Cache dbuf_hash() calculation

[FreeBSD/FreeBSD.git] / module / zfs / btree.c

/*
 * CDDL HEADER START
 *
 * This file and its contents are supplied under the terms of the
 * Common Development and Distribution License ("CDDL"), version 1.0.
 * You may only use this file in accordance with the terms of version
 * 1.0 of the CDDL.
 *
 * A full copy of the text of the CDDL should have accompanied this
 * source.  A copy of the CDDL is also available via the Internet at
 * http://www.illumos.org/license/CDDL.
 *
 * CDDL HEADER END
 */
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2019 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
 */

#include        <sys/btree.h>
#include        <sys/bitops.h>
#include        <sys/zfs_context.h>

kmem_cache_t *zfs_btree_leaf_cache;

/*
 * Control the extent of the verification that occurs when zfs_btree_verify is
 * called. Primarily used for debugging when extending the btree logic and
 * functionality. As the intensity is increased, new verification steps are
 * added. These steps are cumulative; intensity = 3 includes the intensity = 1
 * and intensity = 2 steps as well.
 *
 * Intensity 1: Verify that the tree's height is consistent throughout.
 * Intensity 2: Verify that a core node's children's parent pointers point
 * to the core node.
 * Intensity 3: Verify that the total number of elements in the tree matches the
 * sum of the number of elements in each node. Also verifies that each node's
 * count obeys the invariants (less than or equal to maximum value, greater than
 * or equal to half the maximum minus one).
 * Intensity 4: Verify that each element compares less than the element
 * immediately after it and greater than the one immediately before it using the
 * comparator function. For core nodes, also checks that each element is greater
 * than the last element in the first of the two nodes it separates, and less
 * than the first element in the second of the two nodes.
 * Intensity 5: Verifies, if ZFS_DEBUG is defined, that all unused memory inside
 * of each node is poisoned appropriately. Note that poisoning always occurs if
 * ZFS_DEBUG is set, so it is safe to set the intensity to 5 during normal
 * operation.
 *
 * Intensity 4 and 5 are particularly expensive to perform; the previous levels
 * are a few memory operations per node, while these levels require multiple
 * operations per element. In addition, when creating large btrees, these
 * operations are called at every step, resulting in extremely slow operation
 * (while the asymptotic complexity of the other steps is the same, the
 * importance of the constant factors cannot be denied).
 */
uint_t zfs_btree_verify_intensity = 0;

/*
 * Convenience functions to silence warnings from memcpy/memmove's
 * return values and change argument order to src, dest.
 */
static void
bcpy(const void *src, void *dest, size_t size)
{
        (void) memcpy(dest, src, size);
}

static void
bmov(const void *src, void *dest, size_t size)
{
        (void) memmove(dest, src, size);
}

static boolean_t
zfs_btree_is_core(struct zfs_btree_hdr *hdr)
{
        return (hdr->bth_first == -1);
}

#ifdef _ILP32
#define BTREE_POISON 0xabadb10c
#else
#define BTREE_POISON 0xabadb10cdeadbeef
#endif

static void
zfs_btree_poison_node(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr)
{
#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        if (zfs_btree_is_core(hdr)) {
                zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)hdr;
                for (uint32_t i = hdr->bth_count + 1; i <= BTREE_CORE_ELEMS;
                    i++) {
                        node->btc_children[i] =
                            (zfs_btree_hdr_t *)BTREE_POISON;
                }
                (void) memset(node->btc_elems + hdr->bth_count * size, 0x0f,
                    (BTREE_CORE_ELEMS - hdr->bth_count) * size);
        } else {
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)hdr;
                (void) memset(leaf->btl_elems, 0x0f, hdr->bth_first * size);
                (void) memset(leaf->btl_elems +
                    (hdr->bth_first + hdr->bth_count) * size, 0x0f,
                    tree->bt_leaf_size - offsetof(zfs_btree_leaf_t, btl_elems) -
                    (hdr->bth_first + hdr->bth_count) * size);
        }
#endif
}

static inline void
zfs_btree_poison_node_at(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr,
    uint32_t idx, uint32_t count)
{
#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        if (zfs_btree_is_core(hdr)) {
                ASSERT3U(idx, >=, hdr->bth_count);
                ASSERT3U(idx, <=, BTREE_CORE_ELEMS);
                ASSERT3U(idx + count, <=, BTREE_CORE_ELEMS);
                zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)hdr;
                for (uint32_t i = 1; i <= count; i++) {
                        node->btc_children[idx + i] =
                            (zfs_btree_hdr_t *)BTREE_POISON;
                }
                (void) memset(node->btc_elems + idx * size, 0x0f, count * size);
        } else {
                ASSERT3U(idx, <=, tree->bt_leaf_cap);
                ASSERT3U(idx + count, <=, tree->bt_leaf_cap);
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)hdr;
                (void) memset(leaf->btl_elems +
                    (hdr->bth_first + idx) * size, 0x0f, count * size);
        }
#endif
}

static inline void
zfs_btree_verify_poison_at(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr,
    uint32_t idx)
{
#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        if (zfs_btree_is_core(hdr)) {
                ASSERT3U(idx, <, BTREE_CORE_ELEMS);
                zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)hdr;
                zfs_btree_hdr_t *cval = (zfs_btree_hdr_t *)BTREE_POISON;
                VERIFY3P(node->btc_children[idx + 1], ==, cval);
                for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++)
                        VERIFY3U(node->btc_elems[idx * size + i], ==, 0x0f);
        } else  {
                ASSERT3U(idx, <, tree->bt_leaf_cap);
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)hdr;
                if (idx >= tree->bt_leaf_cap - hdr->bth_first)
                        return;
                for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                        VERIFY3U(leaf->btl_elems[(hdr->bth_first + idx)
                            * size + i], ==, 0x0f);
                }
        }
#endif
}

void
zfs_btree_init(void)
{
        zfs_btree_leaf_cache = kmem_cache_create("zfs_btree_leaf_cache",
            BTREE_LEAF_SIZE, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);
}

void
zfs_btree_fini(void)
{
        kmem_cache_destroy(zfs_btree_leaf_cache);
}

static void *
zfs_btree_leaf_alloc(zfs_btree_t *tree)
{
        if (tree->bt_leaf_size == BTREE_LEAF_SIZE)
                return (kmem_cache_alloc(zfs_btree_leaf_cache, KM_SLEEP));
        else
                return (kmem_alloc(tree->bt_leaf_size, KM_SLEEP));
}

static void
zfs_btree_leaf_free(zfs_btree_t *tree, void *ptr)
{
        if (tree->bt_leaf_size == BTREE_LEAF_SIZE)
                return (kmem_cache_free(zfs_btree_leaf_cache, ptr));
        else
                return (kmem_free(ptr, tree->bt_leaf_size));
}

void
zfs_btree_create(zfs_btree_t *tree, int (*compar) (const void *, const void *),
    size_t size)
{
        zfs_btree_create_custom(tree, compar, size, BTREE_LEAF_SIZE);
}

void
zfs_btree_create_custom(zfs_btree_t *tree,
    int (*compar) (const void *, const void *),
    size_t size, size_t lsize)
{
        size_t esize = lsize - offsetof(zfs_btree_leaf_t, btl_elems);

        ASSERT3U(size, <=, esize / 2);
        memset(tree, 0, sizeof (*tree));
        tree->bt_compar = compar;
        tree->bt_elem_size = size;
        tree->bt_leaf_size = lsize;
        tree->bt_leaf_cap = P2ALIGN(esize / size, 2);
        tree->bt_height = -1;
        tree->bt_bulk = NULL;
}

/*
 * Find value in the array of elements provided. Uses a simple binary search.
 */
static void *
zfs_btree_find_in_buf(zfs_btree_t *tree, uint8_t *buf, uint32_t nelems,
    const void *value, zfs_btree_index_t *where)
{
        uint32_t max = nelems;
        uint32_t min = 0;
        while (max > min) {
                uint32_t idx = (min + max) / 2;
                uint8_t *cur = buf + idx * tree->bt_elem_size;
                int comp = tree->bt_compar(cur, value);
                if (comp < 0) {
                        min = idx + 1;
                } else if (comp > 0) {
                        max = idx;
                } else {
                        where->bti_offset = idx;
                        where->bti_before = B_FALSE;
                        return (cur);
                }
        }

        where->bti_offset = max;
        where->bti_before = B_TRUE;
        return (NULL);
}

/*
 * Find the given value in the tree. where may be passed as null to use as a
 * membership test or if the btree is being used as a map.
 */
void *
zfs_btree_find(zfs_btree_t *tree, const void *value, zfs_btree_index_t *where)
{
        if (tree->bt_height == -1) {
                if (where != NULL) {
                        where->bti_node = NULL;
                        where->bti_offset = 0;
                }
                ASSERT0(tree->bt_num_elems);
                return (NULL);
        }

        /*
         * If we're in bulk-insert mode, we check the last spot in the tree
         * and the last leaf in the tree before doing the normal search,
         * because for most workloads the vast majority of finds in
         * bulk-insert mode are to insert new elements.
         */
        zfs_btree_index_t idx;
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        if (tree->bt_bulk != NULL) {
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *last_leaf = tree->bt_bulk;
                int comp = tree->bt_compar(last_leaf->btl_elems +
                    (last_leaf->btl_hdr.bth_first +
                    last_leaf->btl_hdr.bth_count - 1) * size, value);
                if (comp < 0) {
                        /*
                         * If what they're looking for is after the last
                         * element, it's not in the tree.
                         */
                        if (where != NULL) {
                                where->bti_node = (zfs_btree_hdr_t *)last_leaf;
                                where->bti_offset =
                                    last_leaf->btl_hdr.bth_count;
                                where->bti_before = B_TRUE;
                        }
                        return (NULL);
                } else if (comp == 0) {
                        if (where != NULL) {
                                where->bti_node = (zfs_btree_hdr_t *)last_leaf;
                                where->bti_offset =
                                    last_leaf->btl_hdr.bth_count - 1;
                                where->bti_before = B_FALSE;
                        }
                        return (last_leaf->btl_elems +
                            (last_leaf->btl_hdr.bth_first +
                            last_leaf->btl_hdr.bth_count - 1) * size);
                }
                if (tree->bt_compar(last_leaf->btl_elems +
                    last_leaf->btl_hdr.bth_first * size, value) <= 0) {
                        /*
                         * If what they're looking for is after the first
                         * element in the last leaf, it's in the last leaf or
                         * it's not in the tree.
                         */
                        void *d = zfs_btree_find_in_buf(tree,
                            last_leaf->btl_elems +
                            last_leaf->btl_hdr.bth_first * size,
                            last_leaf->btl_hdr.bth_count, value, &idx);

