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<!--

$FreeBSD$

install.sgml

This file has architecture-dependent installation instructions, culled
from {alpha,i386}/INSTALL.TXT.

-->

<sect1 id="install">
  <title>Installing &os;</title>

  <para>This section documents the process of installing a new
  distribution of &os;.  These instructions pay particular emphasis to
  the process of obtaining the &os; &release.current; distribution and
  to beginning the installation procedure.  The <ulink
  url="&url.books.handbook;/install.html"><quote>Installing
  &os;</quote></ulink>
  chapter of the <ulink
  url="&url.books.handbook;/">&os;
  Handbook</ulink> provides more in-depth information about the
  installation program itself, including a guided walkthrough with
  screenshots.</para>

  <para>If you are upgrading from a previous release
  of &os;, please see <xref linkend="upgrading"> for instructions on
  upgrading.</para>

  <sect2 id="getting-started">
    <title>Getting Started</title>

    <para>Probably the most important pre-installation step that can
    be taken is that of reading the various instruction documents
    provided with &os;.  A roadmap of documents pertaining to this
    release of &os; can be found in <filename>README.TXT</filename>,
    which can usually be found in the same location as this file; most
    of these documents, such as the release notes and the hardware
    compatibility list, are also accessible in the Documentation menu
    of the installer.</para>

    <para>Note that on-line versions of the &os; <ulink
    url="&url.books.faq;/">FAQ</ulink> and <ulink
    url="&url.books.handbook;/">Handbook</ulink> are also
    available from the <ulink url="&url.base;/">&os;
    Project Web site</ulink>, if you have an Internet
    connection.</para>

    <para>This collection of documents may seem daunting, but the time
    spent reading them will likely be saved many times over.  Being
    familiar with what resources are available can also be helpful in
    the event of problems during installation.</para>

    <para>The best laid plans sometimes go awry, so if you run into
    trouble take a look at <xref linkend="trouble">, which contains
    valuable troubleshooting information.  You should also read
    an updated copy of
    <filename>ERRATA.TXT</filename> before installing,
    since this will alert you to
    any problems which have reported in the interim for your
    particular release.</para>

    <important>
      <para>While &os; does its best to safeguard against
      accidental loss of data, it's still more than possible to
      <emphasis>wipe out your entire disk</emphasis>
      with this installation if you make a
      mistake.  Please do not proceed to the final &os;
      installation menu unless you've adequately backed up any
      important data first.</para>
    </important>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Hardware Requirements</title>

<!-- i386/pc98 text starts here -->

    <para arch="i386,pc98">&os; for the &arch.print; requires a 486 or better
    processor and at least 24&nbsp;MB of RAM.
    You will need at least 150MB of free hard drive space for the
    most minimal installation.  See below for ways of shrinking
    existing DOS partitions in order to install &os;.</para>

<!-- alpha text starts here -->

    <para arch="alpha">&os; for the &arch.print; supports the platforms
    described in <filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename>.</para>

    <para arch="alpha">You will need a dedicated disk for
    &os;/alpha. It is not possible to share a disk with another
    operating system at this time. This disk will need to be attached
    to a SCSI controller which is supported by the SRM firmware or an
    IDE disk assuming the SRM in your machine supports booting from
    IDE disks.</para>

    <para arch="alpha">Your root filesystem MUST be the first
    partition (partition <literal>a</literal>) on the disk to be
    bootable.</para>

    <para arch="alpha">You will need the SRM console firmware for your
    platform. In some cases, it is possible to switch between
    AlphaBIOS (or ARC) firmware and SRM. In others it will be
    necessary to download new firmware from the vendor's Web
    site.</para>

<!-- sparc64 text starts here -->

    <para arch="sparc64">&os; for the &arch.print; supports the platforms
    described in <filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename>.</para>

    <para arch="sparc64">You will need a dedicated disk for
    &os;/sparc64. It is not possible to share a disk with another
    operating system at this time.</para>

<!-- amd64 text starts here -->
    <para arch="amd64">&os; for the &arch.print; requires an
    Athlon64, Athlon64-FX, Opteron or better processor to run.</para>

    <para arch="amd64">If you have an machine based on an
    nVidia nForce3 Pro-150, you MUST use the BIOS setup to
    disable the IO APIC.  If you do not have an option
    to do this, you will likely have to disable ACPI
    instead.  There are bugs in the Pro-150 chipset that
    we have not found a workaround for yet.</para>

<!-- generic text starts here -->

    <para>If you are
    not familiar with configuring hardware for &os;, you should
    be sure to read the <filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename> file; 
    it contains important
    information on what hardware is supported by &os;.</para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="floppies">
  <title>Floppy Disk Image Instructions</title>

  <para arch="i386,alpha,pc98">Depending on how you choose to install &os;, you may need to
  create a set of floppy disks (usually three) to begin the installation
  process.  This section briefly describes how to create these disks,
  either from a CDROM installation or from the Internet.  Note that in
  the common case of installing &os; from CDROM, on a machine that
  supports bootable CDROMs, the steps outlined in this section will
  not be needed and can be skipped.</para>

