2 <title>&os;/&arch; &release.current; Release Notes</title>
4 <corpauthor>The FreeBSD Project</corpauthor>
6 <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
12 <holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
16 <para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
18 <![ %include.historic; [
19 the changes made to the &os; base system since &release.prev;.
21 <![ %no.include.historic; [
22 recent changes made to the &os; base system on the &release.branch;
25 Both changes for kernel and userland are listed, as well as
26 applicable security advisories that were issued since the last
27 release. Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
32 <title>Introduction</title>
34 <para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
35 &release.current; on the &arch.print; hardware platform. It
36 describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
37 It also provides some notes on upgrading
38 from previous versions of &os;.</para>
40 <![ %release.type.snapshot [
42 <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
43 apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
44 branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;. Some
45 pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
46 can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
50 <![ %release.type.release [
52 <para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
53 &release.type; distribution. It can be found at <ulink
54 url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors. More
55 information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
56 distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
57 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
58 FreeBSD</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
59 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
60 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
66 <title>What's New</title>
68 <para>This section describes
69 <![ %include.historic; [
70 the most user-visible new or changed features in &os;
72 In general, changes described here are unique to the &release.branch;
73 branch unless specifically marked as &merged; features.
75 <![ %no.include.historic; [
76 many of the user-visible new or changed features in &os;
77 since &release.prev;. It includes items that are unique to the
78 &release.branch; branch, as well as some features that may have been
80 other branches (after &os; &release.prev.historic;). The later
81 items are marked as &merged;.
85 <para>Typical release note items
86 document new drivers or hardware support, new commands or options,
87 major bugfixes, or contributed software upgrades. Applicable security
88 advisories issued after &release.prev; are also listed.</para>
90 <para>Many additional changes were made to &os; that are not listed
91 here for lack of space. For example, documentation was corrected
92 and improved, minor bugs were fixed, insecure coding practices
93 were audited and corrected, and source code was cleaned up.</para>
96 <title>Kernel Changes</title>
98 <para>&man.acct.2; has been changed to open the accounting file in
99 append mode, so that &man.accton.8; can be used to enable
100 accounting to an append-only file. &merged;</para>
102 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.amdpm.4; driver has been added to
103 provide access to the system monitoring functions of the AMD 756
104 chipset. &merged;</para>
106 <para role="historic">The &man.agp.4; driver for AGP devices has been
107 added. &merged;</para>
109 <para>A new &man.ddb.4; command <command>show pcpu</command> lists
110 some of the per-CPU data.</para>
112 <para role="historic">Two new &man.ddb.4; commands, <command>hwatch</command> and
113 <command>dhwatch</command>, have been introduced. Analogous to
114 <command>watch</command> and <command>dwatch</command>, they
115 install hardware watchpoints (as opposed to software
116 watchpoints) if supported by the architecture. &merged;</para>
118 <para>&man.devfs.5;, which allows entries in the
119 <filename>/dev</filename> directory to be built automatically
120 and supports more flexible attachment of devices, has been
121 largely reworked. &man.devfs.5; is now enabled by default and
122 can be disabled by the <literal>NODEVFS</literal> kernel
125 <para>The DEVFS "rule" subsystem has been introduced. DEVFS rules
126 permit the administrator to define certain properties of new devfs
127 nodes before they become visible to the userland. Both static (e.g.,
128 <filename>/dev/speaker</filename>) and dynamic (e.g.,
129 <filename>/dev/bpf*</filename>, some removable devices) nodes are
130 supported. Each DEVFS mount may have a different ruleset assigned to
131 it, permitting different policies to be implemented for things like
132 jails. Rules and rulesets are manipulated with the &man.devfs.8;
135 <para>The dgm driver has been removed in favor of the digi driver.</para>
137 <para>A new digi driver has been added to support PCI Xr-based and
138 ISA Xem Digiboard cards. A new &man.digictl.8; program is
139 (mainly) used to re-initialize cards that have external port
140 modules attached such as the PC/Xem.</para>
142 <para>An &man.eaccess.2; system call has been added, similar to
143 &man.access.2; except that the former uses effective credentials
144 rather than real credentials.</para>
146 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for EBus-based
149 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.ichsmb.4; driver for the Intel 82801AA
150 (ICH) SMBus controller and compatibles has been
151 added. &merged;</para>
153 <para>Each &man.jail.2; environment can now run under its own
156 <para>The tunable sysctl variables for &man.jail.2; have moved
157 from <varname>jail.*</varname> to the
158 <varname>security.*</varname> hierarchy. Other security-related
159 sysctl variables have moved from <varname>kern.security.*</varname> to
160 <varname>security.*</varname>.</para>
162 <para role="historic">The <varname>kern.maxvnodes</varname> limit now properly
163 limits the number of vnodes in use. Previously only vnodes with
164 no cached pages could be freed; this could allow the number of
165 vnodes to grow without limit on large-memory machines accessing
166 many small files. A <literal>vnlru</literal> kernel thread
167 helps to flush and reuse vnodes. &merged;</para>
169 <para role="historic">The kernel message buffer is now accessible by the
170 (machine-independent) <varname>kern.msgbuf</varname> sysctl
171 variable; &man.dmesg.8; no longer needs to be SGID
172 <groupname>kmem</groupname>. &merged;</para>
174 <para>The kernel environment is now dynamic, and can be changed
175 via the new &man.kenv.2; system call.</para>
177 <para role="historic">The &man.kqueue.2; event notification facility was added to
178 the &os; kernel. This is a new interface which is able to
179 replace &man.poll.2;/&man.select.2;, offering improved
180 performance, as well as the ability to report many different
181 types of events. Support for monitoring changes in sockets,
182 pipes, fifos, and files are present, as well as for signals and
183 processes. &merged;</para>
185 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A new <varname>KVA_SPACE</varname> kernel option
186 can be used to reconfigure the size of the kernel virtual
187 address space. &merged;</para>
189 <para>The labpc(4) driver has been removed due to
190 <quote>bitrot</quote>.</para>
192 <para>The loader and kernel linker now look for files named
193 <filename>linker.hints</filename> in each directory with KLDs
194 for a module name and version to KLD filename mapping. The new
195 &man.kldxref.8; utility is used to generate these files.</para>
197 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now supports the kernel functionality
199 <filename role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename>
200 (RedHat 7.X emulation) port. &merged;</para>
202 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now requires <literal>options
203 SYSVSEM</literal> in the kernel configuration. &merged;</para>
205 <para>&man.lomac.4;, a Low-Watermark Mandatory Access Control
206 security facility, has been added as a kernel module. It
207 provides a drop-in security mechanism in addition to the
208 traditional UID-based security facilities, requiring no
209 additional configuration from the administrator. Work on this
210 feature was sponsored by DARPA and NAI Labs.</para>
212 <para arch="ia64">Machine Check Architecture (MCA) records are now
213 collected at boot time and made available through the
214 <varname>hw.mca.*</varname> sysctl variables.</para>
216 <para role="historic">The <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration
217 parameter is now a boot-time tunable variable. The kernel
218 parameters derived from <varname>maxusers</varname> are now also
219 tunables and can be overridden at boot-time. The
220 <varname>hz</varname> parameter is also now a
221 tunable. &merged;</para>
223 <para role="historic">Specifying a value of <literal>0</literal> for the
224 <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration parameter will
225 now cause an appropriate value to be calculated at boot-time
226 (between 32 and 384, depending on the amount of memory present).
227 This value is now the default for all
228 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernels. &merged;</para>
230 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A <varname>MAXMEM</varname> kernel option,
231 along with the <varname>hw.physmem</varname> loader tunable, can
232 be used to artificially reduce the memory size of a machine for
233 testing (or other purposes). &merged;</para>
235 <para role="historic">The kernel configuration parameters
236 <varname>MAXTSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLDSIZ</varname>,
237 <varname>MAXDSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLSSIZ</varname>,
238 <varname>MAXSSIZ</varname>, and <varname>SGROWSIZ</varname> are
239 all loader tunables (<varname>kern.maxtsiz</varname>,
240 <varname>kern.maxdfldsiz</varname>, etc.). &merged;</para>
242 <para>&man.mutex.9; profiling code has been added, enabled by the
243 <literal>MUTEX_PROFILING</literal> kernel configuration option.
244 It enables the <varname>debug.mutex.prof.*</varname> hierarchy
245 of sysctl variables.</para>
247 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The <literal>NCPU</literal>,
248 <literal>NAPIC</literal>, <literal>NBUS</literal>, and
249 <literal>NINTR</literal> kernel configuration options,
250 for configuring SMP kernels, have been removed.
251 <literal>NCPU</literal> is now set to a maximum of 16,
252 and the other, aforementioned options are now
253 dynamic. &merged;</para>
255 <para role="historic">A &man.nmdm.4; null-modem terminal driver has been added.
258 <para role="historic">The <literal>O_DIRECT</literal> flag has been added to
259 &man.open.2; and &man.fcntl.2;. Specifying this flag for open
260 files will attempt to minimize the cache effects of reading and
261 writing. &merged;</para>
263 <para role="historic">An &man.orm.4; device has been added to claim the option
264 ROMs in the ISA memory I/O space, to prevent other drivers from
265 mistakenly assigning addresses that conflict with these
266 ROMs. &merged;</para>
268 <para arch="i386,pc98">PECOFF (Win32 Execution file format) support has
271 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The pmc driver, which supports the power
272 management controller of the NEC PC-98NOTE, has been
273 added. &merged;</para>
275 <para role="historic">POSIX.1b Shared Memory Objects are now supported. The
276 implementation uses regular files, but automatically enables the
277 MAP_NOSYNC flag when they are &man.mmap.2;-ed. &merged;</para>
279 <para role="historic">Replaced the <literal>PQ_*CACHE</literal> options with a
280 single <literal>PQ_CACHESIZE</literal> option to be set to the
281 cache size in kilobytes. The old options are still supported
282 for backwards compatibility. &merged;</para>
284 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.puc.4; (PCI <quote>Universal</quote>
285 Communications) driver has been added, to help connect PCI-based
286 serial ports to the &man.sio.4; driver. &merged;</para>
288 <para>The &man.random.4; device has been rewritten to use the
289 <application>Yarrow</application> algorithm. It harvests
290 entropy from a variety of interrupt sources, including the
291 console devices, Ethernet and point-to-point network interfaces,
292 and mass-storage devices. Entropy from the &man.random.4;
293 device is now periodically saved to files in
294 <filename>/var/db/entropy</filename>, as well as at shutdown
295 time. The semantics of <filename>/dev/random</filename> have
296 changed; it never blocks waiting for entropy bits but generates
297 a stream of pseudo-random data and now behaves exactly as
298 <filename>/dev/urandom</filename>.</para>
300 <para>A new kernel option, <literal>options REGRESSION</literal>,
301 enables interfaces and functionality intended for use during
302 correctness and regression testing.</para>
304 <para><literal>RLIMIT_VMEM</literal> support has been added. This
305 feature defines a new resource limit that covers a process's
306 entire virtual memory space, including &man.mmap.2; space. This
307 limit can be configured in &man.login.conf.5; via the new
308 <varname>vmemoryuse</varname> variable. &merged;</para>
310 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for SBus-based
313 <para arch="sparc64">The se driver, which supports the Siemens
314 SAB82532 serial chip found on many newer Sparc Ultra machines,
315 has been added.</para>
317 <para role="historic">The &man.snp.4; device is no longer static and can now be
318 compiled as a module. &merged;</para>
320 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.spic.4; driver, which provides access
321 to the Jog Dial device on some Sony laptops, has been
322 added. &man.moused.8; support for this device has also been
323 added. &merged;</para>
325 <para>The &man.syscons.4; driver now supports keyboard-controlled
326 pasting, by default bound to
327 <keycap>Shift</keycap>-<keycap>Insert</keycap>.</para>
329 <para role="historic">Support for USB devices was added to the
330 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel and to the installation
331 programs to support USB devices out of the box. Note that SRM
332 does not support USB devices at the moment, so you must still
333 use an AT keyboard if you are not using a serial
334 console. &merged;</para>
336 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.umodem.4; driver for USB modems
337 has been added. Support is provided for the 3Com 5605 and
338 Metricom Ricochet GS wireless USB modems. &merged;</para>
340 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.uscanner.4; driver for basic USB
341 scanner support using SANE has been added. See <ulink
342 url="http://www.mostang.com/sane/">the SANE home page</ulink>
343 for supported scanners. The HP ScanJet 4100C, 5200C and 6300C
344 are known to be working. &merged;</para>
346 <para>The &man.ucom.4; device driver has been added, to support USB
347 modems, serial devices, and other programs that need to look
348 like a tty. The related &man.uplcom.4; and &man.uvscom.4; drivers provide specific
349 support for the Prolific PL-2303 serial adapter and the SUNTAC
350 Slipper U VS-10U, respectively.</para>
352 <para>To increase security, the <literal>UCONSOLE</literal> kernel
353 configuration option has been removed.</para>
355 <para arch="i386,pc98">The UserConfig boot-time kernel configuration
356 feature, usually used to enable, disable, or configure ISA
357 devices, has been removed. Its functionality has been replaced
358 by the kernel hints file in
359 <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.</para>
361 <para>The <literal>USER_LDT</literal> kernel option is now
362 activated by default.</para>
364 <para>A VESA S3 linear framebuffer driver has been added.</para>
366 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.viapm.4; driver for VIA SMBus
367 power management controllers has been added. &merged;</para>
369 <!-- Above this line, sort kernel changes by manpage/keyword-->
371 <para role="historic">Write combining for crashdumps has been implemented. This
372 feature is useful when write caching is disabled on both SCSI
373 and IDE disks, where large memory dumps could take up to an hour
374 to complete. &merged;</para>
376 <para>The kernel crashdump infrastructure has been revised, to
377 support new platforms and in general clean up the logic in the
378 code. One implication of this change is that the on-disk format
379 for kernel dumps has changed, and is now
380 byte-order-agnostic.</para>
382 <para>Extremely large swap areas (>67 GB) no longer panic the
385 <para arch="alpha">Support for threads under Linux emulation has
388 <para role="historic">The <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget> target now gets the
389 name of the configuration(s) to build from the
390 <varname>KERNCONF</varname> variable, not
391 <varname>KERNEL</varname>. It is no longer required, in some
392 cases, for a <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> to precede a
393 <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget>. (The
394 <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> is still required when
395 upgrading across major releases, across
396 <application>binutil</application> updates and when
397 &man.config.8; changes version.) &merged;</para>
399 <para role="historic">The out-of-swap process termination code now begins killing
400 processes earlier to avoid deadlocks; it now also takes into
401 account the swap space used by processes when computing the
402 process sizes. &merged;</para>
404 <para>Linker sets are now self-contained; gensetdefs(8) is
405 unnecessary and has been removed.</para>
407 <para role="historic">Network device cloning has been implemented, and the
408 &man.gif.4; device has been modified to take advantage of it.
409 Thus, instead of specifying how many &man.gif.4; interfaces are
410 available in kernel configuration files, &man.ifconfig.8;'s
411 <option>create</option> option should be used when another device
412 instance is desired. &merged;</para>
414 <para>It is now possible to hardwire kernel environment variables
415 (such as tuneables) at compile-time using &man.config.8;'s
416 <literal>ENV</literal> directive.</para>
418 <para>Idle zeroing of pages can be enabled with the
419 <varname>vm.idlezero_enable</varname> sysctl variable.</para>
421 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The load addresses of kernels are now exported
422 to the symbol table and various hard-coded constants have been
423 removed so that utilities such as &man.ps.1; can work with
424 kernels compiled at different addresses. &merged;</para>
426 <para role="historic">Coredumps of large processes (or of a large number of
427 processes) no longer lock up the machine for long periods of
428 time. &merged;</para>
430 <para>The &os; kernel scheduler now supports Kernel-Scheduled
431 Entities (KSEs), which provides support for multiple threads of
432 execution per process similar to Schedular Activations. At this
433 point, the kernel has most of the changes needed to support
434 threading. The kernel scheduler can schedule multiple threads per
435 process, but only on a single CPU at a time. Support for
436 userland programs to create and utilize multiple threads is not
440 <para>KSE is a work in progress.</para>
445 <para>The kernel now has support for multiple low-level console
446 devices. The new &man.conscontrol.8; utility helps to manage
447 the different consoles.</para>
449 <para arch="alpha">The console driver has gained support for
450 TGA-based display adapters.</para>
452 <para role="historic">The kernel on the installation CDs is now separated from the
453 <filename>mfsroot</filename> image. This permits the use of a
454 full kernel when installing from CD on machines that support CD
455 booting (instead of the stripped-down kernel used on
456 floppies). &merged;</para>
458 <para role="historic">The system load average computation now adds some jitter to
459 the timing of samples, in order to avoid synchronization with
460 processes that run periodically. &merged;</para>
462 <para role="historic">If a debugging kernel with modules is being built
463 (i.e. using <literal>makeoptions DEBUG=-g</literal>), the
464 modules will now be built with debugging support as well, for
465 completeness. A side effect of this change is that modules
466 built and installed with debugging kernels will now occupy more
467 space on disk than they did previously. &merged;</para>
469 <para role="historic">The kernel dump device can now be set via the
470 <varname>dumpdev</varname> loader tunable. As a result, it is
471 now possible to obtain crash dumps from panics during the late
472 stages of kernel initialization (before the system enters into
473 single-user mode). &merged;</para>
475 <para>The kernel memory allocator is now a slab memory allocator,
476 similar to that used in Solaris. This is a SMP-safe memory
477 allocator that has near-linear performance as the number of CPUs
478 increases. It also allows for reduced memory
479 fragmentation.</para>
482 <title>Processor/Motherboard Support</title>
484 <para>SMP support has been largely reworked, incorporating code
485 from BSD/OS 5.0. One of the main features of SMPng
486 (<quote>SMP Next Generation</quote>) is to allow more
487 processes to run in kernel, without the need for spin locks
488 that can dramatically reduce the efficiency of multiple
489 processors. Interrupt handlers now have contexts associated
490 with them that allow them to be blocked, which reduces the
491 need to lock out interrupts.</para>
493 <para arch="i386,pc98">Support for the 80386 processor has been
494 removed from the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel, as this
495 code seriously pessimizes performance on other IA32
497 The <literal>I386_CPU</literal> kernel option
498 to support the 80386 processor is now mutually exclusive with
499 support for other IA32 processors; this should slightly
500 improve performance on the 80386 due to the elimination of
501 runtime processor type checks.