                        if (where != NULL) {
                                idx.bti_node = (zfs_btree_hdr_t *)last_leaf;
                                *where = idx;
                        }
                        return (d);
                }
        }

        zfs_btree_core_t *node = NULL;
        uint32_t child = 0;
        uint32_t depth = 0;

        /*
         * Iterate down the tree, finding which child the value should be in
         * by comparing with the separators.
         */
        for (node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)tree->bt_root; depth < tree->bt_height;
            node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)node->btc_children[child], depth++) {
                ASSERT3P(node, !=, NULL);
                void *d = zfs_btree_find_in_buf(tree, node->btc_elems,
                    node->btc_hdr.bth_count, value, &idx);
                EQUIV(d != NULL, !idx.bti_before);
                if (d != NULL) {
                        if (where != NULL) {
                                idx.bti_node = (zfs_btree_hdr_t *)node;
                                *where = idx;
                        }
                        return (d);
                }
                ASSERT(idx.bti_before);
                child = idx.bti_offset;
        }

        /*
         * The value is in this leaf, or it would be if it were in the
         * tree. Find its proper location and return it.
         */
        zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = (depth == 0 ?
            (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)tree->bt_root : (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)node);
        void *d = zfs_btree_find_in_buf(tree, leaf->btl_elems +
            leaf->btl_hdr.bth_first * size,
            leaf->btl_hdr.bth_count, value, &idx);

        if (where != NULL) {
                idx.bti_node = (zfs_btree_hdr_t *)leaf;
                *where = idx;
        }

        return (d);
}

/*
 * To explain the following functions, it is useful to understand the four
 * kinds of shifts used in btree operation. First, a shift is a movement of
 * elements within a node. It is used to create gaps for inserting new
 * elements and children, or cover gaps created when things are removed. A
 * shift has two fundamental properties, each of which can be one of two
 * values, making four types of shifts.  There is the direction of the shift
 * (left or right) and the shape of the shift (parallelogram or isoceles
 * trapezoid (shortened to trapezoid hereafter)). The shape distinction only
 * applies to shifts of core nodes.
 *
 * The names derive from the following imagining of the layout of a node:
 *
 *  Elements:       *   *   *   *   *   *   *   ...   *   *   *
 *  Children:     *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   ...   *   *   *
 *
 * This layout follows from the fact that the elements act as separators
 * between pairs of children, and that children root subtrees "below" the
 * current node. A left and right shift are fairly self-explanatory; a left
 * shift moves things to the left, while a right shift moves things to the
 * right. A parallelogram shift is a shift with the same number of elements
 * and children being moved, while a trapezoid shift is a shift that moves one
 * more children than elements. An example follows:
 *
 * A parallelogram shift could contain the following:
 *      _______________
 *      \*   *   *   * \ *   *   *   ...   *   *   *
 *     * \ *   *   *   *\  *   *   *   ...   *   *   *
 *        ---------------
 * A trapezoid shift could contain the following:
 *          ___________
 *       * / *   *   * \ *   *   *   ...   *   *   *
 *     *  / *  *   *   *\  *   *   *   ...   *   *   *
 *        ---------------
 *
 * Note that a parallelogram shift is always shaped like a "left-leaning"
 * parallelogram, where the starting index of the children being moved is
 * always one higher than the starting index of the elements being moved. No
 * "right-leaning" parallelogram shifts are needed (shifts where the starting
 * element index and starting child index being moved are the same) to achieve
 * any btree operations, so we ignore them.
 */

enum bt_shift_shape {
        BSS_TRAPEZOID,
        BSS_PARALLELOGRAM
};

enum bt_shift_direction {
        BSD_LEFT,
        BSD_RIGHT
};

/*
 * Shift elements and children in the provided core node by off spots.  The
 * first element moved is idx, and count elements are moved. The shape of the
 * shift is determined by shape. The direction is determined by dir.
 */
static inline void
bt_shift_core(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_core_t *node, uint32_t idx,
    uint32_t count, uint32_t off, enum bt_shift_shape shape,
    enum bt_shift_direction dir)
{
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(&node->btc_hdr));

        uint8_t *e_start = node->btc_elems + idx * size;
        uint8_t *e_out = (dir == BSD_LEFT ? e_start - off * size :
            e_start + off * size);
        bmov(e_start, e_out, count * size);

        zfs_btree_hdr_t **c_start = node->btc_children + idx +
            (shape == BSS_TRAPEZOID ? 0 : 1);
        zfs_btree_hdr_t **c_out = (dir == BSD_LEFT ? c_start - off :
            c_start + off);
        uint32_t c_count = count + (shape == BSS_TRAPEZOID ? 1 : 0);
        bmov(c_start, c_out, c_count * sizeof (*c_start));
}

/*
 * Shift elements and children in the provided core node left by one spot.
 * The first element moved is idx, and count elements are moved. The
 * shape of the shift is determined by trap; true if the shift is a trapezoid,
 * false if it is a parallelogram.
 */
static inline void
bt_shift_core_left(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_core_t *node, uint32_t idx,
    uint32_t count, enum bt_shift_shape shape)
{
        bt_shift_core(tree, node, idx, count, 1, shape, BSD_LEFT);
}

/*
 * Shift elements and children in the provided core node right by one spot.
 * Starts with elements[idx] and children[idx] and one more child than element.
 */
static inline void
bt_shift_core_right(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_core_t *node, uint32_t idx,
    uint32_t count, enum bt_shift_shape shape)
{
        bt_shift_core(tree, node, idx, count, 1, shape, BSD_RIGHT);
}

/*
 * Shift elements and children in the provided leaf node by off spots.
 * The first element moved is idx, and count elements are moved. The direction
 * is determined by left.
 */
static inline void
bt_shift_leaf(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_leaf_t *node, uint32_t idx,
    uint32_t count, uint32_t off, enum bt_shift_direction dir)
{
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr = &node->btl_hdr;
        ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(hdr));

        if (count == 0)
                return;
        uint8_t *start = node->btl_elems + (hdr->bth_first + idx) * size;
        uint8_t *out = (dir == BSD_LEFT ? start - off * size :
            start + off * size);
        bmov(start, out, count * size);
}

/*
 * Grow leaf for n new elements before idx.
 */
static void
bt_grow_leaf(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf, uint32_t idx,
    uint32_t n)
{
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr = &leaf->btl_hdr;
        ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(hdr));
        ASSERT3U(idx, <=, hdr->bth_count);
        uint32_t capacity = tree->bt_leaf_cap;
        ASSERT3U(hdr->bth_count + n, <=, capacity);
        boolean_t cl = (hdr->bth_first >= n);
        boolean_t cr = (hdr->bth_first + hdr->bth_count + n <= capacity);

        if (cl && (!cr || idx <= hdr->bth_count / 2)) {
                /* Grow left. */
                hdr->bth_first -= n;
                bt_shift_leaf(tree, leaf, n, idx, n, BSD_LEFT);
        } else if (cr) {
                /* Grow right. */
                bt_shift_leaf(tree, leaf, idx, hdr->bth_count - idx, n,
                    BSD_RIGHT);
        } else {
                /* Grow both ways. */
                uint32_t fn = hdr->bth_first -
                    (capacity - (hdr->bth_count + n)) / 2;
                hdr->bth_first -= fn;
                bt_shift_leaf(tree, leaf, fn, idx, fn, BSD_LEFT);
                bt_shift_leaf(tree, leaf, fn + idx, hdr->bth_count - idx,
                    n - fn, BSD_RIGHT);
        }
        hdr->bth_count += n;
}

/*
 * Shrink leaf for count elements starting from idx.
 */
static void
bt_shrink_leaf(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf, uint32_t idx,
    uint32_t n)
{
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr = &leaf->btl_hdr;
        ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(hdr));
        ASSERT3U(idx, <=, hdr->bth_count);
        ASSERT3U(idx + n, <=, hdr->bth_count);

        if (idx <= (hdr->bth_count - n) / 2) {
                bt_shift_leaf(tree, leaf, 0, idx, n, BSD_RIGHT);
                zfs_btree_poison_node_at(tree, hdr, 0, n);
                hdr->bth_first += n;
        } else {
                bt_shift_leaf(tree, leaf, idx + n, hdr->bth_count - idx - n, n,
                    BSD_LEFT);
                zfs_btree_poison_node_at(tree, hdr, hdr->bth_count - n, n);
        }
        hdr->bth_count -= n;
}

/*
 * Move children and elements from one core node to another. The shape
 * parameter behaves the same as it does in the shift logic.
 */
static inline void
bt_transfer_core(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_core_t *source, uint32_t sidx,
    uint32_t count, zfs_btree_core_t *dest, uint32_t didx,
    enum bt_shift_shape shape)
{
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(&source->btc_hdr));
        ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(&dest->btc_hdr));

        bcpy(source->btc_elems + sidx * size, dest->btc_elems + didx * size,
            count * size);

        uint32_t c_count = count + (shape == BSS_TRAPEZOID ? 1 : 0);
        bcpy(source->btc_children + sidx + (shape == BSS_TRAPEZOID ? 0 : 1),
            dest->btc_children + didx + (shape == BSS_TRAPEZOID ? 0 : 1),
            c_count * sizeof (*source->btc_children));
}

static inline void
bt_transfer_leaf(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_leaf_t *source, uint32_t sidx,
    uint32_t count, zfs_btree_leaf_t *dest, uint32_t didx)
{
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(&source->btl_hdr));
        ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(&dest->btl_hdr));

        bcpy(source->btl_elems + (source->btl_hdr.bth_first + sidx) * size,
            dest->btl_elems + (dest->btl_hdr.bth_first + didx) * size,
            count * size);
}