  <para arch="i386,alpha">For most CDROM or network installations, all you need to
  copy onto actual floppies from the <filename>floppies/</filename> directory are the
  <filename>boot.flp</filename> and <filename>kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename>
  images (for 1.44MB floppies).</para>

  <para arch="pc98">For a normal CDROM or network installation, all you need
  to copy onto actual floppies from the <filename>floppies/</filename>
  directory are the <filename>boot.flp</filename> and <filename>kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename>
  images (for 1.44MB floppies) or <filename>boot-small.flp</filename> and
  <filename>kern-small.flp</filename> images (for 1.2MB floppies).</para>

  <para arch="i386,alpha,pc98">Getting these images over the network is easy.  Simply fetch
  the
  <replaceable>release</replaceable><filename>/floppies/boot.flp</filename>,
  and all of the
  <replaceable>release</replaceable><filename>/floppies/kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename>
  files from <ulink
  url="&release.url;"></ulink>
  or one of the many mirrors listed at <ulink
    url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors-ftp.html">FTP
    Sites</ulink> section of the Handbook, or on the
    <ulink url="http://mirrorlist.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink> Web pages.
  </para>

  <para arch="i386,alpha">Get several blank, freshly formatted floppies and image copy
  <filename>boot.flp</filename> onto one and the <filename>kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename> files 
  onto the others.  These images are
  <emphasis>not</emphasis> DOS files.  You cannot simply copy them to a DOS or UFS floppy
  as regular files, you need to <quote>image</quote> copy them to the floppy with
  <filename>fdimage.exe</filename> under DOS (see the
  <filename>tools</filename> directory on your CDROM or &os; FTP
  mirror) or the &man.dd.1; command in UNIX.</para>

  <para arch="pc98">Get several blank, freshly formatted floppies and image copy
  <filename>boot.flp</filename> onto one and the <filename>kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename> files
  onto the others.  These images are
  <emphasis>not</emphasis> DOS files.  You cannot simply copy them to a DOS or UFS floppy
  as regular files, you need to <quote>image</quote> copy them to the floppy with
  <filename>rawrite.exe</filename> under DOS (see the
  <filename>tools</filename> directory on your CDROM or &os; FTP
  mirror) or the &man.dd.1; command in UNIX.</para>

  <para arch="i386,alpha,pc98">For example, to create the kernel floppy image from DOS, you'd
  do something like this:</para>

  <screen arch="i386,alpha"><prompt>C></prompt> <userinput>fdimage boot.flp a:</userinput></screen>
  <screen arch="pc98"><prompt>A></prompt> <userinput>rawrite</userinput></screen>

  <para arch="i386,alpha">Assuming that you'd copied <filename>fdimage.exe</filename> and <filename>boot.flp</filename> into a directory
  somewhere.  You would do the same for the <filename>kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename> files, of course.</para>

  <para arch="pc98">Assuming that you'd copied <filename>rawrite.exe</filename> and <filename>boot.flp</filename> into a directory
  somewhere.  You would do the same for the <filename>kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename> files, of course.</para>

  <para arch="i386,alpha,pc98">If you're creating the boot floppy from a UNIX machine, you
  may find that:</para>

  <screen arch="i386,alpha">&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=floppies/boot.flp of=/dev/rfd0</userinput></screen>
  <screen arch="pc98">&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=floppies/boot.flp of=/dev/rfd0.1440</userinput></screen>

  <para arch="i386,alpha">or</para>

  <screen arch="i386,alpha">&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=floppies/boot.flp of=/dev/fd0</userinput></screen>

  <para arch="i386,alpha,pc98">or</para>

  <screen arch="i386,alpha">&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=floppies/boot.flp of=/dev/floppy</userinput></screen>
  <screen arch="pc98">&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=floppies/boot-small.flp of=/dev/rfd0.1200</userinput></screen>

  <para arch="i386,alpha,pc98">work well, depending on your hardware and operating system
  environment (different versions of UNIX have different names
  for the floppy drive).</para>

  <para arch="amd64,sparc64">Floppy disk based install is not supported
  on &os;/&arch;.</para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="start-installation">
      <title>Installing &os; from CDROM or the Internet</title>

<!-- i386/pc98 text starts here -->

      <para arch="i386,amd64">The easiest type of installation is from
      CDROM.  If you have a supported CDROM drive and a &os;
      installation CDROM, there are 2 ways of starting the
      installation from it:
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>If your system supports the <quote>CDBOOT</quote> standard for
            bootable CDROM media and you have booting from CD enabled,
            simply put the &os; installation CD in your CDROM drive and
            boot the system to begin installation.</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>Build a set of &os; boot floppies from the
            <filename>floppies/</filename> directory in every &os;
            distribution.  Read
            <xref linkend="floppies"> for more information on creating
            the bootable floppies under different operating systems.
            Then you simply boot from the first floppy and you should
            soon be in the &os; installation.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </para>

