_rate_set=%d",
612 bss_basic_rate_set[0]);
613 if (os_snprintf_error(end - pos, ret))
617 for (i = 1; i < bss_basic_rate_set_len; i++) {
618 ret = os_snprintf(pos, end - pos, " %d",
619 bss_basic_rate_set[i]);
620 if (os_snprintf_error(end - pos, ret))
625 ret = os_snprintf(pos, end - pos, "\n");
626 if (os_snprintf_error(end - pos, ret))
631 os_free(bss_basic_rate_set);
637 int wpas_mesh_scan_result_text(const u8 *ies, size_t ies_len, char *buf,
640 return mesh_attr_text(ies, ies_len, buf, end);
644 static int wpas_mesh_get_ifname(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s, char *ifname,
647 char *ifname_ptr = wpa_s->ifname;
650 res = os_snprintf(ifname, len, "mesh-%s-%d", ifname_ptr,
652 if (os_snprintf_error(len, res) ||
653 (os_strlen(ifname) >= IFNAMSIZ &&
654 os_strlen(wpa_s->ifname) < IFNAMSIZ)) {
655 /* Try to avoid going over the IFNAMSIZ length limit */
656 res = os_snprintf(ifname, len, "mesh-%d", wpa_s->mesh_if_idx);
657 if (os_snprintf_error(len, res))
660 wpa_s->mesh_if_idx++;
665 int wpas_mesh_add_interface(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s, char *ifname,
668 struct wpa_interface iface;
669 struct wpa_supplicant *mesh_wpa_s;
672 if (ifname[0] == '\0' && wpas_mesh_get_ifname(wpa_s, ifname, len) < 0)
675 if (wpa_drv_if_add(wpa_s, WPA_IF_MESH, ifname, NULL, NULL, NULL, addr,
677 wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
678 "mesh: Failed to create new mesh interface");
681 wpa_printf(MSG_INFO, "mesh: Created virtual interface %s addr "
682 MACSTR, ifname, MAC2STR(addr));
684 os_memset(&iface, 0, sizeof(iface));
685 iface.ifname = ifname;
686 iface.driver = wpa_s->driver->name;
687 iface.driver_param = wpa_s->conf->driver_param;
688 iface.ctrl_interface = wpa_s->conf->ctrl_interface;
690 mesh_wpa_s = wpa_supplicant_add_iface(wpa_s->global, &iface, wpa_s);
692 wpa_printf(MSG_ERROR,
693 "mesh: Failed to create new wpa_supplicant interface");
694 wpa_drv_if_remove(wpa_s, WPA_IF_MESH, ifname);
697 mesh_wpa_s->mesh_if_created = 1;
702 int wpas_mesh_peer_remove(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s, const u8 *addr)
704 return mesh_mpm_close_peer(wpa_s, addr);
708 int wpas_mesh_peer_add(struct wpa_supplicant *wpa_s, const u8 *addr,
711 return mesh_mpm_connect_peer(wpa_s, addr, duration);