/*
 * Find the first element in the subtree rooted at hdr, return its value and
 * put its location in where if non-null.
 */
static void *
zfs_btree_first_helper(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr,
    zfs_btree_index_t *where)
{
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *node;

        for (node = hdr; zfs_btree_is_core(node);
            node = ((zfs_btree_core_t *)node)->btc_children[0])
                ;

        ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(node));
        zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)node;
        if (where != NULL) {
                where->bti_node = node;
                where->bti_offset = 0;
                where->bti_before = B_FALSE;
        }
        return (&leaf->btl_elems[node->bth_first * tree->bt_elem_size]);
}

/* Insert an element and a child into a core node at the given offset. */
static void
zfs_btree_insert_core_impl(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_core_t *parent,
    uint32_t offset, zfs_btree_hdr_t *new_node, void *buf)
{
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *par_hdr = &parent->btc_hdr;
        ASSERT3P(par_hdr, ==, new_node->bth_parent);
        ASSERT3U(par_hdr->bth_count, <, BTREE_CORE_ELEMS);

        if (zfs_btree_verify_intensity >= 5) {
                zfs_btree_verify_poison_at(tree, par_hdr,
                    par_hdr->bth_count);
        }
        /* Shift existing elements and children */
        uint32_t count = par_hdr->bth_count - offset;
        bt_shift_core_right(tree, parent, offset, count,
            BSS_PARALLELOGRAM);

        /* Insert new values */
        parent->btc_children[offset + 1] = new_node;
        bcpy(buf, parent->btc_elems + offset * size, size);
        par_hdr->bth_count++;
}

/*
 * Insert new_node into the parent of old_node directly after old_node, with
 * buf as the dividing element between the two.
 */
static void
zfs_btree_insert_into_parent(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *old_node,
    zfs_btree_hdr_t *new_node, void *buf)
{
        ASSERT3P(old_node->bth_parent, ==, new_node->bth_parent);
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        zfs_btree_core_t *parent = old_node->bth_parent;

        /*
         * If this is the root node we were splitting, we create a new root
         * and increase the height of the tree.
         */
        if (parent == NULL) {
                ASSERT3P(old_node, ==, tree->bt_root);
                tree->bt_num_nodes++;
                zfs_btree_core_t *new_root =
                    kmem_alloc(sizeof (zfs_btree_core_t) + BTREE_CORE_ELEMS *
                    size, KM_SLEEP);
                zfs_btree_hdr_t *new_root_hdr = &new_root->btc_hdr;
                new_root_hdr->bth_parent = NULL;
                new_root_hdr->bth_first = -1;
                new_root_hdr->bth_count = 1;

                old_node->bth_parent = new_node->bth_parent = new_root;
                new_root->btc_children[0] = old_node;
                new_root->btc_children[1] = new_node;
                bcpy(buf, new_root->btc_elems, size);

                tree->bt_height++;
                tree->bt_root = new_root_hdr;
                zfs_btree_poison_node(tree, new_root_hdr);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * Since we have the new separator, binary search for where to put
         * new_node.
         */
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *par_hdr = &parent->btc_hdr;
        zfs_btree_index_t idx;
        ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(par_hdr));
        VERIFY3P(zfs_btree_find_in_buf(tree, parent->btc_elems,
            par_hdr->bth_count, buf, &idx), ==, NULL);
        ASSERT(idx.bti_before);
        uint32_t offset = idx.bti_offset;
        ASSERT3U(offset, <=, par_hdr->bth_count);
        ASSERT3P(parent->btc_children[offset], ==, old_node);

        /*
         * If the parent isn't full, shift things to accommodate our insertions
         * and return.
         */
        if (par_hdr->bth_count != BTREE_CORE_ELEMS) {
                zfs_btree_insert_core_impl(tree, parent, offset, new_node, buf);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * We need to split this core node into two. Currently there are
         * BTREE_CORE_ELEMS + 1 child nodes, and we are adding one for
         * BTREE_CORE_ELEMS + 2. Some of the children will be part of the
         * current node, and the others will be moved to the new core node.
         * There are BTREE_CORE_ELEMS + 1 elements including the new one. One
         * will be used as the new separator in our parent, and the others
         * will be split among the two core nodes.
         *
         * Usually we will split the node in half evenly, with
         * BTREE_CORE_ELEMS/2 elements in each node. If we're bulk loading, we
         * instead move only about a quarter of the elements (and children) to
         * the new node. Since the average state after a long time is a 3/4
         * full node, shortcutting directly to that state improves efficiency.
         *
         * We do this in two stages: first we split into two nodes, and then we
         * reuse our existing logic to insert the new element and child.
         */
        uint32_t move_count = MAX((BTREE_CORE_ELEMS / (tree->bt_bulk == NULL ?
            2 : 4)) - 1, 2);
        uint32_t keep_count = BTREE_CORE_ELEMS - move_count - 1;
        ASSERT3U(BTREE_CORE_ELEMS - move_count, >=, 2);
        tree->bt_num_nodes++;
        zfs_btree_core_t *new_parent = kmem_alloc(sizeof (zfs_btree_core_t) +
            BTREE_CORE_ELEMS * size, KM_SLEEP);
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *new_par_hdr = &new_parent->btc_hdr;
        new_par_hdr->bth_parent = par_hdr->bth_parent;
        new_par_hdr->bth_first = -1;
        new_par_hdr->bth_count = move_count;
        zfs_btree_poison_node(tree, new_par_hdr);

        par_hdr->bth_count = keep_count;

        bt_transfer_core(tree, parent, keep_count + 1, move_count, new_parent,
            0, BSS_TRAPEZOID);

        /* Store the new separator in a buffer. */
        uint8_t *tmp_buf = kmem_alloc(size, KM_SLEEP);
        bcpy(parent->btc_elems + keep_count * size, tmp_buf,
            size);
        zfs_btree_poison_node(tree, par_hdr);

        if (offset < keep_count) {
                /* Insert the new node into the left half */
                zfs_btree_insert_core_impl(tree, parent, offset, new_node,
                    buf);

                /*
                 * Move the new separator to the existing buffer.
                 */
                bcpy(tmp_buf, buf, size);
        } else if (offset > keep_count) {
                /* Insert the new node into the right half */
                new_node->bth_parent = new_parent;
                zfs_btree_insert_core_impl(tree, new_parent,
                    offset - keep_count - 1, new_node, buf);

                /*
                 * Move the new separator to the existing buffer.
                 */
                bcpy(tmp_buf, buf, size);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Move the new separator into the right half, and replace it
                 * with buf. We also need to shift back the elements in the
                 * right half to accommodate new_node.
                 */
                bt_shift_core_right(tree, new_parent, 0, move_count,
                    BSS_TRAPEZOID);
                new_parent->btc_children[0] = new_node;
                bcpy(tmp_buf, new_parent->btc_elems, size);
                new_par_hdr->bth_count++;
        }
        kmem_free(tmp_buf, size);
        zfs_btree_poison_node(tree, par_hdr);

        for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= new_parent->btc_hdr.bth_count; i++)
                new_parent->btc_children[i]->bth_parent = new_parent;

        for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= parent->btc_hdr.bth_count; i++)
                ASSERT3P(parent->btc_children[i]->bth_parent, ==, parent);

        /*
         * Now that the node is split, we need to insert the new node into its
         * parent. This may cause further splitting.
         */
        zfs_btree_insert_into_parent(tree, &parent->btc_hdr,
            &new_parent->btc_hdr, buf);
}

/* Insert an element into a leaf node at the given offset. */
static void
zfs_btree_insert_leaf_impl(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf,
    uint32_t idx, const void *value)
{
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr = &leaf->btl_hdr;
        ASSERT3U(leaf->btl_hdr.bth_count, <, tree->bt_leaf_cap);

        if (zfs_btree_verify_intensity >= 5) {
                zfs_btree_verify_poison_at(tree, &leaf->btl_hdr,
                    leaf->btl_hdr.bth_count);
        }

        bt_grow_leaf(tree, leaf, idx, 1);
        uint8_t *start = leaf->btl_elems + (hdr->bth_first + idx) * size;
        bcpy(value, start, size);
}

static void
zfs_btree_verify_order_helper(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr);

/* Helper function for inserting a new value into leaf at the given index. */
static void
zfs_btree_insert_into_leaf(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf,
    const void *value, uint32_t idx)
{
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        uint32_t capacity = tree->bt_leaf_cap;