      <para arch="pc98">The easiest type of installation is from
      CDROM.  If you have a supported CDROM drive and a &os;
      installation CDROM, there is a next way of starting the
      installation from it:
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Build a set of &os; boot floppies from the
            <filename>floppies/</filename> directory in every &os;
            distribution.  Read <xref linkend="floppies"> for more
            information on creating the bootable floppies under
            different operating systems.  Then you simply boot from
            the first floppy and you should soon be in the &os;
            installation.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </para>

      <para arch="i386">If you don't have a CDROM (or your computer does not
      support booting from CDROM) and would like to simply install
      over the net using PPP, SLIP or a dedicated connection,
      you should start the installation by building
      a set of &os; boot floppies from the files
      <filename>floppies/boot.flp</filename> and
      <filename>floppies/kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename> using the instructions
      found in <xref linkend="floppies">.  Restart your computer using
      the <filename>boot.flp</filename> disk; when prompted, insert
      the other disks as required.  Then, please go to
      <xref linkend="ftpnfs"> for additional tips on installing
      via FTP or NFS.</para>

      <para arch="pc98">If you don't have a CDROM and would like to
      simply install over the net using PPP, SLIP or a dedicated connection,
      you should start the installation by building
      a set of &os; boot floppies from the files
      <filename>floppies/boot.flp</filename> and
      <filename>floppies/kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename> using the instructions
      found in <xref linkend="floppies">.  Restart your computer using
      the <filename>boot.flp</filename> disk; when prompted, insert
      the other disks as required.  Then, please go to
      <xref linkend="ftpnfs"> for additional tips on installing
      via FTP or NFS.</para>

<!-- alpha text starts here -->

      <para arch="alpha">The easiest type of installation is from
      CDROM.  If you have a supported CDROM drive and a &os;
      installation CDROM, you can boot &os; directly from the
      CDROM. Insert the CDROM into the drive and type the following
      command to start the installation (substituting the name of the
      appropriate CDROM drive if necessary):</para>

      <screen arch="alpha">&gt;&gt;&gt;<userinput>boot dka0</userinput></screen>

      <para arch="alpha">Alternatively you can boot the installation
      from floppy disk. You should start the installation by building
      a set of &os; boot floppies from the
      <filename>floppies/boot.flp</filename> and
      <filename>floppies/kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename> files using the instructions
      found in <xref linkend="floppies">. From the SRM console prompt
      (<literal>&gt;&gt;&gt;</literal>), just insert the
      <filename>boot.flp</filename> floppy and type the following
      command to start the installation:</para>

      <screen arch="alpha">&gt;&gt;&gt;<userinput>boot dva0</userinput></screen>

      <para arch="alpha">Insert the other floppies when prompted and
      you will end up at the first screen of
      the install program.</para>

<!-- sparc64 text starts here -->

    <para arch="sparc64">Most &arch; systems are set up to boot automatically from
      disk.  To install &os;, you need to boot over the network or
      from a CDROM, which requires you to break into the PROM
      (OpenFirmware).</para>

    <para arch="sparc64">To do this, reboot the system, and wait until the boot
      message appears.  It depends on the model, but should look about
      like:</para>

    <screen arch="sparc64">Sun Blade 100 (UltraSPARC-IIe), Keyboard Present
Copyright 1998-2001 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
OpenBoot 4.2, 128 MB memory installed, Serial #51090132.
Ethernet address 0:3:ba:b:92:d4, Host ID: 830b92d4.</screen>

    <para arch="sparc64">If your system proceeds to boot from disk at this point, you
      need to press <keycombo
      action="simul"><keycap>L1</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo>
      or <keycombo
      action="simul"><keycap>Stop</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo>
      on the keyboard, or send a <command>BREAK</command> over the
      serial console (using for example <command>~#</command> in
      &man.tip.1; or &man.cu.1;) to get to the PROM prompt.  It looks
      like this:</para>

    <screenco arch="sparc64">
      <areaspec>
        <area id="prompt-single" coords="1 5">
        <area id="prompt-smp" coords="2 5">
      </areaspec>

      <screen><prompt>ok     </prompt>
<prompt>ok {0} </prompt></screen>

      <calloutlist>
        <callout arearefs="prompt-single">
          <para>This is the prompt used on systems with just one
            CPU.</para>
        </callout>

        <callout arearefs="prompt-smp">
          <para>This is the prompt used on SMP systems, the digit
            indicates the number of the active CPU.</para>
        </callout>
      </calloutlist>
    </screenco>

    <para arch="sparc64">At this point, place the CDROM into your
      drive, and from the PROM prompt, type <command>boot
      cdrom</command>.</para>

  </sect2>
  <sect2>
    <title>Detail on various installation types</title>

    <para>Once you've gotten yourself to the initial installation
    screen somehow, you should be able to follow the various menu
    prompts and go from there.  If you've never used the &os;
    installation before, you are also encouraged to read some of the
    documentation in the Documentation submenu as well as the
    general <quote>Usage</quote> instructions on the first menu.</para>