502 Custom kernels that will run on the 80386 can
503 still be built by changing the cpu options in the kernel
504 configuration file to only include
505 <literal>I386_CPU</literal>.</para>
507 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">AlphaServer 1200 (<quote>Tincup</quote>) has
508 been tested and works OK. Currently it does not want to boot
509 from CD or floppy but a transplanted disk that was installed
510 on another Alpha works well. &merged;</para>
512 <para arch="alpha">The API UP1100 mainboard has been verified to
515 <para arch="alpha">The API CS20 1U high server has been verified
518 <para arch="alpha">The DEC3000 series support has been removed
519 from the mfsroot floppy image so that it fits on a 1.44 Mbyte
520 floppy again. As the DEC3000 is currently only usable diskless
521 this should not cause any problems.</para>
523 <para arch="alpha">Support for AlphaServer 2100A
524 (<quote>Lynx</quote>) has been added.</para>
526 <para arch="alpha">Kernel code has been added that allows older
527 generation Alpha CPUs (EV4 and EV5) to emulate instructions of
528 the newer Alpha CPU generations. This enables the use of
529 binary-only programs like <application>Adobe Acrobat
530 4</application> on EV4 and EV5.</para>
532 <para arch="alpha">SMP support for the Alpha is now operational.</para>
534 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Detection for new processors, such as the
535 FC-PGA2 Pentium III (Tualatin), Transmeta Crusoe, and
536 Transmeta Crusoe LongRun, has been added. &merged;</para>
538 <para arch="alpha">Support for the following hardware has been
539 removed from the installation kernel to make it fit on a
540 1.44MB floppy again: Multia, NoName, PC64, EB64, Aspen Alpine,
541 sa (SCSI tape), amr, parallel port support, vx (3c590, 3c595),
542 pcn (AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100), sf (Adaptec AIC-6915), sis (SiS
543 900/SiS 7016), ste (Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)), wb
544 (Winbond W89C840F).</para>
546 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Streaming <acronym>SIMD</acronym>
547 Extensions (<acronym>SSE</acronym>) has been introduced. The
548 <literal>CPU_ENABLE_SSE</literal> kernel option controls
549 whether support is compiled into the kernel. &merged;</para>
551 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The <literal>CPU_ATHLON_SSE_HACK</literal>
552 kernel option has been added, which attempts to enable the SSE
553 feature bit on newer Athlon CPUs if the BIOS has forgotten to
554 enable it. &merged;</para>
556 <para arch="sparc64">The UltraSPARC platform is now supported by
557 &os;. The following machines are supported to at least some
558 degree: Ultra 1/2/5/10/30/60, Enterprise 220R/420R, Netra T1 AC200/DC200, Netra T 105, and Blade
559 100. SMP is supported, and has been tested on the
560 Ultra 2, Ultra 60, Enterprise 220R, and
561 Enterprise 420R.</para>
563 <para arch="i386">On some systems, the BIOS does not activate
564 the I/O ports and memory of PC devices, thus making them
565 unusable. The <varname>hw.pci.enable_io_modes</varname>
566 sysctl/boot loader variable (which defaults to
567 <literal>1</literal>, for <quote>enabled</quote>)
568 forces &os; to enable these devices so that they can be
574 <title>Bootloader Changes</title>
576 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>boot2</filename> now supports a
577 <option>-n</option> option to disallow boot interruption by
578 keypresses. &merged;</para>
580 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A new <filename>cdboot</filename> bootstrap
581 utility for CDROMs provides better compatability with some
582 BIOS implementations that do not completely implement the El
583 Torito bootable CDROM standard. This boot loader supports
584 <quote>no emulation</quote> mode booting, thus eliminating the
585 need for an emulated floppy disk image on a bootable
586 CDROM. &merged;</para>
588 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The i386 boot loader now has support for a
589 <literal>nullconsole</literal> console type, for use on
590 systems with neither a video console nor a serial
591 port. &merged;</para>
593 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.loader.8; now has optional support
594 (enabled at compile-time, off by default) for loading
595 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed kernels and
596 modules. &merged;</para>
598 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Intel's Wired for Management 2.0
599 (PXE) was added to the &os; boot loader. Due to API
600 differences, the older PXE versions are not supported. This
601 allow network booting using DHCP. &merged;</para>
603 <!-- Above this line, order bootloader changes by keyword-->
605 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now contains a workaround
606 to support CDROM booting on certain IBM BIOSs that expect the
607 first sector of the emulated floppy to contain a valid MS-DOS
608 BPB that they can modify. &merged;</para>
610 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now supports a
611 <option>-p</option> flag to force the kernel to pause after
612 each line of output during the probing phase. &merged;</para>
614 <para arch="alpha,i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader is now capable of
615 booting from filesystems with block sizes larger than
618 <para>The kernel and modules have been moved to the directory
619 <filename>/boot/kernel</filename>, so they can be easily
620 manipulated together. The boot loader has been updated to
621 make this change as seamless as possible.</para>
625 <title>Network Interface Support</title>
627 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver for Cisco Aironet cards now supports
628 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption, settable via
629 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
631 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports the Cisco Aironet 350
632 series of adaptors. &merged;</para>
634 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports <quote>monitor</quote>
635 mode, settable via the <option>-M</option> option to
636 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
638 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports Cisco LEAP, as well as
639 the <quote>Home</quote> WEP key. The Linux Aironet utilities
640 are now supported under emulation. &merged;</para>
642 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Generic support for ARCNET token-based
643 networks has been added. &merged;</para>
645 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.bge.4; driver has been added to
646 support the Broadcom BCM570x family of Gigabit Ethernet
647 controllers, including the 3Com 3c996-T, the SysKonnect
648 SK-9D21 and SK-9D41, and the built-in Gigabit Ethernet NICs on
649 Dell PowerEdge 2550 servers. Output TCP/IP checksum offload,
650 jumbo frames and VLAN tag insertion/stripping are supported,
651 as well as interrupt moderation. &merged;</para>
653 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The cm driver has been added to support SMC
654 COM90cx6 ARCNET network adapters. &merged;</para>
656 <para>The &man.dc.4; driver now supports NICs based on the Xircom
657 3201 and Conexant LANfinity RS7112 chips.</para>
659 <para role="historic">The &man.dc.4; driver now has support for
660 VLANs. &merged;</para>
662 <para role="historic">The &man.de.4; driver now performs round-robin arbitration
663 between the transmit and receive units of the 21143, instead
664 of giving priority to the receive unit. This gives a
665 10–15% performance improvement in the forwarding rate
666 under heavy load. &merged;</para>
668 <para arch="alpha">The &man.ed.4; driver is now supported.</para>
670 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Linksys Fast Ethernet PCCARD cards supported
671 by the &man.ed.4; driver now require the addition of flag
672 <literal>0x80000</literal> to their config line in
673 &man.pccard.conf.5;. This flag is not optional. These
674 Linksys cards will not be recognized without
677 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.ed.4; driver that could cause panics
678 with very short packets and BPF or bridging active has been
679 fixed. &merged;</para>
681 <para role="historic">The &man.ed.4; driver now has support for D-Link DL10022
682 chips, necessary for the NetGear FA-410TX and other cards. As
683 a result, <literal>device miibus</literal> is required in
684 kernel configurations using the &man.ed.4;
685 driver. &merged;</para>
687 <para arch="i386">The &man.el.4; driver can now be loaded as a
690 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.em.4; driver has been added to
691 support NICs based on the Intel 82542, 82543, 82544, 82545EM,
693 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips. The driver has VLAN
694 support, and also supports
695 transmit/receive checksum offload and jumbo frames on 82543
696 and 82544-based adapters. &merged;</para>
698 <para role="historic">The &man.faith.4; device is now loadable, unloadable, and
699 clonable. &merged;</para>
701 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Support for Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based
702 Ethernet PC-Cards has been added back in the &man.fe.4;
703 driver. &merged;</para>
705 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">The &man.fpa.4; driver now supports Digital's
706 DEFPA FDDI adaptors on the Alpha. &merged;</para>
708 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now requires a <literal>device
709 miibus</literal> entry in the kernel configuration
710 file. &merged;</para>
712 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now contains a workaround for PCI
713 protocol violations caused by defects in some systems based on
714 the Intel ICH2/ICH2-M chip. The workaround is to rewrite the
715 EEPROM on the interface to disable Dynamic Standby Mode; once
716 the EEPROM is rewritten, the system needs to be rebooted for
717 the new settings to take effect. &merged;</para>
719 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now supports Intel's loadable
720 microcode to implement receive-side interrupt coalescing and
721 packet bundling, on NICs that support these features. This
722 support can be activated by the use of the
723 <option>link0</option> option to
724 &man.ifconfig.8;. &merged;</para>
726 <para arch="sparc64">The gem driver has been added to support
727 the Sun GEM Gigabit Ethernet and ERI Fast Ethernet
730 <para role="historic">The &man.gx.4; driver has been added to support NICs based
731 on the Intel 82542 and 82543 Gigabit Ethernet controller
732 chips. Both fiber and copper variants of the cards are
733 supported. Both boards support VLAN tagging/insertion, and
734 the 82543 additionally supports TCP/IP checksum
735 offload. &merged;</para>
737 <para arch="sparc64">The hme driver has been added to support
738 the Sun HME Fast Ethernet adapter, onboard on many Sun Ultra
739 series machines.</para>
741 <para role="historic">The &man.lge.4; driver has been added to support the Level
742 1 LXT1001 NetCellerator Gigabit Ethernet controller chip. This
743 device is used on some fiber optic GigE cards from SMC, D-Link
744 and Addtron. Jumbograms and TCP/IP checksum offload on
745 receive are supported, although hardware VLAN filtering is
748 <para role="historic">The my driver, which supports the Myson Fast Ethernet and
749 Gigabit Ethernet adapters, has been added. &merged;</para>
751 <para role="historic">Added the &man.nge.4; driver, which supports PCI Gigabit
752 Ethernet adapters based on the National Semiconductor DP83820
753 and DP83821 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips, including the
754 D-Link DGE-500T, SMC EZ Card 1000 (SMC9462TX), Asante
755 FriendlyNet GigaNIC 1000TA and 1000TPC and Addtron AEG320T.
756 This driver supports transmit and receive checksum
757 offloading. &merged;</para>
759 <para role="historic">The &man.pcn.4; driver, which supports the AMD PCnet/FAST,
760 PCnet/FAST+, PCnet/FAST III, PCnet/PRO, PCnet/Home, and
761 HomePNA adapters, has been added. Although these cards are
762 already supported by the &man.lnc.4; driver, the &man.pcn.4;
763 driver runs these chips in 32-bit mode and uses the RX
764 alignment feature to achieve zero-copy receive. This driver
765 is also machine-independent, so it will work on the i386,
766 pc98 and Alpha platforms. The &man.lnc.4; driver is still needed
767 to support non-PCI cards. &merged;</para>
769 <para role="historic">The &man.ray.4; driver, which supports the Webgear Aviator
770 wireless network cards, has been committed. The operation of
771 &man.ray.4; interfaces can be modified by
772 &man.raycontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
774 <para arch="i386,pc98">The &man.rp.4; driver has been updated to
775 version 3.02 and can now be built as a module. &merged;</para>
777 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The sbni driver, for supporting the Granch
778 SBNI12 series of ISA and PCI point-to-point communications
779 interfaces, has been added. The <filename
780 role="package">sysutils/sbniconfig</filename> port in the &os;
781 Ports Collection can be used for configuring these
782 devices. &merged;</para>
784 <para role="historic">Added support for PCI Ethernet adapters based on the SiS
785 900 and SiS 7016 Fast Ethernet controller chips (for example,
786 as seen on the SiS 635 and 735 motherboard chipsets), as well
787 as the National Semiconductor DP83815 chipset (including the
788 NetGear FA311-TX and FA312-TX) in the form of the &man.sis.4;
789 driver. This device has support for VLANs. &merged;</para>
791 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The snc driver for the National Semiconductor
792 DP8393X (SONIC) Ethernet controller has been added.
793 Currently, this driver is only used on the PC-98
794 architecture. &merged;</para>
796 <para>The &man.stf.4; device is now clonable.</para>
798 <para role="historic">The &man.tap.4; driver, a virtual Ethernet device driver
799 for bridged configurations, has been added. This device is
800 clonable. &merged;</para>
802 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver now supports the Alteon AceNIC
803 1000baseT Gigabit Ethernet and Netgear GA620T 1000baseT
804 Gigabit cards. &merged;</para>
806 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver correctly masks VLAN tags. &merged;</para>
808 <para>The &man.tx.4; driver now supports true multicast
811 <para role="historic">The &man.txp.4; driver has been added to support NICs
812 based on the 3Com 3XP Typhoon/Sidewinder (3CR990)
813 chipset. &merged;</para>
815 <para role="historic">&man.vlan.4; devices are now loadable, unloadable, and
816 clonable. &merged;</para>
818 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for Prism II and
819 Prism 2.5-based NICs. 104/128-bit WEP now works on Prism
820 cards. &merged;</para>
822 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now supports using a &os; host as
823 a wireless access point. This functionality can be enabled
824 using the <literal>mediaopt hostap</literal> option of
825 &man.ifconfig.8;. This feature requires a wireless
826 adapter based on the Prism II chipset. &merged;</para>
828 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for
829 <application>bsd-airtools</application>. &merged;</para>
831 <para role="historic">The xe driver can now be built as a
832 module. &merged;</para>
834 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports the 3Com 3C556 and
835 3C556B MiniPCI adapters used on some laptops. &merged;</para>
837 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports reception of VLAN
838 tagged frames (on the <quote>Cyclone</quote> or newer
839 chipsets). &merged;</para>
841 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports send- and receive-side
842 TCP/IP checksum offloading for NICs implementing this feature,
843 such as the 3C905B, 3C905C, and 3C980C. &merged;</para>
845 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.xl.4; driver, related to statistics
846 overflow interrupt handling, was causing slowdowns at medium
847 to high packet rates; this has been fixed. &merged;</para>
849 <para role="historic">The per-interface <varname>ifnet</varname> structure now
850 has the ability to indicate a set of capabilities supported by
851 a network interface, and which ones are enabled.
852 &man.ifconfig.8; has support for querying these
853 capabilities. &merged;</para>
855 <para role="historic">Performance with hosts having a large number of IP aliases
856 has been improved, by replacing the per-interface
857 <varname>if_inaddr</varname> linear list with a hash table. &merged;</para>
859 <para>Network devices now automatically appear as special files in
860 <filename>/dev/net</filename>. Interface hardware ioctls (not
861 protocol or routing) can be performed on these devices. The
862 <varname>SIOCGIFCONF</varname> ioctl may be performed on the
863 special <filename>/dev/network</filename> node.</para>
865 <para role="historic">Selected network drivers now implement a semi-polling
866 mode, which makes systems much more resilient to attacks and
867 overloads. To enable polling, the following options are
868 required in a kernel configuration file:
870 <programlisting>options DEVICE_POLLING
871 options HZ=1000 # not compulsory but strongly recommended</programlisting>
873 The <varname>kern.polling.enable</varname> sysctl variable
874 will then activate polling mode; with the
875 <varname>kern.polling.user_frac</varname> sysctl indicating
876 the percentage of CPU time to be reserved for userland. The
877 devices initially supporting polling are &man.dc.4;,
878 &man.fxp.4;, &man.rl.4;, and &man.sis.4;. More details can be found in
879 the &man.polling.4; manual page. &merged;</para>
881 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The packet-forwarding performance of certain
882 network drivers (specifically &man.dc.4; and &man.sis.4;) has
883 been enhanced by the elimination of unnecessary buffer
884 copies. &merged;</para>
886 <para><quote>Zero copy</quote> support has been added to the
887 networking stack. This feature can eliminate a copy of
888 network data between the kernel and userland, which is one of
889 the more significant bottlenecks in network throughput.
890 The send-side code should work with almost any network
891 adapter, while the receive-side code requires a network
892 adapter with an MTU of at least one memory page size (for
893 example, jumbo frames on Gigabit Ethernet). For more
894 information, see &man.zero.copy.9;.</para>
898 <title>Network Protocols</title>
900 <para role="historic">&man.accept.filter.9;, a kernel feature to reduce
901 overheads when accepting and reading new connections on
902 listening sockets, has been added. &merged;</para>
904 <para role="historic">The <literal>proxy</literal> modifier to &man.arp.8;'s
905 <option>-d</option> option has been renamed to
906 <literal>pub</literal>, for consistency with the
907 <option>-s</option> option. The <literal>only</literal> keyword
908 has been added to the <option>-s</option> and
909 <option>-S</option> flags, to be used in creating
910 <quote>proxy-only</quote> published entries. &merged;</para>
912 <para role="historic">The read timeout feature of &man.bpf.4; now works more
913 correctly with &man.select.2;/&man.poll.2;, and therefore with
914 pthreads. &merged;</para>
916 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; and &man.dummynet.4; have received some
917 enhancements and bug fixes, and are now loadable
918 modules. &merged;</para>
920 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; now has better support for multiple,
921 fully-independent bridging clusters, and is much more stable
922 in the presence of dynamic attachments and detatchments. Full
923 support for VLANs is also supported. &merged;</para>
925 <para>ICMP ECHO and TSTAMP replies are now rate limited. TCP
926 RSTs generated due to packets sent to open and unopen ports
927 are now limited by separate counters. Each rate limiting
928 queue now has its own description.</para>
930 <para role="historic">ICMP <literal>UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB</literal> messages can
931 now RST TCP connections in the <literal>SYN_SENT</literal>
932 state if the correct sequence numbers are sent back, as
934 <varname>net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst</varname> sysctl. &merged;</para>
936 <para>IP multicast now works on VLAN devices. Several other
937 bugs in the VLAN code have also been fixed.</para>
939 <para role="historic">A bug in the IPsec processing for IPv4, which caused the
940 inbound SPD checks to be ignored, has been fixed. &merged;</para>
942 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.4; now filters correctly in the presence of ECN
943 bits in TCP segments. &merged;</para>
945 <para>&man.ipfw.4 has been re-implemented. It now uses
946 variable-sized representation of rules in the kernel, similar
947 to &man.bpf.4; instructions. Most of the externally-visible
948 behavior (i.e. through &man.ipfw.8;) should be unchanged.,
949 although &man.ipfw.8; now supports <literal>or</literal>
950 connectives between match fields.</para>
952 <para role="historic">A new ng_eiface netgraph module has been added, which
953 appears as an Ethernet interface but delivers its Ethernet
954 frames to a Netgraph hook. &merged;</para>
956 <para>A new &man.ng.device.4; netgraph node type has been added,
957 which creates a device entry in <filename>/dev</filename>, to
958 be used as the entry point to a networking graph.</para>
960 <para role="historic">A new &man.ng.etf.4; netgraph node allows Ethernet type
961 packets to be filtered to different hooks depending on
962 ethertype. &merged;</para>
964 <para>The &man.ng.gif.4; and &man.ng.gif.demux.4; netgraph
965 nodes, for operating on &man.gif.4; devices, have been
968 <para>The &man.ng.ip.input.4; netgraph node, for queueing IP
969 packets into the main IP input processing code, has been
972 <para role="historic">The &man.ng.mppc.4; and &man.ng.bridge.4; node types have
973 been added to the &man.netgraph.4; subsystem. The
974 &man.ng.ether.4; node is now dynamically loadable.
975 Miscellaneous bug fixes and enhancements have also been
976 made. &merged;</para>
978 <para role="historic">A new netgraph node type &man.ng.one2many.4; for
979 multiplexing and demultiplexing packets over multiple links
980 has been added. &merged;</para>
982 <para>A new ng_split node type has been added for splitting a
983 bidirectional packet flow into two unidirectional flows.</para>
985 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
986 <varname>net.inet.ip.check_interface</varname>, which is on by
987 default, causes IP to verify that an incoming packet arrives
988 on an interface that has an address matching the packet's
989 destination address. &merged;</para>
991 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
992 <varname>net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface</varname> has
993 been added to control the suppression of logging when ARP
994 replies arrive on the wrong interface. &merged;</para>
996 <para role="historic">A new <literal>options RANDOM_IP_ID</literal> kernel
997 option causes the ID field of IP packets to be randomized.
998 This closes a minor information leak which allows a remote
999 observer to determine the rate at which the machine is
1000 generating packets, since the default behavior is to increment
1001 a counter for each packet sent. &merged;</para>
1003 <para arch="alpha">SLIP has been removed from the
1004 <filename>mfsroot</filename> floppy image.</para>
1006 <para role="historic">TCP has received some bug fixes for its delayed ACK
1007 behavior. &merged;</para>
1009 <para role="historic">TCP now supports the NewReno modification to the TCP Fast
1010 Recovery algorithm. This behavior can be controlled via the
1011 <varname>net.inet.tcp.newreno</varname> sysctl
1012 variable. &merged;</para>
1014 <para role="historic">TCP now uses a more aggressive timeout for initial SYN
1015 segments; this allows initial connection attempts to be
1016 dropped much faster. &merged;</para>
1018 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_COMPAT_42</literal> kernel option has
1019 been removed. &merged;</para>
1021 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_RESTRICT_RST</literal> kernel option has
1022 been removed. Similar functionality can be achieved with the
1023 <varname>net.inet.tcp.blackhole</varname> sysctl
1024 variable. &merged;</para>
1026 <para role="historic">TCP now has RFC 1323 extensions enabled by default in
1027 &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
1029 <para role="historic">RFC 1323 and RFC 1644 TCP extensions are now disabled for
1030 a connection in progress if no response has been received by
1031 the third SYN segment sent. This behavior tries to work
1032 around (very old) terminal servers with buggy VJ header
1033 compression implementations. &merged;</para>
1035 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation no longer requires the allocation
1036 of a TCP template structure for each connection; this should
1037 reduce the buffer usage on large systems handling many
1038 connections. &merged;</para>
1040 <para role="historic">TCP's default buffer sizes, controlled by the
1041 <varname>net.inet.tcp.sendspace</varname> and
1042 <varname>net.inet.tcp.recvspace</varname> sysctl variables,
1043 have been increased to 32K and 64K respectively. Previously,
1044 the default for both buffer sizes was 16K. To try to avoid
1045 increasing congestion, the default value for
1046 <varname>net.inet.tcp.local_slowstart_flightsize</varname> has
1047 been changed from infinity to 4. &merged;
1050 <para>On busy hosts, the new larger buffer sizes may require
1051 manually increasing the
1052 <varname>NMBCLUSTERS</varname> parameter, either in the
1053 kernel configuration file or via the
1054 <varname>kern.ipc.nmbclusters</varname> loader tunable.