        /*
         * If the leaf isn't full, shift the elements after idx and insert
         * value.
         */
        if (leaf->btl_hdr.bth_count != capacity) {
                zfs_btree_insert_leaf_impl(tree, leaf, idx, value);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * Otherwise, we split the leaf node into two nodes. If we're not bulk
         * inserting, each is of size (capacity / 2).  If we are bulk
         * inserting, we move a quarter of the elements to the new node so
         * inserts into the old node don't cause immediate splitting but the
         * tree stays relatively dense. Since the average state after a long
         * time is a 3/4 full node, shortcutting directly to that state
         * improves efficiency.  At the end of the bulk insertion process
         * we'll need to go through and fix up any nodes (the last leaf and
         * its ancestors, potentially) that are below the minimum.
         *
         * In either case, we're left with one extra element. The leftover
         * element will become the new dividing element between the two nodes.
         */
        uint32_t move_count = MAX(capacity / (tree->bt_bulk ? 4 : 2), 1) - 1;
        uint32_t keep_count = capacity - move_count - 1;
        ASSERT3U(keep_count, >=, 1);
        /* If we insert on left. move one more to keep leaves balanced.  */
        if (idx < keep_count) {
                keep_count--;
                move_count++;
        }
        tree->bt_num_nodes++;
        zfs_btree_leaf_t *new_leaf = zfs_btree_leaf_alloc(tree);
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *new_hdr = &new_leaf->btl_hdr;
        new_hdr->bth_parent = leaf->btl_hdr.bth_parent;
        new_hdr->bth_first = (tree->bt_bulk ? 0 : capacity / 4) +
            (idx >= keep_count && idx <= keep_count + move_count / 2);
        new_hdr->bth_count = move_count;
        zfs_btree_poison_node(tree, new_hdr);

        if (tree->bt_bulk != NULL && leaf == tree->bt_bulk)
                tree->bt_bulk = new_leaf;

        /* Copy the back part to the new leaf. */
        bt_transfer_leaf(tree, leaf, keep_count + 1, move_count, new_leaf, 0);

        /* We store the new separator in a buffer we control for simplicity. */
        uint8_t *buf = kmem_alloc(size, KM_SLEEP);
        bcpy(leaf->btl_elems + (leaf->btl_hdr.bth_first + keep_count) * size,
            buf, size);

        bt_shrink_leaf(tree, leaf, keep_count, 1 + move_count);

        if (idx < keep_count) {
                /* Insert into the existing leaf. */
                zfs_btree_insert_leaf_impl(tree, leaf, idx, value);
        } else if (idx > keep_count) {
                /* Insert into the new leaf. */
                zfs_btree_insert_leaf_impl(tree, new_leaf, idx - keep_count -
                    1, value);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Insert planned separator into the new leaf, and use
                 * the new value as the new separator.
                 */
                zfs_btree_insert_leaf_impl(tree, new_leaf, 0, buf);
                bcpy(value, buf, size);
        }

        /*
         * Now that the node is split, we need to insert the new node into its
         * parent. This may cause further splitting, bur only of core nodes.
         */
        zfs_btree_insert_into_parent(tree, &leaf->btl_hdr, &new_leaf->btl_hdr,
            buf);
        kmem_free(buf, size);
}

static uint32_t
zfs_btree_find_parent_idx(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        void *buf;
        if (zfs_btree_is_core(hdr)) {
                buf = ((zfs_btree_core_t *)hdr)->btc_elems;
        } else {
                buf = ((zfs_btree_leaf_t *)hdr)->btl_elems +
                    hdr->bth_first * tree->bt_elem_size;
        }
        zfs_btree_index_t idx;
        zfs_btree_core_t *parent = hdr->bth_parent;
        VERIFY3P(zfs_btree_find_in_buf(tree, parent->btc_elems,
            parent->btc_hdr.bth_count, buf, &idx), ==, NULL);
        ASSERT(idx.bti_before);
        ASSERT3U(idx.bti_offset, <=, parent->btc_hdr.bth_count);
        ASSERT3P(parent->btc_children[idx.bti_offset], ==, hdr);
        return (idx.bti_offset);
}

/*
 * Take the b-tree out of bulk insert mode. During bulk-insert mode, some
 * nodes may violate the invariant that non-root nodes must be at least half
 * full. All nodes violating this invariant should be the last node in their
 * particular level. To correct the invariant, we take values from their left
 * neighbor until they are half full. They must have a left neighbor at their
 * level because the last node at a level is not the first node unless it's
 * the root.
 */
static void
zfs_btree_bulk_finish(zfs_btree_t *tree)
{
        ASSERT3P(tree->bt_bulk, !=, NULL);
        ASSERT3P(tree->bt_root, !=, NULL);
        zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = tree->bt_bulk;
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr = &leaf->btl_hdr;
        zfs_btree_core_t *parent = hdr->bth_parent;
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        uint32_t capacity = tree->bt_leaf_cap;

        /*
         * The invariant doesn't apply to the root node, if that's the only
         * node in the tree we're done.
         */
        if (parent == NULL) {
                tree->bt_bulk = NULL;
                return;
        }

        /* First, take elements to rebalance the leaf node. */
        if (hdr->bth_count < capacity / 2) {
                /*
                 * First, find the left neighbor. The simplest way to do this
                 * is to call zfs_btree_prev twice; the first time finds some
                 * ancestor of this node, and the second time finds the left
                 * neighbor. The ancestor found is the lowest common ancestor
                 * of leaf and the neighbor.
                 */
                zfs_btree_index_t idx = {
                        .bti_node = hdr,
                        .bti_offset = 0
                };
                VERIFY3P(zfs_btree_prev(tree, &idx, &idx), !=, NULL);
                ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(idx.bti_node));
                zfs_btree_core_t *common = (zfs_btree_core_t *)idx.bti_node;
                uint32_t common_idx = idx.bti_offset;

                VERIFY3P(zfs_btree_prev(tree, &idx, &idx), !=, NULL);
                ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(idx.bti_node));
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *l_neighbor = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)idx.bti_node;
                zfs_btree_hdr_t *l_hdr = idx.bti_node;
                uint32_t move_count = (capacity / 2) - hdr->bth_count;
                ASSERT3U(l_neighbor->btl_hdr.bth_count - move_count, >=,
                    capacity / 2);

                if (zfs_btree_verify_intensity >= 5) {
                        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < move_count; i++) {
                                zfs_btree_verify_poison_at(tree, hdr,
                                    leaf->btl_hdr.bth_count + i);
                        }
                }

                /* First, shift elements in leaf back. */
                bt_grow_leaf(tree, leaf, 0, move_count);

                /* Next, move the separator from the common ancestor to leaf. */
                uint8_t *separator = common->btc_elems + common_idx * size;
                uint8_t *out = leaf->btl_elems +
                    (hdr->bth_first + move_count - 1) * size;
                bcpy(separator, out, size);

                /*
                 * Now we move elements from the tail of the left neighbor to
                 * fill the remaining spots in leaf.
                 */
                bt_transfer_leaf(tree, l_neighbor, l_hdr->bth_count -
                    (move_count - 1), move_count - 1, leaf, 0);

                /*
                 * Finally, move the new last element in the left neighbor to
                 * the separator.
                 */
                bcpy(l_neighbor->btl_elems + (l_hdr->bth_first +
                    l_hdr->bth_count - move_count) * size, separator, size);

                /* Adjust the node's counts, and we're done. */
                bt_shrink_leaf(tree, l_neighbor, l_hdr->bth_count - move_count,
                    move_count);

                ASSERT3U(l_hdr->bth_count, >=, capacity / 2);
                ASSERT3U(hdr->bth_count, >=, capacity / 2);
        }

        /*
         * Now we have to rebalance any ancestors of leaf that may also
         * violate the invariant.
         */
        capacity = BTREE_CORE_ELEMS;
        while (parent->btc_hdr.bth_parent != NULL) {
                zfs_btree_core_t *cur = parent;
                zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr = &cur->btc_hdr;
                parent = hdr->bth_parent;
                /*
                 * If the invariant isn't violated, move on to the next
                 * ancestor.
                 */
                if (hdr->bth_count >= capacity / 2)
                        continue;

                /*
                 * Because the smallest number of nodes we can move when
                 * splitting is 2, we never need to worry about not having a
                 * left sibling (a sibling is a neighbor with the same parent).
                 */
                uint32_t parent_idx = zfs_btree_find_parent_idx(tree, hdr);
                ASSERT3U(parent_idx, >, 0);
                zfs_btree_core_t *l_neighbor =
                    (zfs_btree_core_t *)parent->btc_children[parent_idx - 1];
                uint32_t move_count = (capacity / 2) - hdr->bth_count;
                ASSERT3U(l_neighbor->btc_hdr.bth_count - move_count, >=,
                    capacity / 2);

                if (zfs_btree_verify_intensity >= 5) {
                        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < move_count; i++) {
                                zfs_btree_verify_poison_at(tree, hdr,
                                    hdr->bth_count + i);
                        }
                }
                /* First, shift things in the right node back. */
                bt_shift_core(tree, cur, 0, hdr->bth_count, move_count,
                    BSS_TRAPEZOID, BSD_RIGHT);

                /* Next, move the separator to the right node. */
                uint8_t *separator = parent->btc_elems + ((parent_idx - 1) *
                    size);
                uint8_t *e_out = cur->btc_elems + ((move_count - 1) * size);
                bcpy(separator, e_out, size);

                /*
                 * Now, move elements and children from the left node to the
                 * right.  We move one more child than elements.
                 */
                move_count--;
                uint32_t move_idx = l_neighbor->btc_hdr.bth_count - move_count;
                bt_transfer_core(tree, l_neighbor, move_idx, move_count, cur, 0,
                    BSS_TRAPEZOID);

                /*
                 * Finally, move the last element in the left node to the
                 * separator's position.
                 */
                move_idx--;
                bcpy(l_neighbor->btc_elems + move_idx * size, separator, size);

                l_neighbor->btc_hdr.bth_count -= move_count + 1;
                hdr->bth_count += move_count + 1;

                ASSERT3U(l_neighbor->btc_hdr.bth_count, >=, capacity / 2);
                ASSERT3U(hdr->bth_count, >=, capacity / 2);

                zfs_btree_poison_node(tree, &l_neighbor->btc_hdr);

                for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= hdr->bth_count; i++)
                        cur->btc_children[i]->bth_parent = cur;
        }

        tree->bt_bulk = NULL;
        zfs_btree_verify(tree);
}

/*
 * Insert value into tree at the location specified by where.
 */
void
zfs_btree_add_idx(zfs_btree_t *tree, const void *value,
    const zfs_btree_index_t *where)
{
        zfs_btree_index_t idx = {0};