    <note>
      <para>If you get stuck at a screen, press the <keycap>F1</keycap> key for online
      documentation relevant to that specific section.</para>
    </note>

    <para>If you've never installed &os; before, or even if you
    have, the <quote>Standard</quote> installation mode is the most recommended
    since it makes sure that you'll visit all the various important
    checklist items along the way.  If you're much more comfortable
    with the &os; installation process and know <emphasis>exactly</emphasis> what you
    want to do, use the <quote>Express</quote> or <quote>Custom</quote> installation options.  If
    you're upgrading an existing system, use the <quote>Upgrade</quote> option.</para>

    <para>The &os; installer supports the direct use of floppy,
    DOS, tape, CDROM, FTP, NFS and UFS partitions as installation
    media; further tips on installing from each type of media are listed
    below.</para>

    <para arch="alpha">Once the install procedure has finished, you will be able
    to start &os;/&arch; by typing something like this to the SRM
    prompt:</para>

    <screen arch="alpha">&gt;&gt;&gt;<userinput>boot dkc0</userinput></screen>

    <para arch="alpha">This instructs the firmware to boot the specified disk. To
    find the SRM names of disks in your machine, use the <literal>show
    device</literal> command:</para>

    <screen arch="alpha">&gt;&gt;&gt;<userinput>show device</userinput>
dka0.0.0.4.0               DKA0           TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-57  3476
dkc0.0.0.1009.0            DKC0                       RZ1BB-BS  0658
dkc100.1.0.1009.0          DKC100             SEAGATE ST34501W  0015
dva0.0.0.0.1               DVA0
ewa0.0.0.3.0               EWA0              00-00-F8-75-6D-01
pkc0.7.0.1009.0            PKC0                  SCSI Bus ID 7  5.27
pqa0.0.0.4.0               PQA0                       PCI EIDE
pqb0.0.1.4.0               PQB0                       PCI EIDE</screen>

    <para arch="alpha">This example is from a Digital Personal Workstation 433au
    and shows three disks attached to the machine. The first is a
    CDROM called <devicename>dka0</devicename> and the other two are
    disks and are called <devicename>dkc0</devicename> and
    <devicename>dkc100</devicename> respectively.</para>

    <para arch="alpha">You can specify which kernel file to load and what boot
    options to use with the <option>-file</option> and
    <option>-flags</option> options, for example:</para>

    <screen arch="alpha"><prompt>&gt;&gt;&gt;</prompt> <userinput>boot -file kernel.old -flags s</userinput></screen>

    <para arch="alpha">To make &os;/&arch; boot automatically, use these commands:</para>

    <screen arch="alpha"><prompt>&gt;&gt;&gt;</prompt> <userinput>set boot_osflags a</userinput>
<prompt>&gt;&gt;&gt;</prompt> <userinput>set bootdef_dev dkc0</userinput>
<prompt>&gt;&gt;&gt;</prompt> <userinput>set auto_action BOOT</userinput></screen>

    <sect3>
      <title>Installing from a Network CDROM</title>

      <para>If you simply wish to install from a local CDROM drive
      then see <xref linkend="start-installation">.  If you don't have a CDROM
      drive on your system and wish to use a &os; distribution CD
      in the CDROM drive of another system to which you have network
      connectivity, there are also several ways of going about it:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>If you would be able to FTP install &os; directly
          from the CDROM drive in some &os; machine, it's quite
          easy: You ensure an FTP server is running and then
          simply add the following line to the password file
          (using the &man.vipw.8; command):</para>

          <screen>ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/sbin/nologin</screen>

          <para>On the machine on which you are running the install,
          go to the Options menu and set Release Name to
          <literal>any</literal>.  You may then choose a Media type of
          <literal>FTP</literal> and type in
          <filename>ftp://<replaceable>machine</replaceable></filename>
          after picking <quote>URL</quote> in the ftp sites
          menu.</para>

          <warning>
            <para>This may allow anyone on the local network (or Internet) to
            make <quote>anonymous FTP</quote> connections to this
            machine, which may not be desirable.</para>
          </warning>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>If you would rather use NFS to export the CDROM
          directly to the machine(s) you'll be installing from, you
          need to first add an entry to the
          <filename>/etc/exports</filename> file (on the machine with
          the CDROM drive).  The example below allows the machine
          <hostid role="hostname">ziggy.foo.com</hostid> to mount the
          CDROM directly via NFS during installation:</para>

          <screen>/cdrom          -ro             ziggy.foo.com</screen>

          <para>The machine
          with the CDROM must also be configured as an NFS server, of
          course, and if you're not sure how to do that then an NFS
          installation is probably not the best choice for you unless
          you're willing to read up on &man.rc.conf.5; and configure things
          appropriately.  Assuming that this part goes smoothly, you
          should be able to enter: <filename><replaceable>cdrom-host</replaceable>:/cdrom</filename> as the path for
          an NFS installation when the target machine is installed,
          e.g. <filename>wiggy:/cdrom</filename>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>