1055 <command>netstat -mb</command> can be used to monitor the
1056 state of mbuf clusters.</para>
1060 <para role="historic">TCP now supports RFC 1948 (Defending Against Sequence
1061 Number Attacks). The
1062 <varname>net.inet.tcp.isn_reseed_interval</varname> sysctl
1063 variable controls the reseeding of the secret data used in
1064 the RFC 1948 initial sequence number calculations. &merged;</para>
1066 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation in &os; now implements a cache of
1067 outstanding, received SYN segments. Incoming SYN segments now
1068 cause entries to be placed in the cache until the TCP
1069 three-way handshake is complete, at which point, memory is
1070 allocated for the connection as usual. In addition, all TCP
1071 Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs) are used as cookies, allowing
1072 entries in the cache to be dropped, but still have their
1073 corresponding ACKs accepted later. The combination of the
1075 <quote>syncache</quote> and <quote>syncookies</quote> features
1076 makes a host much more resistant to TCP-based Denial of
1077 Service attacks. Work on this feature was sponsored by DARPA
1078 and NAI Labs. &merged;</para>
1080 <para role="historic">A bug in the TCP implementation, which could cause
1081 connections to stall if a sender saw a zero-sized window, has
1082 been corrected. &merged;</para>
1084 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation now properly ignores packets
1085 addressed to IP-layer broadcast addresses. &merged;</para>
1087 <para>The ephemeral port range used for TCP and UDP has been
1088 changed to 49152–65535 (the old default was
1089 1024–5000). This increases the number of concurrent
1090 outgoing connections/streams.</para>
1094 <title>Disks and Storage</title>
1096 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for the Adaptec FSA family of PCI-SCSI
1097 RAID controllers has been added, in the form of the
1098 &man.aac.4; driver. This driver includes proper handling of
1099 commands initiated by the adapter, addition/removal of disk
1100 devices, crashdump functionality, and &man.ioctl.2; commands
1101 necessary for the management CLI, and is fully qualified and
1102 sanctioned by Adaptec. &merged;</para>
1104 <para role="historic">The &man.ahc.4; driver has received numerous updates,
1105 bugfixes, and enhancements. Among various improvements are
1106 improved compatibility with chips in <quote>RAID Port</quote>
1107 mode and systems with AAA and/or ARO cards installed, as well
1108 as performance improvements. Some bugs were also fixed,
1109 including a rare hang on Ultra2/U160
1110 controllers. &merged;</para>
1112 <para arch="i386">The ahd driver, which supports the Adaptec
1113 AIC7902 Ultra320 PCI-X SCSI Controller chip, has been
1116 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver, which provides support
1117 for the Adaptec SCSI RAID controller family, as well as the
1118 DPT SmartRAID V and VI families, has been
1119 added. &merged;</para>
1121 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver now supports the
1122 Adaptec 2000S and 2005S Zero-Channel RAID
1123 controllers. &merged;</para>
1125 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA100
1126 controllers. In addition, it now supports the ServerWorks
1127 ROSB4 ATA33 chipset, the CMD 648 ATA66 and CMD 649 ATA100
1128 chipsets, and the Cyrix 5530. &merged;</para>
1130 <para role="historic">To provide more flexible configuration, the various
1131 options for the &man.ata.4; driver are now boot loader
1132 tunables, rather than kernel configure-time
1133 options. &merged;</para>
1135 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for tagged queuing,
1136 which is enabled by the <varname>hw.ata.tags</varname> loader
1137 tunable. &merged;</para>
1139 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA
1140 <quote>pseudo</quote> RAID controllers as the Promise Fasttrak
1141 and HighPoint HPT370 controllers. &merged;</para>
1143 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports a wider variety of SiS
1144 chipsets, as listed in the Hardware Notes. &merged;</para>
1146 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for creating,
1147 deleting, querying, and rebuilding ATA RAIDs under control of
1148 &man.atacontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
1150 <para role="historic">The BurnProof(TM) feature, for applicable ATAPI CD-ROM
1151 burners, is now supported. &merged;</para>
1153 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for 48-bit
1154 addressing. Devices larger than 137GB are now
1155 supported. &merged;</para>
1157 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now contains fixes for some data
1158 corruption problems on systems using the VIA 82C686B
1159 Southbridge chip. &merged;</para>
1161 <para role="historic">The &man.cd.4; driver now has support for write
1162 operations. This allows writing to DVD-RAM, PD and similar
1163 drives that probe as CD devices. Note that change affects
1164 only random-access writeable devices, not sequential-only
1165 writeable devices such as CD-R drives, which are supported by
1166 &man.cdrecord.1; (a part of
1167 <filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename> in the
1168 Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
1170 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ciss driver, for devices utilizing the
1171 Common Interface for SCSI-3 Support, has been added. This
1172 driver supports the Compaq SmartRAID 5* family of RAID
1173 controllers (5300, 532, 5i). &merged;</para>
1175 <para>The &man.fdc.4; floppy disk has undergone a number of
1176 enhancements. Density selection for common settings is now
1177 automatic; the driver is also much more flexible in setting
1178 the densities of various subdevices.</para>
1180 <para>The &man.geom.4; disk I/O request transformation framework
1181 has been added; this extensible framework is designed to
1182 support a wide variety of operations on I/O requests on their
1183 way from the upper kernel to the device drivers.</para>
1185 <para role="historic">The ida disk driver now has crashdump
1186 support. &merged;</para>
1188 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The iir driver has been added to support the
1189 Intel Integrated RAID controllers, as well as prior ICP Vortex
1192 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A bug that made certain CDROM drives fail to
1193 attach when connected to a SCSI card driven by &man.isp.4; has
1194 been fixed. &merged;</para>
1196 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver is now proactive about discovering
1197 Fibre Channel topology changes.</para>
1199 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver now supports target mode for Qlogic
1200 SCSI cards, including Ultra2 and Ultra3 and dual bus
1203 <para role="historic">The &man.isp.4; driver now supports the Qlogic 2300 and
1204 2312 Optical Fibre Channel PCI cards. &merged;</para>
1206 <para>&man.md.4;, the memory disk device, has had the
1207 functionality of &man.vn.4; incorporated into it. &man.md.4;
1208 devices can now be configured by &man.mdconfig.8;. &man.vn.4;
1209 has been removed. The Memory Filesystem (MFS) has also been
1212 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.mly.4; driver, for Mylex PCI to SCSI
1213 AccelRAID and eXtremeRAID controllers with firmware 6.X and
1214 later, has been added. &merged;</para>
1216 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ncv, nsp, and stg drivers have been ported
1217 from NetBSD/pc98. They support the NCR 53C50 / Workbit Ninja
1218 SCSI-3 / TMC 18C30, 18C50 based PC-Card/ISA SCSI controllers.
1219 All three drivers can be built and loaded as
1220 modules. &merged;</para>
1222 <para arch="powerpc">The ofw driver, a basic OpenFirmware disk
1223 driver, has been added.</para>
1225 <para>Some problems in &man.sa.4; error handling have been
1226 fixed, including the <quote>tape drive spinning indefinitely
1227 upon &man.mt.1; <option>stat</option></quote> problem.</para>
1229 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.twe.4; 3ware ATA RAID driver has
1230 added. &merged;</para>
1232 <para role="historic">The &man.wd.4; compatibility devices were removed from the
1233 &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1237 <title>Filesystems</title>
1239 <para>Support for named extended attributes was added to the
1240 &os; kernel. This allows the kernel, and appropriately
1241 privileged userland processes, to tag files and directories
1242 with attribute data. Extended attributes were added to
1243 support the TrustedBSD Project, in particular ACLs, capability
1244 data, and mandatory access control labels (see
1245 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.extattr</filename> for
1248 <para role="historic">Due to a licensing change, softupdates have been
1249 integrated into the main portion of the kernel source tree.
1250 As a consequence, softupdates are now available with the
1251 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel. &merged;</para>
1253 <para>A filesystem snapshot capability has been added to FFS.
1254 Details can be found in
1255 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ffs/README.snapshot</filename>.</para>
1257 <!-- The following note needs to be made more specific or eliminated. -->
1258 <para>Softupdates for FFS have received some bug fixes and
1259 enhancements.</para>
1261 <para>When running with softupdates, &man.statfs.2; and
1262 &man.df.1; will track the number of blocks and files that are
1263 committed to being freed.</para>
1265 <para role="historic">A bug in FFS that could cause superblock corruption on
1266 very large filesystems has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1268 <para role="historic">The ISO-9660 filesystem now has a hook that supports a
1269 loadable character conversion routine. The
1270 <filename role="package">sysutils/cd9660_unicode</filename>
1271 port contains a set of common conversions. &merged;</para>
1273 <para>&man.kernfs.5; is obsolete and has been retired.</para>
1275 <para role="historic">A bug in the NFS client that caused bogus access times with
1276 <literal>O_EXCL|O_CREAT</literal> opens was
1277 fixed. &merged;</para>
1279 <para role="historic">A new NFS hash function (based on the Fowler/Noll/Vo hash
1280 algorithm) has been implemented to improve NFS performance by
1281 increasing the efficiency of the <varname>nfsnode</varname>
1282 hash tables. &merged;</para>
1284 <para>Client-side NFS locks have been implemented.</para>
1286 <para>The client-side and server-side of the NFS code in the
1287 kernel used to be intertwined in various complex ways. They
1288 have been split apart for ease of maintenance and further
1291 <para>Support for filesystem Access Control Lists (ACLs) has
1292 been introduced, allowing more fine-grained control of
1293 discretionary access control on files and directories. This
1294 support was integrated from the TrustedBSD Project. More
1295 details can be found in
1296 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.acls</filename>.</para>
1298 <para role="historic">The directory layout preference algorithm for FFS
1299 (<literal>dirprefs</literal>) has been changed. Rather than
1300 scattering directory blocks across a disk, it attempts to
1301 group related directory blocks together. Operations
1302 traversing large directory hierarchies, such as the &os; Ports
1303 tree, have shown marked speedups. This change is transparent
1304 and automatic for new directories. &merged;</para>
1306 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">smbfs (CIFS) support in kernel has been added.
1307 The userland programs &man.smbutil.1; and &man.mount.smbfs.8;
1308 can be used to work with SMB shares. Note that
1309 &man.mount.smbfs.8; will automatically load the
1310 <filename>smbfs.ko</filename> module into the kernel, even if
1311 <literal>LIBMCHAIN</literal> and
1312 <literal>LIBICONV</literal> were not compiled into the kernel.
1315 <para>For consistency, the fdesc, fifo, null, msdos, portal,
1316 umap, and union filesystems have been renamed to fdescfs,
1317 fifofs, msdosfs, nullfs, portalfs, umapfs, and unionfs. Where
1318 applicable, modules and mount_* programs have been renamed.
1319 Compatibility <quote>glue</quote> has been added to
1320 &man.mount.8; so that <literal>msdos</literal> filesystem
1321 entries in &man.fstab.5; will work without changes.</para>
1323 <para>pseudofs, a pseudo-filesystem framework, has been added.
1324 &man.linprocfs.5; and &man.procfs.5; have been modified to use
1327 <para role="historic">A simple hash-based lookup optimization for large
1328 directories called <literal>dirhash</literal> has been added.
1330 <literal>UFS_DIRHASH</literal> kernel option (enabled by
1331 default in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel), it
1332 improves the speed of operations on very large directories at
1333 the expense of some memory. &merged;</para>
1335 <para role="historic">The virtual memory subsystem now backs UFS directory
1336 memory requirements by default (this behavior is controlled
1337 via the <varname>vfs.vmiodirenable</varname> sysctl
1338 variable). &merged;</para>
1340 <para role="historic">A bug that prevented the root filesystem from being
1341 mounted from a SCSI CDROM has been fixed (ATAPI CDROMs were
1342 always supported). &merged;</para>
1344 <para role="historic">A number of bugs in the filesystem code, discovered
1345 through the use of the <application>fsx</application>
1346 filesystem test tool, have been fixed. Under certain
1347 circumstances (primarily related to use of NFS), these bugs
1348 could cause data corruption or kernel panics. &merged;</para>
1350 <para>Network filesystems (such as NFS and smbfs filesystems)
1351 listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> can now be properly
1352 mounted during startup initialization; their mounts are
1353 deferred until after the network is initialized.</para>
1355 <para>Read-only support for the Universal Disk Format (UDF) has
1356 been added. This format is used on packet-written CD-RWs and
1357 most commercial DVD-Video disks. The &man.mount.udf.8;
1358 command can be used to mount these disks.</para>
1360 <para>Basic support has been added for the UFS2 filesystem.
1365 <para>The inode has been expanded to 256 bytes to make
1366 space for 64-bit block pointers.</para>
1370 <para>A file-creation time field has been added.</para>
1374 <para>Space has been provided for extended attributes, up
1375 to twice the filesystem block size.</para>
1384 <title>PCCARD Support</title>
1386 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The pccard driver and &man.pccardc.8; now
1387 support multiple <quote>beep types</quote> upon card insertion
1388 and removal. &merged;</para>
1390 <para role="historic">On many modern hosts, PCCARD devices can be configured to
1391 route their interrupts via either the ISA or PCI interrupt
1392 paths. The &man.pcic.4; driver has been updated to support
1393 both interrupt paths (formerly, only routing via ISA was
1394 supported). &merged; In most cases, configuration of PCMCIA
1395 devices in laptops is simpler and more flexible. In addition,
1396 various Cardbus bridge PCI cards (such as those used by
1397 Orinoco PCI NICs) are now supported. Some hosts may
1398 experience problems, such as hangs or panics, with PCI
1399 interrupt routing; they can frequently be made to work by
1400 forcing the older-style ISA interrupt routing. The following
1401 lines, placed in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>, may
1402 fix the problem:</para>
1404 <programlisting role="historic">hw.pcic.intr_path="1"
1405 hw.pcic.irq="0"</programlisting>
1407 <para role="historic">When installing &os; on such a system, typing the
1408 following lines to the boot loader may be helpful in starting
1409 up &os; for the first time:<para>
1411 <screen role="historic"><prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.intr_path="1"</userinput>
1412 <prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.irq="0"</userinput></screen>
1414 <para arch="i386">Preliminary Cardbus support under NEWCARD has
1415 been added. This code supports the TI113X, TI12XX, TI125X,
1416 Ricoh 5C46/5C47, Topic 95/97/100 and Cirrus Logic PD683X
1417 bridges. 16-bit PC Card support is not yet functional.</para>
1419 <para arch="i386">NEWCARD is now the default pccard/cardbus
1420 system in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel.</para>
1425 <title>Multimedia Support</title>
1427 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.pcm.4; driver now supports the ESS
1428 Solo 1, Maestro-1, Maestro-2, and Maestro-2e; Forte Media
1429 fm801, ESS Maestro-2e, and VIA Technologies VT82C686A sound
1430 card/chipsets, and has received some other updates. Separate
1431 drivers for the SoundBlaster 8 and SoundBlaster 16 now replace
1432 an older, unified driver. A driver for the CMedia
1433 CMI8338/CMI8738 sound chips has been added. A driver for the
1434 CS4281 sound chip has been added. A driver for the S3
1435 SonicVibes chipset has been added. &merged;</para>
1437 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Avance Logic ALS4000 has been
1438 added. &merged;</para>
1440 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the ESS Maestro-3/Allegro has
1441 been added, however due to licensing restrictions, it cannot
1442 be compiled into the kernel. &merged; To use this driver, add
1443 the following line to
1444 <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
1446 <programlisting role="historic">snd_maestro3_load="YES"</programlisting>
1448 <para role="historic">The &man.bktr.4; driver has been updated to 2.18. This
1449 update provides a number of new features. New tuner types
1450 have been added, and improvements to the KLD module and to
1451 memory allocation have been made. Bugs in &man.devfs.5; when
1452 unloading and reloading have been fixed. Support for new
1453 Hauppauge Model 44xxx WinTV Cards (the ones with no audio mux)
1454 has been added. &merged;</para>
1456 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ufm driver, supporting the D-Link DSB-R100
1457 USB Radio, has been added. &merged;</para>
1459 <para role="historic">When sound modules are built, one can now load all the
1460 drivers and infrastructure by <command>kldload
1461 snd</command>. &merged;</para>
1463 <para>A new API has been added for sound cards with hardware
1464 volume control.</para>
1466 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Intel 443MX, 810, 815, and
1467 815E integrated sound devices has been added. &merged;</para>
1469 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The via82c686 sound driver now supports the VIA
1470 VT8233. &merged;</para>
1472 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ich sound driver now support the SiS
1473 7012 chipset. &merged;</para>
1475 <para arch="i386">Drivers have been added to support the Direct
1476 Rendering Infrastructure, which can used to provide 3D
1477 acceleration within <application>XFree86</application>. Video
1478 cards supported include the 3Dlabs Oxygen GMX 2000 (gammadrm),
1479 AGP Matrox G200/G400/G450/G550 (mgadrm), 3dfx Voodoo
1480 3/4/5/Banshee (tdfxdrm), AGI ATI Rage 128 (r128drm), and AGP
1481 ATI Radeon (radeondrm).</para>
1486 <title>Contributed Software</title>
1488 <para>The Forth Inspired Command Language
1489 (<application>FICL</application>) used in the boot loader has
1490 been updated to 3.02.</para>
1492 <para>Support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
1493 (ACPI), a multi-vendor standard for configuration and power
1494 management, has been added. This functionality has been
1495 provided by the <application>Intel ACPI Component
1496 Architecture</application> project, as of the ACPI CA 20020611
1497 snapshot. Some backward compatability for applications using
1498 the older APM standard has been provided.</para>
1501 <title>IPFilter</title>
1503 <para><application>IPFilter</application> has been updated to
1506 <para role="historic"><application>IPFilter</application> now supports
1507 IPv6. &merged;</para>
1512 <title>isdn4bsd</title>
1514 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> has been updated to
1515 version 1.0.2.</para>
1517 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1518 Fritz!Card PCI controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1520 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi2.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1521 Fritz!Card PCI version 2 controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1523 <para role="historic">The &man.ihfc.4; driver for supporting Cologne Chip
1524 Designs HFC devices under
1525 <application>isdn4bsd</application> has been
1526 added. &merged;</para>
1528 <para role="historic">The &man.itjc.4; driver for supporting NETjet-S / Teles
1529 PCI-TJ devices under <application>isdn4bsd</application> has
1530 been added. &merged;</para>
1532 <para role="historic">Experimental support for the Eicon.Diehl DIVA 2.0 and
1533 2.02 ISA PnP ISDN cards has been added to the &man.isic.4;
1534 <application>isdn4bsd</application> driver. &merged;</para>
1536 <para role="historic">The &man.isic.4; driver now supports the Compaq Microcom
1537 610 ISDN ISA PnP card. &merged;</para>
1539 <para role="historic">Active CAPI-based ISDN cards manufactured by AVM are now
1540 supported using the &man.i4bcapi.4; and the &man.iavc.4;
1541 driver. The supported cards are the AVM B1 PCI and AVM B1
1542 ISA Basic Rate cards and the AVM T1 Primary Rate
1543 cards. &merged;</para>
1545 <para role="historic">A new <literal>maxconnecttime</literal> keyword is now
1546 accepted in &man.isdnd.rc.5; files to limit the time a
1547 connection may remain open. &merged;</para>
1549 <para role="historic">&man.isdnphone.8; now supports a <option>-k</option>
1550 option for sending messages via the keypad facility to a PBX
1551 or exchange office. &merged;</para>
1553 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> now supports Q.931
1554 subaddressing.</para>
1558 <sect4 id="kame-kernel">
1561 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
1562 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
1563 the items listed in this section are a result of this
1564 import. <xref linkend="kame-userland"> lists userland
1565 updates to the KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
1567 <para role="historic">&man.gif.4; is now based on RFC 2893, rather than RFC
1568 1933. The <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can
1569 be used to control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1571 <para role="historic"><application>IPsec</application> has received some
1572 enhancements, including the ability to use the Rijndael and
1573 SHA2 algorithms. IPsec RC5 support has been removed due to
1574 patent issues. &merged;</para>
1576 <para role="historic">&man.stf.4; now conforms to RFC 3056; the
1577 <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can be used to
1578 control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1580 <para role="historic">IPv6 has better checking of illegal addresses (such as
1581 loopback addresses) on physical networks. &merged;</para>
1583 <para role="historic">The <varname>IPV6_V6ONLY</varname> socket option is now
1584 completely supported. The kernel's default behavior with
1585 respect to this option is controlled by the
1586 <varname>net.inet6.ip6.v6only</varname> sysctl
1587 variable. &merged;</para>
1589 <para role="historic">RFC 3041 (Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address
1590 Autoconfiguration) is now supported. It can be enabled via
1591 the <varname>net.inet6.ip6.use_tempaddr</varname> sysctl
1592 variable. &merged;</para>
1597 <sect2 id="security">
1598 <title>Security-Related Changes</title>
1600 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now allows the user to select one of two
1601 <quote>security profiles</quote> at install-time. These
1602 profiles enable different levels of system security by enabling
1603 or disabling various system services in &man.rc.conf.5; on new
1604 installs. &merged;</para>
1606 <para>A bug in which malformed ELF executable images can hang the
1607 system has been fixed (see security advisory
1608 FreeBSD-SA-00:41). &merged;</para>
1610 <para>A security hole in Linux emulation was fixed (see security
1611 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:42). &merged;</para>
1613 <para role="historic">String-handling library calls in many programs were fixed to
1614 reduce the possibility of buffer overflow-related exploits.