        /* If we're not inserting in the last leaf, end bulk insert mode. */
        if (tree->bt_bulk != NULL) {
                if (where->bti_node != &tree->bt_bulk->btl_hdr) {
                        zfs_btree_bulk_finish(tree);
                        VERIFY3P(zfs_btree_find(tree, value, &idx), ==, NULL);
                        where = &idx;
                }
        }

        tree->bt_num_elems++;
        /*
         * If this is the first element in the tree, create a leaf root node
         * and add the value to it.
         */
        if (where->bti_node == NULL) {
                ASSERT3U(tree->bt_num_elems, ==, 1);
                ASSERT3S(tree->bt_height, ==, -1);
                ASSERT3P(tree->bt_root, ==, NULL);
                ASSERT0(where->bti_offset);

                tree->bt_num_nodes++;
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = zfs_btree_leaf_alloc(tree);
                tree->bt_root = &leaf->btl_hdr;
                tree->bt_height++;

                zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr = &leaf->btl_hdr;
                hdr->bth_parent = NULL;
                hdr->bth_first = 0;
                hdr->bth_count = 0;
                zfs_btree_poison_node(tree, hdr);

                zfs_btree_insert_into_leaf(tree, leaf, value, 0);
                tree->bt_bulk = leaf;
        } else if (!zfs_btree_is_core(where->bti_node)) {
                /*
                 * If we're inserting into a leaf, go directly to the helper
                 * function.
                 */
                zfs_btree_insert_into_leaf(tree,
                    (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)where->bti_node, value,
                    where->bti_offset);
        } else {
                /*
                 * If we're inserting into a core node, we can't just shift
                 * the existing element in that slot in the same node without
                 * breaking our ordering invariants. Instead we place the new
                 * value in the node at that spot and then insert the old
                 * separator into the first slot in the subtree to the right.
                 */
                zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)where->bti_node;

                /*
                 * We can ignore bti_before, because either way the value
                 * should end up in bti_offset.
                 */
                uint32_t off = where->bti_offset;
                zfs_btree_hdr_t *subtree = node->btc_children[off + 1];
                size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
                uint8_t *buf = kmem_alloc(size, KM_SLEEP);
                bcpy(node->btc_elems + off * size, buf, size);
                bcpy(value, node->btc_elems + off * size, size);

                /*
                 * Find the first slot in the subtree to the right, insert
                 * there.
                 */
                zfs_btree_index_t new_idx;
                VERIFY3P(zfs_btree_first_helper(tree, subtree, &new_idx), !=,
                    NULL);
                ASSERT0(new_idx.bti_offset);
                ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(new_idx.bti_node));
                zfs_btree_insert_into_leaf(tree,
                    (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)new_idx.bti_node, buf, 0);
                kmem_free(buf, size);
        }
        zfs_btree_verify(tree);
}

/*
 * Return the first element in the tree, and put its location in where if
 * non-null.
 */
void *
zfs_btree_first(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_index_t *where)
{
        if (tree->bt_height == -1) {
                ASSERT0(tree->bt_num_elems);
                return (NULL);
        }
        return (zfs_btree_first_helper(tree, tree->bt_root, where));
}

/*
 * Find the last element in the subtree rooted at hdr, return its value and
 * put its location in where if non-null.
 */
static void *
zfs_btree_last_helper(zfs_btree_t *btree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr,
    zfs_btree_index_t *where)
{
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *node;

        for (node = hdr; zfs_btree_is_core(node); node =
            ((zfs_btree_core_t *)node)->btc_children[node->bth_count])
                ;

        zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)node;
        if (where != NULL) {
                where->bti_node = node;
                where->bti_offset = node->bth_count - 1;
                where->bti_before = B_FALSE;
        }
        return (leaf->btl_elems + (node->bth_first + node->bth_count - 1) *
            btree->bt_elem_size);
}

/*
 * Return the last element in the tree, and put its location in where if
 * non-null.
 */
void *
zfs_btree_last(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_index_t *where)
{
        if (tree->bt_height == -1) {
                ASSERT0(tree->bt_num_elems);
                return (NULL);
        }
        return (zfs_btree_last_helper(tree, tree->bt_root, where));
}

/*
 * This function contains the logic to find the next node in the tree. A
 * helper function is used because there are multiple internal consumemrs of
 * this logic. The done_func is used by zfs_btree_destroy_nodes to clean up each
 * node after we've finished with it.
 */
static void *
zfs_btree_next_helper(zfs_btree_t *tree, const zfs_btree_index_t *idx,
    zfs_btree_index_t *out_idx,
    void (*done_func)(zfs_btree_t *, zfs_btree_hdr_t *))
{
        if (idx->bti_node == NULL) {
                ASSERT3S(tree->bt_height, ==, -1);
                return (NULL);
        }

        uint32_t offset = idx->bti_offset;
        if (!zfs_btree_is_core(idx->bti_node)) {
                /*
                 * When finding the next element of an element in a leaf,
                 * there are two cases. If the element isn't the last one in
                 * the leaf, in which case we just return the next element in
                 * the leaf. Otherwise, we need to traverse up our parents
                 * until we find one where our ancestor isn't the last child
                 * of its parent. Once we do, the next element is the
                 * separator after our ancestor in its parent.
                 */
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)idx->bti_node;
                uint32_t new_off = offset + (idx->bti_before ? 0 : 1);
                if (leaf->btl_hdr.bth_count > new_off) {
                        out_idx->bti_node = &leaf->btl_hdr;
                        out_idx->bti_offset = new_off;
                        out_idx->bti_before = B_FALSE;
                        return (leaf->btl_elems + (leaf->btl_hdr.bth_first +
                            new_off) * tree->bt_elem_size);
                }

                zfs_btree_hdr_t *prev = &leaf->btl_hdr;
                for (zfs_btree_core_t *node = leaf->btl_hdr.bth_parent;
                    node != NULL; node = node->btc_hdr.bth_parent) {
                        zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr = &node->btc_hdr;
                        ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(hdr));
                        uint32_t i = zfs_btree_find_parent_idx(tree, prev);
                        if (done_func != NULL)
                                done_func(tree, prev);
                        if (i == hdr->bth_count) {
                                prev = hdr;
                                continue;
                        }
                        out_idx->bti_node = hdr;
                        out_idx->bti_offset = i;
                        out_idx->bti_before = B_FALSE;
                        return (node->btc_elems + i * tree->bt_elem_size);
                }
                if (done_func != NULL)
                        done_func(tree, prev);
                /*
                 * We've traversed all the way up and been at the end of the
                 * node every time, so this was the last element in the tree.
                 */
                return (NULL);
        }

        /* If we were before an element in a core node, return that element. */
        ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(idx->bti_node));
        zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)idx->bti_node;
        if (idx->bti_before) {
                out_idx->bti_before = B_FALSE;
                return (node->btc_elems + offset * tree->bt_elem_size);
        }

        /*
         * The next element from one in a core node is the first element in
         * the subtree just to the right of the separator.
         */
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *child = node->btc_children[offset + 1];
        return (zfs_btree_first_helper(tree, child, out_idx));
}

/*
 * Return the next valued node in the tree.  The same address can be safely
 * passed for idx and out_idx.
 */
void *
zfs_btree_next(zfs_btree_t *tree, const zfs_btree_index_t *idx,
    zfs_btree_index_t *out_idx)
{
        return (zfs_btree_next_helper(tree, idx, out_idx, NULL));
}

/*
 * Return the previous valued node in the tree.  The same value can be safely
 * passed for idx and out_idx.
 */
void *
zfs_btree_prev(zfs_btree_t *tree, const zfs_btree_index_t *idx,
    zfs_btree_index_t *out_idx)
{
        if (idx->bti_node == NULL) {
                ASSERT3S(tree->bt_height, ==, -1);
                return (NULL);
        }

        uint32_t offset = idx->bti_offset;
        if (!zfs_btree_is_core(idx->bti_node)) {
                /*
                 * When finding the previous element of an element in a leaf,
                 * there are two cases. If the element isn't the first one in
                 * the leaf, in which case we just return the previous element
                 * in the leaf. Otherwise, we need to traverse up our parents
                 * until we find one where our previous ancestor isn't the
                 * first child. Once we do, the previous element is the
                 * separator after our previous ancestor.
                 */
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)idx->bti_node;
                if (offset != 0) {
                        out_idx->bti_node = &leaf->btl_hdr;
                        out_idx->bti_offset = offset - 1;
                        out_idx->bti_before = B_FALSE;
                        return (leaf->btl_elems + (leaf->btl_hdr.bth_first +
                            offset - 1) * tree->bt_elem_size);
                }
                zfs_btree_hdr_t *prev = &leaf->btl_hdr;
                for (zfs_btree_core_t *node = leaf->btl_hdr.bth_parent;
                    node != NULL; node = node->btc_hdr.bth_parent) {
                        zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr = &node->btc_hdr;
                        ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(hdr));
                        uint32_t i = zfs_btree_find_parent_idx(tree, prev);
                        if (i == 0) {
                                prev = hdr;
                                continue;
                        }
                        out_idx->bti_node = hdr;
                        out_idx->bti_offset = i - 1;
                        out_idx->bti_before = B_FALSE;
                        return (node->btc_elems + (i - 1) * tree->bt_elem_size);
                }
                /*
                 * We've traversed all the way up and been at the start of the
                 * node every time, so this was the first node in the tree.
                 */
                return (NULL);
        }

        /*
         * The previous element from one in a core node is the last element in
         * the subtree just to the left of the separator.
         */
        ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(idx->bti_node));
        zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)idx->bti_node;
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *child = node->btc_children[offset];
        return (zfs_btree_last_helper(tree, child, out_idx));
}