    <sect3>
      <title>Installing from Floppies</title>

      <para>If you must install from floppy disks, either due to
      unsupported hardware or just because you enjoy doing things the
      hard way, you must first prepare some floppies for the
      install.</para>

      <para>First, make your boot floppies as described in
      <xref linkend="floppies">.</para>

      <para>Second, peruse <xref linkend="layout"> and pay special attention
      to the <quote>Distribution Format</quote> section since it describes which
      files you're going to need to put onto floppy and which you can
      safely skip.</para>

      <para>Next you will need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB floppies as
      it takes to hold all files in the <filename>bin</filename>
      (binary distribution) directory.  If you're preparing these
      floppies under DOS, then these floppies
      <emphasis>must</emphasis> be formatted using the MS-DOS
      <filename>FORMAT</filename> command.  If you're using Windows,
      use the Windows File Manager format command.</para>

      <important>
        <para>Frequently, floppy disks come <quote>factory
        preformatted</quote>.  While convenient,
        many problems reported by users in the past have resulted
        from the use of improperly formatted media.
        Re-format them yourself, just to make sure.</para>
      </important>

      <para>If you're creating the floppies from another &os;
      machine, a format is still not a bad idea though you don't need
      to put a DOS filesystem on each floppy.  You can use the
      &man.disklabel.8; and &man.newfs.8; commands to put a UFS filesystem on a
      floppy, as the following sequence of commands
      illustrates:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fdformat -f 1440 fd0</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -w fd0 floppy3</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs -i 65536 /dev/fd0</userinput></screen>

      <para>After you've formatted the floppies for DOS or UFS, you'll
      need to copy the files onto them.
      The distribution files are sized so that a floppy disk will hold
      a single file.
      Each distribution should go into its own subdirectory on the floppy,
      e.g.: <filename>a:\bin\bin.inf</filename>, <filename>a:\bin\bin.aa</filename>, <filename>a:\bin\bin.ab</filename>, ...</para>

      <important>
        <para>The <filename>bin.inf</filename> file also needs to go on the first floppy of
        the <filename>bin</filename> set since it is read by the installation program in
        order to figure out how many additional pieces to look for
        when fetching and concatenating the distribution.  When
        putting distributions onto floppies, the
        <filename>distname.inf</filename> file <emphasis>must</emphasis> occupy the first
        floppy of each distribution set.</para>
      </important>

      <para>Once you come to the Media screen of the install, select
      <quote>Floppy</quote> and you'll be prompted for the rest.</para>
    </sect3>

    <sect3 arch="i386,pc98,amd64">
      <title>Installing from a DOS partition</title>

      <para arch="i386,amd64">To prepare for installation from an MS-DOS partition you
      should simply copy the files from the distribution into a
      directory called <filename>FREEBSD</filename> on the Primary DOS partition (<devicename>C:</devicename>).  For example, to do a minimal installation of &os; from
      DOS using files copied from the CDROM, you might do something
      like this:</para>

      <para arch="pc98">To prepare for installation from an MS-DOS partition you
      should simply copy the files from the distribution into a
      directory called <filename>FREEBSD</filename> on the Primary DOS partition (<devicename>A:</devicename>).  For example, to do a minimal installation of &os; from
      DOS using files copied from the CDROM, you might do something
      like this:</para>

      <screen arch="i386,amd64"><prompt>C:\></prompt> <userinput>MD C:\FREEBSD</userinput>
<prompt>C:\></prompt> <userinput>XCOPY /S E:\BASE C:\FREEBSD\BASE</userinput></screen>
      <screen arch="pc98"><prompt>A:\></prompt> <userinput>MD A:\FREEBSD</userinput>
<prompt>A:\></prompt> <userinput>XCOPY /S E:\BASE A:\FREEBSD\BASE</userinput></screen>

      <para>Assuming that <devicename>E:</devicename> was where your CD was mounted.</para>

      <para arch="i386,amd64">For as many distributions as you wish to install from DOS (and
      you have free space for), install each one in a directory under
      <filename>C:\FREEBSD</filename> - the <filename>BIN</filename> dist is only the minimal requirement.</para>

      <para arch="pc98">For as many distributions as you wish to install from DOS (and
      you have free space for), install each one in a directory under
      <filename>A:\FREEBSD</filename> - the <filename>BIN</filename> dist is only the minimal requirement.</para>

      <para>Once you've copied the directories, you can simply launch
      the installation from floppies as normal and select <quote>DOS</quote> as
      your media type when the time comes.</para>
    </sect3>

    <sect3>
      <title>Installing from QIC/SCSI Tape</title>

      <para>When installing from tape, the installation program
      expects the files to be simply tar'ed onto it, so after fetching
      all of the files for the distributions you're interested in,
      simply use &man.tar.1; to get them onto the tape with a command something like
      this:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd <replaceable>/where/you/have/your/dists</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>tar cvf /dev/sa0 <replaceable>dist1</replaceable> .. <replaceable>dist2</replaceable></userinput></screen>