1617 <para>TCP now uses stronger randomness in choosing its initial
1618 sequence numbers (see security advisory
1619 FreeBSD-SA-00:52). &merged;</para>
1621 <para>Several buffer overflows in &man.tcpdump.1; were corrected
1622 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:61). &merged;</para>
1624 <para>A security hole in &man.top.1; was corrected (see security
1625 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:62). &merged;</para>
1627 <para>A potential security hole caused by an off-by-one-error in
1628 &man.gethostbyname.3; has been fixed (see security advisory
1629 FreeBSD-SA-00:63). &merged;</para>
1631 <para>A potential buffer overflow in the &man.ncurses.3; library,
1632 which could cause arbitrary code to be run from within
1633 &man.systat.1;, has been corrected (see security advisory
1634 FreeBSD-SA-00:68). &merged;</para>
1636 <para>A vulnerability in &man.telnetd.8; that could cause it to
1637 consume large amounts of server resources has been fixed (see
1638 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:69). &merged;</para>
1640 <para>The <literal>nat deny_incoming</literal> command in
1641 &man.ppp.8; now works correctly (see security advisory
1642 FreeBSD-SA-00:70). &merged;</para>
1644 <para>A vulnerability in &man.csh.1;/&man.tcsh.1; temporary files
1645 that could allow overwriting of arbitrary user-writable files
1646 has been closed (see security advisory
1647 FreeBSD-SA-00:76). &merged;</para>
1649 <para role="historic">The &man.ssh.1; binary is no longer SUID root by
1650 default. &merged;</para>
1652 <para role="historic">Some fixes were applied to the Kerberos IV implementation
1653 related to environment variables, a possible buffer overrun, and
1654 overwriting ticket files. &merged;</para>
1656 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does a better job of sanitizing its
1657 environment. &merged;</para>
1659 <para>Several vulnerabilities in &man.procfs.5; were fixed (see
1660 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:77). &merged;</para>
1662 <para>A bug in <application>OpenSSH</application> in which a
1663 server was unable to disable &man.ssh-agent.1; or
1664 <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> was fixed (see security
1665 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:01). &merged;</para>
1667 <para>A bug in &man.ipfw.8; and &man.ip6fw.8; in which inbound TCP
1668 segments could incorrectly be treated as being part of an
1669 <literal>established</literal> connection has been fixed (see
1670 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:08). &merged;</para>
1672 <para>A bug in &man.crontab.1; that could allow users to read any
1673 file on the system in valid &man.crontab.5; syntax has been
1674 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:09). &merged;</para>
1676 <para>A vulnerability in &man.inetd.8; that could allow
1677 read-access to the initial 16 bytes of
1678 <groupname>wheel</groupname>-accessible files has been fixed
1679 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:11). &merged;</para>
1681 <para>A bug in &man.periodic.8; that used insecure temporary files
1682 has been corrected (see security advisory
1683 FreeBSD-SA-01:12). &merged;</para>
1685 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> now has code to prevent
1686 (instead of just mitigating through connection limits) an attack
1687 that can lead to guessing the server key (not host key) by
1688 regenerating the server key when an RSA failure is detected (see
1689 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:24). &merged;</para>
1691 <para role="historic">A number of programs have had output formatting strings
1692 corrected so as to reduce the risk of
1693 vulnerabilities. &merged;</para>
1695 <para role="historic">A number of programs that use temporary files now do so more
1696 securely. &merged;</para>
1698 <para role="historic">A bug in ICMP that could cause an attacker to disrupt TCP and UDP
1699 <quote>sessions</quote> has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1701 <para>A bug in &man.timed.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1702 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1703 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:28). &merged;</para>
1705 <para>A bug in &man.rwhod.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1706 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1707 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:29). &merged;</para>
1709 <para>A security hole in &os;'s FFS and EXT2FS implementations,
1710 which allowed a race condition that could cause users to have
1711 unauthorized access to data, has been fixed (see security
1712 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:30). &merged;</para>
1714 <para>A remotely-exploitable vulnerability in &man.ntpd.8; has
1715 been closed (see security advisory
1716 FreeBSD-SA-01:31). &merged;</para>
1718 <para>A security hole in <application>IPFilter</application>'s
1719 fragment cache has been closed (see security advisory
1720 FreeBSD-SA-01:32). &merged;</para>
1722 <para>Buffer overflows in &man.glob.3;, which could cause
1723 arbitrary code to be run on an FTP server, have been closed. In
1724 addition, to prevent some forms of DOS attacks, &man.glob.3;
1725 allows specification of a limit on the number of pathname
1726 matches it will return. &man.ftpd.8; now uses this feature (see
1727 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:33). &merged;</para>
1729 <para>Initial sequence numbers in TCP are more thoroughly
1730 randomized (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:39). Due to
1731 some possible compatibility issues, the behavior of this
1732 security fix can be enabled or disabled via the
1733 <varname>net.inet.tcp.tcp_seq_genscheme</varname> sysctl
1734 variable.&merged;</para>
1736 <para>A vulnerability in the &man.fts.3; routines (used by
1737 applications for recursively traversing a filesystem) could
1738 allow a program to operate on files outside the intended
1739 directory hierarchy. This bug has been fixed (see security
1740 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:40). &merged;</para>
1742 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now switches to the
1743 user's UID before attempting to unlink the authentication
1744 forwarding file, nullifying the effects of a race.</para>
1746 <para>A flaw allowed some signal handlers to remain in effect in a
1747 child process after being exec-ed from its parent. This allowed
1748 an attacker to execute arbitrary code in the context of a setuid
1749 binary. This flaw has been corrected (see security advisory
1750 FreeBSD-SA-01:42). &merged;</para>
1752 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1; has been fixed
1753 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:48). &merged;</para>
1755 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.telnetd.8; has been fixed
1756 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:49). &merged;</para>
1758 <para>The new <varname>net.inet.ip.maxfragpackets</varname> and
1759 <varname>net.inet.ip6.maxfragpackets</varname> sysctl variables
1760 limit the amount of memory that can be consumed by IPv4 and IPv6
1761 packet fragments, which defends against some denial of service
1762 attacks (see security advisory
1763 FreeBSD-SA-01:52). &merged;</para>
1765 <para role="historic">All services in <filename>inetd.conf</filename> are now
1766 disabled by default for new installations. &man.sysinstall.8;
1767 gives the option of enabling or disabling &man.inetd.8; on new
1768 installations, as well as editing
1769 <filename>inetd.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
1771 <para>A flaw in the implementation of the &man.ipfw.8;
1772 <literal>me</literal> rules on point-to-point links has been
1773 corrected. Formerly, <literal>me</literal> filter rules would
1774 match the remote IP address of a point-to-point interface in
1775 addition to the intended local IP address (see security advisory
1776 FreeBSD-SA-01:53). &merged;</para>
1778 <para>A vulnerability in &man.procfs.5;, which could allow a
1779 process to read sensitive information from another process's
1780 memory space, has been closed (see security advisory
1781 FreeBSD-SA-01:55). &merged;</para>
1783 <para>The <literal>PARANOID</literal> hostname checking in
1784 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now works as advertised
1785 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:56). &merged;</para>
1787 <para>A local root exploit in &man.sendmail.8; has been closed
1788 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:57). &merged;</para>
1790 <para>A remote root vulnerability in &man.lpd.8; has been closed
1791 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:58). &merged;</para>
1793 <para>A race condition in &man.rmuser.8; that briefly exposed a
1794 world-readable <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename> has been
1795 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:59). &merged;</para>
1797 <para>A vulnerability in <application>UUCP</application> has been
1798 closed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:62). All
1799 non-<username>root</username>-owned binaries in standard system
1800 paths now have the <literal>schg</literal> flag set to prevent
1801 exploit vectors when run by &man.cron.8;, by
1802 <username>root</username>, or by a user other then the one owning
1803 the binary. In addition, &man.uustat.1; is now run via
1804 <filename>/etc/periodic/daily/410.status-uucp</filename> as
1805 <username>uucp</username>, not <username>root</username>. In
1806 &os; -CURRENT, <application>UUCP</application> has since been
1807 moved to the Ports Collection and no longer a part of the base
1808 system. &merged;</para>
1810 <para role="historic">A security hole in the form of a buffer overflow in the
1811 &man.semop.2; system call has been closed. &merged;</para>
1813 <para>A security hole in <application>OpenSSH</application>, which
1814 could allow users to execute code with arbitrary privileges if
1815 <literal>UseLogin yes</literal> was set, has been closed. Note
1816 that the default value of this setting is
1817 <literal>UseLogin no</literal>. (See security advisory
1818 FreeBSD-SA-01:63.) &merged;</para>
1820 <para>The use of an insecure temporary directory by
1821 &man.pkg.add.1; could permit a local attacker to modify the
1822 contents of binary packages while they were being installed.
1823 This hole has been closed. (See security advisory
1824 FreeBSD-SA-02:01.) &merged;</para>
1826 <para>A race condition in &man.pw.8;, which could expose the
1827 contents of <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>, has been
1828 eliminated. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:02.)
1831 <para>A bug in &man.k5su.8; could have allowed a process that had
1832 given up superuser privileges to regain them. This bug has been
1833 fixed. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:07.)
1836 <para>An <quote>off-by-one</quote> bug has been fixed in
1837 <application>OpenSSH</application>'s multiplexing code. This bug
1838 could have allowed an authenticated remote user to cause
1839 &man.sshd.8; to execute arbitrary code with superuser
1840 privileges, or allowed a malicious SSH server to execute arbitrary
1841 code on the client system with the privileges of the client user. (See security
1843 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:13.openssh.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:13</ulink>.)
1846 <para>A programming error in <application>zlib</application> could
1847 result in attempts to free memory multiple times. The
1848 &man.malloc.3;/&man.free.3; routines used in &os; are not
1849 vulnerable to this error, but applications receiving
1850 specially-crafted blocks of invalid compressed data could
1851 be made to function incorrectly or abort. This
1852 <application>zlib</application> bug has been fixed. For a
1853 workaround and solutions, see security advisory <ulink
1854 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:18.zlib.v1.2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:18</ulink>.
1857 <para>Bugs in the TCP SYN cache (<quote>syncache</quote>) and SYN
1858 cookie (<quote>syncookie</quote>) implementations, which could
1859 cause legitimate TCP/IP traffic to crash a machine, have been
1860 fixed. For a workaround and patches, see security advisory
1862 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:20.syncache.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:20</ulink>.
1865 <para>A routing table memory leak, which could allow a remote
1866 attacker to exhaust the memory of a target machine, has been
1867 fixed. A workaround and patches can be found in security
1869 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:21.tcpip.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:21</ulink>.
1872 <para>A bug with memory-mapped I/O, which could cause a system
1873 crash, has been fixed. For more information about a solution,
1874 see security advisory <ulink
1875 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:22.mmap.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:22</ulink>.
1878 <para>A security hole, in which SUID programs could be made to
1879 read from or write to inappropriate files through manipulation
1880 of their standard I/O file descriptors, has been fixed.
1881 Information regarding a solution can be found in security
1883 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:23.stdio.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:23</ulink>.
1886 <para>Some unexpected behavior could be allowed with &man.k5su.8;
1887 because it does not require that an invoking user be a member of
1888 the <groupname>wheel</groupname> group when attempting to become
1889 the superuser (this is the case with &man.su.1;). To avoid this
1890 situation, &man.k5su.8; is now installed non-SUID by default
1891 (effectively disabling it). More information can be found in
1892 security advisory <ulink
1893 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:24.k5su.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:24</ulink>.
1896 <para>Multiple vulnerabilities were found in the &man.bzip2.1;
1897 utility, which could allow files to be overwritten without
1898 warning or allow local users unintended access to files. These
1899 problems have been corrected with a new import of
1900 <application>bzip2</application>. For more information, see
1901 security advisory <ulink
1902 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:25.bzip2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:25</ulink>.
1905 <para>A bug has been fixed in the implementation of the TCP SYN
1906 cache (<quote>syncache</quote>), which could allow a remote
1907 attacker to deny access to a service when accept filters
1908 (see &man.accept.filter.9;) were in use. This bug has been
1909 fixed; for more information, see security advisory <ulink
1910 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:26.accept.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:26</ulink>.
1913 <para>Due to a bug in &man.rc.8;'s use of shell globbing, users
1914 may be able to remove the contents of arbitrary files if
1915 <filename>/tmp/.X11-unix</filename> does not exist and the
1916 system can be made to reboot. This bug has been corrected (see
1917 security advisory <ulink
1918 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:27.rc.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:27</ulink>).