/*
 * Get the value at the provided index in the tree.
 *
 * Note that the value returned from this function can be mutated, but only
 * if it will not change the ordering of the element with respect to any other
 * elements that could be in the tree.
 */
void *
zfs_btree_get(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_index_t *idx)
{
        ASSERT(!idx->bti_before);
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        if (!zfs_btree_is_core(idx->bti_node)) {
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)idx->bti_node;
                return (leaf->btl_elems + (leaf->btl_hdr.bth_first +
                    idx->bti_offset) * size);
        }
        zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)idx->bti_node;
        return (node->btc_elems + idx->bti_offset * size);
}

/* Add the given value to the tree. Must not already be in the tree. */
void
zfs_btree_add(zfs_btree_t *tree, const void *node)
{
        zfs_btree_index_t where = {0};
        VERIFY3P(zfs_btree_find(tree, node, &where), ==, NULL);
        zfs_btree_add_idx(tree, node, &where);
}

/* Helper function to free a tree node. */
static void
zfs_btree_node_destroy(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *node)
{
        tree->bt_num_nodes--;
        if (!zfs_btree_is_core(node)) {
                zfs_btree_leaf_free(tree, node);
        } else {
                kmem_free(node, sizeof (zfs_btree_core_t) +
                    BTREE_CORE_ELEMS * tree->bt_elem_size);
        }
}

/*
 * Remove the rm_hdr and the separator to its left from the parent node. The
 * buffer that rm_hdr was stored in may already be freed, so its contents
 * cannot be accessed.
 */
static void
zfs_btree_remove_from_node(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_core_t *node,
    zfs_btree_hdr_t *rm_hdr)
{
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        uint32_t min_count = (BTREE_CORE_ELEMS / 2) - 1;
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr = &node->btc_hdr;
        /*
         * If the node is the root node and rm_hdr is one of two children,
         * promote the other child to the root.
         */
        if (hdr->bth_parent == NULL && hdr->bth_count <= 1) {
                ASSERT3U(hdr->bth_count, ==, 1);
                ASSERT3P(tree->bt_root, ==, node);
                ASSERT3P(node->btc_children[1], ==, rm_hdr);
                tree->bt_root = node->btc_children[0];
                node->btc_children[0]->bth_parent = NULL;
                zfs_btree_node_destroy(tree, hdr);
                tree->bt_height--;
                return;
        }

        uint32_t idx;
        for (idx = 0; idx <= hdr->bth_count; idx++) {
                if (node->btc_children[idx] == rm_hdr)
                        break;
        }
        ASSERT3U(idx, <=, hdr->bth_count);

        /*
         * If the node is the root or it has more than the minimum number of
         * children, just remove the child and separator, and return.
         */
        if (hdr->bth_parent == NULL ||
            hdr->bth_count > min_count) {
                /*
                 * Shift the element and children to the right of rm_hdr to
                 * the left by one spot.
                 */
                bt_shift_core_left(tree, node, idx, hdr->bth_count - idx,
                    BSS_PARALLELOGRAM);
                hdr->bth_count--;
                zfs_btree_poison_node_at(tree, hdr, hdr->bth_count, 1);
                return;
        }

        ASSERT3U(hdr->bth_count, ==, min_count);

        /*
         * Now we try to take a node from a neighbor. We check left, then
         * right. If the neighbor exists and has more than the minimum number
         * of elements, we move the separator between us and them to our
         * node, move their closest element (last for left, first for right)
         * to the separator, and move their closest child to our node. Along
         * the way we need to collapse the gap made by idx, and (for our right
         * neighbor) the gap made by removing their first element and child.
         *
         * Note: this logic currently doesn't support taking from a neighbor
         * that isn't a sibling (i.e. a neighbor with a different
         * parent). This isn't critical functionality, but may be worth
         * implementing in the future for completeness' sake.
         */
        zfs_btree_core_t *parent = hdr->bth_parent;
        uint32_t parent_idx = zfs_btree_find_parent_idx(tree, hdr);

        zfs_btree_hdr_t *l_hdr = (parent_idx == 0 ? NULL :
            parent->btc_children[parent_idx - 1]);
        if (l_hdr != NULL && l_hdr->bth_count > min_count) {
                /* We can take a node from the left neighbor. */
                ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(l_hdr));
                zfs_btree_core_t *neighbor = (zfs_btree_core_t *)l_hdr;

                /*
                 * Start by shifting the elements and children in the current
                 * node to the right by one spot.
                 */
                bt_shift_core_right(tree, node, 0, idx - 1, BSS_TRAPEZOID);

                /*
                 * Move the separator between node and neighbor to the first
                 * element slot in the current node.
                 */
                uint8_t *separator = parent->btc_elems + (parent_idx - 1) *
                    size;
                bcpy(separator, node->btc_elems, size);

                /* Move the last child of neighbor to our first child slot. */
                node->btc_children[0] =
                    neighbor->btc_children[l_hdr->bth_count];
                node->btc_children[0]->bth_parent = node;

                /* Move the last element of neighbor to the separator spot. */
                uint8_t *take_elem = neighbor->btc_elems +
                    (l_hdr->bth_count - 1) * size;
                bcpy(take_elem, separator, size);
                l_hdr->bth_count--;
                zfs_btree_poison_node_at(tree, l_hdr, l_hdr->bth_count, 1);
                return;
        }

        zfs_btree_hdr_t *r_hdr = (parent_idx == parent->btc_hdr.bth_count ?
            NULL : parent->btc_children[parent_idx + 1]);
        if (r_hdr != NULL && r_hdr->bth_count > min_count) {
                /* We can take a node from the right neighbor. */
                ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(r_hdr));
                zfs_btree_core_t *neighbor = (zfs_btree_core_t *)r_hdr;

                /*
                 * Shift elements in node left by one spot to overwrite rm_hdr
                 * and the separator before it.
                 */
                bt_shift_core_left(tree, node, idx, hdr->bth_count - idx,
                    BSS_PARALLELOGRAM);

                /*
                 * Move the separator between node and neighbor to the last
                 * element spot in node.
                 */
                uint8_t *separator = parent->btc_elems + parent_idx * size;
                bcpy(separator, node->btc_elems + (hdr->bth_count - 1) * size,
                    size);

                /*
                 * Move the first child of neighbor to the last child spot in
                 * node.
                 */
                node->btc_children[hdr->bth_count] = neighbor->btc_children[0];
                node->btc_children[hdr->bth_count]->bth_parent = node;

                /* Move the first element of neighbor to the separator spot. */
                uint8_t *take_elem = neighbor->btc_elems;
                bcpy(take_elem, separator, size);
                r_hdr->bth_count--;

                /*
                 * Shift the elements and children of neighbor to cover the
                 * stolen elements.
                 */
                bt_shift_core_left(tree, neighbor, 1, r_hdr->bth_count,
                    BSS_TRAPEZOID);
                zfs_btree_poison_node_at(tree, r_hdr, r_hdr->bth_count, 1);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * In this case, neither of our neighbors can spare an element, so we
         * need to merge with one of them. We prefer the left one,
         * arbitrarily. Move the separator into the leftmost merging node
         * (which may be us or the left neighbor), and then move the right
         * merging node's elements. Once that's done, we go back and delete
         * the element we're removing. Finally, go into the parent and delete
         * the right merging node and the separator. This may cause further
         * merging.
         */
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *new_rm_hdr, *keep_hdr;
        uint32_t new_idx = idx;
        if (l_hdr != NULL) {
                keep_hdr = l_hdr;
                new_rm_hdr = hdr;
                new_idx += keep_hdr->bth_count + 1;
        } else {
                ASSERT3P(r_hdr, !=, NULL);
                keep_hdr = hdr;
                new_rm_hdr = r_hdr;
                parent_idx++;
        }

        ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(keep_hdr));
        ASSERT(zfs_btree_is_core(new_rm_hdr));

        zfs_btree_core_t *keep = (zfs_btree_core_t *)keep_hdr;
        zfs_btree_core_t *rm = (zfs_btree_core_t *)new_rm_hdr;

        if (zfs_btree_verify_intensity >= 5) {
                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < new_rm_hdr->bth_count + 1; i++) {
                        zfs_btree_verify_poison_at(tree, keep_hdr,
                            keep_hdr->bth_count + i);
                }
        }

        /* Move the separator into the left node. */
        uint8_t *e_out = keep->btc_elems + keep_hdr->bth_count * size;
        uint8_t *separator = parent->btc_elems + (parent_idx - 1) *
            size;
        bcpy(separator, e_out, size);
        keep_hdr->bth_count++;

        /* Move all our elements and children into the left node. */
        bt_transfer_core(tree, rm, 0, new_rm_hdr->bth_count, keep,
            keep_hdr->bth_count, BSS_TRAPEZOID);

        uint32_t old_count = keep_hdr->bth_count;

        /* Update bookkeeping */
        keep_hdr->bth_count += new_rm_hdr->bth_count;
        ASSERT3U(keep_hdr->bth_count, ==, (min_count * 2) + 1);

        /*
         * Shift the element and children to the right of rm_hdr to
         * the left by one spot.
         */
        ASSERT3P(keep->btc_children[new_idx], ==, rm_hdr);
        bt_shift_core_left(tree, keep, new_idx, keep_hdr->bth_count - new_idx,
            BSS_PARALLELOGRAM);
        keep_hdr->bth_count--;

        /* Reparent all our children to point to the left node. */
        zfs_btree_hdr_t **new_start = keep->btc_children +
            old_count - 1;
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < new_rm_hdr->bth_count + 1; i++)
                new_start[i]->bth_parent = keep;
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= keep_hdr->bth_count; i++) {
                ASSERT3P(keep->btc_children[i]->bth_parent, ==, keep);
                ASSERT3P(keep->btc_children[i], !=, rm_hdr);
        }
        zfs_btree_poison_node_at(tree, keep_hdr, keep_hdr->bth_count, 1);

        new_rm_hdr->bth_count = 0;
        zfs_btree_remove_from_node(tree, parent, new_rm_hdr);
        zfs_btree_node_destroy(tree, new_rm_hdr);
}