      <para>When you go to do the installation, you should also make
      sure that you leave enough room in some temporary directory
      (which you'll be allowed to choose) to accommodate the <emphasis>full</emphasis>
      contents of the tape you've created.  Due to the non-random
      access nature of tapes, this method of installation requires
      quite a bit of temporary storage.  You should expect to require
      as much temporary storage as you have stuff written on tape.</para>

      <note>
        <para>When going to do the installation, the tape must be in
        the drive <emphasis>before</emphasis> booting from the boot floppies.  The
        installation <quote>probe</quote> may otherwise fail to find it.</para>
      </note>

      <para>Now create a boot floppy as described in <xref linkend="floppies"> and
      proceed with the installation.</para>
    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="ftpnfs">
      <title>Installing over a Network using FTP or NFS</title>

      <para>After making the boot floppies as described in the first
      section, you can load the rest of the installation over a
      network using one of 3 types of connections:  serial port,
      parallel port, or Ethernet.</para>

      <sect4>
        <title>Serial Port</title>

        <para>SLIP support is rather primitive, and is limited
        primarily to hard-wired links, such as a serial cable running
        between two computers.  The link must be hard-wired because
        the SLIP installation doesn't currently offer a dialing
        capability.  If you need to dial out with a modem or otherwise
        dialog with the link before connecting to it, then the PPP
        utility should be used instead.</para>

        <para>If you're using PPP, make sure that you have your
        Internet Service Provider's IP address and DNS information
        handy as you'll need to know it fairly early in the
        installation process.  You may also need to know your own IP
        address, though PPP supports dynamic address negotiation and
        may be able to pick up this information directly from your ISP
        if they support it.</para>

        <para>You will also need to know how to use the various <quote>AT
        commands</quote> for dialing out with your particular brand of modem
        as the PPP dialer provides only a very simple terminal
        emulator.</para>
      </sect4>

      <sect4>
        <title>Parallel Port</title>

        <para>If a hard-wired connection to another &os; or Linux
        machine is available, you might also consider installing over
        a <quote>laplink</quote> style parallel port cable.  The data rate over the
        parallel port is much higher than what is typically possible
        over a serial line (up to 50k/sec), thus resulting in a
        quicker installation.  It's not typically necessary to use
        <quote>real</quote> IP addresses when using a point-to-point parallel cable
        in this way and you can generally just use RFC 1918 style
        addresses for the ends of the link (e.g. <hostid
        role="ipaddr">10.0.0.1</hostid>, <hostid role="ipaddr">10.0.0.2</hostid>,
        etc).</para>

        <important>
          <para>If you use a Linux machine rather than a &os;
          machine as your PLIP peer, you will also have to specify
          <option>link0</option> in the TCP/IP setup screen's <quote>extra options for
          ifconfig</quote> field in order to be compatible with Linux's
          slightly different PLIP protocol.</para>
        </important>

      </sect4>

      <sect4>
        <title>Ethernet</title>

        <para>&os; supports most common Ethernet cards; a table
        of supported cards is
        provided as part of the &os; Hardware Notes (see
        <filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename> in
        the Documentation menu on the boot floppy or the top level
        directory of the CDROM).  If you are using one of the
        supported PCMCIA Ethernet cards, also be sure that it's
        plugged in <emphasis>before</emphasis> the laptop is powered on.  &os; does
        not, unfortunately, currently support <quote>hot insertion</quote> of
        PCMCIA cards during installation.</para>

        <para>You will also need to know your IP address on the
        network, the <option>netmask</option> value for your subnet and the
        name of your machine.  Your system administrator can tell you
        which values are appropriate to your particular network setup.
        If you will be referring to other hosts by name rather than IP
        address, you'll also need a name server and possibly the
        address of a gateway (if you're using PPP, it's your
        provider's IP address) to use in talking to it.  If you want
        to install by FTP via an HTTP proxy (see below), you will also
        need the proxy's address.</para>

        <para>If you do not know the answers to these questions then
        you should really probably talk to your system administrator
        <emphasis>first</emphasis> before trying this type of
        installation.  Using a randomly chosen IP address or netmask
        on a live network is almost guaranteed not to work, and will
        probably result in a lecture from said system administrator.</para>

        <para>Once you have a network connection of some sort working, the
        installation can continue over NFS or FTP.</para>
      </sect4>

      <sect4>
        <title>NFS installation tips</title>

        <para>NFS installation is fairly straight-forward: Simply copy
        the &os; distribution files you want onto a server
        somewhere and then point the NFS media selection at it.</para>

        <para>If this server supports only <quote>privileged port</quote> access (this is
        generally the default for Sun and Linux workstations), you
        may need to set this option in the Options menu before
        installation can proceed.</para>