1921 <para>A buffer overflow in the resolver, which could be exploited
1922 by a malicious domain name server or an attacker forging DNS
1923 messages, has been fixed. See security advisory <ulink
1924 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:28.resolv.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:28</ulink>
1925 for more details. &merged;</para>
1927 <para>A buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1;, which could be triggered by
1928 badly-formed NFS packets, has been fixed. See security advisory
1930 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:29.tcpdump.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:29</ulink>
1931 for more details. &merged;</para>
1933 <para>&man.ktrace.1; can no longer trace the operation of formerly
1934 privileged processes; this prevents the leakage of sensitive
1935 information that the process could have obtained before
1936 abandoning its privileges. For a discussion of this issue, see
1939 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:30.ktrace.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:30</ulink>
1940 for more details. &merged;</para>
1944 <sect2 id="userland">
1945 <title>Userland Changes</title>
1947 <para role="historic">If the first argument to &man.ancontrol.8; or
1948 &man.wicontrol.8; doesn't start with a <literal>-</literal>, it
1949 is assumed to be an interface. &merged;</para>
1951 <para role="historic">&man.apmd.8; now has the ability to monitor battery levels
1952 and execute commands based on percentage or minutes of battery
1953 life remaining via the <literal>apm_battery</literal>
1954 configuration directive. See the commented-out examples in
1955 <filename>/etc/apmd.conf</filename> for the
1956 syntax. &merged;</para>
1958 <para role="historic">&man.arp.8; now prints the applicable interface name for
1959 each ARP entry. &merged;</para>
1961 <para>&man.arp.8; now prints <literal>[fddi]</literal> or
1962 <literal>[atm]</literal> tags for addresses on interfaces of
1965 <para>The &man.asa.1; utility, to interpret FORTRAN
1966 carriage-control characters, has been added.</para>
1968 <para>&man.at.1; now supports the <option>-r</option> command-line
1969 option to remove jobs and the <option>-t</option> option to
1970 specify times in POSIX time format.</para>
1972 <para role="historic">&man.atacontrol.8; has been added to control various aspects
1973 of the &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1975 <para>The system &man.awk.1; now refers to
1976 <application>BWK awk</application>.</para>
1978 <para>&man.basename.1; now accept <option>-a</option> and
1979 <option>-s</option> flags, which allow it to perform the
1980 &man.basename.3; function on multiple files.</para>
1982 <para>&man.biff.1; now accepts a <option>b</option> argument to
1983 enable <quote>bell notification</quote> of new mail (which does
1984 not disturb the terminal contents as <command>biff y</command>
1987 <para>&man.biff.1; now uses the first terminal associated with the
1988 standard input, standard output or standard error file
1989 descriptor, in that order. Thus, it is possible to use the
1990 redirection facilities of a shell (<command>biff n <
1991 /dev/ttyp1</command>) to toggle the notification for other
1994 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">&man.boot98cfg.8;, a PC-98 boot manager
1995 installation and configuration utility, has been
1996 added. &merged;</para>
1998 <para role="historic">&man.burncd.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option for
1999 multisession mode (the default behavior now is to close disks as
2000 single-session). A <option>-l</option> option to take a list of
2001 image files from a filename was also added;
2002 <filename>-</filename> can be used as a filename for
2003 <literal>stdin</literal>. &merged;</para>
2005 <para>&man.burncd.8; now supports Disk At Once (DAO) mode,
2006 selectable via the <option>-d</option> flag.</para>
2008 <para>&man.burncd.8; now has the ability to write VCDs/SVCDs.</para>
2010 <para role="historic">&man.c89.1; has been converted from a shell script to a
2011 binary executable, fixing some minor bugs. &merged;</para>
2013 <para>&man.calendar.1; now takes a <option>-W</option> option,
2014 which operates similar to <option>-A</option> but without
2015 special treatment at weekends, and a <option>-F</option>option
2016 to change the notion of <quote>Friday</quote>.</para>
2018 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A minimalized version of &man.camcontrol.8; is
2019 now available on the installation floppy. This allows it to
2020 rescan for devices that have been connected after booting, or to
2021 show the devices attached to SCSI busses (e. g. from within the
2022 <quote>emergency holographic shell</quote>). &merged;</para>
2024 <para role="historic">&man.cat.1; now has the ability to read from UNIX-domain
2025 sockets. &merged;</para>
2027 <para>&man.catman.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2030 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a <literal>cdid</literal>
2031 command, which calculates and displays the CD serial number,
2032 using the same algorithm used by the CDDB
2033 database. &merged;</para>
2035 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now uses the <envar>CDROM</envar>
2036 environment variable to pick a default device. &merged;</para>
2038 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports <literal>next</literal> and
2039 <literal>prev</literal> commands to skip forwards or backwards a
2040 specified number of tracks while playing an audio
2043 <para>On ATAPI CDROM drives, &man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a
2044 <literal>speed</literal> command to set the maximum speed to be
2045 used by the drive. &merged;</para>
2047 <para>&man.chflags.1; has moved from <filename>/usr/bin</filename>
2048 to <filename>/bin</filename>.</para>
2050 <para role="historic">&man.chio.1; now has the ability to specify elements by
2051 volume tag instead of by their physical location as well as the
2052 ability to return an element to its previous
2053 location. &merged;</para>
2055 <para>&man.chmod.1; now supports a <option>-h</option> for
2056 changing the mode of a symbolic link.</para>
2058 <para role="historic">&man.chown.8; now correctly follows symbolic links named as
2059 command line arguments if run without
2060 <option>-R</option>. &merged;</para>
2062 <para>&man.chown.8; no longer takes <literal>.</literal> as a
2063 user/group delimeter. This change was made to support usernames
2064 containing a <literal>.</literal>.</para>
2066 <para>Use of the <literal>CSMG_*</literal> macros no longer
2067 require inclusion of
2068 <filename><sys/param.h></filename></para>
2070 <para role="historic">&man.col.1; now takes a <option>-p</option> flag to force
2071 unknown control sequences to be passed through
2072 unchanged. &merged;</para>
2074 <para role="historic">The <filename>compat3x</filename> distribution has been
2075 updated to include libraries present in &os;
2076 3.5.1-RELEASE. &merged;</para>
2078 <para>A <filename>compat4x</filename> distribution has been added
2079 for compatibility with &os; 4-STABLE.</para>
2081 <para role="historic">&man.config.8; is now better about converting various
2082 warnings that should have been errors into actual fatal errors
2083 with an exit code. This ensures that <literal>make
2084 buildkernel</literal> doesn't quietly ignore them and build a
2085 bogus kernel without a human to read the errors. &merged;</para>
2087 <para role="historic">A number of buffer overflows in &man.config.8; have been
2088 fixed. &merged;</para>
2090 <para>&man.cp.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option>
2091 option to automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would
2092 ask to overwrite a file.</para>
2094 <para>A new &man.csplit.1; utility, which splits files based on
2095 context, has been added.</para>
2097 <para role="historic">&man.ctags.1; no longer creates a corrupt tags file if the
2098 source file used <literal>//</literal> (C++-style)
2099 comments. &merged;</para>
2101 <para>&man.ctags.1; now creates tags for typedefs, structs,
2102 unions, and enums by default (implying the <option>-t</option>
2103 option). The new <option>-T</option> reverts to the old
2106 <para>The &man.daemon.8; program, a command-line interface to
2107 &man.daemon.3;, has been added. It detaches itself from its
2108 controlling terminal and executes a program specified on the
2109 command line. This allows the user to run an arbitrary program
2110 as if it were written to be a daemon.</para>
2112 <para>&man.devinfo.8;, a simple tool to print the device tree and resource
2113 usage by devices, has been added.</para>
2115 <para role="historic">&man.df.1; now takes a <option>-l</option> option to only
2116 display information about locally-mounted
2117 filesystems. &merged;</para>
2119 <para role="historic">&man.disklabel.8; now supports partition sizes expressed in
2120 kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, in addition to
2121 sectors. &merged;</para>
2123 <para>diskpart(8) has been declared obsolete, and has been
2126 <para role="historic">&man.dmesg.8; now has a <option>-a</option> option to show
2127 the entire message buffer, including &man.syslogd.8; records and
2128 <filename>/dev/console</filename> output. &merged;</para>
2130 <para role="historic">&man.du.1; now takes a <option>-I</option> command-line flag
2131 to ignore/skip files and subdirectories matching a specified
2132 shell-glob mask. &merged;</para>
2134 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supports inheritance of the
2135 <literal>nodump</literal> flag down a hierarchy. &merged;</para>
2137 <para role="historic">The <option>-T</option> option to &man.dump.8; no longer
2138 swallows an extra argument. &merged;</para>
2140 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; has a new <option>-D</option> option, allowing
2141 the path to the <filename>/etc/dumpdates</filename> file to be
2142 changed. &merged;</para>
2144 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supplies progress information in its
2145 process title, useful for monitoring automated
2146 backups. &merged;</para>
2148 <para>&man.dump.8; now supports a new <option>-S</option> flag to allow
2149 it to just print out the dump size estimates and exit. &merged;</para>
2151 <para role="historic">&man.edquota.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
2152 allow limiting the prototype quota distribution (specified with
2153 <option>-p</option>) to a single filesystem. &merged;</para>
2155 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/rc.firewall</filename> and
2156 <filename>/etc/rc.firewall6</filename> will no longer add their own
2157 hardcoded rules in the cases of a rules file in the
2158 <varname>firewall_type</varname> variable or a non-existent
2159 firewall type. (The motivation for this change is to avoid
2160 acting on assumptions about a site's firewall policies.) In
2161 addition, the <literal>closed</literal> firewall type now works
2162 as documented in the &man.rc.firewall.8; manual page. &merged;</para>
2164 <para role="historic">The functionality of <filename>/etc/security</filename> has
2165 been been moved into a set of scripts under the &man.periodic.8;
2166 framework, to make local customization easier and more
2167 maintainable. These scripts now reside in
2168 <filename>/etc/periodic/security/</filename>. &merged;</para>
2170 <para>&man.expr.1; is now compliant with the POSIX Utility Syntax
2171 Guidelines. Some programs depend on the old, historic behavior
2172 (the <filename role="package">devel/libtool</filename>
2173 port/package was/is a notable example). In these situations,
2174 the <envar>EXPR_COMPAT</envar> environment variable can be
2175 defined, which causes &man.expr.1; to behave more like previous
2178 <para>&man.fbtab.5; now accepts glob matching patterns for target
2179 devices, not just individual devices and directories.</para>
2181 <para arch="i386">&man.fdisk.8; no longer attempts to search for a
2182 device if none has been specified on the command line, but
2183 instead tries to figure out the default device name from the
2186 <para>&man.fdread.1;, a program to read data from floppy disks,
2187 has been added. It is a counterpart to &man.fdwrite.1; and is
2188 designed to provide a means of recovering at least some data
2189 from bad media, and to obviate for a complex invocation of
2192 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-empty</option> flag,
2193 which returns true if a file or directory is
2194 empty. &merged;</para>
2196 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-iname</option> and
2197 <option>-ipath</option> primaries for case-insensitive matches,
2198 and the <option>-regexp</option> and <option>-iregexp</option>
2199 primaries for regular-expression matches. The
2200 <option>-E</option> flag now enables extended regular
2201 expressions. &merged;</para>
2203 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now has the <option>-anewer</option>,
2204 <option>-cnewer</option>, <option>-mnewer</option>,
2205 <option>-okdir</option>, and <option>-newer[acm][acmt]</option>
2206 primaries for comparisons of file timestamps. The latter
2207 primaries can be specified with various units of
2208 time. &merged;</para>
2210 <para role="historic">&man.finger.1; now has the ability to support fingering
2211 aliases, via the &man.finger.conf.5; file. &merged;</para>
2213 <para>&man.finger.1; now has support for a
2214 <filename>.pubkey</filename> file. &merged;</para>
2216 <para>&man.finger.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
2217 restrict the printing of GECOS information to the user's full
2218 name only. &merged;</para>
2220 <para>&man.finger.1; now supports the <option>-4</option> and
2221 <option>-6</option> flags to specify an address family for
2222 remote queries. &merged;</para>
2224 <para role="historic">&man.fmt.1; has been rewritten; the rewrite fixes a number
2225 of bugs compared to its prior behavior. &merged;</para>
2227 <para role="historic">&man.fmtcheck.3;, a function for checking consistency of
2228 format string arguments, has been added. &merged;</para>
2230 <para>&man.fold.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> flag to
2231 break at byte positions and a <option>-s</option> flag to break at
2232 word boundaries. &merged;</para>
2234 <para role="historic">&man.fsdb.8; now supports a <literal>blocks</literal>
2235 command to list the blocks allocated by a particular
2236 inode. &merged;</para>
2238 <para>&man.fsck.8; wrappers have been imported; this feature
2239 provides infrastructure for &man.fsck.8; to work on different
2240 types of filesystems (analogous to &man.mount.8;).</para>
2242 <para>The behavior of &man.fsck.8; when dealing with various
2243 passes (a la <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>) has been modified
2244 to accommodate multiple-disk filesystems.</para>
2246 <para>&man.fsck.8; now has support for foreground
2247 (<option>-F</option>) and background (<option>-B</option>)
2248 checks. Traditionally, &man.fsck.8; is invoked before the
2249 filesystems are mounted and all checks are done to completion at
2250 that time. If background checking is available, &man.fsck.8; is
2251 invoked twice. It is first invoked at the traditional time,
2252 before the filesystems are mounted, with the <option>-F</option>
2253 flag to do checking on all the filesystems that cannot do
2254 background checking. It is then invoked a second time, after
2255 the system has completed going multiuser, with the
2256 <option>-B</option> flag to do checking on all the filesystems
2257 that can do background checking. Unlike the foreground
2258 checking, the background checking is started asynchronously so
2259 that other system activity can proceed even on the filesystems
2260 that are being checked. Boot-time enabling of this feature is
2262 <varname>background_fsck</varname> option in &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>
2264 <para role="historic">Shortly after the receipt of a <literal>SIGINFO</literal>
2265 signal (normally control-T from the controlling tty),
2266 &man.fsck.ffs.8; will now output a line indicating the current
2267 phase number and progress information relevant to the current
2268 phase. &merged;</para>
2270 <para>&man.fsck.ffs.8; now supports background filesystem checks
2271 to mounted FFS filesystems with the <option>-B</option> option
2272 (softupdates must be enabled on these filesystems). The
2273 <option>-F</option> flag now determines whether a specified
2274 filesystem needs foreground checking.</para>
2276 <para role="historic">A new &man.fsck.msdosfs.8; utility has been added to check
2277 the consistency of MS-DOS filesystems. &merged;</para>
2279 <para role="historic">&man.ftpd.8; now supports a <option>-r</option> flag for
2280 read-only mode and a <option>-E</option> flag to disable
2281 <literal>EPSV</literal>. It also has some fixes to reduce
2282 information leakage and the ability to specify compile-time port
2283 ranges. &merged;</para>
2285 <para>&man.ftpd.8; now supports <option>-o</option> and
2286 <option>-O</option> options to disable the
2287 <literal>RETR</literal> command; the former for everybody, and
2288 the latter only for guest users. Coupled with
2289 <option>-A</option> and appropriate file permissions, these can
2290 be used to create a relatively safe anonymous FTP drop box for
2291 others to upload to.</para>
2293 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">&man.gdb.1; now supports hardware
2294 watchpoints (using the kernel's debug register + support that
2295 has been introduced in &os; 4.0). &merged;</para>
2297 <para role="historic">The &man.getprogname.3; and &man.setprogname.3; library
2298 functions have been added to manipulate the name of the current
2299 program. They are used by error-reporting routines to produce
2300 consistent output. &merged;</para>
2302 <para>gifconfig(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2303 functionality is now handled by the <option>tunnel</option> and
2304 <option>deletetunnel</option> commands of
2305 &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2307 <para>&man.gprof.1; now has a <option>-K</option> option to enable
2308 dynamic symbol resolution from the currently-running kernel.
2309 With this change, properly-compiled KLD modules are now able to
2312 <para role="historic">&man.growfs.8;, a utility for growing FFS filesystems, has
2313 been added. &man.ffsinfo.8;, a utility for dump all the
2314 meta-information of an existing filesystem, has also been
2315 added. &merged;</para>
2317 <para role="historic">The &man.groups.1; and &man.whoami.1; shell scripts are now
2318 unnecessary; their functionality has been completely folded into
2319 &man.id.1;. &merged;</para>
2321 <para>The ibcs(8), linux(8), osf1(8), and
2322 svr4(8) scripts, whose sole purpose was to load emulation
2323 kernel modules, have been removed. The kernel module system
2324 will automatically load them as needed to fulfill
2325 dependencies.</para>
2327 <para role="historic">&man.indent.1; has gained some new formatting
2328 options. &merged;</para>
2330 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can set the link-layer address of
2331 an interface using the <option>link</option> parameter.
2334 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now accept addresses in slash/CIDR
2335 notation. &merged;</para>
2337 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; now has support for setting parameters for
2338 IEEE 802.11 wireless network devices. &man.wi.4; and &man.an.4;
2339 devices are supported, and partial support is provided for
2340 &man.awi.4; devices. &merged;</para>
2342 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; no longer displays the list of supported
2343 media by default. Instead it displays it when the
2344 <option>-m</option> flag is given. &merged;</para>
2346 <para role="historic">The syntax of &man.inetd.8;'s support for &man.faithd.8; is
2347 now compatible with that of other BSDs. &merged;</para>
2349 <para role="historic">The <literal>ident</literal> protocol support in
2350 &man.inetd.8; has been cleaned up and updated. &merged;</para>
2352 <para role="historic">&man.inetd.8; now has the ability to manage UNIX-domain
2353 sockets. &merged;</para>
2355 <para>By default, &man.inetd.8; is no longer run by &man.rc.8; at
2356 boot-time, although &man.sysinstall.8; gives the option of
2357 enabling it during binary installations. &man.inetd.8; can also
2358 be enabled by adding the following line to
2359 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
2361 <programlisting>inetd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
2363 <para role="historic">&man.install.1; has a number of new features, including the
2364 <option>-b</option> and <option>-B</option> options for backing up
2365 existing target files and the <option>-S</option> option for
2366 <quote>safe</quote> (atomic copy) operation. The
2367 <option>-c</option> (copy) flag is now the default, and the
2368 <option>-D</option> (debugging) flag has been withdrawn.
2369 &man.install.1; now issues a warning if <option>-d</option>
2370 (create directories) and <option>-C</option> (copy changed files
2371 only) are used together. &merged;</para>
2373 <para role="historic">IP Filter is now supported by the &man.rc.conf.5; boot-time
2374 configuration and initialization. &merged;</para>
2376 <para role="historic">&man.ipfstat.8; now supports the <option>-t</option> option
2377 to turn on a &man.top.1;-like display. &merged;</para>
2379 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; will now avoid the display of dynamic firewall
2380 rules unless the <option>-d</option> flag is passed to it. The
2381 <option>-e</option> option lists expired dynamic
2382 rules. &merged;</para>
2384 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new feature (<literal>me</literal>) that
2385 allows for packet matching on interfaces with
2386 dynamically-changing IP addresses. &merged;</para>
2388 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new <literal>limit</literal> type of
2389 firewall rule, which limits the number of sessions between
2390 address pairs. &merged;</para>
2392 <para>&man.ipfw.8; filter rules can now match on the value of the
2393 IPv4 precedence field.</para>
2395 <para role="historic">&man.ip6fw.8; now has the ability to use a preprocessor and
2396 use the <option>-q</option> (quiet) flag when reading from a
2397 file. &merged;</para>
2399 <para role="historic">&man.ispppcontrol.8; has been deleted, and its functionality
2400 has been folded into &man.spppcontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
2402 <para role="historic">&man.k5su.8; is no longer installed SUID
2403 <username>root</username> by default. Users requiring this
2404 feature can either manually change the permissions on the
2405 &man.k5su.8; executable or add
2406 <literal>ENABLE_SUID_K5SU=yes</literal> to
2407 <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> before a source
2408 upgrade. &merged;</para>
2410 <para>&man.kbdmap.1; and &man.vidfont.1; have been converted from
2413 <para role="historic">&man.kenv.1;, a command to dump the kernel environment, has
2414 been added. &merged;</para>
2416 <para>&man.kenv.1; now has the ability to set or delete kernel
2417 environment variables.</para>
2419 <para role="historic">&man.keyinfo.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2420 script. &merged;</para>
2422 <para>The kget(8) utility has been removed (it was only
2423 useful for UserConfig, which is not present in &os;
2424 &release.current;).</para>
2426 <para role="historic">&man.killall.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2427 script. As a result, its <option>-m</option> option now uses
2428 the regular expression syntax of &man.regex.3;, rather than that
2429 of Perl. &merged;</para>
2431 <para>&man.killall.1; no longer tries to kill zombie processes
2432 unless the <option>-z</option> flag is specified.</para>
2434 <para role="historic">The &man.kldconfig.8; utility has been added to make it
2435 easier to manipulate the kernel module search
2436 path. &merged;</para>
2438 <para>ktrdump, a utility to dump the ktr trace buffer from
2439 userland, has been added.</para>
2441 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now implements a <option>-d</option> that
2442 provides a <quote>snapshot</quote> of who was logged in at a
2443 particular date and time. &merged;</para>
2445 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now supports a <option>-y</option> flag, which
2446 causes the year to be included in the session start time. &merged;</para>
2448 <para role="historic">The &man.lastlogin.8; utility, which prints the last login
2449 time of each user, has been imported from
2450 NetBSD. &merged;</para>
2452 <para role="historic">&man.ldconfig.8; now checks directory ownerships and
2453 permissions for greater security; these checks can be disabled
2454 with the <option>-i</option> flag. &merged;</para>
2456 <para role="historic">&man.ldd.1; can now be used on shared libraries, in addition
2457 to executables. &merged;</para>
2459 <para>&man.ldd.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag to list
2460 all the objects that are needed by each loaded object.</para>
2462 <para><filename>libc</filename> is now thread-safe by default;
2463 <filename>libc_r</filename> contains only thread
2466 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> and
2467 <filename>libdescrypt</filename> have been unified to provide a
2468 configurable password authentication hash library. Both the md5
2469 and des hash methods are provided unless the des hash is
2470 specifically compiled out. &merged;</para>
2472 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> now has support for Blowfish
2473 password hashing. &merged;</para>
2475 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>libdisk</filename> can now do
2476 install-time configuration of the <filename>boot0</filename>
2477 boot loader. &merged;</para>
2479 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2480 filesystems containing
2481 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed
2482 files. &merged;</para>
2484 <para><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2485 overwriting the contents of a file on a UFS filesystem (it
2486 cannot expand or truncate files because the filesystem may be
2487 dirty or inconsistent).</para>
2489 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for loading
2490 large kernels and modules split across several physical
2491 media. &merged;</para>
2493 <para role="historic">The default TCP port range used by
2494 <filename>libfetch</filename> for passive FTP retrievals has
2495 changed; this affects the behavior of &man.fetch.1;, which has
2496 gained the <option>-U</option> option to restore the old
2497 behavior. &merged;</para>
2499 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for an
2500 authentication callback. &merged;</para>
2502 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for a
2503 <envar>HTTP_USER_AGENT</envar> environment
2504 variable. &merged;</para>
2506 <para><filename>libgmp</filename> has been superceded by
2507 <filename>libmp</filename>.
2509 <para>The functions from <filename>libposix1e</filename> have been
2510 integrated into <filename>libc</filename>.</para>
2512 <para role="historic"><filename>libusb</filename> has been renamed as
2513 <filename>libusbhid</filename>, following NetBSD's naming
2514 conventions. &merged;</para>
2516 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes an <option>-i</option> option to
2517 request user confirmation before overwriting an existing
2518 file. &merged;</para>
2520 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> flag to avoid
2521 following a target that is a link, with a <option>-n</option>
2522 flag for compatibility with other
2523 implementations. &merged;</para>
2525 <para>&man.lock.1; now accepts a <option>-v</option> to disable
2526 switching VTYs while the current terminal is locked. This permits
2527 locking the entire console from a single terminal.</para>
2529 <para role="historic">&man.logger.1; can now send messages directly to a remote
2530 syslog. &merged;</para>
2532 <para role="historic">&man.login.1; now exports environment variables set by
2533 <application>PAM</application> modules. &merged;</para>
2535 <para role="historic">&man.lpc.8; has been improved; <command>lpc clean</command>
2536 is now somewhat safer, and a new <command>lpc tclean</command>
2537 command has been added to check to see what files would be
2538 removed by <command>lpc clean</command>. &merged;</para>
2540 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now takes two new options: <option>-c</option>
2541 will log all connection errors to &man.syslogd.8;, while
2542 <option>-W</option> will allow connections from non-reserved
2543 ports. &merged;</para>
2545 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now has some support for
2546 <literal>o</literal>-type print-file actions in its control
2547 files, which allows printing of PostScript files generated by
2548 <application>MacOS</application> 10.1. &merged;</para>
2550 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now recognizes the <option>-s</option> flag as
2551 the preferred synonym for <option>-p</option> (these flags
2552 cause &man.lpd.8; not to open a socket for network print
2553 jobs). &merged;</para>
2555 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now implements a new <literal>rc</literal>
2556 printcap option. When specified in a print queue for a remote
2557 host, boolean option causes &man.lpd.8; to resend the data file
2558 for each copy the user requested via <command>lpr
2559 -#<replaceable>n</replaceable></command>. &merged;</para>
2561 <para role="historic">Catching up with most other network utilities in the base
2562 system, &man.lpr.1;, &man.lpd.8;, &man.syslogd.8;, and
2563 &man.logger.1; are now all IPv6-capable. &merged;</para>
2565 <para role="historic"><command>lprm -</command> now works for remote printer
2566 queues. &merged;</para>
2568 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; can produce colorized listings with the
2569 <option>-G</option> flag (and appropriate terminal support).