/* Remove the element at the specific location. */
void
zfs_btree_remove_idx(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_index_t *where)
{
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr = where->bti_node;
        uint32_t idx = where->bti_offset;

        ASSERT(!where->bti_before);
        if (tree->bt_bulk != NULL) {
                /*
                 * Leave bulk insert mode. Note that our index would be
                 * invalid after we correct the tree, so we copy the value
                 * we're planning to remove and find it again after
                 * bulk_finish.
                 */
                uint8_t *value = zfs_btree_get(tree, where);
                uint8_t *tmp = kmem_alloc(size, KM_SLEEP);
                bcpy(value, tmp, size);
                zfs_btree_bulk_finish(tree);
                VERIFY3P(zfs_btree_find(tree, tmp, where), !=, NULL);
                kmem_free(tmp, size);
                hdr = where->bti_node;
                idx = where->bti_offset;
        }

        tree->bt_num_elems--;
        /*
         * If the element happens to be in a core node, we move a leaf node's
         * element into its place and then remove the leaf node element. This
         * makes the rebalance logic not need to be recursive both upwards and
         * downwards.
         */
        if (zfs_btree_is_core(hdr)) {
                zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)hdr;
                zfs_btree_hdr_t *left_subtree = node->btc_children[idx];
                void *new_value = zfs_btree_last_helper(tree, left_subtree,
                    where);
                ASSERT3P(new_value, !=, NULL);

                bcpy(new_value, node->btc_elems + idx * size, size);

                hdr = where->bti_node;
                idx = where->bti_offset;
                ASSERT(!where->bti_before);
        }

        /*
         * First, we'll update the leaf's metadata. Then, we shift any
         * elements after the idx to the left. After that, we rebalance if
         * needed.
         */
        ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(hdr));
        zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)hdr;
        ASSERT3U(hdr->bth_count, >, 0);

        uint32_t min_count = (tree->bt_leaf_cap / 2) - 1;

        /*
         * If we're over the minimum size or this is the root, just overwrite
         * the value and return.
         */
        if (hdr->bth_count > min_count || hdr->bth_parent == NULL) {
                bt_shrink_leaf(tree, leaf, idx, 1);
                if (hdr->bth_parent == NULL) {
                        ASSERT0(tree->bt_height);
                        if (hdr->bth_count == 0) {
                                tree->bt_root = NULL;
                                tree->bt_height--;
                                zfs_btree_node_destroy(tree, &leaf->btl_hdr);
                        }
                }
                zfs_btree_verify(tree);
                return;
        }
        ASSERT3U(hdr->bth_count, ==, min_count);

        /*
         * Now we try to take a node from a sibling. We check left, then
         * right. If they exist and have more than the minimum number of
         * elements, we move the separator between us and them to our node
         * and move their closest element (last for left, first for right) to
         * the separator. Along the way we need to collapse the gap made by
         * idx, and (for our right neighbor) the gap made by removing their
         * first element.
         *
         * Note: this logic currently doesn't support taking from a neighbor
         * that isn't a sibling. This isn't critical functionality, but may be
         * worth implementing in the future for completeness' sake.
         */
        zfs_btree_core_t *parent = hdr->bth_parent;
        uint32_t parent_idx = zfs_btree_find_parent_idx(tree, hdr);

        zfs_btree_hdr_t *l_hdr = (parent_idx == 0 ? NULL :
            parent->btc_children[parent_idx - 1]);
        if (l_hdr != NULL && l_hdr->bth_count > min_count) {
                /* We can take a node from the left neighbor. */
                ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(l_hdr));
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *neighbor = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)l_hdr;

                /*
                 * Move our elements back by one spot to make room for the
                 * stolen element and overwrite the element being removed.
                 */
                bt_shift_leaf(tree, leaf, 0, idx, 1, BSD_RIGHT);

                /* Move the separator to our first spot. */
                uint8_t *separator = parent->btc_elems + (parent_idx - 1) *
                    size;
                bcpy(separator, leaf->btl_elems + hdr->bth_first * size, size);

                /* Move our neighbor's last element to the separator. */
                uint8_t *take_elem = neighbor->btl_elems +
                    (l_hdr->bth_first + l_hdr->bth_count - 1) * size;
                bcpy(take_elem, separator, size);

                /* Delete our neighbor's last element. */
                bt_shrink_leaf(tree, neighbor, l_hdr->bth_count - 1, 1);
                zfs_btree_verify(tree);
                return;
        }

        zfs_btree_hdr_t *r_hdr = (parent_idx == parent->btc_hdr.bth_count ?
            NULL : parent->btc_children[parent_idx + 1]);
        if (r_hdr != NULL && r_hdr->bth_count > min_count) {
                /* We can take a node from the right neighbor. */
                ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(r_hdr));
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *neighbor = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)r_hdr;

                /*
                 * Move our elements after the element being removed forwards
                 * by one spot to make room for the stolen element and
                 * overwrite the element being removed.
                 */
                bt_shift_leaf(tree, leaf, idx + 1, hdr->bth_count - idx - 1,
                    1, BSD_LEFT);

                /* Move the separator between us to our last spot. */
                uint8_t *separator = parent->btc_elems + parent_idx * size;
                bcpy(separator, leaf->btl_elems + (hdr->bth_first +
                    hdr->bth_count - 1) * size, size);

                /* Move our neighbor's first element to the separator. */
                uint8_t *take_elem = neighbor->btl_elems +
                    r_hdr->bth_first * size;
                bcpy(take_elem, separator, size);

                /* Delete our neighbor's first element. */
                bt_shrink_leaf(tree, neighbor, 0, 1);
                zfs_btree_verify(tree);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * In this case, neither of our neighbors can spare an element, so we
         * need to merge with one of them. We prefer the left one, arbitrarily.
         * After remove we move the separator into the leftmost merging node
         * (which may be us or the left neighbor), and then move the right
         * merging node's elements. Once that's done, we go back and delete
         * the element we're removing. Finally, go into the parent and delete
         * the right merging node and the separator. This may cause further
         * merging.
         */
        zfs_btree_hdr_t *rm_hdr, *k_hdr;
        if (l_hdr != NULL) {
                k_hdr = l_hdr;
                rm_hdr = hdr;
        } else {
                ASSERT3P(r_hdr, !=, NULL);
                k_hdr = hdr;
                rm_hdr = r_hdr;
                parent_idx++;
        }
        ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(k_hdr));
        ASSERT(!zfs_btree_is_core(rm_hdr));
        ASSERT3U(k_hdr->bth_count, ==, min_count);
        ASSERT3U(rm_hdr->bth_count, ==, min_count);
        zfs_btree_leaf_t *keep = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)k_hdr;
        zfs_btree_leaf_t *rm = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)rm_hdr;

        if (zfs_btree_verify_intensity >= 5) {
                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < rm_hdr->bth_count + 1; i++) {
                        zfs_btree_verify_poison_at(tree, k_hdr,
                            k_hdr->bth_count + i);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Remove the value from the node.  It will go below the minimum,
         * but we'll fix it in no time.
         */
        bt_shrink_leaf(tree, leaf, idx, 1);

        /* Prepare space for elements to be moved from the right. */
        uint32_t k_count = k_hdr->bth_count;
        bt_grow_leaf(tree, keep, k_count, 1 + rm_hdr->bth_count);
        ASSERT3U(k_hdr->bth_count, ==, min_count * 2);

        /* Move the separator into the first open spot. */
        uint8_t *out = keep->btl_elems + (k_hdr->bth_first + k_count) * size;
        uint8_t *separator = parent->btc_elems + (parent_idx - 1) * size;
        bcpy(separator, out, size);

        /* Move our elements to the left neighbor. */
        bt_transfer_leaf(tree, rm, 0, rm_hdr->bth_count, keep, k_count + 1);

        /* Remove the emptied node from the parent. */
        zfs_btree_remove_from_node(tree, parent, rm_hdr);
        zfs_btree_node_destroy(tree, rm_hdr);
        zfs_btree_verify(tree);
}

/* Remove the given value from the tree. */
void
zfs_btree_remove(zfs_btree_t *tree, const void *value)
{
        zfs_btree_index_t where = {0};
        VERIFY3P(zfs_btree_find(tree, value, &where), !=, NULL);
        zfs_btree_remove_idx(tree, &where);
}

/* Return the number of elements in the tree. */
ulong_t
zfs_btree_numnodes(zfs_btree_t *tree)
{
        return (tree->bt_num_elems);
}

/*
 * This function is used to visit all the elements in the tree before
 * destroying the tree. This allows the calling code to perform any cleanup it
 * needs to do. This is more efficient than just removing the first element
 * over and over, because it removes all rebalancing. Once the destroy_nodes()
 * function has been called, no other btree operations are valid until it
 * returns NULL, which point the only valid operation is zfs_btree_destroy().
 *
 * example:
 *
 *      zfs_btree_index_t *cookie = NULL;
 *      my_data_t *node;
 *
 *      while ((node = zfs_btree_destroy_nodes(tree, &cookie)) != NULL)
 *              free(node->ptr);
 *      zfs_btree_destroy(tree);
 *
 */
void *
zfs_btree_destroy_nodes(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_index_t **cookie)
{
        if (*cookie == NULL) {
                if (tree->bt_height == -1)
                        return (NULL);
                *cookie = kmem_alloc(sizeof (**cookie), KM_SLEEP);
                return (zfs_btree_first(tree, *cookie));
        }

        void *rval = zfs_btree_next_helper(tree, *cookie, *cookie,
            zfs_btree_node_destroy);
        if (rval == NULL)   {
                tree->bt_root = NULL;
                tree->bt_height = -1;
                tree->bt_num_elems = 0;
                kmem_free(*cookie, sizeof (**cookie));
                tree->bt_bulk = NULL;
        }
        return (rval);
}

static void
zfs_btree_clear_helper(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        if (zfs_btree_is_core(hdr)) {
                zfs_btree_core_t *btc = (zfs_btree_core_t *)hdr;
                for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= hdr->bth_count; i++)
                        zfs_btree_clear_helper(tree, btc->btc_children[i]);
        }

        zfs_btree_node_destroy(tree, hdr);
}

void
zfs_btree_clear(zfs_btree_t *tree)
{
        if (tree->bt_root == NULL) {
                ASSERT0(tree->bt_num_elems);
                return;
        }

        zfs_btree_clear_helper(tree, tree->bt_root);
        tree->bt_num_elems = 0;
        tree->bt_root = NULL;
        tree->bt_num_nodes = 0;
        tree->bt_height = -1;
        tree->bt_bulk = NULL;
}

void
zfs_btree_destroy(zfs_btree_t *tree)
{
        ASSERT0(tree->bt_num_elems);
        ASSERT3P(tree->bt_root, ==, NULL);
}