        <para>If you have a poor quality Ethernet card which suffers from very
        slow transfer rates, you may also wish to toggle the appropriate
        Options flag.</para>

        <para>In order for NFS installation to work, the server must
        also support <quote>subdir mounts</quote>, e.g. if your &os;
        distribution directory lives on
        <filename>wiggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD</filename>, then
        <hostid role="hostname">wiggy</hostid> will have to allow
        the direct mounting of <filename>/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD</filename>, not just
        <filename>/usr</filename> or <filename>/usr/archive/stuff</filename>.</para>

        <para>In &os;'s <filename>/etc/exports</filename> file this is controlled by the
        <option>-alldirs</option> option.  Other NFS servers may have different
        conventions.  If you are getting <literal>Permission Denied</literal> messages
        from the server then it's likely that you don't have this
        properly enabled.</para>
      </sect4>

      <sect4>
        <title>FTP Installation tips</title>

        <para>FTP installation may be done from any mirror site containing a
        reasonably up-to-date version of &os;.  A full menu of
        reasonable choices for almost any location in the world is
        provided in the FTP site menu during installation.</para>

        <para>If you are installing from some other FTP site not listed in
        this menu, or you are having troubles getting your name server
        configured properly, you can also specify your own URL by
        selecting the <quote>URL</quote> choice in that menu.  A URL can
        contain a hostname or an IP address, so something like the following would
        work in the absence of a name server:</para>

        <screen>ftp://216.66.64.162/pub/FreeBSD/releases/&arch;/4.2-RELEASE</screen>

        <para>There are three FTP installation modes you can use:
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>FTP:  This method uses the standard
              <quote>Active</quote> mode for transfers, in which the
              server initiates a connection to the client.  This will
              not work through most firewalls but will often work best
              with older FTP servers that do not support passive mode.
              If your connection hangs with passive mode, try this
              one.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>FTP Passive:  This sets the FTP "Passive" mode
              which prevents the server from opening connections to
              the client.  This option is best for users to pass
              through firewalls that do not allow incoming connections
              on random port addresses.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>FTP via an HTTP proxy: This option instructs &os;
              to use HTTP to connect to a proxy for all FTP
              operations.  The proxy will translate the requests and
              send them to the FTP server.  This allows the user to
              pass through firewalls that do not allow FTP at all, but
              offer an HTTP proxy.  You must specify the hostname of
              the proxy in addition to the FTP server.</para>

              <para>In the rare case that you have an FTP proxy that
              does not go through HTTP, you can specify the URL as
              something like:</para>

              <screen><userinput>ftp://foo.bar.com:<replaceable>port</replaceable>/pub/FreeBSD</userinput></screen>

              <para>In the URL above, <replaceable>port</replaceable>
              is the port number of the proxy FTP server.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </para>

      </sect4>
    </sect3>
    <sect3 arch="i386,alpha,amd64">
      <title>Tips for Serial Console Users</title>

      <para>If you'd like to install &os; on a machine using just a
      serial port (e.g. you don't have or wish to use a VGA card),
      please follow these steps:</para>

      <procedure>
        <step>
          <para>Connect some sort of ANSI (vt100) compatible terminal
          or terminal emulation program to the <devicename>COM1</devicename> port of the PC you
          are installing &os; onto.</para>
        </step>
        <step>
          <para>Unplug the keyboard (yes, that's correct!) and then
          try to boot from floppy or the installation CDROM, depending
          on the type of installation media you have, with the
          keyboard unplugged.</para>
        </step>
        <step>
          <para>If you don't get any output on your serial console,
          plug the keyboard in again.  If you are booting from the
          CDROM, proceed to <xref linkend="hitspace"> as soon as you
          hear the beep.</para>
        </step>
        <step>
          <para>If booting from floppies, when access to the disk stops, insert
          the first of the <filename>kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename> disks and press
          <keycap>Enter</keycap>.  When access to this disk finishes, insert
          the next <filename>kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename> disk and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>,
          and repeat until all <filename>kern<replaceable>X</replaceable>.flp</filename> disks have been
          inserted.  When disk activity finishes, reinsert the <filename>boot.flp</filename>
          floppy disk and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
        </step>
        <step id="hitspace">
          <para>Once a beep is heard, hit the number <keycap>6</keycap>, then enter</para>

          <screen><userinput>boot -h</userinput></screen>

          <para>and you should now definitely be seeing everything on
          the serial port.  If that still doesn't work, check your
          serial cabling as well as the settings on your terminal
          emulation program or actual terminal device.  It should be
          set for 9600 baud, 8 bits, no parity.</para>
        </step>
      </procedure>
    </sect3>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Question and Answer Section for &arch.print; Architecture Users</title>

    <qandaset arch="i386,amd64">
      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Help!  I have no space!  Do I need to delete
          everything first?</para>
        </question>
        <answer>
          <para>If your machine is already running DOS and has little
          or no free space available for &os;'s installation, all is
          not lost!  You may find the <application>FIPS</application>
          utility, provided in the <filename>tools/</filename>
          subdirectory on the &os; CDROM or on the various &os; ftp
          sites, to be quite useful.</para>