2570 The <envar>CLICOLOR</envar> environment variable can be set to
2571 enable colorized listings by default. &merged;</para>
2573 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; now accepts a <option>-h</option> flag, which
2574 when combined with the <option>-l</option> flag, causes file
2575 sizes to be printed with unit suffixes, such that the number of
2576 digits printed is fewer than four. &merged;</para>
2578 <para>The &man.ls.1; program now supports a <option>-m</option>
2579 flag to list files across a page, a <option>-p</option> flag to
2580 force printing of a <literal>/</literal> after directories, and
2581 a <option>-x</option> flag to sort filenames across a
2582 page. &merged;</para>
2584 <para role="historic">&man.m4.1; now accepts a <option>-s</option> flag to cause
2585 it to emit <literal>#line</literal> directives for use by
2586 &man.cpp.1;. &merged;</para>
2588 <para role="historic">&man.mail.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> flag to avoid
2589 sending messages with empty bodies. &merged;</para>
2591 <para role="historic">&man.make.1; has gained the <literal>:C///</literal>
2592 (regular expression substitution), <literal>:L</literal>
2593 (lowercase), and <literal>:U</literal> (uppercase) variable
2594 modifiers. These were added to reduce the differences between
2595 the &os; and OpenBSD/NetBSD &man.make.1; programs.
2598 <para role="historic">Bugs in &man.make.1;, among which include broken null suffix
2599 behavior, bad assumptions about current directory permissions,
2600 and potential buffer overflows, have been fixed. &merged;</para>
2602 <para role="historic">The new <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
2603 <filename>make.conf</filename> variable controls the compilation
2604 of processor-specific optimizations in various pieces of code
2605 such as <application>OpenSSL</application>. &merged;</para>
2607 <para role="historic">The &os; <filename>Makefile</filename> infrastructure now
2608 supports the <varname>WARNS</varname> directive from NetBSD.
2609 This directive controls the addition of compiler warning flags
2610 to <varname>CFLAGS</varname> in a relatively compiler-neutral
2611 manner. &merged;</para>
2613 <para>&man.makewhatis.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2616 <para>&man.man.1; is no longer installed SUID
2617 <username>man</username>, in order to reduce vulnerabilities
2618 associated with generating <quote>catpages</quote> (preformatted
2619 manual pages cached for repeated viewing). As a result,
2620 &man.man.1; can no longer create system catpages on a regular
2621 user's behalf. It is still able to do so if the user has write
2622 permissions to the directory holding catpages (e.g. a user's own
2623 manpages) or if the running user is
2624 <username>root</username>.</para>
2626 <para>The &man.mdmfs.8; command has been added; it is a wrapper
2627 around &man.mdconfig.8;, &man.disklabel.8;, &man.newfs.8;, and
2628 &man.mount.8; that mimics the command line option set of the
2629 deprecated &man.mount.mfs.8;.</para>
2631 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now sources an
2632 <filename>/etc/mergemaster.rc</filename> file and also prompts
2633 the user to run recommended commands (such as
2634 <command>newaliases</command>) as needed. &merged;</para>
2636 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now supports two new flags.
2637 The <option>-p</option> flag enables a
2638 <quote>pre-<literal>buildworld</literal></quote> mode to files
2639 known to be essential to the success of the
2640 <literal>buildworld</literal> and
2641 <literal>installworld</literal> system updating steps. The
2642 <option>-C</option> flag, used after a successful
2643 &man.mergemaster.8; run, compares options in
2644 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to the default options in
2645 <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2647 <para>&man.mesg.1; now conforms to SUSv3. Among other things, it
2648 now uses the first terminal associated with the standard input,
2649 standard output or standard error file descriptor, in that order.
2650 Thus, it is possible to use the redirection facilities of a shell
2651 (<command>mesg n < /dev/ttyp1</command>) to control write access
2652 for other terminals.</para>
2654 <para role="historic">mk_cmds(1) and the associated
2655 <filename>libss</filename> have been removed; they have been
2656 unused for quite some time. &merged;</para>
2658 <para>&man.mountd.8; and &man.nfsd.8; have moved from
2659 <filename>/sbin</filename> to <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>.</para>
2661 <para role="historic">&man.moused.8; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2662 control mouse acceleration. &merged;</para>
2664 <para role="historic">&man.mtree.8; now includes support for a file that lists
2665 pathnames to be excluded when creating and verifying prototypes.
2666 This makes it easier to use &man.mtree.8; as a part of an
2667 intrusion-detection system. &merged;</para>
2669 <para>&man.mv.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option> to
2670 automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would ask to
2671 overwrite a file.</para>
2673 <para role="historic">&man.natd.8; now supports a
2674 <option>-log_ipfw_denied</option> option to log packets that
2675 cannot be re-injected because they are blocked by &man.ipfw.8;
2676 rules. &merged;</para>
2678 <para role="historic">The <quote>in use</quote> percentage metric displayed by
2679 &man.netstat.1; now really reflects the percentage of network
2680 mbufs used. &merged;</para>
2682 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-W</option> flag that
2683 tells it not to truncate addresses, even if they're too long for
2684 the column they're printed in. &merged;</para>
2686 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now keeps track of input and output packets
2687 on a per-address basis for each interface. &merged;</para>
2689 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-z</option> flag to reset
2690 statistics. &merged;</para>
2692 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-S</option> flag to print
2693 address numerically but port names symbolically. &merged;</para>
2695 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now implements write combining, which can make
2696 creation of new filesystems up to seven times
2697 faster. &merged;</para>
2699 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now takes a <option>-U</option> option to
2700 enable softupdates on a new filesystem. &merged;</para>
2702 <para role="historic">The default number of cylinders per group in &man.newfs.8;
2703 is now computed to be the maximum allowable given the current
2704 filesystem parameters. It can be overridden with the
2705 <option>-c</option> option. Formerly, the default was fixed at
2706 16. This change leads to better &man.fsck.8; performance and
2707 reduced fragmentation. &merged;</para>
2709 <para role="historic"><anchor id="newfs-block-frag-sizes">The default block and
2710 fragment sizes for new filesystems created by &man.newfs.8; are
2711 now 16384 and 2048 bytes, respectively (the old defaults were
2712 8192 and 1024 bytes). This change generally provides increased
2713 performance, at the expense of some wasted disk
2714 space. &merged;</para>
2716 <para>A number of archaic features of &man.newfs.8; have been
2717 removed; these implement tuning features that are essentially
2718 useless on modern hard disks. These features were controlled by
2719 the <option>-O</option>, <option>-d</option>,
2720 <option>-k</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>-n</option>,
2721 <option>-p</option>, <option>-r</option>, <option>-t</option>,
2722 and <option>-x</option> flags.</para>
2724 <para>&man.newfs.8; now supports a <option>-O</option> flag to
2725 select the creation of UFS1 or UFS2 filesystems.</para>
2727 <para>The &man.newgrp.1; utility to change to a new group has been
2730 <para role="historic">&man.newsyslog.8; now has the ability to compress log files
2731 using &man.bzip2.1;. &merged;</para>
2733 <para><application>NFS</application> now works over IPv6.</para>
2735 <para role="historic">&man.ngctl.8; now supports a <option>write</option> command
2736 to send a data packet down a given hook. &merged;</para>
2738 <para>&man.nice.1; now uses the <option>-n</option> option to
2739 specify the <quote>niceness</quote> of the utility being
2740 run. &merged;</para>
2742 <para role="historic">&man.nl.1;, a line numbering filter program, has been
2743 added. &merged;</para>
2745 <para><application>nsswitch</application> support has been merged
2746 from NetBSD. By creating an &man.nsswitch.conf.5; file, &os;
2747 can be configured so that various databases such as
2748 &man.passwd.5; and &man.group.5; can be looked up using flat
2749 files, NIS, or Hesiod. The old
2750 <filename>hosts.conf</filename> file is no longer used.</para>
2752 <para><application>PAM</application> support has been added for
2753 account management and sessions.</para>
2755 <para><application>PAM</application> configuration is now
2756 specified by files in <filename>/etc/pam.d/</filename>, rather
2757 than a single <filename>/etc/pam.conf</filename> file.
2758 <filename>/etc/pam.d/README</filename> has more details.</para>
2760 <para>A &man.pam.echo.8; echo service module has been added.</para>
2762 <para>A &man.pam.exec.8; program execution service module has been
2765 <para>A &man.pam.ftp.8; module has been added to allow
2766 authentication of anonymous FTP users.</para>
2768 <para>A &man.pam.ftpusers.8; module has been added to perform
2769 checks against the &man.ftpusers.5; file.</para>
2771 <para>A &man.pam.ksu.8; module has been added to do Kerberos 5
2772 authentication and <filename>$HOME/.k5login</filename>
2773 authorization for &man.su.1;.</para>
2775 <para>A &man.pam.lastlog.8; module has been added to record
2776 sessions in the &man.utmp.5;, &man.wtmp.5;, and &man.lastlog.5;
2779 <para>A &man.pam.login.access.8; module has been added, to allow
2780 checking against <filename>/etc/login.access</filename>.</para>
2782 <para>The &man.pam.nologin.8; module, which can disallow logins
2783 using &man.nologin.5;, has been added.</para>
2785 <para>The &man.pam.opie.8; and &man.pam.opieaccess.8; modules have
2786 been added to control authentication via &man.opie.4;. &merged;</para>
2788 <para>A &man.pam.passwdqc.8; module has been added, to check the
2789 quality of passwords submitted during password changes.</para>
2791 <para>A &man.pam.rhosts.8; module has been added to support
2792 &man.rhosts.5; authentication.</para>
2794 <para>The &man.pam.rootok.8; module, which can be used to
2795 authenticate only the superuser, has been added.</para>
2797 <para>A &man.pam.securetty.8; module has been added to check the
2798 <quote>security</quote> of a TTY, as listed in &man.ttys.5;.</para>
2800 <para>A &man.pam.self.8; module, which allows self-authentication
2801 of a user, has been added.</para>
2803 <para role="historic">A &man.pam.ssh.8; module has been added to allow the use of
2804 SSH passphrases and keypairs for authentication. This module
2805 also handles session management by invoking
2806 &man.ssh-agent.1;. &merged;</para>
2808 <para>A &man.pam.wheel.8; module has been added to permit
2809 authentication to members of a group, which defaults to
2810 <groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para>
2812 <para role="historic">&man.passwd.1; and &man.pw.8; now select the password hash
2813 algorithm at run time. See the <literal>passwd_format</literal>
2815 <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2817 <para role="historic">&man.patch.1; now accepts a <option>-i</option> command-line
2818 flag to read a patch from a file, rather than standard
2819 input. &merged;</para>
2821 <para>The &man.pathchk.1; utility, which checks pathnames for
2822 validity or portability between POSIX systems, has been
2825 <para role="historic">&man.pax.1; has received a number of enhancements, including
2826 &man.cpio.1; functionality, &man.tar.1; compatibility
2827 enhancements, <option>-z</option> and <option>-Z</option> flags
2828 for &man.gzip.1; and &man.compress.1; functionality, and a
2829 number of bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2831 <para role="historic">&man.pciconf.8; now supports a <option>-v</option> option to
2832 display the vendor/device information of configured devices, in
2833 conjunction with the <option>-l</option> option. The default
2834 vendor/device database can be found at
2835 <filename>/usr/share/misc/pci_vendors</filename>. &merged;</para>
2837 <para role="historic">The behavior of &man.periodic.8; is now controlled by
2838 <filename>/etc/defaults/periodic.conf</filename> and
2839 <filename>/etc/periodic.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2841 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option to
2842 set the TTL of outgoing packets. &merged;</para>
2844 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-A</option> option to
2845 beep when packets are lost. &merged;</para>
2847 <para role="historic">Userland &man.ppp.8; has received a number of updates and
2848 bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2850 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; has gained the <literal>tcpmssfixup</literal>
2851 option, which adjusts outgoing and incoming TCP SYN packets so
2852 that the maximum receive segment size is no larger than allowed
2853 by the interface MTU. &merged;</para>
2855 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; now supports IPv6. &merged;</para>
2857 <para role="historic">&man.pppd.8; (the control program for kernel-level PPP) is
2858 now installed mode <literal>4550</literal> and
2859 <username>root</username><literal>:</literal><groupname>dialer</groupname>,
2860 rather than mode <literal>4555</literal> (in other words, it is
2861 no longer world-executable). Users of &man.pppd.8; may need to
2862 change their group settings. &merged;</para>
2864 <para role="historic">&man.pr.1; now supports the <option>-f</option> and
2865 <option>-p</option> flags to pause output going to a
2866 terminal. &merged;</para>
2868 <para>prefix(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2869 functionality is provided by the <option>eui64</option> command
2870 to &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2872 <para role="historic">The <option>-W</option> option to &man.ps.1; (to extract
2873 information from a specified swap device) has been useless for
2874 some time; it has been removed. &merged;</para>
2876 <para>The &man.pselect.3; library function (introduced by POSIX.1
2877 as a slightly stronger version of &man.select.2;) has been
2880 <para role="historic">&man.pwd.1; can now double as &man.realpath.1;, a program to
2881 resolve pathnames to their underlying physical
2882 paths. &merged;</para>
2884 <para>&man.pwd.1; now supports the <option>-L</option> flag to
2885 print the logical current working directory. &merged;</para>
2887 <para>The pseudo-random number generator implemented by
2888 &man.rand.3; has been improved to provide less biased
2891 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now has an framework for handling dependencies
2892 between &man.rc.conf.5; variables. &merged;</para>
2894 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now deletes all non-directory files in
2895 <filename>/var/run</filename> and
2896 <filename>/var/spool/lock</filename> at boot
2897 time. &merged;</para>
2899 <para>&man.rcmd.3; now supports the use of the
2900 <envar>RSH</envar> environment variable to specify a program to
2901 use other than &man.rsh.1; for remote execution. As a result,
2902 programs such as &man.dump.8;, can use &man.ssh.1; for remote
2905 <para>&man.rdist.1; has been retired from the base system, but is
2906 still available from &os; Ports Collection as
2907 <filename role="package">net/44bsd-rdist</filename>.</para>
2909 <para role="historic">&man.reboot.8; now takes a <option>-k</option> to specify
2910 the next kernel to boot. &merged;</para>
2912 <para>The &man.renice.8; command implements a <option>-n</option>
2913 option, which specifies an increment to be applied to the
2914 priority of a process. &merged;</para>
2916 <para role="historic">The &man.resolver.3; in &os; now implements EDNS0 support,
2917 which will be necessary when working with IPv6 transport-ready
2918 resolvers/DNS servers. &merged;</para>
2920 <para role="historic">The &man.rfork.thread.3; library call has been added as a
2921 helper function to &man.rfork.2;. Using this function should
2922 avoid the need to implement complex stack swap
2923 code. &merged;</para>
2925 <para role="historic">The <option>-v</option> option to &man.rm.1; now displays
2926 the entire pathname of a file being removed. &merged;</para>
2928 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; is now more verbose when changing indirect
2929 routes, in the case of a gateway route that is the same route as
2930 the one being modified. &merged;</para>
2932 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; now uses
2933 <literal><replaceable>host</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
2935 <literal><replaceable>net</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
2936 syntax, for compatibility with &man.netstat.1;. &merged;</para>
2938 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; can now create <quote>proxy only</quote>
2939 published ARP entries. &merged;</para>
2941 <para role="historic">The &man.route.8; <option>add</option> command now supports
2942 the <option>-ifp</option> and <option>-ifa</option>
2943 modifiers. &merged;</para>
2945 <para>&man.rpcbind.8; has replaced &man.portmap.8;.</para>
2947 <para>&man.rpcgen.1; now uses <filename>/usr/bin/cpp</filename>
2949 <filename>/usr/libexec/cpp</filename>.</para>
2951 <para>&man.rpc.lockd.8; has been imported from NetBSD. This
2952 daemon provides support for servicing client NFS locks.</para>
2954 <para role="historic">The performance of the ELF dynamic linker &man.rtld.1; has
2955 been improved. &merged;</para>
2957 <para role="historic">RSA Security has waived all patent rights to the
2958 <application>RSA</application> algorithm. As a result, the
2959 native <application>OpenSSL</application> implementation of the
2960 RSA algorithm is now activated by default, and the <filename
2961 role="package">security/rsaref</filename> port and the
2962 <filename>librsaUSA</filename> and
2963 <filename>librsaINTL</filename> libraries are no longer required
2964 for USA and non-USA residents respectively. &merged;</para>
2966 <para>&man.rtld.1; will now print the names of all objects that
2967 cause each object to be loaded, if the
2968 <varname>LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_ALL</varname> environment
2969 variable is defined.</para>
2971 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now supports a <option>-k</option> option
2972 to prevent clearing a crash dump after saving it. It also
2973 attempts to avoid writing large stretches of zeros to crash dump
2974 files to save space and time. &merged;</para>
2976 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now works correctly on machines with 2 GB
2977 or more of RAM. &merged;</para>
2979 <para role="historic">&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> option for
2980 extended regular expression support. &merged;</para>
2982 <para>&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-i</option> option to enable
2983 in-place editing of files. &merged;</para>
2985 <para role="historic">&man.send-pr.1; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2986 include a file into the <literal>Fix:</literal> section of a
2987 problem report. &merged;</para>
2989 <para>The &man.setfacl.1; and &man.getfacl.1; commands have been
2990 added to manage filesystem Access Control Lists.</para>
2992 <para role="historic">&man.setproctitle.3; has been moved from
2993 <filename>libutil</filename> to
2994 <filename>libc</filename>. &merged;</para>
2996 <para role="historic">&man.sh.1; now implements <command>test</command> as a
2997 built-in command for improved efficiency. &merged;</para>
2999 <para>&man.sh.1; no longer implements <command>printf</command> as
3000 a built-in command because it was considered less valuable
3001 compared to the other built-in commands (this functionality is,
3002 of course, still available through the &man.printf.1;
3005 <para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option to
3006 prevent existing regular files from being overwritten by output
3007 redirection, and a <option>-u</option> to give an error if an
3008 unset variable is expanded. &merged;</para>
3010 <para>The &man.sh.1; built-in <command>cd</command> command now
3011 supports <option>-L</option> and <option>-P</option> flags to
3012 invoke logical or physical modes of operation, respectively.