/* Verify that every child of this node has the correct parent pointer. */
static void
zfs_btree_verify_pointers_helper(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        if (!zfs_btree_is_core(hdr))
                return;

        zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)hdr;
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= hdr->bth_count; i++) {
                VERIFY3P(node->btc_children[i]->bth_parent, ==, hdr);
                zfs_btree_verify_pointers_helper(tree, node->btc_children[i]);
        }
}

/* Verify that every node has the correct parent pointer. */
static void
zfs_btree_verify_pointers(zfs_btree_t *tree)
{
        if (tree->bt_height == -1) {
                VERIFY3P(tree->bt_root, ==, NULL);
                return;
        }
        VERIFY3P(tree->bt_root->bth_parent, ==, NULL);
        zfs_btree_verify_pointers_helper(tree, tree->bt_root);
}

/*
 * Verify that all the current node and its children satisfy the count
 * invariants, and return the total count in the subtree rooted in this node.
 */
static uint64_t
zfs_btree_verify_counts_helper(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        if (!zfs_btree_is_core(hdr)) {
                if (tree->bt_root != hdr && tree->bt_bulk &&
                    hdr != &tree->bt_bulk->btl_hdr) {
                        VERIFY3U(hdr->bth_count, >=, tree->bt_leaf_cap / 2 - 1);
                }

                return (hdr->bth_count);
        } else {

                zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)hdr;
                uint64_t ret = hdr->bth_count;
                if (tree->bt_root != hdr && tree->bt_bulk == NULL)
                        VERIFY3P(hdr->bth_count, >=, BTREE_CORE_ELEMS / 2 - 1);
                for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= hdr->bth_count; i++) {
                        ret += zfs_btree_verify_counts_helper(tree,
                            node->btc_children[i]);
                }

                return (ret);
        }
}

/*
 * Verify that all nodes satisfy the invariants and that the total number of
 * elements is correct.
 */
static void
zfs_btree_verify_counts(zfs_btree_t *tree)
{
        EQUIV(tree->bt_num_elems == 0, tree->bt_height == -1);
        if (tree->bt_height == -1) {
                return;
        }
        VERIFY3P(zfs_btree_verify_counts_helper(tree, tree->bt_root), ==,
            tree->bt_num_elems);
}

/*
 * Check that the subtree rooted at this node has a uniform height. Returns
 * the number of nodes under this node, to help verify bt_num_nodes.
 */
static uint64_t
zfs_btree_verify_height_helper(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr,
    int32_t height)
{
        if (!zfs_btree_is_core(hdr)) {
                VERIFY0(height);
                return (1);
        }

        zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)hdr;
        uint64_t ret = 1;
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= hdr->bth_count; i++) {
                ret += zfs_btree_verify_height_helper(tree,
                    node->btc_children[i], height - 1);
        }
        return (ret);
}

/*
 * Check that the tree rooted at this node has a uniform height, and that the
 * bt_height in the tree is correct.
 */
static void
zfs_btree_verify_height(zfs_btree_t *tree)
{
        EQUIV(tree->bt_height == -1, tree->bt_root == NULL);
        if (tree->bt_height == -1) {
                return;
        }

        VERIFY3U(zfs_btree_verify_height_helper(tree, tree->bt_root,
            tree->bt_height), ==, tree->bt_num_nodes);
}

/*
 * Check that the elements in this node are sorted, and that if this is a core
 * node, the separators are properly between the subtrees they separaate and
 * that the children also satisfy this requirement.
 */
static void
zfs_btree_verify_order_helper(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        if (!zfs_btree_is_core(hdr)) {
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)hdr;
                for (uint32_t i = 1; i < hdr->bth_count; i++) {
                        VERIFY3S(tree->bt_compar(leaf->btl_elems +
                            (hdr->bth_first + i - 1) * size,
                            leaf->btl_elems +
                            (hdr->bth_first + i) * size), ==, -1);
                }
                return;
        }

        zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)hdr;
        for (uint32_t i = 1; i < hdr->bth_count; i++) {
                VERIFY3S(tree->bt_compar(node->btc_elems + (i - 1) * size,
                    node->btc_elems + i * size), ==, -1);
        }
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < hdr->bth_count; i++) {
                uint8_t *left_child_last = NULL;
                zfs_btree_hdr_t *left_child_hdr = node->btc_children[i];
                if (zfs_btree_is_core(left_child_hdr)) {
                        zfs_btree_core_t *left_child =
                            (zfs_btree_core_t *)left_child_hdr;
                        left_child_last = left_child->btc_elems +
                            (left_child_hdr->bth_count - 1) * size;
                } else {
                        zfs_btree_leaf_t *left_child =
                            (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)left_child_hdr;
                        left_child_last = left_child->btl_elems +
                            (left_child_hdr->bth_first +
                            left_child_hdr->bth_count - 1) * size;
                }
                int comp = tree->bt_compar(node->btc_elems + i * size,
                    left_child_last);
                if (comp <= 0) {
                        panic("btree: compar returned %d (expected 1) at "
                            "%px %d: compar(%px,  %px)", comp, node, i,
                            node->btc_elems + i * size, left_child_last);
                }

                uint8_t *right_child_first = NULL;
                zfs_btree_hdr_t *right_child_hdr = node->btc_children[i + 1];
                if (zfs_btree_is_core(right_child_hdr)) {
                        zfs_btree_core_t *right_child =
                            (zfs_btree_core_t *)right_child_hdr;
                        right_child_first = right_child->btc_elems;
                } else {
                        zfs_btree_leaf_t *right_child =
                            (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)right_child_hdr;
                        right_child_first = right_child->btl_elems +
                            right_child_hdr->bth_first * size;
                }
                comp = tree->bt_compar(node->btc_elems + i * size,
                    right_child_first);
                if (comp >= 0) {
                        panic("btree: compar returned %d (expected -1) at "
                            "%px %d: compar(%px,  %px)", comp, node, i,
                            node->btc_elems + i * size, right_child_first);
                }
        }
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= hdr->bth_count; i++)
                zfs_btree_verify_order_helper(tree, node->btc_children[i]);
}

/* Check that all elements in the tree are in sorted order. */
static void
zfs_btree_verify_order(zfs_btree_t *tree)
{
        EQUIV(tree->bt_height == -1, tree->bt_root == NULL);
        if (tree->bt_height == -1) {
                return;
        }

        zfs_btree_verify_order_helper(tree, tree->bt_root);
}

#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
/* Check that all unused memory is poisoned correctly. */
static void
zfs_btree_verify_poison_helper(zfs_btree_t *tree, zfs_btree_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        size_t size = tree->bt_elem_size;
        if (!zfs_btree_is_core(hdr)) {
                zfs_btree_leaf_t *leaf = (zfs_btree_leaf_t *)hdr;
                for (size_t i = 0; i < hdr->bth_first * size; i++)
                        VERIFY3U(leaf->btl_elems[i], ==, 0x0f);
                size_t esize = tree->bt_leaf_size -
                    offsetof(zfs_btree_leaf_t, btl_elems);
                for (size_t i = (hdr->bth_first + hdr->bth_count) * size;
                    i < esize; i++)
                        VERIFY3U(leaf->btl_elems[i], ==, 0x0f);
        } else {
                zfs_btree_core_t *node = (zfs_btree_core_t *)hdr;
                for (size_t i = hdr->bth_count * size;
                    i < BTREE_CORE_ELEMS * size; i++)
                        VERIFY3U(node->btc_elems[i], ==, 0x0f);

                for (uint32_t i = hdr->bth_count + 1; i <= BTREE_CORE_ELEMS;
                    i++) {
                        VERIFY3P(node->btc_children[i], ==,
                            (zfs_btree_hdr_t *)BTREE_POISON);
                }

                for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= hdr->bth_count; i++) {
                        zfs_btree_verify_poison_helper(tree,
                            node->btc_children[i]);
                }
        }
}
#endif

/* Check that unused memory in the tree is still poisoned. */
static void
zfs_btree_verify_poison(zfs_btree_t *tree)
{
#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
        if (tree->bt_height == -1)
                return;
        zfs_btree_verify_poison_helper(tree, tree->bt_root);
#endif
}

void
zfs_btree_verify(zfs_btree_t *tree)
{
        if (zfs_btree_verify_intensity == 0)
                return;
        zfs_btree_verify_height(tree);
        if (zfs_btree_verify_intensity == 1)
                return;
        zfs_btree_verify_pointers(tree);
        if (zfs_btree_verify_intensity == 2)
                return;
        zfs_btree_verify_counts(tree);
        if (zfs_btree_verify_intensity == 3)
                return;
        zfs_btree_verify_order(tree);

        if (zfs_btree_verify_intensity == 4)
                return;
        zfs_btree_verify_poison(tree);
}

/* BEGIN CSTYLED */
ZFS_MODULE_PARAM(zfs, zfs_, btree_verify_intensity, UINT, ZMOD_RW,
        "Enable btree verification. Levels above 4 require ZFS be built "
        "with debugging");
/* END CSTYLED */