          <para><application>FIPS</application> allows you to split an
          existing DOS partition into two pieces, preserving the
          original partition and allowing you to install onto the
          second free piece.  You first <quote>defrag</quote> your DOS
          partition, using the DOS 6.xx <filename>DEFRAG</filename>
          utility or the <application>Norton Disk Tools</application>,
          then run FIPS.  It will
          prompt you for the rest of the information it needs.
          Afterwards, you can reboot and install &os; on the new
          partition.  Also note that FIPS will create the second
          partition as a <quote>clone</quote> of the first, so you'll
          actually see that you now have two DOS Primary partitions
          where you formerly had one.  Don't be alarmed!  You can
          simply delete the extra DOS Primary partition (making sure
          it's the right one by examining its size).</para>

          <para><application>FIPS</application> does NOT currently
          work with NTFS style partitions.  To split up such a
          partition, you will need a commercial product such as
          <application>Partition Magic</application>.  Sorry, but this
          is just the breaks if you've got a Windows partition hogging
          your whole disk and you don't want to reinstall from
          scratch.</para>
          
          <para><application>FIPS</application> does not work on
          extended DOS partitions.  Windows 95/98/ME FAT32 primary
          partitions are supported.</para>

        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Can I use compressed DOS filesystems from
          &os;?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>No.  If you are using a utility such as
          <application>Stacker</application>(tm) or
          <application>DoubleSpace</application>(tm), &os; will only
          be able to use whatever portion of the filesystem you leave
          uncompressed.  The rest of the filesystem will show up as
          one large file (the stacked/dblspaced file!).  <emphasis>Do
          not remove that file</emphasis> as you will probably regret
          it greatly!</para>

          <para>It is probably better to create another uncompressed DOS
          extended partition and use this for communications between
          DOS and &os; if such is your desire.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Can I mount my DOS extended partitions?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>Yes.  DOS extended partitions are mapped in at the end
          of the other <quote>slices</quote> in &os;, e.g. your <devicename>D:</devicename> drive might
          be <filename>/dev/da0s5</filename>, your <devicename>E:</devicename> drive <filename>/dev/da0s6</filename>, and so on. This
          example assumes, of course, that your extended partition is
          on SCSI drive 0. For IDE drives, substitute <literal>ad</literal> for
          <literal>da</literal> appropriately. You otherwise mount extended
          partitions exactly like you would mount any other DOS drive,
          e.g.:</para>

          <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t msdos /dev/da0s5 /dos_d</userinput></screen>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Can I run DOS binaries under &os;?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>Ongoing work with BSDI's &man.doscmd.1; utility will
          suffice in many cases, though
          it still has some rough edges.  The
          <filename role="package">emulators/doscmd</filename> port/package
          can be found in the &os; Ports Collection.
          If you're interested in
          working on this, please send mail to the &a.emulation;
          and indicate that you're interested in joining this ongoing
          effort!</para>

          <para>The <filename role="package">emulators/pcemu</filename> port/package in the
          &os; Ports Collection which emulates an 8088 and enough BIOS
          services to run DOS text mode applications.  It requires the
          X Window System (XFree86) to operate.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Can I run &microsoft.windows; applications under &os;?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>There are several ports/packages in the &os; Ports Collection
          which can enable the use of many &windows; applications.
          The <filename role="package">emulators/wine</filename> port/package
          provides a compatibility layer on top of &os; which allow many
          &windows; applications to be run within X Windows (XFree86).
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Can I run other Operating Systems under &os;?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>Again, there are several ports/packages in the &os; Ports Collection
          which simulate "virtual machines" and allow other operating systems to run
          on top of &os;.
          The <filename role="package">emulators/bochs</filename> port/package
          allows &microsoft.windows;, Linux and even other copies of &os; to be run within a
          window on the &os; desktop.
          The <filename role="package">emulators/vmware2</filename> and
          <filename role="package">emulators/vmware3</filename> ports/packages
          allow the commercial VMware virtual machine software to be run on &os;.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>
    </qandaset>

    <qandaset arch="alpha">
      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Can I boot from the ARC or Alpha BIOS Console?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>No.  &os;, like Compaq Tru64 and VMS, will only boot
          from the SRM console.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Help!  I have no space!  Do I need to delete
          everything first?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>Unfortunately, yes.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Can I mount my Compaq Tru64 or VMS extended partitions?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>No, not at this time.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>What about support for Compaq Tru64 (OSF/1) binaries?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>&os; can run Tru64 applications very well using the
          <filename role="package">emulators/osf1_base</filename> port/package.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>What about support for Linux binaries?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>&os; can run AlphaLinux binaries with the assistance
          of the <filename role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename>
          port/package.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>What about support for NT Alpha binaries?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>&os; is not able to run NT applications natively,
          although it has the ability to mount NT partitions.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>
    </qandaset>
  </sect2>
</sect1>