3013 Logical mode is the default, but the default can be changed with
3014 the <varname>physical</varname> &man.sh.1; option. &merged;</para>
3016 <para>The &man.sh.1; built-in <command>jobs</command> command now
3017 supports a <option>-s</option> flag to output PIDs only and a
3018 <option>-l</option> flag to add PIDs to the output. &merged;</para>
3020 <para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <command>bind</command> built-in
3021 command, which allows the key bindings for the shell's line editor
3022 to be changed.</para>
3024 <para>The &man.sh.1; built-in <command>export</command> and
3025 <command>readonly</command> commands now support a
3026 <option>-p</option> flag to print their output in
3027 <quote>portable</quote> format. &merged;</para>
3029 <para role="historic">&man.sockstat.1; now has <option>-c</option> and
3030 <option>-l</option> flags for listing connected and listening
3031 sockets, respectively. &merged;</para>
3033 <para>&man.spkrtest.8; is now a &man.sh.1; script, rather than a
3036 <para role="historic">&man.split.1; now has the ability to split a file longer
3037 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
3039 <para>&man.split.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> option to
3040 specify the number of letters to use for the suffix of split
3041 files. &merged;</para>
3043 <para>In preparation for meeting SUSv2/POSIX
3044 <filename><sys/select.h></filename> requirements,
3045 <literal>struct selinfo</literal> and related functions have been
3046 moved to <filename><sys/selinfo.h></filename>.</para>
3048 <para role="historic">The &man.strnstr.3; and &man.strcasestr.3; variants of
3049 &man.strstr.3; have been implemented. &merged;</para>
3051 <para role="historic">&man.stty.1; now has support for an
3052 <literal>erase2</literal> control character, so that, for
3053 example, both the <keycap>Delete</keycap> and
3054 <keycap>Backspace</keycap> keys can be used to erase
3055 characters. &merged;</para>
3057 <para>&man.su.1; now uses <application>PAM</application> for
3058 authentication.</para>
3060 <para role="historic">Boot-time &man.syscons.4; configuration was moved to a
3062 <filename>/etc/rc.syscons</filename>. &merged;</para>
3064 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-N</option> option to
3065 print out variable names only. &merged;</para>
3067 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; has replaced the <option>-A</option> and
3068 <option>-X</option> options with <option>-ao</option> and
3069 <option>-ax</option> respectively; the former options are now
3070 deprecated. The <option>-w</option> option is deprecated as
3071 well; it is not needed to determine the user's
3072 intentions. &merged;</para>
3074 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-e</option> option to
3075 separate variable names and values by <literal>=</literal>
3076 rather than <literal>:</literal>. This feature is useful for
3077 producing output that can be fed back to
3078 &man.sysctl.8;. &merged;</para>
3080 <para>&man.sysctl.8; now accepts a <option>-d</option> flag to print
3081 the descriptions of variables.</para>
3083 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now properly preserves
3084 <filename>/etc/mail</filename> during a binary
3085 upgrade. &merged;</para>
3087 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now uses some more intuitive defaults
3088 thanks to some new dialog support functions. &merged;</para>
3090 <para>The default root partition in &man.sysinstall.8; is now
3091 100MB on the i386 and pc98, 120MB on the Alpha.</para>
3093 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; now lives in
3094 <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>, which simplifies the
3095 installation process. The &man.sysinstall.8; manpage is also
3096 installed in a more consistent fashion now.</para>
3098 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has the ability to load KLDs as a
3099 part of the installation. &merged;</para>
3101 <para role="historic">When run from the installation media, &man.sysinstall.8;
3102 will automatically load any device drivers found in the
3103 <filename>/stand/modules</filename> directory of the
3104 <literal>mfsroot</literal> floppy or filesystem image. Note
3105 that any drivers so loaded will not appear in the kernel's boot
3106 messages; the &man.sysinstall.8; debugging screen will provide
3107 additional information. &merged;</para>
3109 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now enables Soft Updates by default on
3110 all filesystems it creates, except for the root
3111 filesystem. &merged;</para>
3113 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; has received updates for its
3114 <quote>auto</quote> partitioning mode which provide more
3115 reasonable defaults for the sizes of partitions that are
3116 created; auto-sized partitions can now also recover the space
3117 that becomes available when other partitions are
3118 deleted. &merged;</para>
3120 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; no longer mounts the &man.procfs.5;
3121 filesystem by default on new installs.</para>
3123 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has rudimentary support for
3124 retrieving packages from the correct volume of a multiple-volume
3125 installation (such as a multi-CD distribution). &merged;</para>
3127 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; can take a <option>-n</option> option to
3128 disable DNS queries for every request. &merged;</para>
3130 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now supports a
3131 <literal>LOG_CONSOLE</literal> facility (disabled by default),
3132 which can be used to log <filename>/dev/console</filename>
3133 output. &merged;</para>
3135 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now has the ability to bind to a specific
3136 address (as opposed to using every available one) via the
3137 <option>-b</option> option. &merged;</para>
3139 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now accepts a <option>-c</option> flag to
3140 disable repeated line compression. &merged;</para>
3142 <para>&man.tabs.1;, a utility to set terminal tab stops, has been
3145 <para role="historic">&man.tail.1; now has the ability to work on files longer
3146 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
3148 <para role="historic">&man.tar.1; now supports the <varname>TAR_RSH</varname>
3149 variable, principally to enable the use of &man.ssh.1; as a
3150 transport. &merged;</para>
3152 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does autologin and encryption by default;
3153 a new <option>-y</option> option turns off encryption. &merged;</para>
3155 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now supports a <option>-u</option> flag to
3156 allow connections to UNIX-domain (<literal>AF_UNIX</literal>)
3157 sockets. &merged;</para>
3159 <para role="historic">&man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; now support IPv6. &merged;</para>
3161 <para role="historic">&man.tftpd.8; now takes the <option>-c</option> and
3162 <option>-C</option> options, which allow the server to
3163 &man.chroot.2; based on the IP address of the connecting client.
3164 &man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; can now transfer files larger
3165 than 65535 blocks. &merged;</para>
3167 <para>&man.tftpd.8; now supports RFC 2349 (TFTP Timeout Interval
3168 and Transfer Size Options); this feature is required by some
3169 firmware like EFI boot managers (at least on HP i2000 Itanium
3170 servers) in order to boot an image using
3171 <application>TFTP</application>.</para>
3173 <para arch="alpha">&man.timed.8; now works on the alpha.</para>
3175 <para>A version of Transport Independent RPC
3176 (<application>TI-RPC</application>) has been imported.</para>
3178 <para role="historic">&man.tmpnam.3; will now use the <envar>TMPDIR</envar>
3179 environment variable, if set, to specify the location of
3180 temporary files. &merged;</para>
3182 <para>&man.tip.1; has been updated from
3183 <application>OpenBSD</application>, and has the ability to act
3184 as a &man.cu.1; substitute.</para>
3186 <para>&man.top.1; will now use the full width of its tty.</para>
3188 <para>&man.touch.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> option to
3189 operate on a symbolic link, rather than what the link points
3192 <para>&man.tr.1; now has basic support for equivalence classes
3193 for locales that support them. &merged;</para>
3195 <para>&man.tr.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> flag to
3196 complement the set of characters specified by the first string
3199 <para role="historic">The &man.truncate.1; utility, which truncates or extends the
3200 length of files, has been added. &merged;</para>
3202 <para role="historic">Ukrainian language support has been added to the &os;
3203 console. &merged;</para>
3205 <para><application>UUCP</application> has been removed from the
3206 base system. It can be found in the Ports Collection, in
3207 <filename role="package">net/freebsd-uucp</filename>.</para>
3209 <para>&man.unexpand.1; now supports a <option>-t</option> to
3210 specify tabstabs analogous to &man.expand.1;. &merged;</para>
3212 <para role="historic">&man.units.1; has received some updates and
3213 bugfixes. &merged;</para>
3215 <para>&man.usbdevs.8; now supports a <option>-d</option> flag to
3216 show the device driver associated with each device.</para>
3218 <para role="historic">The &man.usbhidctl.1; utility has been added to manipulate
3219 USB Human Interface Devices. &merged;</para>
3221 <para role="historic">&man.uuencode.1; and &man.uudecode.1; now accept a <option>-o</option> option to
3222 set their output files. &man.uuencode.1; can now be made to do base64 encoding
3223 when given the <option>-m</option> flag, while &man.uudecode.1;
3224 can now automatically decode base64 files. &merged;</para>
3226 <para>The base64 capabilities of &man.uuencode.1; and
3227 &man.uudecode.1; can now be automatically enabled by invoking
3228 these utilities as &man.b64encode.1; and &man.b64decode.1;
3229 respectively.</para>
3231 <para>The &man.uuidgen.1; utility has been added. It uses the new
3232 &man.uuidgen.2; system call to generate one or more Universally
3233 Unique Identifiers compatible with OSF/DCE 1.1 version 1
3236 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-g</option>
3237 parameter to select custom text geometry in the
3238 <literal>VESA_800x600</literal> raster text mode. &merged;</para>
3240 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now allows the user to omit the font size
3241 specification when loading a font, and has some better
3242 error-handling. &merged;</para>
3244 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-p</option> option
3245 to take a snapshot of a &man.syscons.4; video buffer. These
3246 snapshots can be manipulated by the
3247 <filename role="package">graphics/scr2png</filename> utility in
3248 the Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
3250 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option
3251 to clear the history buffer for a given tty, as well as a
3252 <option>-h</option> option to set the size of the history
3253 buffer. &merged;</para>
3255 <para>&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-S</option> to
3256 allow the user to disable VTY switching.</para>
3258 <para>The default stripe size in &man.vinum.8; has been changed
3259 from 256KB to 279KB, to spread out superblocks more evenly
3260 between stripes.</para>
3262 <para role="historic">&man.wall.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
3263 write a message to all users of a given group. &merged;</para>
3265 <para role="historic">&man.watch.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
3266 specify a &man.snp.4; device to use. &merged;</para>
3268 <para>&man.wc.1; now supports a <option>-m</option> flag to
3269 count characters, rather than bytes.</para>
3271 <para>&man.whereis.1;, formerly a Perl script, has been
3272 rewritten in C. It now supports a <option>-x</option> flag to
3273 suppress the run of &man.locate.1;, and a <option>-q</option>
3274 flag suppresses the leading name of the query.</para>
3276 <para>&man.which.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
3279 <para>&man.who.1; now has a number of new options:
3280 <option>-H</option> shows column headings; <option>-T</option>
3281 shows &man.mesg.1; state; <option>-m</option> is an equivalent
3282 to <option>am i</option>; <option>-u</option> shows idle time;
3283 <option>-q</option> to list names in columns. &merged;</para>
3285 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; now directs queries for IP addresses to ARIN.
3286 If a query to ARIN references APNIC or RIPE, the appropriate
3287 server will also be queried, provided that the
3288 <option>-Q</option> option is not specified. &merged;</para>
3290 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; supports a <option>-c</option> option to
3291 specify a country code to help direct queries towards a
3292 particular whois server. &merged;</para>
3294 <para>&man.wicontrol.8; now supports a <option>-l</option> to list
3295 the stations associated in <literal>hostap</literal> mode and a
3296 <option>-L</option> to list available access points.</para>
3298 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-I</option>
3299 <replaceable>replstr</replaceable> option that allows the user
3300 to tell &man.xargs.1; to insert the data read from standard
3301 input at specific points in the command line arguments rather
3302 than at the end. (A &os;-specific <option>-J</option> option is
3303 similar, but is now deprecated in favor of the more portable
3304 <option>-I</option> option.) &merged;</para>
3306 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-L</option> option to
3307 force its utility argument to be called after some number of
3308 lines. &merged;</para>
3310 <para role="historic">The compiler chain now uses the FSF-supplied C/C++ runtime
3311 initialization code. This change brings about better
3312 compatibility with code generated from the various egcs and gcc
3313 ports, as well as the stock public FSF source. &merged;</para>
3315 <para role="historic">The threads library has gained some signal handling changes,
3316 bug fixes, and performance enhancements (including zero system
3317 call thread switching). &man.gdb.1; thread support has been
3318 updated to match these changes. &merged;</para>
3320 <para role="historic">Significant additions have been made to internationalization
3321 support; &os; now has complete locale support for the
3322 <literal>LC_MONETARY</literal>, <literal>LC_NUMERIC</literal>,
3323 and <literal>LC_MESSAGES</literal> categories. A number of
3324 applications have been updated to take advantage of this
3325 support. &merged;</para>
3327 <para role="historic">Locale names have been changed to improve compatibility with
3328 the names used by X11R6, as well as a number of other UNIX
3329 versions. As an example, the
3330 <literal>en_US.ISO_8859-1</literal> locale name has been changed
3332 <literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal>. Entries in
3333 <filename>/etc/locale.alias</filename> provide backward
3334 compatibility. &merged;</para>
3336 <para role="historic"><filename>/usr/src/share/examples/BSD_daemon/</filename> now
3337 contains a scalable Beastie graphic. &merged;</para>
3339 <para role="historic">As part of an ongoing process, many manual pages were
3340 improved, both in terms of their formatting markup and in their
3341 content. &merged;</para>
3343 <para>A number of utilities and libraries were enhanced to improve
3344 their conformance with the Single UNIX Specification (SUSv3) and
3345 IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (<quote>POSIX.1</quote>). Specific
3346 features added have been listed in the release notes for each
3347 utility. The standards conformance of each utility or library
3348 function is generally listed in its manual page.</para>
3351 <title>Contributed Software</title>
3353 <para><application>am-utils</application> has been updated to
3356 <para>A 10 February 2002 snapshot of <application>awk</application> from Bell Labs (variously
3357 known as <quote>BWK awk</quote> or <quote>The One True
3358 AWK</quote>) has been imported. It is available as
3359 <command>awk</command> or
3360 <command>nawk</command>.</para>
3362 <para role="historic"><application>bc</application> has been updated from 1.04 to
3363 1.06. &merged;</para>
3365 <para role="historic">The ISC library from the <application>BIND</application>
3366 distribution is now built as
3367 <filename>libisc</filename>. &merged;</para>
3369 <para role="historic"><application>BIND</application> is now built with the
3370 <literal>NOADDITIONAL</literal> flag, which causes
3371 &man.named.8; to operate in a more consistent fashion for
3372 certain common misconfigurations. &merged;</para>
3374 <para><application>BIND</application> has been updated to
3375 8.3.3. &merged;</para>
3377 <para><application>Binutils</application> has been updated to
3378 2.12.1 (specifically, a post-release snapshot from 22 June 2002).</para>
3380 <para role="historic"><application>bzip2</application> 1.0.2 has been imported;
3381 this brings the &man.bzip2.1; program and the
3382 <filename>libbz2</filename> library to the base
3383 system. &merged;</para>
3385 <para role="historic">The &man.ee.1; <application>Easy Editor</application> has
3386 been updated to 1.4.2. &merged;</para>
3388 <para><application>file</application> has been updated to
3391 <para><application>gcc</application> has been updated to
3392 a snapshot of <application>gcc</application> 3.1.
3394 <para>The integration of <application>gcc</application> is
3395 very new. Some applications and programs in the base
3396 system require fixes or compiler flags to build
3397 correctly. Work to address these problems is ongoing.</para>
3401 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now uses a unified <filename>libgcc</filename>
3402 rather than a separate one for threaded and non-threaded
3403 programs. <filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_r.a</filename> can be
3404 removed. &merged;</para>
3406 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now supports the environment variable
3407 <envar>GCC_OPTIONS</envar>, which can hold a set of default
3408 options for <application>GCC</application>. &merged;</para>
3410 <para><application>gdb</application> has been updated to a
3411 snapshot of <application>gdb</application> 5.2 from 27 June
3414 <para role="historic"><application>GNATS</application> has been updated to
3415 3.113. &merged;</para>
3417 <para><application>gperf</application> has been updated to
3420 <para role="historic"><application>groff</application> and its related utilities
3421 have been updated to FSF version 1.17.2. This import brings
3422 in a new &man.mdoc.7; macro package (sometimes referred to as
3423 <literal>mdocNG</literal>), which removes many of the
3424 limitations of its predecessor. &merged;</para>
3426 <para role="historic"><application>Heimdal Kerberos</application> has been updated to
3427 0.4e. &merged;</para>
3429 <para role="historic">The version of <application>IPFilter</application>
3430 provided with &os; now includes the &man.ipfs.8; program,
3431 which allows state information created for NAT entries and
3432 stateful rules to be saved to disk and restored after a
3433 reboot. Boot-time configuration of these features is
3434 supported by &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
3436 <para role="historic">The <application>ISC DHCP</application> client has been
3437 updated to 3.0.1RC8. &merged;</para>
3439 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos IV</application> has been updated to
3440 1.0.5. &merged;</para>
3442 <para>The &man.more.1; command has been replaced by
3443 &man.less.1;, although it can still be run as
3444 <command>more</command>. &merged; Version 371 of
3445 <application>less</application> has been imported.</para>
3447 <para><application>libpcap</application> has been updated to
3448 0.7.1. &merged;</para>
3450 <para><application>libreadline</application> has been updated to
3453 <para><application>libz</application> has been updated to
3456 <para><application>lint</application> has been updated to
3457 snapshot of NetBSD &man.lint.1; as of 19 July 2002.</para>
3459 <para><application>lukemftp</application> 1.6 beta 2 (the FTP client from
3460 NetBSD) has replaced the &os; &man.ftp.1; program. Among its
3461 new features are more automation methods, better standards
3462 compliance, transfer rate throttling, and a customizable
3463 command-line prompt. Some environment variables and
3464 command-line arguments have changed.</para>
3466 <para>The FTP daemon from NetBSD, otherwise known as
3467 <application>lukemftpd</application> 1.2 beta 1, has been imported and is
3468 available as &man.lukemftpd.8;. &merged;</para>
3470 <para>&man.m4.1; has been imported from OpenBSD, as of 26 April
3471 2002. &merged;</para>
3473 <para><application>ncurses</application> has been updated to
3474 5.2-20020615.</para>
3476 <para role="historic">The <application>NTP</application> suite of programs has
3477 been updated to 4.1.0. &merged;</para>
3479 <para><application>OpenPAM</application>
3480 (<quote>Citronella</quote> release) has been imported,
3482 <application>Linux-PAM</application>.</para>
3484 <para>The <application>OPIE</application> one-time-password
3485 suite has been updated to 2.4. It has completely
3486 replaced the functionality of
3487 <application>S/Key</application>. &merged;</para>
3489 <para><application>Perl</application> has been removed from the
3490 &os; base system. It can still be installed from the &os;
3491 Ports Collection or as a binary package; moving it out of the
3492 base system will make future upgrades and maintenence easier.
3493 To reduce the dependence of the base system on
3494 Perl, many utilities have been
3495 rewritten as shell scripts or C programs (specific notes are
3496 made for each affected utility).
3497 <filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename> is now a
3498 <quote>wrapper</quote> program, so that programs expecting to
3499 find a Perl interpreter there will
3500 be able to function correctly.
3503 <para>The Perl removal and
3504 package integration work is ongoing.</para>
3509 <para><application>GNU ptx</application> has been removed from
3510 the base system. It is not used anywhere in the base system,
3511 and has not been recently updated or maintained. Users
3512 requiring its functionality can install this utility as a part
3513 of the <filename role="package">textproc/textutils</filename>
3516 <para>The <literal>rc.d</literal> framework from NetBSD has been
3517 imported. It breaks down the system startup functionality
3518 into a number of small, <quote>task-oriented</quote> scripts
3519 in <filename>/etc/rc.d</filename>, with dynamic-determined
3520 ordering of startup scripts performed at boot-time.
3523 <para>This feature is currently disabled by default. It can
3524 be enabled by setting <literal>rc_ng="YES"</literal> in
3525 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>
3530 <para role="historic">&man.routed.8; has been updated to version
3531 2.22. &merged;</para>
3533 <para arch="i386,pc98">Version 1.4.5 of the
3534 <application>smbfs</application> userland utilities have been
3537 <para><application>GNU sort</application> has been updated to
3538 the version from <application>GNU textutils
3539 2.0.21</application>.</para>
3541 <para>&man.stat.1; from <application>NetBSD</application>, as of
3542 5 June 2002 has, been imported.</para>
3544 <para><application>GNU tar</application> has been updated to
3545 1.13.25. &merged;</para>
3547 <para><application>tcpdump</application> has been updated to
3548 3.7.1. &merged;</para>
3550 <para>The &man.csh.1; shell has been replaced by &man.tcsh.1;,
3551 although it can still be run as <command>csh</command>.
3552 <application>tcsh</application> has been updated to version
3555 <para>The contributed version of
3556 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now includes the
3557 &man.tcpd.8; helper daemon. While not strictly necessary in a
3558 standard &os; installation (because &man.inetd.8; already
3559 incorporates this functionality), this may be useful for
3560 &man.inetd.8; replacements such as
3561 <application>xinetd</application>.</para>
3563 <para><application>texinfo</application> has been updated to
3566 <para><application>top</application> has been updated to version
3569 <para><application>traceroute</application> has been updated to
3570 LBL version 1.4a12.</para>
3572 <para role="historic">&man.traceroute.8; now takes its default maximum TTL value
3573 from the <varname>net.inet.ip.ttl</varname> sysctl
3574 variable. &merged;</para>
3576 <para role="historic">The timezone database has been updated to the
3577 <filename>tzdata2002c</filename> release. &merged;</para>
3582 <para role="historic"><application>cvs</application> has been updated to
3583 1.11.1p1. &merged;</para>
3585 <para role="historic">The default value for &man.cvs.1;'s
3586 <envar>CVS_RSH</envar> variable is now
3587 <literal>ssh</literal>, rather than
3588 <literal>rsh</literal>. &merged;</para>
3590 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; now supports a <option>-T</option> option to
3591 update a sandbox's <filename>CVS/Template</filename> file
3592 from the repository. &merged;</para>
3594 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; <literal>diff</literal> now supports the
3595 <option>-j</option> option to perform differences against a
3596 revision relative to a branch tag. &merged;</para>
3600 <title>CVSup</title>
3602 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application>, a frequently used
3603 utility in the &os; Ports Collection, was formerly
3604 installable using several ports and packages. The
3605 <filename role="package">net/cvsup-bin</filename> and
3606 <filename role="package">net/cvsupd-bin</filename>
3607 ports/packages are no longer necessary or available; the
3608 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename> port should be
3609 used instead. &merged;</para>
3611 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application> has been updated to
3612 16.1_3, which is available in the &os; Ports Collection as
3613 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename>. This update
3614 fixes a long-standing (but only recently encountered) bug
3615 which affects the timestamps on all files after Sun Sep 9
3616 01:46:40 UTC 2001 (1,000,000,000 seconds after the UNIX
3617 epoch). &merged;</para>
3620 <sect4 id="kame-userland">
3623 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
3624 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
3625 the items listed in this section are a result of this
3627 <xref linkend="kame-kernel"> lists kernel updates to the
3628 KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
3630 <para role="historic">&man.faithd.8; now supports a configuration file for
3631 access control. &merged;</para>
3633 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3634 gifconfig(8). &merged;</para>
3636 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3637 prefix(8). &merged;</para>
3639 <para role="historic">&man.ndp.8; now implements garbage collection for stale
3640 NDP entries, as described in RFC 2461 (Neighbor Discovery
3641 for IP Version 6 (IPv6)). &merged;</para>
3643 <para role="historic">pim6dd(8) and pim6sd(8) have been removed due
3644 to restrictive licensing conditions. These programs are
3645 available in the ports collection as
3646 <filename role="package">net/pim6dd</filename> and
3647 <filename role="package">net/pim6sd</filename>. &merged;</para>
3649 <para role="historic">&man.route6d.8; now supports an <option>-n</option> flag
3650 to avoid updating the kernel forwarding
3651 table. &merged;</para>
3653 <para role="historic">The <option>-R</option> (router renumbering) option to
3654 &man.rtadvd.8; is currently ignored. &merged;</para>
3658 <title>OpenSSH</title>
3660 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3661 2.9, which provides support for the SSH2 protocol (now the
3662 default) and DSA keys. &man.ssh-add.1; and
3663 &man.ssh-agent.1; can now handle DSA keys, with support for
3664 authentication forwarding.
3665 <application>OpenSSH</application> users in the USA no
3666 longer need to rely on the restrictively-licensed RSAREF
3667 toolkit which is required to handle RSA keys. Among other
3668 new features: A client and server for &man.sftp.1; has been added.
3669 &man.scp.1; can now handle files larger than 2 GBytes. A
3670 limit on the number of outstanding, unauthenticated
3671 connections in &man.sshd.8; has been added. Support has
3672 been added for the Rijndael encryption algorithm. Rekeying
3673 of existing sessions is now supported, and an experimental
3674 <application>SOCKS4</application> proxy has been added to
3675 &man.ssh.1;. &merged;</para>
3677 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3678 version 3.1. &merged; Among the changes:
3681 <para>The <filename>*2</filename> files are obsolete
3683 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts</filename> can hold the
3685 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts2</filename>).</para>
3688 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; can import and export keys using
3689 the SECSH Public Key File Format, for key exchange
3690 with several commercial SSH implementations.</para>
3693 <para>&man.ssh-add.1; now adds all three default keys.</para>
3696 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; no longer defaults to a
3697 specific key type; one must be specified with the
3698 <option>-t</option> option.</para>
3703 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3704 3.4p1. &merged; The main changes are:
3707 <para>A <quote>privilege separation</quote> feature,
3708 which uses unprivileged processes to contain and
3709 restrict the effects of future compromises or
3710 programming errors.</para>
3714 <para>Several bugfixes, including closure of a
3715 security hole that could lead to an integer overflow
3716 and undesired privilege escalation.</para>
3721 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> can now authenticate
3722 using <application>OPIE</application> passwords. &merged;</para>
3724 <para role="historic"><application>PAM</application> support for
3725 <application>OpenSSH</application> has been added. &merged;</para>
3727 <para role="historic">A long-standing bug in
3728 <application>OpenSSH</application>, which sometimes resulted
3729 in a dropped session when an X11-forwarded client was
3730 closed, was fixed. &merged;</para>
3732 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos</application> compatibility has
3734 <application>OpenSSH</application>. &merged;</para>
3736 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been modified to
3737 be more resistant to traffic analysis by requiring that
3738 <quote>non-echoed</quote> characters are still echoed back
3739 in a null packet, as well as by padding passwords sent so as
3740 not to hint at password lengths. &merged;</para>
3742 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; is now enabled by default on new
3743 installs. &merged;</para>
3745 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> is now
3746 turned on by default on the server (any risk is to the
3747 client, where it is already disabled by
3748 default). &merged;</para>
3750 <para role="historic">In <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>, the
3751 <literal>ConnectionsPerPeriod</literal> parameter has been
3752 deprecated in favor of
3753 <literal>MaxStartups</literal>. &merged;</para>
3755 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now has a
3756 <literal>VersionAddendum</literal> configuration setting for
3757 &man.sshd.8; to allow changing the part of the
3758 <application>OpenSSH</application> version string after the
3759 main version number. &merged;</para>
3763 <title>OpenSSL</title>
3765 <para><application>OpenSSL</application> has been updated to
3768 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSL</application> now has support for
3769 machine-dependent ASM optimizations, activated by the new
3770 <varname>MACHINE_CPU</varname> and/or
3771 <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
3772 <filename>make.conf</filename> variables. &merged;</para>
3776 <title>sendmail</title>
3778 <para><application>sendmail</application> has been updated
3779 from version 8.9.3 to version 8.12.5. Important changes
3780 include: &man.sendmail.8; is no longer installed as a
3781 set-user-ID <username>root</username> binary (now set-group-ID <groupname>smmsp</groupname>); new
3782 default file locations (see
3783 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/cf/README</filename>);
3784 &man.newaliases.1; is limited to <username>root</username>
3785 and trusted users; STARTTLS encryption; and the MSA port
3786 (587) is turned on by default. See
3787 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/RELEASE_NOTES</filename>
3788 for more information. &merged;</para>
3790 <para role="historic">&man.mail.local.8; is no longer installed as a
3791 set-user-ID binary. If you are using a
3792 <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> from the default
3793 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> included with &os; any time
3794 after 3.1.0, you are fine. If you are using a
3795 hand-configured <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> and
3796 <command>mail.local</command> for delivery, check to make sure the
3797 <literal>F=S</literal> flag is set on the
3798 <literal>Mlocal</literal> line. Those with
3799 <filename>.mc</filename> files who need to add the flag can
3800 do so by adding the following line to their
3801 <filename>.mc</filename> file and regenerating the
3802 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> file:</para>
3804 <programlisting role="historic">MODIFY_MAILER_FLAGS(`LOCAL',`+S')dnl</programlisting>
3806 <para role="historic">Note that <literal>FEATURE(`local_lmtp')</literal> already
3807 does this. &merged;</para>
3809 <para role="historic">The default <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename>
3810 disables the SMTP <literal>EXPN</literal> and
3811 <literal>VRFY</literal> commands. &merged;</para>
3813 <para role="historic">&man.vacation.1; has been updated to use the version
3814 included with <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3816 <para role="historic">The <application>sendmail</application> configuration
3817 building tools are installed in
3818 <filename>/usr/share/sendmail/cf/</filename>. &merged;</para>
3820 <para role="historic">New <filename>make.conf</filename> options:
3821 <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname> and
3822 <varname>SENDMAIL_ADDITIONAL_MC</varname>. See
3823 <filename>/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf</filename> for more
3824 information. &merged;</para>
3826 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now supports:
3827 the new <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname>
3828 <filename>make.conf</filename> option; the ability to build
3829 <filename>.cf</filename> files from
3830 <filename>.mc</filename> files; generalized map rebuilding;
3831 rebuilding the aliases file; and the ability to stop, start,
3833 <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3835 <para role="historic">The <username>smmsp</username> and
3836 <username>mailnull</username> users have been added to
3837 <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>. In the absence of a
3838 <literal>confDEF_USER_ID</literal> setting, by default,
3839 <application>sendmail</application> will use the
3840 <username>mailnull</username> user for extra security.
3841 Previously, if the <username>mailnull</username> user did
3842 not exist, the <username>daemon</username> user was used.
3843 This change may generate some permissions issues when
3844 mailing to files or to programs (such as <filename
3845 role="package">mail/majordomo</filename>). &merged; The
3846 previous behavior can be restored by adding the following
3848 <filename><replaceable>*</replaceable>.mc</filename>
3851 <programlisting>define(`confDEF_USER_ID', `daemon')</programlisting>
3854 <para role="historic">Beginning with the import of
3855 <application>sendmail</application> 8.12.2, multiple
3856 <application>sendmail</application> daemons (some required
3857 to handle outgoing mail) are started by &man.rc.8;, even if
3858 the <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> variable is set to
3859 <literal>NO</literal>. To completely disable
3860 <application>sendmail</application>,
3861 <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> must be set to
3862 <literal>NONE</literal>. Alternatively, for systems using a
3863 different MTA, the <varname>mta_start_script</varname> variable can
3864 be used to point to a different startup script (more details
3865 can be found in &man.rc.sendmail.8;). &merged;</para>
3867 <para>By default, &man.rc.8; no longer enables
3868 <application>sendmail</application> for inbound SMTP
3869 connections. Note that &man.sysinstall.8; may override this
3870 default for a binary installation, based on what security
3871 profile is selected. This functionality can also be
3872 manually enabled by adding the following line to
3873 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
3875 <programlisting>sendmail_enable="YES"</programlisting>
3877 <para>The permissions for <application>sendmail</application>
3878 alias and map databases built via
3879 <filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now default to mode
3880 0640 to protect against a file locking local denial of service.
3881 It can be changed by setting the new
3882 <varname>SENDMAIL_MAP_PERMS</varname>
3883 <filename>make.conf</filename> option. &merged;</para>
3885 <para>The permissions for the <application>sendmail</application>
3886 statistics file, <filename>/var/log/sendmail.st</filename>, have
3887 been changed from mode 0644 to mode 0640 to protect against
3888 a file locking local denial of service. &merged;</para>
3894 <title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>
3896 <para><application>BSDPAN</application>, a collection of modules
3897 that provides tighter integration of
3898 <application>Perl</application> into the &os; Ports
3899 Collection, has been added.</para>
3901 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; and &man.pkg.add.1; can now work with
3902 packages that have been compressed using
3903 &man.bzip2.1;. &man.pkg.add.1; will use the PACKAGEROOT
3904 environment variable to determine a mirror site for new
3905 packages. &merged;</para>
3907 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now records dependencies in dependency
3908 order rather than in the order specified on the command line.
3909 This improves the functioning of <command>pkg_add
3910 -r</command>. &merged;</para>
3912 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> to
3913 create a package file from a locally-installed
3914 package. &merged;</para>
3916 <para role="historic">When requested to delete multiple packages,
3917 &man.pkg.delete.1; will now attempt to remove them in
3918 dependency order rather than the order specified on the
3919 command line. &merged;</para>
3921 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now can perform glob/regexp matching of
3922 package names. In addition, it supports a <option>-a</option>
3923 option for removing all packages and a <option>-i</option>
3924 option for &man.rm.1;-style interactive
3925 confirmation. &merged;</para>
3927 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now supports a <option>-r</option>
3928 option for recursive package removal. &merged;</para>
3930 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; now supports globbing against names of
3931 installed packages. The <option>-G</option> option disables
3932 this behavior, and the <option>-x</option> option causes
3933 regular expression matching instead of shell
3934 globbing. &merged;</para>
3936 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; can now accept a <option>-g</option> flag
3937 for verifying an installed package against its recorded
3938 checksums (to see if it's been modified post-installation).
3939 Naturally, this mechanism is only as secure as the contents of
3940 <filename>/var/db/pkg</filename> if it's to be used for auditing
3941 purposes. &merged;</para>
3943 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.sign.1; and &man.pkg.check.1; have been added to
3944 digitally sign and verify the signatures on binary package
3945 files. &merged;</para>
3947 <para>For some time, &os; 5.0-CURRENT (as well as some 4.X
3948 releases) included a pkg_update(1) utility to update installed
3949 packages, as well as their dependencies. This utility has
3950 been removed; a superset of its functionality can be found in
3951 the <filename role="package">sysutils/portupgrade</filename>
3954 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now has a version number comparison
3955 routine that corresponds to the Porters Handbook. It also has
3956 a <option>-t</option> option for testing address comparisons.
3959 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now takes a <option>-s</option> flag
3960 to limit its operation to ports/packages matching a given
3961 string. &merged;</para>
3963 <para>&man.pkg.version.1;, formerly a Perl script, has been
3964 rewritten in C.</para>
3966 <para role="historic">Version numbers of installed packages have a new
3967 (backward-compatible) syntax, which supports the
3968 <varname>PORTREVISION</varname> and
3969 <varname>PORTEPOCH</varname> variables in Ports Collection
3970 <filename>Makefile</filename>s. These changes help keep track
3971 of changes in the ports collection entries such as security
3972 patches or &os;-specific updates, which aren't reflected in
3973 the original, third-party software distributions.
3974 &man.pkg.version.1; can now compare these new-style version
3975 numbers. &merged;</para>
3977 <para role="historic">To improve performance and disk utilization, the
3978 <quote>ports skeletons</quote> in the &os; Ports Collection
3979 have been restructured. Installed ports and packages should
3980 not be affected. &merged;</para>
3982 <para role="historic">All packages and ports now contain an
3983 <quote>origin</quote> directive, which makes it easier for
3984 programs such as &man.pkg.version.1; to determine the
3985 directory from which a package was built. &merged;</para>
3987 <para role="historic">The Ports Collection infrastructure now uses
3988 <application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0 as the default version
3989 of the X Window System for the purposes of satisfying
3990 dependencies. To return to using
3991 <application>XFree86</application> 3.3.6, add the following line
3992 to <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>: &merged;</para>
3994 <programlisting role="historic">XFREE86_VERSION=3</programlisting>
3996 <para>The libraries installed by the <filename
3997 role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename> port (required
3998 for Linux emulation) have been updated; they now correspond to
3999 those included with <application>Red Hat Linux</application>
4005 <title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>
4007 <para>The <filename>bin</filename> distribution has been renamed
4008 <filename>base</filename>, in order to make creation of combined
4009 install/recovery disks easier.</para>
4011 <para arch="i386">ISO images and CDROMs now use the
4012 <filename>cdboot</filename> boot loader by default. This
4013 eliminates the need for an emulated floppy disk image on
4014 a bootable CDROM and allows for a full
4015 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel to be used for CDROM
4016 installations, at the expense of compatability with some old
4019 <para arch="i386,pc98,alpha" role="historic"><application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0
4020 is now the default version of the X Window System supported by
4021 &man.sysinstall.8;. It installs
4022 <application>XFree86</application> as a set of standard binary
4023 packages, so the usual package utilities such as
4024 &man.pkg.info.1; can be used to examine/manipulate its
4025 components. &merged;</para>
4027 <para>It is now possible to make releases of &os;
4028 &release.current; on a &os; 4-STABLE host. Cross-architecture
4029 (building a release for a target architecture on a host of a
4030 different architecture) releases are also possible. See
4031 &man.release.7; for details.</para>
4036 <title>Documentation</title>
4038 <para>A number of formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
4039 Programmer's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
4040 <filename>/usr/share/doc/psd</filename>. These include:</para>
4044 <para><emphasis>The UNIX Time-Sharing System</emphasis>
4045 (<filename>01.cacm</filename>)</para>
4049 <para><emphasis>UNIX Implementation</emphasis>
4050 (<filename>02.implement</filename>)</para>
4054 <para><emphasis>The UNIX I/O System</emphasis>
4055 (<filename>03.iosys</filename>)</para>
4059 <para><emphasis>UNIX Programming — Second Edition</emphasis>
4060 (<filename>04.uprog</filename>)</para>
4064 <para><emphasis>The C Programming Language — Reference Manual</emphasis>
4065 (<filename>06.Clang</filename>)</para>
4069 <para><emphasis>Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler</emphasis>
4070 (<filename>15.yacc</filename>)</para>
4074 <para><emphasis>Lex — A Lexical Analyzer Generator</emphasis>
4075 (<filename>16.lex</filename>)</para>
4079 <para><emphasis>The M4 Macro Processor</emphasis>
4080 (<filename>17.m4</filename>)</para>
4084 <para>Several formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
4085 User's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
4086 <filename>/usr/share/doc/usd</filename>. They include:</para>
4090 <para><emphasis>NROFF/TROFF User's Manual</emphasis>
4091 (<filename>21.troff</filename>)</para>
4095 <para><emphasis>A TROFF Tutorial</emphasis>
4096 (<filename>22.trofftut</filename>)</para>
4104 <title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>
4106 <para>If you're upgrading from a previous release of &os;, you
4107 generally will have three options:
4111 <para>Using the binary upgrade option of &man.sysinstall.8;.
4112 This option is perhaps the quickest, although it presumes
4113 that your installation of &os; uses no special compilation
4117 <para>Performing a complete reinstall of &os;. Technically,
4118 this is not an upgrading method, and in any case is usually less
4119 convenient than a binary upgrade, in that it requires you to
4120 manually backup and restore the contents of
4121 <filename>/etc</filename>. However, it may be useful in
4122 cases where you want (or need) to change the partitioning of
4126 <para>From source code in <filename>/usr/src</filename>. This
4127 route is more flexible, but requires more disk space, time,
4128 and technical expertise. More information can be found
4130 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html"><quote>Using
4131 <command>make world</command></quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
4132 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
4133 Handbook</ulink>. Upgrading from very old
4134 versions of &os; may be problematic; in cases like this, it
4135 is usually more effective to perform a binary upgrade or a
4136 complete reinstall.</para>
4141 <para>Please read the <filename>INSTALL.TXT</filename> file for more
4142 information, preferably <emphasis>before</emphasis> beginning an
4143 upgrade. If you are upgrading from source, please be sure to read
4144 <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> as well.</para>
4146 <para>Finally, if you want to use one of various means to track the
4147 -STABLE or -CURRENT branches of &os;, please be sure to consult
4149 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/current-stable.html"><quote>-CURRENT
4150 vs. -STABLE</quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
4151 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
4152 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
4155 <para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
4156 backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration