2 <title>&os;/&arch; &release.current; Release Notes</title>
4 <corpauthor>The FreeBSD Project</corpauthor>
6 <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
12 <holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
16 <para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
18 <![ %include.historic; [
19 the changes made to the &os; base system since &release.prev;.
21 <![ %no.include.historic; [
22 recent changes made to the &os; base system on the &release.branch;
25 Both changes for kernel and userland are listed, as well as
26 applicable security advisories that were issued since the last
27 release. Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
32 <title>Introduction</title>
34 <para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
35 &release.current; on the &arch.print; hardware platform. It
36 describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
37 It also provides some notes on upgrading
38 from previous versions of &os;.</para>
40 <![ %release.type.snapshot [
42 <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
43 apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
44 branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;. Some
45 pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
46 can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
50 <![ %release.type.release [
52 <para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
53 &release.type; distribution. It can be found at <ulink
54 url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors. More
55 information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
56 distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
57 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
58 FreeBSD</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
59 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
60 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
66 <title>What's New</title>
68 <para>This section describes
69 <![ %include.historic; [
70 the most user-visible new or changed features in &os;
72 In general, changes described here are unique to the &release.branch;
73 branch unless specifically marked as &merged; features.
75 <![ %no.include.historic; [
76 many of the user-visible new or changed features in &os;
77 since &release.prev;. It includes items that are unique to the
78 &release.branch; branch, as well as some features that may have been
80 other branches (after &os; &release.prev.historic;). The later
81 items are marked as &merged;.
85 <para>Typical release note items
86 document new drivers or hardware support, new commands or options,
87 major bugfixes, or contributed software upgrades. Applicable security
88 advisories issued after &release.prev; are also listed.</para>
90 <para>Many additional changes were made to &os; that are not listed
91 here for lack of space. For example, documentation was corrected
92 and improved, minor bugs were fixed, insecure coding practices
93 were audited and corrected, and source code was cleaned up.</para>
96 <title>Kernel Changes</title>
98 <para>&man.acct.2; has been changed to open the accounting file in
99 append mode, so that &man.accton.8; can be used to enable
100 accounting to an append-only file. &merged;</para>
102 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.amdpm.4; driver has been added to
103 provide access to the system monitoring functions of the AMD 756
104 chipset. &merged;</para>
106 <para role="historic">The &man.agp.4; driver for AGP devices has been
107 added. &merged;</para>
109 <para>A new &man.ddb.4; command <command>show pcpu</command> lists
110 some of the per-CPU data.</para>
112 <para role="historic">Two new &man.ddb.4; commands, <command>hwatch</command> and
113 <command>dhwatch</command>, have been introduced. Analogous to
114 <command>watch</command> and <command>dwatch</command>, they
115 install hardware watchpoints (as opposed to software
116 watchpoints) if supported by the architecture. &merged;</para>
118 <para>&man.devfs.5;, which allows entries in the
119 <filename>/dev</filename> directory to be built automatically
120 and supports more flexible attachment of devices, has been
121 largely reworked. &man.devfs.5; is now enabled by default and
122 can be disabled by the <literal>NODEVFS</literal> kernel
125 <para>The &man.devfs.5; <quote>rule</quote> subsystem has been introduced. DEVFS rules
126 permit the administrator to define certain properties of new device
127 nodes before they become visible to the userland. Both static (e.g.
128 <filename>/dev/speaker</filename>) and dynamic (e.g.
129 <filename>/dev/bpf*</filename>, some removable devices) nodes are
130 supported. Each &man.devfs.5; mount may have a different ruleset assigned to
131 it, permitting different policies to be implemented for things like
132 jails. Rules and rulesets are manipulated with the &man.devfs.8;
135 <para>The dgm driver has been removed in favor of the digi driver.</para>
137 <para>A new digi driver has been added to support PCI Xr-based and
138 ISA Xem Digiboard cards. A new &man.digictl.8; program is
139 (mainly) used to re-initialize cards that have external port
140 modules attached such as the PC/Xem.</para>
142 <para>An &man.eaccess.2; system call has been added, similar to
143 &man.access.2; except that the former uses effective credentials
144 rather than real credentials.</para>
146 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for EBus-based
149 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.ichsmb.4; driver for the Intel 82801AA
150 (ICH) SMBus controller and compatibles has been
151 added. &merged;</para>
153 <para>Each &man.jail.2; environment can now run under its own
156 <para>The tunable sysctl variables for &man.jail.2; have moved
157 from <varname>jail.*</varname> to the
158 <varname>security.*</varname> hierarchy. Other security-related
159 sysctl variables have moved from <varname>kern.security.*</varname> to
160 <varname>security.*</varname>.</para>
162 <para role="historic">The <varname>kern.maxvnodes</varname> limit now properly
163 limits the number of vnodes in use. Previously only vnodes with
164 no cached pages could be freed; this could allow the number of
165 vnodes to grow without limit on large-memory machines accessing
166 many small files. A <literal>vnlru</literal> kernel thread
167 helps to flush and reuse vnodes. &merged;</para>
169 <para role="historic">The kernel message buffer is now accessible by the
170 (machine-independent) <varname>kern.msgbuf</varname> sysctl
171 variable; &man.dmesg.8; no longer needs to be SGID
172 <groupname>kmem</groupname>. &merged;</para>
174 <para>The kernel environment is now dynamic, and can be changed
175 via the new &man.kenv.2; system call.</para>
177 <para role="historic">The &man.kqueue.2; event notification facility was added to
178 the &os; kernel. This is a new interface which is able to
179 replace &man.poll.2;/&man.select.2;, offering improved
180 performance, as well as the ability to report many different
181 types of events. Support for monitoring changes in sockets,
182 pipes, fifos, and files are present, as well as for signals and
183 processes. &merged;</para>
185 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A new <varname>KVA_SPACE</varname> kernel option
186 can be used to reconfigure the size of the kernel virtual
187 address space. &merged;</para>
189 <para>The labpc(4) driver has been removed due to
190 <quote>bitrot</quote>.</para>
192 <para>The loader and kernel linker now look for files named
193 <filename>linker.hints</filename> in each directory with KLDs
194 for a module name and version to KLD filename mapping. The new
195 &man.kldxref.8; utility is used to generate these files.</para>
197 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now supports the kernel functionality
199 <filename role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename>
200 (RedHat 7.X emulation) port. &merged;</para>
202 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now requires <literal>options
203 SYSVSEM</literal> in the kernel configuration. &merged;</para>
205 <para>&man.lomac.4;, a Low-Watermark Mandatory Access Control
206 security facility, has been added as a kernel module. It
207 provides a drop-in security mechanism in addition to the
208 traditional UID-based security facilities, requiring no
209 additional configuration from the administrator. Work on this
210 feature was sponsored by DARPA and NAI Labs.</para>
212 <para>&os; now supports an extensible Mandatory Access Control
213 framework. It permits loadable kernel modules to link to the
214 kernel at compile-time, boot-time, or run-time, and augment the
215 system security policy.
218 <para>The MAC framework implementation is a work in progress.</para>
222 <para arch="ia64">Machine Check Architecture (MCA) records are now
223 collected at boot time and made available through the
224 <varname>hw.mca.*</varname> sysctl variables.</para>
226 <para role="historic">The <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration
227 parameter is now a boot-time tunable variable. The kernel
228 parameters derived from <varname>maxusers</varname> are now also
229 tunables and can be overridden at boot-time. The
230 <varname>hz</varname> parameter is also now a
231 tunable. &merged;</para>
233 <para role="historic">Specifying a value of <literal>0</literal> for the
234 <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration parameter will
235 now cause an appropriate value to be calculated at boot-time
236 (between 32 and 384, depending on the amount of memory present).
237 This value is now the default for all
238 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernels. &merged;</para>
240 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A <varname>MAXMEM</varname> kernel option,
241 along with the <varname>hw.physmem</varname> loader tunable, can
242 be used to artificially reduce the memory size of a machine for
243 testing (or other purposes). &merged;</para>
245 <para role="historic">The kernel configuration parameters
246 <varname>MAXTSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLDSIZ</varname>,
247 <varname>MAXDSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLSSIZ</varname>,
248 <varname>MAXSSIZ</varname>, and <varname>SGROWSIZ</varname> are
249 all loader tunables (<varname>kern.maxtsiz</varname>,
250 <varname>kern.maxdfldsiz</varname>, etc.). &merged;</para>
252 <para>&man.mutex.9; profiling code has been added, enabled by the
253 <literal>MUTEX_PROFILING</literal> kernel configuration option.
254 It enables the <varname>debug.mutex.prof.*</varname> hierarchy
255 of sysctl variables.</para>
257 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The <literal>NCPU</literal>,
258 <literal>NAPIC</literal>, <literal>NBUS</literal>, and
259 <literal>NINTR</literal> kernel configuration options,
260 for configuring SMP kernels, have been removed.
261 <literal>NCPU</literal> is now set to a maximum of 16,
262 and the other, aforementioned options are now
263 dynamic. &merged;</para>
265 <para role="historic">A &man.nmdm.4; null-modem terminal driver has been added.
268 <para role="historic">The <literal>O_DIRECT</literal> flag has been added to
269 &man.open.2; and &man.fcntl.2;. Specifying this flag for open
270 files will attempt to minimize the cache effects of reading and
271 writing. &merged;</para>
273 <para role="historic">An &man.orm.4; device has been added to claim the option
274 ROMs in the ISA memory I/O space, to prevent other drivers from
275 mistakenly assigning addresses that conflict with these
276 ROMs. &merged;</para>
278 <para arch="i386,pc98">PECOFF (Win32 Execution file format) support has
281 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The pmc driver, which supports the power
282 management controller of the NEC PC-98NOTE, has been
283 added. &merged;</para>
285 <para role="historic">POSIX.1b Shared Memory Objects are now supported. The
286 implementation uses regular files, but automatically enables the
287 MAP_NOSYNC flag when they are &man.mmap.2;-ed. &merged;</para>
289 <para role="historic">Replaced the <literal>PQ_*CACHE</literal> options with a
290 single <literal>PQ_CACHESIZE</literal> option to be set to the
291 cache size in kilobytes. The old options are still supported
292 for backwards compatibility. &merged;</para>
294 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.puc.4; (PCI <quote>Universal</quote>
295 Communications) driver has been added, to help connect PCI-based
296 serial ports to the &man.sio.4; driver. &merged;</para>
298 <para>The &man.random.4; device has been rewritten to use the
299 <application>Yarrow</application> algorithm. It harvests
300 entropy from a variety of interrupt sources, including the
301 console devices, Ethernet and point-to-point network interfaces,
302 and mass-storage devices. Entropy from the &man.random.4;
303 device is now periodically saved to files in
304 <filename>/var/db/entropy</filename>, as well as at shutdown
305 time. The semantics of <filename>/dev/random</filename> have
306 changed; it never blocks waiting for entropy bits but generates
307 a stream of pseudo-random data and now behaves exactly as
308 <filename>/dev/urandom</filename>.</para>
310 <para>A new kernel option, <literal>options REGRESSION</literal>,
311 enables interfaces and functionality intended for use during
312 correctness and regression testing.</para>
314 <para><literal>RLIMIT_VMEM</literal> support has been added. This
315 feature defines a new resource limit that covers a process's
316 entire virtual memory space, including &man.mmap.2; space. This
317 limit can be configured in &man.login.conf.5; via the new
318 <varname>vmemoryuse</varname> variable. &merged;</para>
320 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for SBus-based
323 <para arch="sparc64">The se driver, which supports the Siemens
324 SAB82532 serial chip found on many newer Sparc Ultra machines,
325 has been added.</para>
327 <para role="historic">The &man.snp.4; device is no longer static and can now be
328 compiled as a module. &merged;</para>
330 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.spic.4; driver, which provides access
331 to the Jog Dial device on some Sony laptops, has been
332 added. &man.moused.8; support for this device has also been
333 added. &merged;</para>
335 <para>The &man.syscons.4; driver now supports keyboard-controlled
336 pasting, by default bound to
337 <keycap>Shift</keycap>-<keycap>Insert</keycap>.</para>
339 <para>The &man.tcp.4; protocol's retransmission timer can now be
340 manipulated with two sysctl's,
341 <varname>net.inet.tcp.rexmit_min</varname> and
342 <varname>net.inet.tcp.rexmit_slop</varname>. The default has
343 been reduced from one second to 200ms (similar to the Linux default)
344 in order to better handle hicups over interactive connections and
345 improve recovery over lossy fast connections such as wireless links.</para>
347 <para>The &man.tcp.4; protocol now has the ability to dynamically
348 limit the send-side window to maximize bandwidth and minimize
349 round trip times. The feature can be enabled via the
350 <varname>net.inet.tcp.inflight_enable</varname>
353 <para role="historic">Support for USB devices was added to the
354 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel and to the installation
355 programs to support USB devices out of the box. Note that SRM
356 does not support USB devices at the moment, so you must still
357 use an AT keyboard if you are not using a serial
358 console. &merged;</para>
360 <para>The uaudio driver, for USB audio devices, has been
363 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.umodem.4; driver for USB modems
364 has been added. Support is provided for the 3Com 5605 and
365 Metricom Ricochet GS wireless USB modems. &merged;</para>
367 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.uscanner.4; driver for basic USB
368 scanner support using SANE has been added. See <ulink
369 url="http://www.mostang.com/sane/">the SANE home page</ulink>
370 for supported scanners. The HP ScanJet 4100C, 5200C and 6300C
371 are known to be working. &merged;</para>
373 <para>The &man.ucom.4; device driver has been added, to support USB
374 modems, serial devices, and other programs that need to look
375 like a tty. The related &man.uplcom.4; and &man.uvscom.4; drivers provide specific
376 support for the Prolific PL-2303 serial adapter and the SUNTAC
377 Slipper U VS-10U, respectively. &merged;</para>
379 <para>To increase security, the <literal>UCONSOLE</literal> kernel
380 configuration option has been removed.</para>
382 <para arch="i386,pc98">The UserConfig boot-time kernel configuration
383 feature, usually used to enable, disable, or configure ISA
384 devices, has been removed. Its functionality has been replaced
385 by the kernel hints file in
386 <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.</para>
388 <para>The <literal>USER_LDT</literal> kernel option is now
389 activated by default.</para>
391 <para>The &man.uvisor.4; driver for connecting Handspring Visors via USB
392 has been added. &merged;</para>
394 <para>A VESA S3 linear framebuffer driver has been added.</para>
396 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.viapm.4; driver for VIA SMBus
397 power management controllers has been added. &merged;</para>
399 <!-- Above this line, sort kernel changes by manpage/keyword-->
401 <para role="historic">Write combining for crashdumps has been implemented. This
402 feature is useful when write caching is disabled on both SCSI
403 and IDE disks, where large memory dumps could take up to an hour
404 to complete. &merged;</para>
406 <para>The kernel crashdump infrastructure has been revised, to
407 support new platforms and in general clean up the logic in the
408 code. One implication of this change is that the on-disk format
409 for kernel dumps has changed, and is now
410 byte-order-agnostic.</para>
412 <para>Extremely large swap areas (>67 GB) no longer panic the
415 <para arch="alpha">Support for threads under Linux emulation has
418 <para role="historic">The <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget> target now gets the
419 name of the configuration(s) to build from the
420 <varname>KERNCONF</varname> variable, not
421 <varname>KERNEL</varname>. It is no longer required, in some
422 cases, for a <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> to precede a
423 <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget>. (The
424 <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> is still required when
425 upgrading across major releases, across
426 <application>binutil</application> updates and when
427 &man.config.8; changes version.) &merged;</para>
429 <para role="historic">The out-of-swap process termination code now begins killing
430 processes earlier to avoid deadlocks; it now also takes into
431 account the swap space used by processes when computing the
432 process sizes. &merged;</para>
434 <para>Linker sets are now self-contained; gensetdefs(8) is
435 unnecessary and has been removed.</para>
437 <para role="historic">Network device cloning has been implemented, and the
438 &man.gif.4; device has been modified to take advantage of it.
439 Thus, instead of specifying how many &man.gif.4; interfaces are
440 available in kernel configuration files, &man.ifconfig.8;'s
441 <option>create</option> option should be used when another device
442 instance is desired. &merged;</para>
444 <para>It is now possible to hardwire kernel environment variables
445 (such as tuneables) at compile-time using &man.config.8;'s
446 <literal>ENV</literal> directive.</para>
448 <para>Idle zeroing of pages can be enabled with the
449 <varname>vm.idlezero_enable</varname> sysctl variable.</para>
451 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The load addresses of kernels are now exported
452 to the symbol table and various hard-coded constants have been
453 removed so that utilities such as &man.ps.1; can work with
454 kernels compiled at different addresses. &merged;</para>
456 <para role="historic">Coredumps of large processes (or of a large number of
457 processes) no longer lock up the machine for long periods of
458 time. &merged;</para>
460 <para>The &os; kernel scheduler now supports Kernel-Scheduled
461 Entities (KSEs), which provides support for multiple threads of
462 execution per process similar to Schedular Activations. At this
463 point, the kernel has most of the changes needed to support
464 threading. The kernel scheduler can schedule multiple threads per
465 process, but only on a single CPU at a time. Support for
466 userland programs to create and utilize multiple threads is not
470 <para>KSE is a work in progress.</para>
475 <para>The kernel now has support for multiple low-level console
476 devices. The new &man.conscontrol.8; utility helps to manage
477 the different consoles.</para>
479 <para arch="alpha">The console driver has gained support for
480 TGA-based display adapters.</para>
482 <para role="historic">The kernel on the installation CDs is now separated from the
483 <filename>mfsroot</filename> image. This permits the use of a
484 full kernel when installing from CD on machines that support CD
485 booting (instead of the stripped-down kernel used on
486 floppies). &merged;</para>
488 <para role="historic">The system load average computation now adds some jitter to
489 the timing of samples, in order to avoid synchronization with
490 processes that run periodically. &merged;</para>
492 <para role="historic">If a debugging kernel with modules is being built
493 (i.e. using <literal>makeoptions DEBUG=-g</literal>), the
494 modules will now be built with debugging support as well, for
495 completeness. A side effect of this change is that modules
496 built and installed with debugging kernels will now occupy more
497 space on disk than they did previously. &merged;</para>
499 <para role="historic">The kernel dump device can now be set via the
500 <varname>dumpdev</varname> loader tunable. As a result, it is
501 now possible to obtain crash dumps from panics during the late
502 stages of kernel initialization (before the system enters into
503 single-user mode). &merged;</para>
505 <para>The kernel memory allocator is now a slab memory allocator,
506 similar to that used in Solaris. This is a SMP-safe memory
507 allocator that has near-linear performance as the number of CPUs
508 increases. It also allows for reduced memory
509 fragmentation.</para>
512 <title>Processor/Motherboard Support</title>
514 <para>SMP support has been largely reworked, incorporating code
515 from BSD/OS 5.0. One of the main features of SMPng
516 (<quote>SMP Next Generation</quote>) is to allow more
517 processes to run in kernel, without the need for spin locks
518 that can dramatically reduce the efficiency of multiple
519 processors. Interrupt handlers now have contexts associated
520 with them that allow them to be blocked, which reduces the
521 need to lock out interrupts.</para>
523 <para arch="i386,pc98">Support for the 80386 processor has been
524 removed from the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel, as this
525 code seriously pessimizes performance on other IA32
527 The <literal>I386_CPU</literal> kernel option
528 to support the 80386 processor is now mutually exclusive with
529 support for other IA32 processors; this should slightly
530 improve performance on the 80386 due to the elimination of
531 runtime processor type checks.
532 Custom kernels that will run on the 80386 can
533 still be built by changing the cpu options in the kernel
534 configuration file to only include
535 <literal>I386_CPU</literal>.</para>
537 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">AlphaServer 1200 (<quote>Tincup</quote>) has
538 been tested and works OK. Currently it does not want to boot
539 from CD or floppy but a transplanted disk that was installed
540 on another Alpha works well. &merged;</para>
542 <para arch="alpha">The API UP1100 mainboard has been verified to
545 <para arch="alpha">The API CS20 1U high server has been verified
548 <para arch="alpha">Support for AlphaServer 2100A
549 (<quote>Lynx</quote>) has been added.</para>
551 <para arch="alpha">Kernel code has been added that allows older
552 generation Alpha CPUs (EV4 and EV5) to emulate instructions of
553 the newer Alpha CPU generations. This enables the use of
554 binary-only programs like <application>Adobe Acrobat
555 4</application> on EV4 and EV5.</para>
557 <para arch="alpha">SMP support for the Alpha is now operational.</para>
559 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Detection for new processors, such as the
560 FC-PGA2 Pentium III (Tualatin), Transmeta Crusoe, and
561 Transmeta Crusoe LongRun, has been added. &merged;</para>
563 <para arch="alpha">Support for the following hardware has been
564 removed from the installation kernel to make it fit on a
565 1.44MB floppy again: Multia, NoName, PC64, EB64, Aspen Alpine,
566 sa (SCSI tape), amr, parallel port support, vx (3c590, 3c595),
567 pcn (AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100), sf (Adaptec AIC-6915), sis (SiS
568 900/SiS 7016), ste (Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)), wb
569 (Winbond W89C840F).</para>
571 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Streaming <acronym>SIMD</acronym>
572 Extensions (<acronym>SSE</acronym>) has been introduced. The
573 <literal>CPU_ENABLE_SSE</literal> kernel option controls
574 whether support is compiled into the kernel. &merged;</para>
576 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The <literal>CPU_ATHLON_SSE_HACK</literal>
577 kernel option has been added, which attempts to enable the SSE
578 feature bit on newer Athlon CPUs if the BIOS has forgotten to
579 enable it. &merged;</para>
581 <para arch="sparc64">The UltraSPARC platform is now supported by
582 &os;. The following machines are supported to at least some
583 degree: Ultra 1/2/5/10/30/60, Enterprise 220R/420R, Netra T1 AC200/DC200, Netra T 105, and Blade
584 100. SMP is supported, and has been tested on the
585 Ultra 2, Ultra 60, Enterprise 220R, and
586 Enterprise 420R.</para>
588 <para arch="i386">On some systems, the BIOS does not activate
589 the I/O ports and memory of PC devices, thus making them
590 unusable. The <varname>hw.pci.enable_io_modes</varname>
591 sysctl/boot loader variable (which defaults to
592 <literal>1</literal>, for <quote>enabled</quote>)
593 forces &os; to enable these devices so that they can be
596 <para arch="alpha">Support for TurboChannel Alphas has been
602 <title>Bootloader Changes</title>
604 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>boot2</filename> now supports a
605 <option>-n</option> option to disallow boot interruption by
606 keypresses. &merged;</para>
608 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A new <filename>cdboot</filename> bootstrap
609 utility for CDROMs provides better compatability with some
610 BIOS implementations that do not completely implement the El
611 Torito bootable CDROM standard. This boot loader supports
612 <quote>no emulation</quote> mode booting, thus eliminating the
613 need for an emulated floppy disk image on a bootable
614 CDROM. &merged;</para>
616 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The i386 boot loader now has support for a
617 <literal>nullconsole</literal> console type, for use on
618 systems with neither a video console nor a serial
619 port. &merged;</para>
621 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.loader.8; now has optional support
622 (enabled at compile-time, off by default) for loading
623 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed kernels and
624 modules. &merged;</para>
626 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Intel's Wired for Management 2.0
627 (PXE) was added to the &os; boot loader. Due to API
628 differences, the older PXE versions are not supported. This
629 allow network booting using DHCP. &merged;</para>
631 <!-- Above this line, order bootloader changes by keyword-->
633 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now contains a workaround
634 to support CDROM booting on certain IBM BIOSs that expect the
635 first sector of the emulated floppy to contain a valid MS-DOS
636 BPB that they can modify. &merged;</para>
638 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now supports a
639 <option>-p</option> flag to force the kernel to pause after
640 each line of output during the probing phase. &merged;</para>
642 <para arch="alpha,i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader is now capable of
643 booting from filesystems with block sizes larger than
646 <para>The kernel and modules have been moved to the directory
647 <filename>/boot/kernel</filename>, so they can be easily
648 manipulated together. The boot loader has been updated to
649 make this change as seamless as possible.</para>
653 <title>Network Interface Support</title>
655 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver for Cisco Aironet cards now supports
656 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption, settable via
657 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
659 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports the Cisco Aironet 350
660 series of adaptors. &merged;</para>
662 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports <quote>monitor</quote>
663 mode, settable via the <option>-M</option> option to
664 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
666 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports Cisco LEAP, as well as
667 the <quote>Home</quote> WEP key. The Linux Aironet utilities
668 are now supported under emulation. &merged;</para>
670 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Generic support for ARCNET token-based
671 networks has been added. &merged;</para>
673 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.bge.4; driver has been added to
674 support the Broadcom BCM570x family of Gigabit Ethernet
675 controllers, including the 3Com 3c996-T, the SysKonnect
676 SK-9D21 and SK-9D41, and the built-in Gigabit Ethernet NICs on
677 Dell PowerEdge 2550 servers. Output TCP/IP checksum offload,
678 jumbo frames and VLAN tag insertion/stripping are supported,
679 as well as interrupt moderation. &merged;</para>
681 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The cm driver has been added to support SMC
682 COM90cx6 ARCNET network adapters. &merged;</para>
684 <para>The &man.dc.4; driver now supports NICs based on the Xircom
685 3201 and Conexant LANfinity RS7112 chips.</para>
687 <para role="historic">The &man.dc.4; driver now has support for
688 VLANs. &merged;</para>
690 <para role="historic">The &man.de.4; driver now performs round-robin arbitration
691 between the transmit and receive units of the 21143, instead
692 of giving priority to the receive unit. This gives a
693 10–15% performance improvement in the forwarding rate
694 under heavy load. &merged;</para>
696 <para arch="alpha">The &man.ed.4; driver is now supported.</para>
698 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Linksys Fast Ethernet PCCARD cards supported
699 by the &man.ed.4; driver now require the addition of flag
700 <literal>0x80000</literal> to their config line in
701 &man.pccard.conf.5;. This flag is not optional. These
702 Linksys cards will not be recognized without
705 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.ed.4; driver that could cause panics
706 with very short packets and BPF or bridging active has been
707 fixed. &merged;</para>
709 <para role="historic">The &man.ed.4; driver now has support for D-Link DL10022
710 chips, necessary for the NetGear FA-410TX and other cards. As
711 a result, <literal>device miibus</literal> is required in
712 kernel configurations using the &man.ed.4;
713 driver. &merged;</para>
715 <para arch="i386">The &man.el.4; driver can now be loaded as a
718 <para arch="i386,pc98,ia64" role="historic">The &man.em.4; driver has been added to
719 support NICs based on the Intel 82542, 82543, 82544, 82545EM,
721 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips. The driver has VLAN
722 support, and also supports
723 transmit/receive checksum offload and jumbo frames on 82543
724 and 82544-based adapters. &merged;</para>
726 <para role="historic">The &man.faith.4; device is now loadable, unloadable, and
727 clonable. &merged;</para>
729 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Support for Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based
730 Ethernet PC-Cards has been added back in the &man.fe.4;
731 driver. &merged;</para>
733 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">The &man.fpa.4; driver now supports Digital's
734 DEFPA FDDI adaptors on the Alpha. &merged;</para>
736 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now requires a <literal>device
737 miibus</literal> entry in the kernel configuration
738 file. &merged;</para>
740 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now contains a workaround for PCI
741 protocol violations caused by defects in some systems based on
742 the Intel ICH2/ICH2-M chip. The workaround is to rewrite the
743 EEPROM on the interface to disable Dynamic Standby Mode; once
744 the EEPROM is rewritten, the system needs to be rebooted for
745 the new settings to take effect. &merged;</para>
747 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now supports Intel's loadable
748 microcode to implement receive-side interrupt coalescing and
749 packet bundling, on NICs that support these features. This
750 support can be activated by the use of the
751 <option>link0</option> option to
752 &man.ifconfig.8;. &merged;</para>
754 <para arch="sparc64">The gem driver has been added to support
755 the Sun GEM Gigabit Ethernet and ERI Fast Ethernet
758 <para role="historic">The &man.gx.4; driver has been added to support NICs based
759 on the Intel 82542 and 82543 Gigabit Ethernet controller
760 chips. Both fiber and copper variants of the cards are
761 supported. Both boards support VLAN tagging/insertion, and
762 the 82543 additionally supports TCP/IP checksum
763 offload. &merged;</para>
765 <para arch="sparc64">The hme driver has been added to support
766 the Sun HME Fast Ethernet adapter, onboard on many Sun Ultra
767 series machines.</para>
769 <para role="historic">The &man.lge.4; driver has been added to support the Level
770 1 LXT1001 NetCellerator Gigabit Ethernet controller chip. This
771 device is used on some fiber optic GigE cards from SMC, D-Link
772 and Addtron. Jumbograms and TCP/IP checksum offload on
773 receive are supported, although hardware VLAN filtering is
776 <para role="historic">The my driver, which supports the Myson Fast Ethernet and
777 Gigabit Ethernet adapters, has been added. &merged;</para>
779 <para role="historic">Added the &man.nge.4; driver, which supports PCI Gigabit
780 Ethernet adapters based on the National Semiconductor DP83820
781 and DP83821 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips, including the
782 D-Link DGE-500T, SMC EZ Card 1000 (SMC9462TX), Asante
783 FriendlyNet GigaNIC 1000TA and 1000TPC and Addtron AEG320T.
784 This driver supports transmit and receive checksum
785 offloading. &merged;</para>
787 <para role="historic">The &man.pcn.4; driver, which supports the AMD PCnet/FAST,
788 PCnet/FAST+, PCnet/FAST III, PCnet/PRO, PCnet/Home, and
789 HomePNA adapters, has been added. Although these cards are
790 already supported by the &man.lnc.4; driver, the &man.pcn.4;
791 driver runs these chips in 32-bit mode and uses the RX
792 alignment feature to achieve zero-copy receive. This driver
793 is also machine-independent, so it will work on the i386,
794 pc98 and Alpha platforms. The &man.lnc.4; driver is still needed
795 to support non-PCI cards. &merged;</para>
797 <para role="historic">The &man.ray.4; driver, which supports the Webgear Aviator
798 wireless network cards, has been committed. The operation of
799 &man.ray.4; interfaces can be modified by
800 &man.raycontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
802 <para arch="i386,pc98">The &man.rp.4; driver has been updated to
803 version 3.02 and can now be built as a module. &merged;</para>
805 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The sbni driver, for supporting the Granch
806 SBNI12 series of ISA and PCI point-to-point communications
807 interfaces, has been added. The <filename
808 role="package">sysutils/sbniconfig</filename> port in the &os;
809 Ports Collection can be used for configuring these
810 devices. &merged;</para>
812 <para role="historic">Added support for PCI Ethernet adapters based on the SiS
813 900 and SiS 7016 Fast Ethernet controller chips (for example,
814 as seen on the SiS 635 and 735 motherboard chipsets), as well
815 as the National Semiconductor DP83815 chipset (including the
816 NetGear FA311-TX and FA312-TX) in the form of the &man.sis.4;
817 driver. This device has support for VLANs. &merged;</para>
819 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The snc driver for the National Semiconductor
820 DP8393X (SONIC) Ethernet controller has been added.
821 Currently, this driver is only used on the PC-98
822 architecture. &merged;</para>
824 <para>The &man.stf.4; device is now clonable.</para>
826 <para role="historic">The &man.tap.4; driver, a virtual Ethernet device driver
827 for bridged configurations, has been added. This device is
828 clonable. &merged;</para>
830 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver now supports the Alteon AceNIC
831 1000baseT Gigabit Ethernet and Netgear GA620T 1000baseT
832 Gigabit cards. &merged;</para>
834 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver correctly masks VLAN tags. &merged;</para>
836 <para>The &man.tx.4; driver now supports true multicast
839 <para role="historic">The &man.txp.4; driver has been added to support NICs
840 based on the 3Com 3XP Typhoon/Sidewinder (3CR990)
841 chipset. &merged;</para>
843 <para role="historic">&man.vlan.4; devices are now loadable, unloadable, and
844 clonable. &merged;</para>
846 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for Prism II and
847 Prism 2.5-based NICs. 104/128-bit WEP now works on Prism
848 cards. &merged;</para>
850 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now supports using a &os; host as
851 a wireless access point. This functionality can be enabled
852 using the <literal>mediaopt hostap</literal> option of
853 &man.ifconfig.8;. This feature requires a wireless
854 adapter based on the Prism II chipset. &merged;</para>
856 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for
857 <application>bsd-airtools</application>. &merged;</para>
859 <para role="historic">The xe driver can now be built as a
860 module. &merged;</para>
862 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports the 3Com 3C556 and
863 3C556B MiniPCI adapters used on some laptops. &merged;</para>
865 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports reception of VLAN
866 tagged frames (on the <quote>Cyclone</quote> or newer
867 chipsets). &merged;</para>
869 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports send- and receive-side
870 TCP/IP checksum offloading for NICs implementing this feature,
871 such as the 3C905B, 3C905C, and 3C980C. &merged;</para>
873 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.xl.4; driver, related to statistics
874 overflow interrupt handling, was causing slowdowns at medium
875 to high packet rates; this has been fixed. &merged;</para>
877 <para role="historic">The per-interface <varname>ifnet</varname> structure now
878 has the ability to indicate a set of capabilities supported by
879 a network interface, and which ones are enabled.
880 &man.ifconfig.8; has support for querying these
881 capabilities. &merged;</para>
883 <para role="historic">Performance with hosts having a large number of IP aliases
884 has been improved, by replacing the per-interface
885 <varname>if_inaddr</varname> linear list with a hash table. &merged;</para>
887 <para>Network devices now automatically appear as special files in
888 <filename>/dev/net</filename>. Interface hardware ioctls (not
889 protocol or routing) can be performed on these devices. The
890 <varname>SIOCGIFCONF</varname> ioctl may be performed on the
891 special <filename>/dev/network</filename> node.</para>
893 <para role="historic">Selected network drivers now implement a semi-polling
894 mode, which makes systems much more resilient to attacks and
895 overloads. To enable polling, the following options are
896 required in a kernel configuration file:
898 <programlisting>options DEVICE_POLLING
899 options HZ=1000 # not compulsory but strongly recommended</programlisting>
901 The <varname>kern.polling.enable</varname> sysctl variable
902 will then activate polling mode; with the
903 <varname>kern.polling.user_frac</varname> sysctl indicating
904 the percentage of CPU time to be reserved for userland. The
905 devices initially supporting polling are &man.dc.4;,
906 &man.fxp.4;, &man.rl.4;, and &man.sis.4;. More details can be found in
907 the &man.polling.4; manual page. &merged;</para>
909 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The packet-forwarding performance of certain
910 network drivers (specifically &man.dc.4; and &man.sis.4;) has
911 been enhanced by the elimination of unnecessary buffer
912 copies. &merged;</para>
914 <para><quote>Zero copy</quote> support has been added to the
915 networking stack. This feature can eliminate a copy of
916 network data between the kernel and userland, which is one of
917 the more significant bottlenecks in network throughput.
918 The send-side code should work with almost any network
919 adapter, while the receive-side code requires a network
920 adapter with an MTU of at least one memory page size (for
921 example, jumbo frames on Gigabit Ethernet). For more
922 information, see &man.zero.copy.9;.</para>
926 <title>Network Protocols</title>
928 <para role="historic">&man.accept.filter.9;, a kernel feature to reduce
929 overheads when accepting and reading new connections on
930 listening sockets, has been added. &merged;</para>
932 <para role="historic">The <literal>proxy</literal> modifier to &man.arp.8;'s
933 <option>-d</option> option has been renamed to
934 <literal>pub</literal>, for consistency with the
935 <option>-s</option> option. The <literal>only</literal> keyword
936 has been added to the <option>-s</option> and
937 <option>-S</option> flags, to be used in creating
938 <quote>proxy-only</quote> published entries. &merged;</para>
940 <para role="historic">The read timeout feature of &man.bpf.4; now works more
941 correctly with &man.select.2;/&man.poll.2;, and therefore with
942 pthreads. &merged;</para>
944 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; and &man.dummynet.4; have received some
945 enhancements and bug fixes, and are now loadable
946 modules. &merged;</para>
948 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; now has better support for multiple,
949 fully-independent bridging clusters, and is much more stable
950 in the presence of dynamic attachments and detatchments. Full
951 support for VLANs is also supported. &merged;</para>
953 <para>ICMP ECHO and TSTAMP replies are now rate limited. TCP
954 RSTs generated due to packets sent to open and unopen ports
955 are now limited by separate counters. Each rate limiting
956 queue now has its own description.</para>
958 <para role="historic">ICMP <literal>UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB</literal> messages can
959 now RST TCP connections in the <literal>SYN_SENT</literal>
960 state if the correct sequence numbers are sent back, as
962 <varname>net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst</varname> sysctl. &merged;</para>
964 <para>IP multicast now works on VLAN devices. Several other
965 bugs in the VLAN code have also been fixed.</para>
967 <para role="historic">A bug in the IPsec processing for IPv4, which caused the
968 inbound SPD checks to be ignored, has been fixed. &merged;</para>
970 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.4; now filters correctly in the presence of ECN
971 bits in TCP segments. &merged;</para>
973 <para>&man.ipfw.4; has been re-implemented (the new version is
974 commonly referred to as <quote>IPFW2</quote>). It now uses
975 variable-sized representation of rules in the kernel, similar
976 to &man.bpf.4; instructions. Most of the externally-visible
977 behavior (i.e. through &man.ipfw.8;) should be unchanged.,
978 although &man.ipfw.8; now supports <literal>or</literal>
979 connectives between match fields. &merged;</para>
981 <para role="historic">A new ng_eiface netgraph module has been added, which
982 appears as an Ethernet interface but delivers its Ethernet
983 frames to a Netgraph hook. &merged;</para>
985 <para>A new &man.ng.device.4; netgraph node type has been added,
986 which creates a device entry in <filename>/dev</filename>, to
987 be used as the entry point to a networking graph.</para>
989 <para role="historic">A new &man.ng.etf.4; netgraph node allows Ethernet type
990 packets to be filtered to different hooks depending on
991 ethertype. &merged;</para>
993 <para>The &man.ng.gif.4; and &man.ng.gif.demux.4; netgraph
994 nodes, for operating on &man.gif.4; devices, have been
997 <para>The &man.ng.ip.input.4; netgraph node, for queueing IP
998 packets into the main IP input processing code, has been
1001 <para role="historic">The &man.ng.mppc.4; and &man.ng.bridge.4; node types have
1002 been added to the &man.netgraph.4; subsystem. The
1003 &man.ng.ether.4; node is now dynamically loadable.
1004 Miscellaneous bug fixes and enhancements have also been
1005 made. &merged;</para>
1007 <para role="historic">A new netgraph node type &man.ng.one2many.4; for
1008 multiplexing and demultiplexing packets over multiple links
1009 has been added. &merged;</para>
1011 <para>A new ng_split node type has been added for splitting a
1012 bidirectional packet flow into two unidirectional flows.</para>
1014 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
1015 <varname>net.inet.ip.check_interface</varname>, which is on by
1016 default, causes IP to verify that an incoming packet arrives
1017 on an interface that has an address matching the packet's
1018 destination address. &merged;</para>
1020 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
1021 <varname>net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface</varname> has
1022 been added to control the suppression of logging when ARP
1023 replies arrive on the wrong interface. &merged;</para>
1025 <para role="historic">A new <literal>options RANDOM_IP_ID</literal> kernel
1026 option causes the ID field of IP packets to be randomized.
1027 This closes a minor information leak which allows a remote
1028 observer to determine the rate at which the machine is
1029 generating packets, since the default behavior is to increment
1030 a counter for each packet sent. &merged;</para>
1032 <para arch="alpha">SLIP has been removed from the
1033 <filename>mfsroot</filename> floppy image.</para>
1035 <para role="historic">TCP has received some bug fixes for its delayed ACK
1036 behavior. &merged;</para>
1038 <para role="historic">TCP now supports the NewReno modification to the TCP Fast
1039 Recovery algorithm. This behavior can be controlled via the
1040 <varname>net.inet.tcp.newreno</varname> sysctl
1041 variable. &merged;</para>
1043 <para role="historic">TCP now uses a more aggressive timeout for initial SYN
1044 segments; this allows initial connection attempts to be
1045 dropped much faster. &merged;</para>
1047 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_COMPAT_42</literal> kernel option has
1048 been removed. &merged;</para>
1050 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_RESTRICT_RST</literal> kernel option has
1051 been removed. Similar functionality can be achieved with the
1052 <varname>net.inet.tcp.blackhole</varname> sysctl
1053 variable. &merged;</para>
1055 <para role="historic">TCP now has RFC 1323 extensions enabled by default in
1056 &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
1058 <para role="historic">RFC 1323 and RFC 1644 TCP extensions are now disabled for
1059 a connection in progress if no response has been received by
1060 the third SYN segment sent. This behavior tries to work
1061 around (very old) terminal servers with buggy VJ header
1062 compression implementations. &merged;</para>
1064 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation no longer requires the allocation
1065 of a TCP template structure for each connection; this should
1066 reduce the buffer usage on large systems handling many
1067 connections. &merged;</para>
1069 <para role="historic">TCP's default buffer sizes, controlled by the
1070 <varname>net.inet.tcp.sendspace</varname> and
1071 <varname>net.inet.tcp.recvspace</varname> sysctl variables,
1072 have been increased to 32K and 64K respectively. Previously,
1073 the default for both buffer sizes was 16K. To try to avoid
1074 increasing congestion, the default value for
1075 <varname>net.inet.tcp.local_slowstart_flightsize</varname> has
1076 been changed from infinity to 4. &merged;
1079 <para>On busy hosts, the new larger buffer sizes may require
1080 manually increasing the
1081 <varname>NMBCLUSTERS</varname> parameter, either in the
1082 kernel configuration file or via the
1083 <varname>kern.ipc.nmbclusters</varname> loader tunable.
1084 <command>netstat -mb</command> can be used to monitor the
1085 state of mbuf clusters.</para>
1089 <para role="historic">TCP now supports RFC 1948 (Defending Against Sequence
1090 Number Attacks). The
1091 <varname>net.inet.tcp.isn_reseed_interval</varname> sysctl
1092 variable controls the reseeding of the secret data used in
1093 the RFC 1948 initial sequence number calculations. &merged;</para>
1095 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation in &os; now implements a cache of
1096 outstanding, received SYN segments. Incoming SYN segments now
1097 cause entries to be placed in the cache until the TCP
1098 three-way handshake is complete, at which point, memory is
1099 allocated for the connection as usual. In addition, all TCP
1100 Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs) are used as cookies, allowing
1101 entries in the cache to be dropped, but still have their
1102 corresponding ACKs accepted later. The combination of the
1104 <quote>syncache</quote> and <quote>syncookies</quote> features
1105 makes a host much more resistant to TCP-based Denial of
1106 Service attacks. Work on this feature was sponsored by DARPA
1107 and NAI Labs. &merged;</para>
1109 <para role="historic">A bug in the TCP implementation, which could cause
1110 connections to stall if a sender saw a zero-sized window, has
1111 been corrected. &merged;</para>
1113 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation now properly ignores packets
1114 addressed to IP-layer broadcast addresses. &merged;</para>
1116 <para>The ephemeral port range used for TCP and UDP has been
1117 changed to 49152–65535 (the old default was
1118 1024–5000). This increases the number of concurrent
1119 outgoing connections/streams.</para>
1123 <title>Disks and Storage</title>
1125 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for the Adaptec FSA family of PCI-SCSI
1126 RAID controllers has been added, in the form of the
1127 &man.aac.4; driver. This driver includes proper handling of
1128 commands initiated by the adapter, addition/removal of disk
1129 devices, crashdump functionality, and &man.ioctl.2; commands
1130 necessary for the management CLI, and is fully qualified and
1131 sanctioned by Adaptec. &merged;</para>
1133 <para role="historic">The &man.ahc.4; driver has received numerous updates,
1134 bugfixes, and enhancements. Among various improvements are
1135 improved compatibility with chips in <quote>RAID Port</quote>
1136 mode and systems with AAA and/or ARO cards installed, as well
1137 as performance improvements. Some bugs were also fixed,
1138 including a rare hang on Ultra2/U160
1139 controllers. &merged;</para>
1141 <para arch="i386">The ahd driver, which supports the Adaptec
1142 AIC7902 Ultra320 PCI-X SCSI Controller chip, has been
1145 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver, which provides support
1146 for the Adaptec SCSI RAID controller family, as well as the
1147 DPT SmartRAID V and VI families, has been
1148 added. &merged;</para>
1150 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver now supports the
1151 Adaptec 2000S and 2005S Zero-Channel RAID
1152 controllers. &merged;</para>
1154 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA100
1155 controllers. In addition, it now supports the ServerWorks
1156 ROSB4 ATA33 chipset, the CMD 648 ATA66 and CMD 649 ATA100
1157 chipsets, and the Cyrix 5530. &merged;</para>
1159 <para role="historic">To provide more flexible configuration, the various
1160 options for the &man.ata.4; driver are now boot loader
1161 tunables, rather than kernel configure-time
1162 options. &merged;</para>
1164 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for tagged queuing,
1165 which is enabled by the <varname>hw.ata.tags</varname> loader
1166 tunable. &merged;</para>
1168 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA
1169 <quote>pseudo</quote> RAID controllers as the Promise Fasttrak
1170 and HighPoint HPT370 controllers. &merged;</para>
1172 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports a wider variety of SiS
1173 chipsets, as listed in the Hardware Notes. &merged;</para>
1175 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for creating,
1176 deleting, querying, and rebuilding ATA RAIDs under control of
1177 &man.atacontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
1179 <para role="historic">The BurnProof(TM) feature, for applicable ATAPI CD-ROM
1180 burners, is now supported. &merged;</para>
1182 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for 48-bit
1183 addressing. Devices larger than 137GB are now
1184 supported. &merged;</para>
1186 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now contains fixes for some data
1187 corruption problems on systems using the VIA 82C686B
1188 Southbridge chip. &merged;</para>
1190 <para>The &man.ata.4; driver (along with &man.burncd.8;) now
1191 supports writing to media in DVD+RW drives.</para>
1193 <para>The &man.ata.4; driver now supports accessing ATA devices
1194 as SCSI devices via the CAM layer. This feature requires
1195 <literal>device atapicam</literal> in the kernel
1196 configuration.</para>
1198 <para role="historic">The &man.cd.4; driver now has support for write
1199 operations. This allows writing to DVD-RAM, PD and similar
1200 drives that probe as CD devices. Note that change affects
1201 only random-access writeable devices, not sequential-only
1202 writeable devices such as CD-R drives, which are supported by
1203 &man.cdrecord.1; (a part of
1204 <filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename> in the
1205 Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
1207 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ciss driver, for devices utilizing the
1208 Common Interface for SCSI-3 Support, has been added. This
1209 driver supports the Compaq SmartRAID 5* family of RAID
1210 controllers (5300, 532, 5i). &merged;</para>
1212 <para>The &man.fdc.4; floppy disk has undergone a number of
1213 enhancements. Density selection for common settings is now
1214 automatic; the driver is also much more flexible in setting
1215 the densities of various subdevices.</para>
1217 <para>The &man.geom.4; disk I/O request transformation framework
1218 has been added; this extensible framework is designed to
1219 support a wide variety of operations on I/O requests on their
1220 way from the upper kernel to the device drivers.</para>
1222 <para role="historic">The ida disk driver now has crashdump
1223 support. &merged;</para>
1225 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The iir driver has been added to support the
1226 Intel Integrated RAID controllers, as well as prior ICP Vortex
1229 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A bug that made certain CDROM drives fail to
1230 attach when connected to a SCSI card driven by &man.isp.4; has
1231 been fixed. &merged;</para>
1233 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver is now proactive about discovering
1234 Fibre Channel topology changes.</para>
1236 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver now supports target mode for Qlogic
1237 SCSI cards, including Ultra2 and Ultra3 and dual bus
1240 <para role="historic">The &man.isp.4; driver now supports the Qlogic 2300 and
1241 2312 Optical Fibre Channel PCI cards. &merged;</para>
1243 <para>&man.md.4;, the memory disk device, has had the
1244 functionality of &man.vn.4; incorporated into it. &man.md.4;
1245 devices can now be configured by &man.mdconfig.8;. &man.vn.4;
1246 has been removed. The Memory Filesystem (MFS) has also been
1249 <para arch="i386,alpha,pc98,sparc64">The mpt driver, for
1250 supporting the LSI Logic Fusion/MP architecture Fiber Channel
1251 controllers, has been added. &merged;</para>
1253 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.mly.4; driver, for Mylex PCI to SCSI
1254 AccelRAID and eXtremeRAID controllers with firmware 6.X and
1255 later, has been added. &merged;</para>
1257 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ncv, nsp, and stg drivers have been ported
1258 from NetBSD/pc98. They support the NCR 53C50 / Workbit Ninja
1259 SCSI-3 / TMC 18C30, 18C50 based PC-Card/ISA SCSI controllers.
1260 All three drivers can be built and loaded as
1261 modules. &merged;</para>
1263 <para arch="powerpc">The ofw driver, a basic OpenFirmware disk
1264 driver, has been added.</para>
1266 <para arch="i386">The pst driver, for supporting Promise
1267 SuperTrak ATA RAID controllers, has been
1268 added. &merged;</para>
1270 <para>Some problems in &man.sa.4; error handling have been
1271 fixed, including the <quote>tape drive spinning indefinitely
1272 upon &man.mt.1; <option>stat</option></quote> problem.</para>
1274 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.twe.4; 3ware ATA RAID driver has
1275 added. &merged;</para>
1277 <para role="historic">The &man.wd.4; compatibility devices were removed from the
1278 &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1282 <title>Filesystems</title>
1284 <para>Support for named extended attributes was added to the
1285 &os; kernel. This allows the kernel, and appropriately
1286 privileged userland processes, to tag files and directories
1287 with attribute data. Extended attributes were added to
1288 support the TrustedBSD Project, in particular ACLs, capability
1289 data, and mandatory access control labels (see
1290 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.extattr</filename> for
1293 <para role="historic">Due to a licensing change, softupdates have been
1294 integrated into the main portion of the kernel source tree.
1295 As a consequence, softupdates are now available with the
1296 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel. &merged;</para>
1298 <para>A filesystem snapshot capability has been added to FFS.
1299 Details can be found in
1300 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ffs/README.snapshot</filename>.</para>
1302 <!-- The following note needs to be made more specific or eliminated. -->
1303 <para>Softupdates for FFS have received some bug fixes and
1304 enhancements.</para>
1306 <para>When running with softupdates, &man.statfs.2; and
1307 &man.df.1; will track the number of blocks and files that are
1308 committed to being freed.</para>
1310 <para role="historic">A bug in FFS that could cause superblock corruption on
1311 very large filesystems has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1313 <para role="historic">The ISO-9660 filesystem now has a hook that supports a
1314 loadable character conversion routine. The
1315 <filename role="package">sysutils/cd9660_unicode</filename>
1316 port contains a set of common conversions. &merged;</para>
1318 <para>&man.kernfs.5; is obsolete and has been retired.</para>
1320 <para role="historic">A bug in the NFS client that caused bogus access times with
1321 <literal>O_EXCL|O_CREAT</literal> opens was
1322 fixed. &merged;</para>
1324 <para role="historic">A new NFS hash function (based on the Fowler/Noll/Vo hash
1325 algorithm) has been implemented to improve NFS performance by
1326 increasing the efficiency of the <varname>nfsnode</varname>
1327 hash tables. &merged;</para>
1329 <para>Client-side NFS locks have been implemented.</para>
1331 <para>The client-side and server-side of the NFS code in the
1332 kernel used to be intertwined in various complex ways. They
1333 have been split apart for ease of maintenance and further
1336 <para>Support for filesystem Access Control Lists (ACLs) has
1337 been introduced, allowing more fine-grained control of
1338 discretionary access control on files and directories. This
1339 support was integrated from the TrustedBSD Project. More
1340 details can be found in
1341 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.acls</filename>.</para>
1343 <para role="historic">The directory layout preference algorithm for FFS
1344 (<literal>dirprefs</literal>) has been changed. Rather than
1345 scattering directory blocks across a disk, it attempts to
1346 group related directory blocks together. Operations
1347 traversing large directory hierarchies, such as the &os; Ports
1348 tree, have shown marked speedups. This change is transparent
1349 and automatic for new directories. &merged;</para>
1351 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">smbfs (CIFS) support in kernel has been added.
1352 The userland programs &man.smbutil.1; and &man.mount.smbfs.8;
1353 can be used to work with SMB shares. Note that
1354 &man.mount.smbfs.8; will automatically load the
1355 <filename>smbfs.ko</filename> module into the kernel, even if
1356 <literal>LIBMCHAIN</literal> and
1357 <literal>LIBICONV</literal> were not compiled into the kernel.
1360 <para>For consistency, the fdesc, fifo, null, msdos, portal,
1361 umap, and union filesystems have been renamed to fdescfs,
1362 fifofs, msdosfs, nullfs, portalfs, umapfs, and unionfs. Where
1363 applicable, modules and mount_* programs have been renamed.
1364 Compatibility <quote>glue</quote> has been added to
1365 &man.mount.8; so that <literal>msdos</literal> filesystem
1366 entries in &man.fstab.5; will work without changes.</para>
1368 <para>pseudofs, a pseudo-filesystem framework, has been added.
1369 &man.linprocfs.5; and &man.procfs.5; have been modified to use
1372 <para role="historic">A simple hash-based lookup optimization for large
1373 directories called <literal>dirhash</literal> has been added.
1375 <literal>UFS_DIRHASH</literal> kernel option (enabled by
1376 default in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel), it
1377 improves the speed of operations on very large directories at
1378 the expense of some memory. &merged;</para>
1380 <para role="historic">The virtual memory subsystem now backs UFS directory
1381 memory requirements by default (this behavior is controlled
1382 via the <varname>vfs.vmiodirenable</varname> sysctl
1383 variable). &merged;</para>
1385 <para role="historic">A bug that prevented the root filesystem from being
1386 mounted from a SCSI CDROM has been fixed (ATAPI CDROMs were
1387 always supported). &merged;</para>
1389 <para role="historic">A number of bugs in the filesystem code, discovered
1390 through the use of the <application>fsx</application>
1391 filesystem test tool, have been fixed. Under certain
1392 circumstances (primarily related to use of NFS), these bugs
1393 could cause data corruption or kernel panics. &merged;</para>
1395 <para>Network filesystems (such as NFS and smbfs filesystems)
1396 listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> can now be properly
1397 mounted during startup initialization; their mounts are
1398 deferred until after the network is initialized.</para>
1400 <para>Read-only support for the Universal Disk Format (UDF) has
1401 been added. This format is used on packet-written CD-RWs and
1402 most commercial DVD-Video disks. The &man.mount.udf.8;
1403 command can be used to mount these disks.</para>
1405 <para>Basic support has been added for the UFS2 filesystem.
1410 <para>The inode has been expanded to 256 bytes to make
1411 space for 64-bit block pointers.</para>
1415 <para>A file-creation time field has been added.</para>
1419 <para>Space has been provided for extended attributes, up
1420 to twice the filesystem block size.</para>
1429 <title>PCCARD Support</title>
1431 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The pccard driver and &man.pccardc.8; now
1432 support multiple <quote>beep types</quote> upon card insertion
1433 and removal. &merged;</para>
1435 <para role="historic">On many modern hosts, PCCARD devices can be configured to
1436 route their interrupts via either the ISA or PCI interrupt
1437 paths. The &man.pcic.4; driver has been updated to support
1438 both interrupt paths (formerly, only routing via ISA was
1439 supported). &merged; In most cases, configuration of PCMCIA
1440 devices in laptops is simpler and more flexible. In addition,
1441 various Cardbus bridge PCI cards (such as those used by
1442 Orinoco PCI NICs) are now supported. Some hosts may
1443 experience problems, such as hangs or panics, with PCI
1444 interrupt routing; they can frequently be made to work by
1445 forcing the older-style ISA interrupt routing. The following
1446 lines, placed in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>, may
1447 fix the problem:</para>
1449 <programlisting role="historic">hw.pcic.intr_path="1"
1450 hw.pcic.irq="0"</programlisting>
1452 <para role="historic">When installing &os; on such a system, typing the
1453 following lines to the boot loader may be helpful in starting
1454 up &os; for the first time:<para>
1456 <screen role="historic"><prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.intr_path="1"</userinput>
1457 <prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.irq="0"</userinput></screen>
1459 <para arch="i386">Preliminary Cardbus support under NEWCARD has
1460 been added. This code supports the TI113X, TI12XX, TI125X,
1461 Ricoh 5C46/5C47, Topic 95/97/100 and Cirrus Logic PD683X
1462 bridges. 16-bit PC Card support is not yet functional.</para>
1464 <para arch="i386">NEWCARD is now the default pccard/cardbus
1465 system in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel.</para>
1470 <title>Multimedia Support</title>
1472 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.pcm.4; driver now supports the ESS
1473 Solo 1, Maestro-1, Maestro-2, and Maestro-2e; Forte Media
1474 fm801, ESS Maestro-2e, and VIA Technologies VT82C686A sound
1475 card/chipsets, and has received some other updates. Separate
1476 drivers for the SoundBlaster 8 and SoundBlaster 16 now replace
1477 an older, unified driver. A driver for the CMedia
1478 CMI8338/CMI8738 sound chips has been added. A driver for the
1479 CS4281 sound chip has been added. A driver for the S3
1480 SonicVibes chipset has been added. &merged;</para>
1482 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Avance Logic ALS4000 has been
1483 added. &merged;</para>
1485 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the ESS Maestro-3/Allegro has
1486 been added, however due to licensing restrictions, it cannot
1487 be compiled into the kernel. &merged; To use this driver, add
1488 the following line to
1489 <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
1491 <programlisting role="historic">snd_maestro3_load="YES"</programlisting>
1493 <para arch="i386">The VT8233 audio controller now has its own
1494 driver to facilitate supporting all known revisions of the
1495 hardware. It is loadable at boot time by adding
1496 <literal>device pcm</literal> to the kernel configuration or
1497 by adding <literal>snd_via8233="YES"</literal> to
1498 <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>. Documentation to
1499 support this work was provided by VIA. &merged;</para>
1501 <para role="historic">The &man.bktr.4; driver has been updated to 2.18. This
1502 update provides a number of new features. New tuner types
1503 have been added, and improvements to the KLD module and to
1504 memory allocation have been made. Bugs in &man.devfs.5; when
1505 unloading and reloading have been fixed. Support for new
1506 Hauppauge Model 44xxx WinTV Cards (the ones with no audio mux)
1507 has been added. &merged;</para>
1509 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ufm driver, supporting the D-Link DSB-R100
1510 USB Radio, has been added. &merged;</para>
1512 <para role="historic">When sound modules are built, one can now load all the
1513 drivers and infrastructure by <command>kldload
1514 snd</command>. &merged;</para>
1516 <para>A new API has been added for sound cards with hardware
1517 volume control.</para>
1519 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Intel 443MX, 810, 815, and
1520 815E integrated sound devices has been added. &merged;</para>
1522 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The via82c686 sound driver now supports the VIA
1523 VT8233. &merged;</para>
1525 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ich sound driver now support the SiS
1526 7012 chipset. &merged;</para>
1528 <para arch="i386">The ich sound driver now provides rudimentary
1529 support for ich4 audio support. &merged;</para>
1531 <para arch="i386">Drivers have been added to support the Direct
1532 Rendering Infrastructure, which can used to provide 3D
1533 acceleration within <application>XFree86</application>. Video
1534 cards supported include the 3Dlabs Oxygen GMX 2000 (gammadrm),
1535 AGP Matrox G200/G400/G450/G550 (mgadrm), 3dfx Voodoo
1536 3/4/5/Banshee (tdfxdrm), AGI ATI Rage 128 (r128drm), and AGP
1537 ATI Radeon (radeondrm).</para>
1542 <title>Contributed Software</title>
1544 <para>The Forth Inspired Command Language
1545 (<application>FICL</application>) used in the boot loader has
1546 been updated to 3.02.</para>
1548 <para>Support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
1549 (ACPI), a multi-vendor standard for configuration and power
1550 management, has been added. This functionality has been
1551 provided by the <application>Intel ACPI Component
1552 Architecture</application> project, as of the ACPI CA 20020725
1553 snapshot. Some backward compatability for applications using
1554 the older APM standard has been provided.</para>
1557 <title>IPFilter</title>
1559 <para><application>IPFilter</application> has been updated to
1562 <para role="historic"><application>IPFilter</application> now supports
1563 IPv6. &merged;</para>
1568 <title>isdn4bsd</title>
1570 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> has been updated to
1571 version 1.0.2.</para>
1573 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1574 Fritz!Card PCI controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1576 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi2.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1577 Fritz!Card PCI version 2 controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1579 <para role="historic">The &man.ihfc.4; driver for supporting Cologne Chip
1580 Designs HFC devices under
1581 <application>isdn4bsd</application> has been
1582 added. &merged;</para>
1584 <para role="historic">The &man.itjc.4; driver for supporting NETjet-S / Teles
1585 PCI-TJ devices under <application>isdn4bsd</application> has
1586 been added. &merged;</para>
1588 <para role="historic">Experimental support for the Eicon.Diehl DIVA 2.0 and
1589 2.02 ISA PnP ISDN cards has been added to the &man.isic.4;
1590 <application>isdn4bsd</application> driver. &merged;</para>
1592 <para role="historic">The &man.isic.4; driver now supports the Compaq Microcom
1593 610 ISDN ISA PnP card. &merged;</para>
1595 <para role="historic">Active CAPI-based ISDN cards manufactured by AVM are now
1596 supported using the &man.i4bcapi.4; and the &man.iavc.4;
1597 driver. The supported cards are the AVM B1 PCI and AVM B1
1598 ISA Basic Rate cards and the AVM T1 Primary Rate
1599 cards. &merged;</para>
1601 <para role="historic">A new <literal>maxconnecttime</literal> keyword is now
1602 accepted in &man.isdnd.rc.5; files to limit the time a
1603 connection may remain open. &merged;</para>
1605 <para role="historic">&man.isdnphone.8; now supports a <option>-k</option>
1606 option for sending messages via the keypad facility to a PBX
1607 or exchange office. &merged;</para>
1609 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> now supports Q.931
1610 subaddressing.</para>
1614 <sect4 id="kame-kernel">
1617 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
1618 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
1619 the items listed in this section are a result of this
1620 import. <xref linkend="kame-userland"> lists userland
1621 updates to the KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
1623 <para role="historic">&man.gif.4; is now based on RFC 2893, rather than RFC
1624 1933. The <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can
1625 be used to control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1627 <para role="historic"><application>IPsec</application> has received some
1628 enhancements, including the ability to use the Rijndael and
1629 SHA2 algorithms. IPsec RC5 support has been removed due to
1630 patent issues. &merged;</para>
1632 <para role="historic">&man.stf.4; now conforms to RFC 3056; the
1633 <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can be used to
1634 control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1636 <para role="historic">IPv6 has better checking of illegal addresses (such as
1637 loopback addresses) on physical networks. &merged;</para>
1639 <para role="historic">The <varname>IPV6_V6ONLY</varname> socket option is now
1640 completely supported. The kernel's default behavior with
1641 respect to this option is controlled by the
1642 <varname>net.inet6.ip6.v6only</varname> sysctl
1643 variable. &merged;</para>
1645 <para role="historic">RFC 3041 (Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address
1646 Autoconfiguration) is now supported. It can be enabled via
1647 the <varname>net.inet6.ip6.use_tempaddr</varname> sysctl
1648 variable. &merged;</para>
1653 <sect2 id="security">
1654 <title>Security-Related Changes</title>
1656 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now allows the user to select one of two
1657 <quote>security profiles</quote> at install-time. These
1658 profiles enable different levels of system security by enabling
1659 or disabling various system services in &man.rc.conf.5; on new
1660 installs. &merged;</para>
1662 <para>A bug in which malformed ELF executable images can hang the
1663 system has been fixed (see security advisory
1664 FreeBSD-SA-00:41). &merged;</para>
1666 <para>A security hole in Linux emulation was fixed (see security
1667 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:42). &merged;</para>
1669 <para role="historic">String-handling library calls in many programs were fixed to
1670 reduce the possibility of buffer overflow-related exploits.
1673 <para>TCP now uses stronger randomness in choosing its initial
1674 sequence numbers (see security advisory
1675 FreeBSD-SA-00:52). &merged;</para>
1677 <para>Several buffer overflows in &man.tcpdump.1; were corrected
1678 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:61). &merged;</para>
1680 <para>A security hole in &man.top.1; was corrected (see security
1681 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:62). &merged;</para>
1683 <para>A potential security hole caused by an off-by-one-error in
1684 &man.gethostbyname.3; has been fixed (see security advisory
1685 FreeBSD-SA-00:63). &merged;</para>
1687 <para>A potential buffer overflow in the &man.ncurses.3; library,
1688 which could cause arbitrary code to be run from within
1689 &man.systat.1;, has been corrected (see security advisory
1690 FreeBSD-SA-00:68). &merged;</para>
1692 <para>A vulnerability in &man.telnetd.8; that could cause it to
1693 consume large amounts of server resources has been fixed (see
1694 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:69). &merged;</para>
1696 <para>The <literal>nat deny_incoming</literal> command in
1697 &man.ppp.8; now works correctly (see security advisory
1698 FreeBSD-SA-00:70). &merged;</para>
1700 <para>A vulnerability in &man.csh.1;/&man.tcsh.1; temporary files
1701 that could allow overwriting of arbitrary user-writable files
1702 has been closed (see security advisory
1703 FreeBSD-SA-00:76). &merged;</para>
1705 <para role="historic">The &man.ssh.1; binary is no longer SUID root by
1706 default. &merged;</para>
1708 <para role="historic">Some fixes were applied to the Kerberos IV implementation
1709 related to environment variables, a possible buffer overrun, and
1710 overwriting ticket files. &merged;</para>
1712 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does a better job of sanitizing its
1713 environment. &merged;</para>
1715 <para>Several vulnerabilities in &man.procfs.5; were fixed (see
1716 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:77). &merged;</para>
1718 <para>A bug in <application>OpenSSH</application> in which a
1719 server was unable to disable &man.ssh-agent.1; or
1720 <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> was fixed (see security
1721 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:01). &merged;</para>
1723 <para>A bug in &man.ipfw.8; and &man.ip6fw.8; in which inbound TCP
1724 segments could incorrectly be treated as being part of an
1725 <literal>established</literal> connection has been fixed (see
1726 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:08). &merged;</para>
1728 <para>A bug in &man.crontab.1; that could allow users to read any
1729 file on the system in valid &man.crontab.5; syntax has been
1730 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:09). &merged;</para>
1732 <para>A vulnerability in &man.inetd.8; that could allow
1733 read-access to the initial 16 bytes of
1734 <groupname>wheel</groupname>-accessible files has been fixed
1735 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:11). &merged;</para>
1737 <para>A bug in &man.periodic.8; that used insecure temporary files
1738 has been corrected (see security advisory
1739 FreeBSD-SA-01:12). &merged;</para>
1741 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> now has code to prevent
1742 (instead of just mitigating through connection limits) an attack
1743 that can lead to guessing the server key (not host key) by
1744 regenerating the server key when an RSA failure is detected (see
1745 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:24). &merged;</para>
1747 <para role="historic">A number of programs have had output formatting strings
1748 corrected so as to reduce the risk of
1749 vulnerabilities. &merged;</para>
1751 <para role="historic">A number of programs that use temporary files now do so more
1752 securely. &merged;</para>
1754 <para role="historic">A bug in ICMP that could cause an attacker to disrupt TCP and UDP
1755 <quote>sessions</quote> has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1757 <para>A bug in &man.timed.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1758 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1759 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:28). &merged;</para>
1761 <para>A bug in &man.rwhod.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1762 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1763 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:29). &merged;</para>
1765 <para>A security hole in &os;'s FFS and EXT2FS implementations,
1766 which allowed a race condition that could cause users to have
1767 unauthorized access to data, has been fixed (see security
1768 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:30). &merged;</para>
1770 <para>A remotely-exploitable vulnerability in &man.ntpd.8; has
1771 been closed (see security advisory
1772 FreeBSD-SA-01:31). &merged;</para>
1774 <para>A security hole in <application>IPFilter</application>'s
1775 fragment cache has been closed (see security advisory
1776 FreeBSD-SA-01:32). &merged;</para>
1778 <para>Buffer overflows in &man.glob.3;, which could cause
1779 arbitrary code to be run on an FTP server, have been closed. In
1780 addition, to prevent some forms of DOS attacks, &man.glob.3;
1781 allows specification of a limit on the number of pathname
1782 matches it will return. &man.ftpd.8; now uses this feature (see
1783 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:33). &merged;</para>
1785 <para>Initial sequence numbers in TCP are more thoroughly
1786 randomized (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:39). Due to
1787 some possible compatibility issues, the behavior of this
1788 security fix can be enabled or disabled via the
1789 <varname>net.inet.tcp.tcp_seq_genscheme</varname> sysctl
1790 variable.&merged;</para>
1792 <para>A vulnerability in the &man.fts.3; routines (used by
1793 applications for recursively traversing a filesystem) could
1794 allow a program to operate on files outside the intended
1795 directory hierarchy. This bug has been fixed (see security
1796 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:40). &merged;</para>
1798 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now switches to the
1799 user's UID before attempting to unlink the authentication
1800 forwarding file, nullifying the effects of a race.</para>
1802 <para>A flaw allowed some signal handlers to remain in effect in a
1803 child process after being exec-ed from its parent. This allowed
1804 an attacker to execute arbitrary code in the context of a setuid
1805 binary. This flaw has been corrected (see security advisory
1806 FreeBSD-SA-01:42). &merged;</para>
1808 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1; has been fixed
1809 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:48). &merged;</para>
1811 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.telnetd.8; has been fixed
1812 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:49). &merged;</para>
1814 <para>The new <varname>net.inet.ip.maxfragpackets</varname> and
1815 <varname>net.inet.ip6.maxfragpackets</varname> sysctl variables
1816 limit the amount of memory that can be consumed by IPv4 and IPv6
1817 packet fragments, which defends against some denial of service
1818 attacks (see security advisory
1819 FreeBSD-SA-01:52). &merged;</para>
1821 <para role="historic">All services in <filename>inetd.conf</filename> are now
1822 disabled by default for new installations. &man.sysinstall.8;
1823 gives the option of enabling or disabling &man.inetd.8; on new
1824 installations, as well as editing
1825 <filename>inetd.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
1827 <para>A flaw in the implementation of the &man.ipfw.8;
1828 <literal>me</literal> rules on point-to-point links has been
1829 corrected. Formerly, <literal>me</literal> filter rules would
1830 match the remote IP address of a point-to-point interface in
1831 addition to the intended local IP address (see security advisory
1832 FreeBSD-SA-01:53). &merged;</para>
1834 <para>A vulnerability in &man.procfs.5;, which could allow a
1835 process to read sensitive information from another process's
1836 memory space, has been closed (see security advisory
1837 FreeBSD-SA-01:55). &merged;</para>
1839 <para>The <literal>PARANOID</literal> hostname checking in
1840 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now works as advertised
1841 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:56). &merged;</para>
1843 <para>A local root exploit in &man.sendmail.8; has been closed
1844 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:57). &merged;</para>
1846 <para>A remote root vulnerability in &man.lpd.8; has been closed
1847 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:58). &merged;</para>
1849 <para>A race condition in &man.rmuser.8; that briefly exposed a
1850 world-readable <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename> has been
1851 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:59). &merged;</para>
1853 <para>A vulnerability in <application>UUCP</application> has been
1854 closed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:62). All
1855 non-<username>root</username>-owned binaries in standard system
1856 paths now have the <literal>schg</literal> flag set to prevent
1857 exploit vectors when run by &man.cron.8;, by
1858 <username>root</username>, or by a user other then the one owning
1859 the binary. In addition, &man.uustat.1; is now run via
1860 <filename>/etc/periodic/daily/410.status-uucp</filename> as
1861 <username>uucp</username>, not <username>root</username>. In
1862 &os; -CURRENT, <application>UUCP</application> has since been
1863 moved to the Ports Collection and no longer a part of the base
1864 system. &merged;</para>
1866 <para role="historic">A security hole in the form of a buffer overflow in the
1867 &man.semop.2; system call has been closed. &merged;</para>
1869 <para>A security hole in <application>OpenSSH</application>, which
1870 could allow users to execute code with arbitrary privileges if
1871 <literal>UseLogin yes</literal> was set, has been closed. Note
1872 that the default value of this setting is
1873 <literal>UseLogin no</literal>. (See security advisory
1874 FreeBSD-SA-01:63.) &merged;</para>
1876 <para>The use of an insecure temporary directory by
1877 &man.pkg.add.1; could permit a local attacker to modify the
1878 contents of binary packages while they were being installed.
1879 This hole has been closed. (See security advisory
1880 FreeBSD-SA-02:01.) &merged;</para>
1882 <para>A race condition in &man.pw.8;, which could expose the
1883 contents of <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>, has been
1884 eliminated. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:02.)
1887 <para>A bug in &man.k5su.8; could have allowed a process that had
1888 given up superuser privileges to regain them. This bug has been
1889 fixed. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:07.)
1892 <para>An <quote>off-by-one</quote> bug has been fixed in
1893 <application>OpenSSH</application>'s multiplexing code. This bug
1894 could have allowed an authenticated remote user to cause
1895 &man.sshd.8; to execute arbitrary code with superuser
1896 privileges, or allowed a malicious SSH server to execute arbitrary
1897 code on the client system with the privileges of the client user. (See security
1899 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:13.openssh.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:13</ulink>.)
1902 <para>A programming error in <application>zlib</application> could
1903 result in attempts to free memory multiple times. The
1904 &man.malloc.3;/&man.free.3; routines used in &os; are not
1905 vulnerable to this error, but applications receiving
1906 specially-crafted blocks of invalid compressed data could
1907 be made to function incorrectly or abort. This
1908 <application>zlib</application> bug has been fixed. For a
1909 workaround and solutions, see security advisory <ulink
1910 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:18.zlib.v1.2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:18</ulink>.
1913 <para>Bugs in the TCP SYN cache (<quote>syncache</quote>) and SYN
1914 cookie (<quote>syncookie</quote>) implementations, which could
1915 cause legitimate TCP/IP traffic to crash a machine, have been
1916 fixed. For a workaround and patches, see security advisory
1918 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:20.syncache.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:20</ulink>.
1921 <para>A routing table memory leak, which could allow a remote
1922 attacker to exhaust the memory of a target machine, has been
1923 fixed. A workaround and patches can be found in security
1925 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:21.tcpip.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:21</ulink>.
1928 <para>A bug with memory-mapped I/O, which could cause a system
1929 crash, has been fixed. For more information about a solution,
1930 see security advisory <ulink
1931 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:22.mmap.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:22</ulink>.
1934 <para>A security hole, in which SUID programs could be made to
1935 read from or write to inappropriate files through manipulation
1936 of their standard I/O file descriptors, has been fixed.
1937 Information regarding a solution can be found in security
1939 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:23.stdio.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:23</ulink>.
1942 <para>Some unexpected behavior could be allowed with &man.k5su.8;
1943 because it does not require that an invoking user be a member of
1944 the <groupname>wheel</groupname> group when attempting to become
1945 the superuser (this is the case with &man.su.1;). To avoid this
1946 situation, &man.k5su.8; is now installed non-SUID by default
1947 (effectively disabling it). More information can be found in
1948 security advisory <ulink
1949 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:24.k5su.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:24</ulink>.
1952 <para>Multiple vulnerabilities were found in the &man.bzip2.1;
1953 utility, which could allow files to be overwritten without
1954 warning or allow local users unintended access to files. These
1955 problems have been corrected with a new import of
1956 <application>bzip2</application>. For more information, see
1957 security advisory <ulink
1958 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:25.bzip2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:25</ulink>.
1961 <para>A bug has been fixed in the implementation of the TCP SYN
1962 cache (<quote>syncache</quote>), which could allow a remote
1963 attacker to deny access to a service when accept filters
1964 (see &man.accept.filter.9;) were in use. This bug has been
1965 fixed; for more information, see security advisory <ulink
1966 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:26.accept.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:26</ulink>.
1969 <para>Due to a bug in &man.rc.8;'s use of shell globbing, users
1970 may be able to remove the contents of arbitrary files if
1971 <filename>/tmp/.X11-unix</filename> does not exist and the
1972 system can be made to reboot. This bug has been corrected (see
1973 security advisory <ulink
1974 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:27.rc.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:27</ulink>).
1977 <para>A buffer overflow in the resolver, which could be exploited
1978 by a malicious domain name server or an attacker forging DNS
1979 messages, has been fixed. See security advisory <ulink
1980 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:28.resolv.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:28</ulink>
1981 for more details. &merged;</para>
1983 <para>A buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1;, which could be triggered by
1984 badly-formed NFS packets, has been fixed. See security advisory
1986 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:29.tcpdump.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:29</ulink>
1987 for more details. &merged;</para>
1989 <para>&man.ktrace.1; can no longer trace the operation of formerly
1990 privileged processes; this prevents the leakage of sensitive
1991 information that the process could have obtained before
1992 abandoning its privileges. For a discussion of this issue, see
1995 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:30.ktrace.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:30</ulink>
1996 for more details. &merged;</para>
1998 <para>A race condition in &man.pppd.8;, which could be used to
1999 change the permissions of an arbitrary file, has been corrected.
2000 For more information, see security advisory <ulink
2001 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:32.pppd.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:32</ulink>.
2004 <para>Multiple buffer overflows in
2005 <application>OpenSSL</application> have been corrected, by way
2006 of an upgrade to the base system version of
2007 <application>OpenSSL</application>. More details can be found
2008 in security advisory <ulink
2009 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:33.openssl.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:33</ulink>.
2012 <para>A heap buffer overflow in the XDR decoder has been fixed.
2013 For more details, see security advisory <ulink
2014 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:34.rpc.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:34</ulink>.
2017 <para>A bug that could allow local users to read and write
2018 arbitrary blocks on an FFS filesystem has been corrected. More
2019 details can be found in security advisory <ulink
2020 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:35.ffs.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:35</ulink>.
2023 <para>A bug in the NFS server code, which could allow a remote
2024 denial of service attack, has been fixed. Security advisory <ulink
2025 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:36.nfs.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:36</ulink>
2026 has more details. &merged;</para>
2028 <para>A bug that could allow local users to panic a system using
2029 the &man.kqueue.2; mechanism has been fixed. More information
2030 is contained in security advisory <ulink
2031 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:37.kqueue.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:37</ulink>.
2034 <para>Several bounds-checking bugs in system calls, which could
2035 result in some system calls returning a large portion of kernel
2036 memory, have been fixed. More information can be found in
2037 security advisory <ulink
2038 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:38.signed-error.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:38</ulink>.
2043 <sect2 id="userland">
2044 <title>Userland Changes</title>
2046 <para role="historic">If the first argument to &man.ancontrol.8; or
2047 &man.wicontrol.8; doesn't start with a <literal>-</literal>, it
2048 is assumed to be an interface. &merged;</para>
2050 <para role="historic">&man.apmd.8; now has the ability to monitor battery levels
2051 and execute commands based on percentage or minutes of battery
2052 life remaining via the <literal>apm_battery</literal>
2053 configuration directive. See the commented-out examples in
2054 <filename>/etc/apmd.conf</filename> for the
2055 syntax. &merged;</para>
2057 <para role="historic">&man.arp.8; now prints the applicable interface name for
2058 each ARP entry. &merged;</para>
2060 <para>&man.arp.8; now prints <literal>[fddi]</literal> or
2061 <literal>[atm]</literal> tags for addresses on interfaces of
2064 <para>The &man.asa.1; utility, to interpret FORTRAN
2065 carriage-control characters, has been added.</para>
2067 <para>&man.at.1; now supports the <option>-r</option> command-line
2068 option to remove jobs and the <option>-t</option> option to
2069 specify times in POSIX time format.</para>
2071 <para role="historic">&man.atacontrol.8; has been added to control various aspects
2072 of the &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
2074 <para>The system &man.awk.1; now refers to
2075 <application>BWK awk</application>.</para>
2077 <para>&man.basename.1; now accept <option>-a</option> and
2078 <option>-s</option> flags, which allow it to perform the
2079 &man.basename.3; function on multiple files.</para>
2081 <para>&man.biff.1; now accepts a <option>b</option> argument to
2082 enable <quote>bell notification</quote> of new mail (which does
2083 not disturb the terminal contents as <command>biff y</command>
2084 would). &merged;</para>
2086 <para>&man.biff.1; now uses the first terminal associated with the
2087 standard input, standard output or standard error file
2088 descriptor, in that order. Thus, it is possible to use the
2089 redirection facilities of a shell (<command>biff n <
2090 /dev/ttyp1</command>) to toggle the notification for other
2093 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">&man.boot98cfg.8;, a PC-98 boot manager
2094 installation and configuration utility, has been
2095 added. &merged;</para>
2097 <para role="historic">&man.burncd.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option for
2098 multisession mode (the default behavior now is to close disks as
2099 single-session). A <option>-l</option> option to take a list of
2100 image files from a filename was also added;
2101 <filename>-</filename> can be used as a filename for
2102 <literal>stdin</literal>. &merged;</para>
2104 <para>&man.burncd.8; now supports Disk At Once (DAO) mode,
2105 selectable via the <option>-d</option> flag.</para>
2107 <para>&man.burncd.8; now has the ability to write VCDs/SVCDs.</para>
2109 <para role="historic">&man.c89.1; has been converted from a shell script to a
2110 binary executable, fixing some minor bugs. &merged;</para>
2112 <para>&man.calendar.1; now takes a <option>-W</option> option,
2113 which operates similar to <option>-A</option> but without
2114 special treatment at weekends, and a <option>-F</option>option
2115 to change the notion of <quote>Friday</quote>.</para>
2117 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A minimalized version of &man.camcontrol.8; is
2118 now available on the installation floppy. This allows it to
2119 rescan for devices that have been connected after booting, or to
2120 show the devices attached to SCSI busses (e. g. from within the
2121 <quote>emergency holographic shell</quote>). &merged;</para>
2123 <para role="historic">&man.cat.1; now has the ability to read from UNIX-domain
2124 sockets. &merged;</para>
2126 <para>&man.catman.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2129 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a <literal>cdid</literal>
2130 command, which calculates and displays the CD serial number,
2131 using the same algorithm used by the CDDB
2132 database. &merged;</para>
2134 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now uses the <envar>CDROM</envar>
2135 environment variable to pick a default device. &merged;</para>
2137 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports <literal>next</literal> and
2138 <literal>prev</literal> commands to skip forwards or backwards a
2139 specified number of tracks while playing an audio
2142 <para>On ATAPI CDROM drives, &man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a
2143 <literal>speed</literal> command to set the maximum speed to be
2144 used by the drive. &merged;</para>
2146 <para>&man.chflags.1; has moved from <filename>/usr/bin</filename>
2147 to <filename>/bin</filename>.</para>
2149 <para role="historic">&man.chio.1; now has the ability to specify elements by
2150 volume tag instead of by their physical location as well as the
2151 ability to return an element to its previous
2152 location. &merged;</para>
2154 <para>&man.chmod.1; now supports a <option>-h</option> for
2155 changing the mode of a symbolic link.</para>
2157 <para>&man.chmod.1; now also, when the mode is modified, prints
2158 the old and new modes if the <option>-v</option> option is
2159 specified more than once.</para>
2161 <para role="historic">&man.chown.8; now correctly follows symbolic links named as
2162 command line arguments if run without
2163 <option>-R</option>. &merged;</para>
2165 <para>&man.chown.8; no longer takes <literal>.</literal> as a
2166 user/group delimeter. This change was made to support usernames
2167 containing a <literal>.</literal>.</para>
2169 <para>Use of the <literal>CSMG_*</literal> macros no longer
2170 require inclusion of
2171 <filename><sys/param.h></filename></para>
2173 <para role="historic">&man.col.1; now takes a <option>-p</option> flag to force
2174 unknown control sequences to be passed through
2175 unchanged. &merged;</para>
2177 <para role="historic">The <filename>compat3x</filename> distribution has been
2178 updated to include libraries present in &os;
2179 3.5.1-RELEASE. &merged;</para>
2181 <para>A <filename>compat4x</filename> distribution has been added
2182 for compatibility with &os; 4-STABLE.</para>
2184 <para role="historic">&man.config.8; is now better about converting various
2185 warnings that should have been errors into actual fatal errors
2186 with an exit code. This ensures that <literal>make
2187 buildkernel</literal> doesn't quietly ignore them and build a
2188 bogus kernel without a human to read the errors. &merged;</para>
2190 <para role="historic">A number of buffer overflows in &man.config.8; have been
2191 fixed. &merged;</para>
2193 <para>&man.cp.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option>
2194 option to automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would
2195 ask to overwrite a file. &merged;</para>
2197 <para>A new &man.csplit.1; utility, which splits files based on
2198 context, has been added.</para>
2200 <para role="historic">&man.ctags.1; no longer creates a corrupt tags file if the
2201 source file used <literal>//</literal> (C++-style)
2202 comments. &merged;</para>
2204 <para>&man.ctags.1; now creates tags for typedefs, structs,
2205 unions, and enums by default (implying the <option>-t</option>
2206 option). The new <option>-T</option> reverts to the old
2209 <para>The &man.daemon.8; program, a command-line interface to
2210 &man.daemon.3;, has been added. It detaches itself from its
2211 controlling terminal and executes a program specified on the
2212 command line. This allows the user to run an arbitrary program
2213 as if it were written to be a daemon.</para>
2215 <para>&man.devinfo.8;, a simple tool to print the device tree and resource
2216 usage by devices, has been added.</para>
2218 <para role="historic">&man.df.1; now takes a <option>-l</option> option to only
2219 display information about locally-mounted
2220 filesystems. &merged;</para>
2222 <para role="historic">&man.disklabel.8; now supports partition sizes expressed in
2223 kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, in addition to
2224 sectors. &merged;</para>
2226 <para>diskpart(8) has been declared obsolete, and has been
2229 <para role="historic">&man.dmesg.8; now has a <option>-a</option> option to show
2230 the entire message buffer, including &man.syslogd.8; records and
2231 <filename>/dev/console</filename> output. &merged;</para>
2233 <para role="historic">&man.du.1; now takes a <option>-I</option> command-line flag
2234 to ignore/skip files and subdirectories matching a specified
2235 shell-glob mask. &merged;</para>
2237 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supports inheritance of the
2238 <literal>nodump</literal> flag down a hierarchy. &merged;</para>
2240 <para role="historic">The <option>-T</option> option to &man.dump.8; no longer
2241 swallows an extra argument. &merged;</para>
2243 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; has a new <option>-D</option> option, allowing
2244 the path to the <filename>/etc/dumpdates</filename> file to be
2245 changed. &merged;</para>
2247 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supplies progress information in its
2248 process title, useful for monitoring automated
2249 backups. &merged;</para>
2251 <para>&man.dump.8; now supports a new <option>-S</option> flag to allow
2252 it to just print out the dump size estimates and exit. &merged;</para>
2254 <para role="historic">&man.edquota.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
2255 allow limiting the prototype quota distribution (specified with
2256 <option>-p</option>) to a single filesystem. &merged;</para>
2258 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/rc.firewall</filename> and
2259 <filename>/etc/rc.firewall6</filename> will no longer add their own
2260 hardcoded rules in the cases of a rules file in the
2261 <varname>firewall_type</varname> variable or a non-existent
2262 firewall type. (The motivation for this change is to avoid
2263 acting on assumptions about a site's firewall policies.) In
2264 addition, the <literal>closed</literal> firewall type now works
2265 as documented in the &man.rc.firewall.8; manual page. &merged;</para>
2267 <para role="historic">The functionality of <filename>/etc/security</filename> has
2268 been been moved into a set of scripts under the &man.periodic.8;
2269 framework, to make local customization easier and more
2270 maintainable. These scripts now reside in
2271 <filename>/etc/periodic/security/</filename>. &merged;</para>
2273 <para>&man.expr.1; is now compliant with the POSIX Utility Syntax
2274 Guidelines. Some programs depend on the old, historic behavior
2275 (the <filename role="package">devel/libtool</filename>
2276 port/package was/is a notable example). In these situations,
2277 the <envar>EXPR_COMPAT</envar> environment variable can be
2278 defined, which causes &man.expr.1; to behave more like previous
2281 <para>&man.fbtab.5; now accepts glob matching patterns for target
2282 devices, not just individual devices and directories.</para>
2284 <para arch="i386">&man.fdisk.8; no longer attempts to search for a
2285 device if none has been specified on the command line, but
2286 instead tries to figure out the default device name from the
2289 <para>&man.fdread.1;, a program to read data from floppy disks,
2290 has been added. It is a counterpart to &man.fdwrite.1; and is
2291 designed to provide a means of recovering at least some data
2292 from bad media, and to obviate for a complex invocation of
2295 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-empty</option> flag,
2296 which returns true if a file or directory is
2297 empty. &merged;</para>
2299 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-iname</option> and
2300 <option>-ipath</option> primaries for case-insensitive matches,
2301 and the <option>-regexp</option> and <option>-iregexp</option>
2302 primaries for regular-expression matches. The
2303 <option>-E</option> flag now enables extended regular
2304 expressions. &merged;</para>
2306 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now has the <option>-anewer</option>,
2307 <option>-cnewer</option>, <option>-mnewer</option>,
2308 <option>-okdir</option>, and <option>-newer[acm][acmt]</option>
2309 primaries for comparisons of file timestamps. The latter
2310 primaries can be specified with various units of
2311 time. &merged;</para>
2313 <para role="historic">&man.finger.1; now has the ability to support fingering
2314 aliases, via the &man.finger.conf.5; file. &merged;</para>
2316 <para>&man.finger.1; now has support for a
2317 <filename>.pubkey</filename> file. &merged;</para>
2319 <para>&man.finger.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
2320 restrict the printing of GECOS information to the user's full
2321 name only. &merged;</para>
2323 <para>&man.finger.1; now supports the <option>-4</option> and
2324 <option>-6</option> flags to specify an address family for
2325 remote queries. &merged;</para>
2327 <para role="historic">&man.fmt.1; has been rewritten; the rewrite fixes a number
2328 of bugs compared to its prior behavior. &merged;</para>
2330 <para role="historic">&man.fmtcheck.3;, a function for checking consistency of
2331 format string arguments, has been added. &merged;</para>
2333 <para>&man.fold.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> flag to
2334 break at byte positions and a <option>-s</option> flag to break at
2335 word boundaries. &merged;</para>
2337 <para role="historic">&man.fsdb.8; now supports a <literal>blocks</literal>
2338 command to list the blocks allocated by a particular
2339 inode. &merged;</para>
2341 <para>&man.fsck.8; wrappers have been imported; this feature
2342 provides infrastructure for &man.fsck.8; to work on different
2343 types of filesystems (analogous to &man.mount.8;).</para>
2345 <para>The behavior of &man.fsck.8; when dealing with various
2346 passes (a la <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>) has been modified
2347 to accommodate multiple-disk filesystems.</para>
2349 <para>&man.fsck.8; now has support for foreground
2350 (<option>-F</option>) and background (<option>-B</option>)
2351 checks. Traditionally, &man.fsck.8; is invoked before the
2352 filesystems are mounted and all checks are done to completion at
2353 that time. If background checking is available, &man.fsck.8; is
2354 invoked twice. It is first invoked at the traditional time,
2355 before the filesystems are mounted, with the <option>-F</option>
2356 flag to do checking on all the filesystems that cannot do
2357 background checking. It is then invoked a second time, after
2358 the system has completed going multiuser, with the
2359 <option>-B</option> flag to do checking on all the filesystems
2360 that can do background checking. Unlike the foreground
2361 checking, the background checking is started asynchronously so
2362 that other system activity can proceed even on the filesystems
2363 that are being checked. Boot-time enabling of this feature is
2365 <varname>background_fsck</varname> option in &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>
2367 <para role="historic">Shortly after the receipt of a <literal>SIGINFO</literal>
2368 signal (normally control-T from the controlling tty),
2369 &man.fsck.ffs.8; will now output a line indicating the current
2370 phase number and progress information relevant to the current
2371 phase. &merged;</para>
2373 <para>&man.fsck.ffs.8; now supports background filesystem checks
2374 to mounted FFS filesystems with the <option>-B</option> option
2375 (softupdates must be enabled on these filesystems). The
2376 <option>-F</option> flag now determines whether a specified
2377 filesystem needs foreground checking.</para>
2379 <para role="historic">A new &man.fsck.msdosfs.8; utility has been added to check
2380 the consistency of MS-DOS filesystems. &merged;</para>
2382 <para role="historic">&man.ftpd.8; now supports a <option>-r</option> flag for
2383 read-only mode and a <option>-E</option> flag to disable
2384 <literal>EPSV</literal>. It also has some fixes to reduce
2385 information leakage and the ability to specify compile-time port
2386 ranges. &merged;</para>
2388 <para>&man.ftpd.8; now supports <option>-o</option> and
2389 <option>-O</option> options to disable the
2390 <literal>RETR</literal> command; the former for everybody, and
2391 the latter only for guest users. Coupled with
2392 <option>-A</option> and appropriate file permissions, these can
2393 be used to create a relatively safe anonymous FTP drop box for
2394 others to upload to.</para>
2396 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">&man.gdb.1; now supports hardware
2397 watchpoints (using the kernel's debug register + support that
2398 has been introduced in &os; 4.0). &merged;</para>
2400 <para role="historic">The &man.getprogname.3; and &man.setprogname.3; library
2401 functions have been added to manipulate the name of the current
2402 program. They are used by error-reporting routines to produce
2403 consistent output. &merged;</para>
2405 <para>gifconfig(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2406 functionality is now handled by the <option>tunnel</option> and
2407 <option>deletetunnel</option> commands of
2408 &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2410 <para>&man.gprof.1; now has a <option>-K</option> option to enable
2411 dynamic symbol resolution from the currently-running kernel.
2412 With this change, properly-compiled KLD modules are now able to
2415 <para arch="ia64">The gpt tool for manipulating EFI GPT
2416 partitions has been added.</para>
2418 <para role="historic">&man.growfs.8;, a utility for growing FFS filesystems, has
2419 been added. &man.ffsinfo.8;, a utility for dump all the
2420 meta-information of an existing filesystem, has also been
2421 added. &merged;</para>
2423 <para role="historic">The &man.groups.1; and &man.whoami.1; shell scripts are now
2424 unnecessary; their functionality has been completely folded into
2425 &man.id.1;. &merged;</para>
2427 <para>The ibcs(8), linux(8), osf1(8), and
2428 svr4(8) scripts, whose sole purpose was to load emulation
2429 kernel modules, have been removed. The kernel module system
2430 will automatically load them as needed to fulfill
2431 dependencies.</para>
2433 <para role="historic">&man.indent.1; has gained some new formatting
2434 options. &merged;</para>
2436 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can set the link-layer address of
2437 an interface using the <option>link</option> parameter.
2440 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now accept addresses in slash/CIDR
2441 notation. &merged;</para>
2443 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; now has support for setting parameters for
2444 IEEE 802.11 wireless network devices. &man.wi.4; and &man.an.4;
2445 devices are supported, and partial support is provided for
2446 &man.awi.4; devices. &merged;</para>
2448 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; no longer displays the list of supported
2449 media by default. Instead it displays it when the
2450 <option>-m</option> flag is given. &merged;</para>
2452 <para role="historic">The syntax of &man.inetd.8;'s support for &man.faithd.8; is
2453 now compatible with that of other BSDs. &merged;</para>
2455 <para role="historic">The <literal>ident</literal> protocol support in
2456 &man.inetd.8; has been cleaned up and updated. &merged;</para>
2458 <para role="historic">&man.inetd.8; now has the ability to manage UNIX-domain
2459 sockets. &merged;</para>
2461 <para>By default, &man.inetd.8; is no longer run by &man.rc.8; at
2462 boot-time, although &man.sysinstall.8; gives the option of
2463 enabling it during binary installations. &man.inetd.8; can also
2464 be enabled by adding the following line to
2465 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
2467 <programlisting>inetd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
2469 <para role="historic">&man.install.1; has a number of new features, including the
2470 <option>-b</option> and <option>-B</option> options for backing up
2471 existing target files and the <option>-S</option> option for
2472 <quote>safe</quote> (atomic copy) operation. The
2473 <option>-c</option> (copy) flag is now the default, and the
2474 <option>-D</option> (debugging) flag has been withdrawn.
2475 &man.install.1; now issues a warning if <option>-d</option>
2476 (create directories) and <option>-C</option> (copy changed files
2477 only) are used together. &merged;</para>
2479 <para role="historic">IP Filter is now supported by the &man.rc.conf.5; boot-time
2480 configuration and initialization. &merged;</para>
2482 <para role="historic">&man.ipfstat.8; now supports the <option>-t</option> option
2483 to turn on a &man.top.1;-like display. &merged;</para>
2485 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; will now avoid the display of dynamic firewall
2486 rules unless the <option>-d</option> flag is passed to it. The
2487 <option>-e</option> option lists expired dynamic
2488 rules. &merged;</para>
2490 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new feature (<literal>me</literal>) that
2491 allows for packet matching on interfaces with
2492 dynamically-changing IP addresses. &merged;</para>
2494 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new <literal>limit</literal> type of
2495 firewall rule, which limits the number of sessions between
2496 address pairs. &merged;</para>
2498 <para>&man.ipfw.8; filter rules can now match on the value of the
2499 IPv4 precedence field.</para>
2501 <para role="historic">&man.ip6fw.8; now has the ability to use a preprocessor and
2502 use the <option>-q</option> (quiet) flag when reading from a
2503 file. &merged;</para>
2505 <para role="historic">&man.ispppcontrol.8; has been deleted, and its functionality
2506 has been folded into &man.spppcontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
2508 <para role="historic">&man.k5su.8; is no longer installed SUID
2509 <username>root</username> by default. Users requiring this
2510 feature can either manually change the permissions on the
2511 &man.k5su.8; executable or add
2512 <literal>ENABLE_SUID_K5SU=yes</literal> to
2513 <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> before a source
2514 upgrade. &merged;</para>
2516 <para>&man.kbdmap.1; and &man.vidfont.1; have been converted from
2519 <para role="historic">&man.kenv.1;, a command to dump the kernel environment, has
2520 been added. &merged;</para>
2522 <para>&man.kenv.1; now has the ability to set or delete kernel
2523 environment variables.</para>
2525 <para role="historic">&man.keyinfo.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2526 script. &merged;</para>
2528 <para>The kget(8) utility has been removed (it was only
2529 useful for UserConfig, which is not present in &os;
2530 &release.current;).</para>
2532 <para role="historic">&man.killall.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2533 script. As a result, its <option>-m</option> option now uses
2534 the regular expression syntax of &man.regex.3;, rather than that
2535 of Perl. &merged;</para>
2537 <para>&man.killall.1; no longer tries to kill zombie processes
2538 unless the <option>-z</option> flag is specified.</para>
2540 <para role="historic">The &man.kldconfig.8; utility has been added to make it
2541 easier to manipulate the kernel module search
2542 path. &merged;</para>
2544 <para>ktrdump, a utility to dump the ktr trace buffer from
2545 userland, has been added.</para>
2547 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now implements a <option>-d</option> that
2548 provides a <quote>snapshot</quote> of who was logged in at a
2549 particular date and time. &merged;</para>
2551 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now supports a <option>-y</option> flag, which
2552 causes the year to be included in the session start time. &merged;</para>
2554 <para role="historic">The &man.lastlogin.8; utility, which prints the last login
2555 time of each user, has been imported from
2556 NetBSD. &merged;</para>
2558 <para role="historic">&man.ldconfig.8; now checks directory ownerships and
2559 permissions for greater security; these checks can be disabled
2560 with the <option>-i</option> flag. &merged;</para>
2562 <para role="historic">&man.ldd.1; can now be used on shared libraries, in addition
2563 to executables. &merged;</para>
2565 <para>&man.ldd.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag to list
2566 all the objects that are needed by each loaded object.</para>
2568 <para><filename>libc</filename> is now thread-safe by default;
2569 <filename>libc_r</filename> contains only thread
2572 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> and
2573 <filename>libdescrypt</filename> have been unified to provide a
2574 configurable password authentication hash library. Both the md5
2575 and des hash methods are provided unless the des hash is
2576 specifically compiled out. &merged;</para>
2578 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> now has support for Blowfish
2579 password hashing. &merged;</para>
2581 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>libdisk</filename> can now do
2582 install-time configuration of the <filename>boot0</filename>
2583 boot loader. &merged;</para>
2585 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2586 filesystems containing
2587 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed
2588 files. &merged;</para>
2590 <para><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2591 overwriting the contents of a file on a UFS filesystem (it
2592 cannot expand or truncate files because the filesystem may be
2593 dirty or inconsistent).</para>
2595 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for loading
2596 large kernels and modules split across several physical
2597 media. &merged;</para>
2599 <para role="historic">The default TCP port range used by
2600 <filename>libfetch</filename> for passive FTP retrievals has
2601 changed; this affects the behavior of &man.fetch.1;, which has
2602 gained the <option>-U</option> option to restore the old
2603 behavior. &merged;</para>
2605 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for an
2606 authentication callback. &merged;</para>
2608 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for a
2609 <envar>HTTP_USER_AGENT</envar> environment
2610 variable. &merged;</para>
2612 <para><filename>libgmp</filename> has been superceded by
2613 <filename>libmp</filename>.
2615 <para>The functions from <filename>libposix1e</filename> have been
2616 integrated into <filename>libc</filename>.</para>
2618 <para role="historic"><filename>libusb</filename> has been renamed as
2619 <filename>libusbhid</filename>, following NetBSD's naming
2620 conventions. &merged;</para>
2622 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes an <option>-i</option> option to
2623 request user confirmation before overwriting an existing
2624 file. &merged;</para>
2626 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> flag to avoid
2627 following a target that is a link, with a <option>-n</option>
2628 flag for compatibility with other
2629 implementations. &merged;</para>
2631 <para>&man.lock.1; now accepts a <option>-v</option> to disable
2632 switching VTYs while the current terminal is locked. This permits
2633 locking the entire console from a single terminal.</para>
2635 <para role="historic">&man.logger.1; can now send messages directly to a remote
2636 syslog. &merged;</para>
2638 <para role="historic">&man.login.1; now exports environment variables set by
2639 <application>PAM</application> modules. &merged;</para>
2641 <para role="historic">&man.lpc.8; has been improved; <command>lpc clean</command>
2642 is now somewhat safer, and a new <command>lpc tclean</command>
2643 command has been added to check to see what files would be
2644 removed by <command>lpc clean</command>. &merged;</para>
2646 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now takes two new options: <option>-c</option>
2647 will log all connection errors to &man.syslogd.8;, while
2648 <option>-W</option> will allow connections from non-reserved
2649 ports. &merged;</para>
2651 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now has some support for
2652 <literal>o</literal>-type print-file actions in its control
2653 files, which allows printing of PostScript files generated by
2654 <application>MacOS</application> 10.1. &merged;</para>
2656 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now recognizes the <option>-s</option> flag as
2657 the preferred synonym for <option>-p</option> (these flags
2658 cause &man.lpd.8; not to open a socket for network print
2659 jobs). &merged;</para>
2661 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now implements a new <literal>rc</literal>
2662 printcap option. When specified in a print queue for a remote
2663 host, boolean option causes &man.lpd.8; to resend the data file
2664 for each copy the user requested via <command>lpr
2665 -#<replaceable>n</replaceable></command>. &merged;</para>
2667 <para role="historic">Catching up with most other network utilities in the base
2668 system, &man.lpr.1;, &man.lpd.8;, &man.syslogd.8;, and
2669 &man.logger.1; are now all IPv6-capable. &merged;</para>
2671 <para role="historic"><command>lprm -</command> now works for remote printer
2672 queues. &merged;</para>
2674 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; can produce colorized listings with the
2675 <option>-G</option> flag (and appropriate terminal support).
2676 The <envar>CLICOLOR</envar> environment variable can be set to
2677 enable colorized listings by default. &merged;</para>
2679 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; now accepts a <option>-h</option> flag, which
2680 when combined with the <option>-l</option> flag, causes file
2681 sizes to be printed with unit suffixes, such that the number of
2682 digits printed is fewer than four. &merged;</para>
2684 <para>The &man.ls.1; program now supports a <option>-m</option>
2685 flag to list files across a page, a <option>-p</option> flag to
2686 force printing of a <literal>/</literal> after directories, and
2687 a <option>-x</option> flag to sort filenames across a
2688 page. &merged;</para>
2690 <para role="historic">&man.m4.1; now accepts a <option>-s</option> flag to cause
2691 it to emit <literal>#line</literal> directives for use by
2692 &man.cpp.1;. &merged;</para>
2694 <para role="historic">&man.mail.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> flag to avoid
2695 sending messages with empty bodies. &merged;</para>
2697 <para role="historic">&man.make.1; has gained the <literal>:C///</literal>
2698 (regular expression substitution), <literal>:L</literal>
2699 (lowercase), and <literal>:U</literal> (uppercase) variable
2700 modifiers. These were added to reduce the differences between
2701 the &os; and OpenBSD/NetBSD &man.make.1; programs.
2704 <para role="historic">Bugs in &man.make.1;, among which include broken null suffix
2705 behavior, bad assumptions about current directory permissions,
2706 and potential buffer overflows, have been fixed. &merged;</para>
2708 <para role="historic">The new <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
2709 <filename>make.conf</filename> variable controls the compilation
2710 of processor-specific optimizations in various pieces of code
2711 such as <application>OpenSSL</application>. &merged;</para>
2713 <para role="historic">The &os; <filename>Makefile</filename> infrastructure now
2714 supports the <varname>WARNS</varname> directive from NetBSD.
2715 This directive controls the addition of compiler warning flags
2716 to <varname>CFLAGS</varname> in a relatively compiler-neutral
2717 manner. &merged;</para>
2719 <para>&man.makewhatis.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2722 <para>&man.man.1; is no longer installed SUID
2723 <username>man</username>, in order to reduce vulnerabilities
2724 associated with generating <quote>catpages</quote> (preformatted
2725 manual pages cached for repeated viewing). As a result,
2726 &man.man.1; can no longer create system catpages on a regular
2727 user's behalf. It is still able to do so if the user has write
2728 permissions to the directory holding catpages (e.g. a user's own
2729 manpages) or if the running user is
2730 <username>root</username>.</para>
2732 <para arch="ia64">The mca utility, for decoding machine check
2733 records, has been added.</para>
2735 <para>The &man.mdmfs.8; command has been added; it is a wrapper
2736 around &man.mdconfig.8;, &man.disklabel.8;, &man.newfs.8;, and
2737 &man.mount.8; that mimics the command line option set of the
2738 deprecated &man.mount.mfs.8;.</para>
2740 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now sources an
2741 <filename>/etc/mergemaster.rc</filename> file and also prompts
2742 the user to run recommended commands (such as
2743 <command>newaliases</command>) as needed. &merged;</para>
2745 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now supports two new flags.
2746 The <option>-p</option> flag enables a
2747 <quote>pre-<literal>buildworld</literal></quote> mode to files
2748 known to be essential to the success of the
2749 <literal>buildworld</literal> and
2750 <literal>installworld</literal> system updating steps. The
2751 <option>-C</option> flag, used after a successful
2752 &man.mergemaster.8; run, compares options in
2753 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to the default options in
2754 <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2756 <para>&man.mesg.1; now conforms to SUSv3. Among other things, it
2757 now uses the first terminal associated with the standard input,
2758 standard output or standard error file descriptor, in that order.
2759 Thus, it is possible to use the redirection facilities of a shell
2760 (<command>mesg n < /dev/ttyp1</command>) to control write access
2761 for other terminals.</para>
2763 <para role="historic">mk_cmds(1) and the associated
2764 <filename>libss</filename> have been removed; they have been
2765 unused for quite some time. &merged;</para>
2767 <para>&man.mountd.8; and &man.nfsd.8; have moved from
2768 <filename>/sbin</filename> to <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>.</para>
2770 <para role="historic">&man.moused.8; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2771 control mouse acceleration. &merged;</para>
2773 <para role="historic">&man.mtree.8; now includes support for a file that lists
2774 pathnames to be excluded when creating and verifying prototypes.
2775 This makes it easier to use &man.mtree.8; as a part of an
2776 intrusion-detection system. &merged;</para>
2778 <para>&man.mv.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option> option to
2779 automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would ask to
2780 overwrite a file. &merged;</para>
2782 <para role="historic">&man.natd.8; now supports a
2783 <option>-log_ipfw_denied</option> option to log packets that
2784 cannot be re-injected because they are blocked by &man.ipfw.8;
2785 rules. &merged;</para>
2787 <para role="historic">The <quote>in use</quote> percentage metric displayed by
2788 &man.netstat.1; now really reflects the percentage of network
2789 mbufs used. &merged;</para>
2791 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-W</option> flag that
2792 tells it not to truncate addresses, even if they're too long for
2793 the column they're printed in. &merged;</para>
2795 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now keeps track of input and output packets
2796 on a per-address basis for each interface. &merged;</para>
2798 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-z</option> flag to reset
2799 statistics. &merged;</para>
2801 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-S</option> flag to print
2802 address numerically but port names symbolically. &merged;</para>
2804 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now implements write combining, which can make
2805 creation of new filesystems up to seven times
2806 faster. &merged;</para>
2808 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now takes a <option>-U</option> option to
2809 enable softupdates on a new filesystem. &merged;</para>
2811 <para role="historic">The default number of cylinders per group in &man.newfs.8;
2812 is now computed to be the maximum allowable given the current
2813 filesystem parameters. It can be overridden with the
2814 <option>-c</option> option. Formerly, the default was fixed at
2815 16. This change leads to better &man.fsck.8; performance and
2816 reduced fragmentation. &merged;</para>
2818 <para role="historic"><anchor id="newfs-block-frag-sizes">The default block and
2819 fragment sizes for new filesystems created by &man.newfs.8; are
2820 now 16384 and 2048 bytes, respectively (the old defaults were
2821 8192 and 1024 bytes). This change generally provides increased
2822 performance, at the expense of some wasted disk
2823 space. &merged;</para>
2825 <para>A number of archaic features of &man.newfs.8; have been
2826 removed; these implement tuning features that are essentially
2827 useless on modern hard disks. These features were controlled by
2828 the <option>-O</option>, <option>-d</option>,
2829 <option>-k</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>-n</option>,
2830 <option>-p</option>, <option>-r</option>, <option>-t</option>,
2831 and <option>-x</option> flags.</para>
2833 <para>&man.newfs.8; now supports a <option>-O</option> flag to
2834 select the creation of UFS1 or UFS2 filesystems.</para>
2836 <para>The &man.newgrp.1; utility to change to a new group has been
2839 <para role="historic">&man.newsyslog.8; now has the ability to compress log files
2840 using &man.bzip2.1;. &merged;</para>
2842 <para><application>NFS</application> now works over IPv6.</para>
2844 <para role="historic">&man.ngctl.8; now supports a <option>write</option> command
2845 to send a data packet down a given hook. &merged;</para>
2847 <para>&man.nice.1; now uses the <option>-n</option> option to
2848 specify the <quote>niceness</quote> of the utility being
2849 run. &merged;</para>
2851 <para role="historic">&man.nl.1;, a line numbering filter program, has been
2852 added. &merged;</para>
2854 <para><application>nsswitch</application> support has been merged
2855 from NetBSD. By creating an &man.nsswitch.conf.5; file, &os;
2856 can be configured so that various databases such as
2857 &man.passwd.5; and &man.group.5; can be looked up using flat
2858 files, NIS, or Hesiod. The old
2859 <filename>hosts.conf</filename> file is no longer used.</para>
2861 <para>&man.od.1; now supports the <option>-A</option> option to
2862 specify the input address base, the <option>-N</option> option to
2863 specify the number of bytes to dump, the <option>-j</option>
2864 option to specify the number of bytes to skip, the
2865 <option>-s</option> option to output signed decimal shorts, and
2866 the <option>-t</option> option to specify output type. &merged;</para>
2868 <para><application>PAM</application> support has been added for
2869 account management and sessions.</para>
2871 <para><application>PAM</application> configuration is now
2872 specified by files in <filename>/etc/pam.d/</filename>, rather
2873 than a single <filename>/etc/pam.conf</filename> file.
2874 <filename>/etc/pam.d/README</filename> has more details.</para>
2876 <para>A &man.pam.echo.8; echo service module has been added.</para>
2878 <para>A &man.pam.exec.8; program execution service module has been
2881 <para>A &man.pam.ftp.8; module has been added to allow
2882 authentication of anonymous FTP users.</para>
2884 <para>A &man.pam.ftpusers.8; module has been added to perform
2885 checks against the &man.ftpusers.5; file.</para>
2887 <para>A &man.pam.ksu.8; module has been added to do Kerberos 5
2888 authentication and <filename>$HOME/.k5login</filename>
2889 authorization for &man.su.1;.</para>
2891 <para>A &man.pam.lastlog.8; module has been added to record
2892 sessions in the &man.utmp.5;, &man.wtmp.5;, and &man.lastlog.5;
2895 <para>A &man.pam.login.access.8; module has been added, to allow
2896 checking against <filename>/etc/login.access</filename>.</para>
2898 <para>The &man.pam.nologin.8; module, which can disallow logins
2899 using &man.nologin.5;, has been added.</para>
2901 <para>The &man.pam.opie.8; and &man.pam.opieaccess.8; modules have
2902 been added to control authentication via &man.opie.4;. &merged;</para>
2904 <para>A &man.pam.passwdqc.8; module has been added, to check the
2905 quality of passwords submitted during password changes.</para>
2907 <para>A &man.pam.rhosts.8; module has been added to support
2908 &man.rhosts.5; authentication.</para>
2910 <para>The &man.pam.rootok.8; module, which can be used to
2911 authenticate only the superuser, has been added.</para>
2913 <para>A &man.pam.securetty.8; module has been added to check the
2914 <quote>security</quote> of a TTY, as listed in &man.ttys.5;.</para>
2916 <para>A &man.pam.self.8; module, which allows self-authentication
2917 of a user, has been added.</para>
2919 <para role="historic">A &man.pam.ssh.8; module has been added to allow the use of
2920 SSH passphrases and keypairs for authentication. This module
2921 also handles session management by invoking
2922 &man.ssh-agent.1;. &merged;</para>
2924 <para>A &man.pam.wheel.8; module has been added to permit
2925 authentication to members of a group, which defaults to
2926 <groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para>
2928 <para role="historic">&man.passwd.1; and &man.pw.8; now select the password hash
2929 algorithm at run time. See the <literal>passwd_format</literal>
2931 <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2933 <para role="historic">&man.patch.1; now accepts a <option>-i</option> command-line
2934 flag to read a patch from a file, rather than standard
2935 input. &merged;</para>
2937 <para>The &man.pathchk.1; utility, which checks pathnames for
2938 validity or portability between POSIX systems, has been
2941 <para role="historic">&man.pax.1; has received a number of enhancements, including
2942 &man.cpio.1; functionality, &man.tar.1; compatibility
2943 enhancements, <option>-z</option> and <option>-Z</option> flags
2944 for &man.gzip.1; and &man.compress.1; functionality, and a
2945 number of bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2947 <para role="historic">&man.pciconf.8; now supports a <option>-v</option> option to
2948 display the vendor/device information of configured devices, in
2949 conjunction with the <option>-l</option> option. The default
2950 vendor/device database can be found at
2951 <filename>/usr/share/misc/pci_vendors</filename>. &merged;</para>
2953 <para role="historic">The behavior of &man.periodic.8; is now controlled by
2954 <filename>/etc/defaults/periodic.conf</filename> and
2955 <filename>/etc/periodic.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2957 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option to
2958 set the TTL of outgoing packets. &merged;</para>
2960 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-A</option> option to
2961 beep when packets are lost. &merged;</para>
2963 <para role="historic">Userland &man.ppp.8; has received a number of updates and
2964 bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2966 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; has gained the <literal>tcpmssfixup</literal>
2967 option, which adjusts outgoing and incoming TCP SYN packets so
2968 that the maximum receive segment size is no larger than allowed
2969 by the interface MTU. &merged;</para>
2971 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; now supports IPv6. &merged;</para>
2973 <para role="historic">&man.pppd.8; (the control program for kernel-level PPP) is
2974 now installed mode <literal>4550</literal> and
2975 <username>root</username><literal>:</literal><groupname>dialer</groupname>,
2976 rather than mode <literal>4555</literal> (in other words, it is
2977 no longer world-executable). Users of &man.pppd.8; may need to
2978 change their group settings. &merged;</para>
2980 <para role="historic">&man.pr.1; now supports the <option>-f</option> and
2981 <option>-p</option> flags to pause output going to a
2982 terminal. &merged;</para>
2984 <para>prefix(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2985 functionality is provided by the <option>eui64</option> command
2986 to &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2988 <para role="historic">The <option>-W</option> option to &man.ps.1; (to extract
2989 information from a specified swap device) has been useless for
2990 some time; it has been removed. &merged;</para>
2992 <para>The &man.pselect.3; library function (introduced by POSIX.1
2993 as a slightly stronger version of &man.select.2;) has been
2996 <para role="historic">&man.pwd.1; can now double as &man.realpath.1;, a program to
2997 resolve pathnames to their underlying physical
2998 paths. &merged;</para>
3000 <para>&man.pwd.1; now supports the <option>-L</option> flag to
3001 print the logical current working directory. &merged;</para>
3003 <para>The pseudo-random number generator implemented by
3004 &man.rand.3; has been improved to provide less biased
3007 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now has an framework for handling dependencies
3008 between &man.rc.conf.5; variables. &merged;</para>
3010 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now deletes all non-directory files in
3011 <filename>/var/run</filename> and
3012 <filename>/var/spool/lock</filename> at boot
3013 time. &merged;</para>
3015 <para>&man.rcmd.3; now supports the use of the
3016 <envar>RSH</envar> environment variable to specify a program to
3017 use other than &man.rsh.1; for remote execution. As a result,
3018 programs such as &man.dump.8;, can use &man.ssh.1; for remote
3021 <para>&man.rdist.1; has been retired from the base system, but is
3022 still available from &os; Ports Collection as
3023 <filename role="package">net/44bsd-rdist</filename>.</para>
3025 <para role="historic">&man.reboot.8; now takes a <option>-k</option> to specify
3026 the next kernel to boot. &merged;</para>
3028 <para>The &man.renice.8; command implements a <option>-n</option>
3029 option, which specifies an increment to be applied to the
3030 priority of a process. &merged;</para>
3032 <para role="historic">The &man.resolver.3; in &os; now implements EDNS0 support,
3033 which will be necessary when working with IPv6 transport-ready
3034 resolvers/DNS servers. &merged;</para>
3036 <para role="historic">The &man.rfork.thread.3; library call has been added as a
3037 helper function to &man.rfork.2;. Using this function should
3038 avoid the need to implement complex stack swap
3039 code. &merged;</para>
3041 <para role="historic">The <option>-v</option> option to &man.rm.1; now displays
3042 the entire pathname of a file being removed. &merged;</para>
3044 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; is now more verbose when changing indirect
3045 routes, in the case of a gateway route that is the same route as
3046 the one being modified. &merged;</para>
3048 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; now uses
3049 <literal><replaceable>host</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
3051 <literal><replaceable>net</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
3052 syntax, for compatibility with &man.netstat.1;. &merged;</para>
3054 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; can now create <quote>proxy only</quote>
3055 published ARP entries. &merged;</para>
3057 <para role="historic">The &man.route.8; <option>add</option> command now supports
3058 the <option>-ifp</option> and <option>-ifa</option>
3059 modifiers. &merged;</para>
3061 <para>&man.rpcbind.8; has replaced &man.portmap.8;.</para>
3063 <para>&man.rpcgen.1; now uses <filename>/usr/bin/cpp</filename>
3065 <filename>/usr/libexec/cpp</filename>.</para>
3067 <para>&man.rpc.lockd.8; has been imported from NetBSD. This
3068 daemon provides support for servicing client NFS locks.</para>
3070 <para role="historic">The performance of the ELF dynamic linker &man.rtld.1; has
3071 been improved. &merged;</para>
3073 <para role="historic">RSA Security has waived all patent rights to the
3074 <application>RSA</application> algorithm. As a result, the
3075 native <application>OpenSSL</application> implementation of the
3076 RSA algorithm is now activated by default, and the <filename
3077 role="package">security/rsaref</filename> port and the
3078 <filename>librsaUSA</filename> and
3079 <filename>librsaINTL</filename> libraries are no longer required
3080 for USA and non-USA residents respectively. &merged;</para>
3082 <para>&man.rtld.1; will now print the names of all objects that
3083 cause each object to be loaded, if the
3084 <varname>LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_ALL</varname> environment
3085 variable is defined.</para>
3087 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now supports a <option>-k</option> option
3088 to prevent clearing a crash dump after saving it. It also
3089 attempts to avoid writing large stretches of zeros to crash dump
3090 files to save space and time. &merged;</para>
3092 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now works correctly on machines with 2 GB
3093 or more of RAM. &merged;</para>
3095 <para role="historic">&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> option for
3096 extended regular expression support. &merged;</para>
3098 <para>&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-i</option> option to enable
3099 in-place editing of files. &merged;</para>
3101 <para role="historic">&man.send-pr.1; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
3102 include a file into the <literal>Fix:</literal> section of a
3103 problem report. &merged;</para>
3105 <para>The &man.setfacl.1; and &man.getfacl.1; commands have been
3106 added to manage filesystem Access Control Lists.</para>
3108 <para role="historic">&man.setproctitle.3; has been moved from
3109 <filename>libutil</filename> to
3110 <filename>libc</filename>. &merged;</para>
3112 <para role="historic">&man.sh.1; now implements <command>test</command> as a
3113 built-in command for improved efficiency. &merged;</para>
3115 <para>&man.sh.1; no longer implements <command>printf</command> as
3116 a built-in command because it was considered less valuable
3117 compared to the other built-in commands (this functionality is,
3118 of course, still available through the &man.printf.1;
3121 <para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option to
3122 prevent existing regular files from being overwritten by output
3123 redirection, and a <option>-u</option> to give an error if an
3124 unset variable is expanded. &merged;</para>
3126 <para>The &man.sh.1; built-in <command>cd</command> command now
3127 supports <option>-L</option> and <option>-P</option> flags to
3128 invoke logical or physical modes of operation, respectively.
3129 Logical mode is the default, but the default can be changed with
3130 the <varname>physical</varname> &man.sh.1; option. &merged;</para>
3132 <para>The &man.sh.1; built-in <command>jobs</command> command now
3133 supports a <option>-s</option> flag to output PIDs only and a
3134 <option>-l</option> flag to add PIDs to the output. &merged;</para>
3136 <para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <command>bind</command> built-in
3137 command, which allows the key bindings for the shell's line editor
3138 to be changed.</para>
3140 <para>The &man.sh.1; built-in <command>export</command> and
3141 <command>readonly</command> commands now support a
3142 <option>-p</option> flag to print their output in
3143 <quote>portable</quote> format. &merged;</para>
3145 <para>&man.sh.1; no longer accepts invalid constructs as
3146 <command><replaceable>command</replaceable> & &&
3147 <replaceable>command</replaceable></command>, <command>&&
3148 <replaceable>command</replaceable></command>, or <command>||
3149 <replaceable>command</replaceable></command>. &merged;</para>
3151 <para role="historic">&man.sockstat.1; now has <option>-c</option> and
3152 <option>-l</option> flags for listing connected and listening
3153 sockets, respectively. &merged;</para>
3155 <para>&man.spkrtest.8; is now a &man.sh.1; script, rather than a
3158 <para role="historic">&man.split.1; now has the ability to split a file longer
3159 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
3161 <para>&man.split.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> option to
3162 specify the number of letters to use for the suffix of split
3163 files. &merged;</para>
3165 <para>In preparation for meeting SUSv2/POSIX
3166 <filename><sys/select.h></filename> requirements,
3167 <literal>struct selinfo</literal> and related functions have been
3168 moved to <filename><sys/selinfo.h></filename>.</para>
3170 <para role="historic">The &man.strnstr.3; and &man.strcasestr.3; variants of
3171 &man.strstr.3; have been implemented. &merged;</para>
3173 <para role="historic">&man.stty.1; now has support for an
3174 <literal>erase2</literal> control character, so that, for
3175 example, both the <keycap>Delete</keycap> and
3176 <keycap>Backspace</keycap> keys can be used to erase
3177 characters. &merged;</para>
3179 <para>&man.su.1; now uses <application>PAM</application> for
3180 authentication.</para>
3182 <para role="historic">Boot-time &man.syscons.4; configuration was moved to a
3184 <filename>/etc/rc.syscons</filename>. &merged;</para>
3186 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-N</option> option to
3187 print out variable names only. &merged;</para>
3189 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; has replaced the <option>-A</option> and
3190 <option>-X</option> options with <option>-ao</option> and
3191 <option>-ax</option> respectively; the former options are now
3192 deprecated. The <option>-w</option> option is deprecated as
3193 well; it is not needed to determine the user's
3194 intentions. &merged;</para>
3196 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-e</option> option to
3197 separate variable names and values by <literal>=</literal>
3198 rather than <literal>:</literal>. This feature is useful for
3199 producing output that can be fed back to
3200 &man.sysctl.8;. &merged;</para>
3202 <para>&man.sysctl.8; now accepts a <option>-d</option> flag to print
3203 the descriptions of variables.</para>
3205 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now properly preserves
3206 <filename>/etc/mail</filename> during a binary
3207 upgrade. &merged;</para>
3209 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now uses some more intuitive defaults
3210 thanks to some new dialog support functions. &merged;</para>
3212 <para>The default root partition in &man.sysinstall.8; is now
3213 100MB on the i386 and pc98, 120MB on the Alpha.</para>
3215 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; now lives in
3216 <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>, which simplifies the
3217 installation process. The &man.sysinstall.8; manpage is also
3218 installed in a more consistent fashion now.</para>
3220 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has the ability to load KLDs as a
3221 part of the installation. &merged;</para>
3223 <para role="historic">When run from the installation media, &man.sysinstall.8;
3224 will automatically load any device drivers found in the
3225 <filename>/stand/modules</filename> directory of the
3226 <literal>mfsroot</literal> floppy or filesystem image. Note
3227 that any drivers so loaded will not appear in the kernel's boot
3228 messages; the &man.sysinstall.8; debugging screen will provide
3229 additional information. &merged;</para>
3231 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now enables Soft Updates by default on
3232 all filesystems it creates, except for the root
3233 filesystem. &merged;</para>
3235 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; has received updates for its
3236 <quote>auto</quote> partitioning mode which provide more
3237 reasonable defaults for the sizes of partitions that are
3238 created; auto-sized partitions can now also recover the space
3239 that becomes available when other partitions are
3240 deleted. &merged;</para>
3242 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; no longer mounts the &man.procfs.5;
3243 filesystem by default on new installs.</para>
3245 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has rudimentary support for
3246 retrieving packages from the correct volume of a multiple-volume
3247 installation (such as a multi-CD distribution). &merged;</para>
3249 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; can take a <option>-n</option> option to
3250 disable DNS queries for every request. &merged;</para>
3252 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now supports a
3253 <literal>LOG_CONSOLE</literal> facility (disabled by default),
3254 which can be used to log <filename>/dev/console</filename>
3255 output. &merged;</para>
3257 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now has the ability to bind to a specific
3258 address (as opposed to using every available one) via the
3259 <option>-b</option> option. &merged;</para>
3261 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now accepts a <option>-c</option> flag to
3262 disable repeated line compression. &merged;</para>
3264 <para>&man.tabs.1;, a utility to set terminal tab stops, has been
3267 <para role="historic">&man.tail.1; now has the ability to work on files longer
3268 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
3270 <para role="historic">&man.tar.1; now supports the <varname>TAR_RSH</varname>
3271 variable, principally to enable the use of &man.ssh.1; as a
3272 transport. &merged;</para>
3274 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does autologin and encryption by default;
3275 a new <option>-y</option> option turns off encryption. &merged;</para>
3277 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now supports a <option>-u</option> flag to
3278 allow connections to UNIX-domain (<literal>AF_UNIX</literal>)
3279 sockets. &merged;</para>
3281 <para>The &man.termcap.5; database now uses the
3282 <literal>xterm</literal> terminal type from
3283 <application>XFree86</application>. As a result, &man.xterm.1;
3284 now supports color by default and the common workaround of
3285 setting <varname>TERM</varname> to <literal>xterm-color</literal>
3286 is no longer necessary. Use of the
3287 <literal>xterm-color</literal> terminal type may result in
3288 (benign) warnings from applications.</para>
3290 <para role="historic">&man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; now support IPv6. &merged;</para>
3292 <para role="historic">&man.tftpd.8; now takes the <option>-c</option> and
3293 <option>-C</option> options, which allow the server to
3294 &man.chroot.2; based on the IP address of the connecting client.
3295 &man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; can now transfer files larger
3296 than 65535 blocks. &merged;</para>
3298 <para>&man.tftpd.8; now supports RFC 2349 (TFTP Timeout Interval
3299 and Transfer Size Options); this feature is required by some
3300 firmware like EFI boot managers (at least on HP i2000 Itanium
3301 servers) in order to boot an image using
3302 <application>TFTP</application>.</para>
3304 <para arch="alpha">&man.timed.8; now works on the alpha.</para>
3306 <para>A version of Transport Independent RPC
3307 (<application>TI-RPC</application>) has been imported.</para>
3309 <para role="historic">&man.tmpnam.3; will now use the <envar>TMPDIR</envar>
3310 environment variable, if set, to specify the location of
3311 temporary files. &merged;</para>
3313 <para>&man.tip.1; has been updated from
3314 <application>OpenBSD</application>, and has the ability to act
3315 as a &man.cu.1; substitute.</para>
3317 <para>&man.top.1; will now use the full width of its tty.</para>
3319 <para>&man.touch.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> option to
3320 operate on a symbolic link, rather than what the link points
3323 <para>&man.tr.1; now has basic support for equivalence classes
3324 for locales that support them. &merged;</para>
3326 <para>&man.tr.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> flag to
3327 complement the set of characters specified by the first string
3330 <para role="historic">The &man.truncate.1; utility, which truncates or extends the
3331 length of files, has been added. &merged;</para>
3333 <para role="historic">Ukrainian language support has been added to the &os;
3334 console. &merged;</para>
3336 <para><application>UUCP</application> has been removed from the
3337 base system. It can be found in the Ports Collection, in
3338 <filename role="package">net/freebsd-uucp</filename>.</para>
3340 <para>&man.unexpand.1; now supports a <option>-t</option> to
3341 specify tabstops analogous to &man.expand.1;. &merged;</para>
3343 <para role="historic">&man.units.1; has received some updates and
3344 bugfixes. &merged;</para>
3346 <para>&man.usbdevs.8; now supports a <option>-d</option> flag to
3347 show the device driver associated with each device.</para>
3349 <para role="historic">The &man.usbhidctl.1; utility has been added to manipulate
3350 USB Human Interface Devices. &merged;</para>
3352 <para role="historic">&man.uuencode.1; and &man.uudecode.1; now accept a <option>-o</option> option to
3353 set their output files. &man.uuencode.1; can now be made to do base64 encoding
3354 when given the <option>-m</option> flag, while &man.uudecode.1;
3355 can now automatically decode base64 files. &merged;</para>
3357 <para>The base64 capabilities of &man.uuencode.1; and
3358 &man.uudecode.1; can now be automatically enabled by invoking
3359 these utilities as &man.b64encode.1; and &man.b64decode.1;
3360 respectively.</para>
3362 <para>The &man.uuidgen.1; utility has been added. It uses the new
3363 &man.uuidgen.2; system call to generate one or more Universally
3364 Unique Identifiers compatible with OSF/DCE 1.1 version 1
3367 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-g</option>
3368 parameter to select custom text geometry in the
3369 <literal>VESA_800x600</literal> raster text mode. &merged;</para>
3371 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now allows the user to omit the font size
3372 specification when loading a font, and has some better
3373 error-handling. &merged;</para>
3375 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-p</option> option
3376 to take a snapshot of a &man.syscons.4; video buffer. These
3377 snapshots can be manipulated by the
3378 <filename role="package">graphics/scr2png</filename> utility in
3379 the Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
3381 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option
3382 to clear the history buffer for a given tty, as well as a
3383 <option>-h</option> option to set the size of the history
3384 buffer. &merged;</para>
3386 <para>&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-S</option> to
3387 allow the user to disable VTY switching.</para>
3389 <para>The default stripe size in &man.vinum.8; has been changed
3390 from 256KB to 279KB, to spread out superblocks more evenly
3391 between stripes.</para>
3393 <para role="historic">&man.wall.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
3394 write a message to all users of a given group. &merged;</para>
3396 <para role="historic">&man.watch.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
3397 specify a &man.snp.4; device to use. &merged;</para>
3399 <para>&man.wc.1; now supports a <option>-m</option> flag to
3400 count characters, rather than bytes.</para>
3402 <para>&man.whereis.1;, formerly a Perl script, has been
3403 rewritten in C. It now supports a <option>-x</option> flag to
3404 suppress the run of &man.locate.1;, and a <option>-q</option>
3405 flag suppresses the leading name of the query.</para>
3407 <para>&man.whereis.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag
3408 to report all matches instead of only the first of each
3409 requested type.</para>
3411 <para>&man.which.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
3414 <para>&man.who.1; now has a number of new options:
3415 <option>-H</option> shows column headings; <option>-T</option>
3416 shows &man.mesg.1; state; <option>-m</option> is an equivalent
3417 to <option>am i</option>; <option>-u</option> shows idle time;
3418 <option>-q</option> to list names in columns. &merged;</para>
3420 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; now directs queries for IP addresses to ARIN.
3421 If a query to ARIN references APNIC or RIPE, the appropriate
3422 server will also be queried, provided that the
3423 <option>-Q</option> option is not specified. &merged;</para>
3425 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; supports a <option>-c</option> option to
3426 specify a country code to help direct queries towards a
3427 particular whois server. &merged;</para>
3429 <para>&man.wicontrol.8; now supports a <option>-l</option> to list
3430 the stations associated in <literal>hostap</literal> mode and a
3431 <option>-L</option> to list available access points.</para>
3433 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-I</option>
3434 <replaceable>replstr</replaceable> option that allows the user
3435 to tell &man.xargs.1; to insert the data read from standard
3436 input at specific points in the command line arguments rather
3437 than at the end. (A &os;-specific <option>-J</option> option is
3438 similar, but is now deprecated in favor of the more portable
3439 <option>-I</option> option.) &merged;</para>
3441 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-L</option> option to
3442 force its utility argument to be called after some number of
3443 lines. &merged;</para>
3445 <para role="historic">The compiler chain now uses the FSF-supplied C/C++ runtime
3446 initialization code. This change brings about better
3447 compatibility with code generated from the various egcs and gcc
3448 ports, as well as the stock public FSF source. &merged;</para>
3450 <para role="historic">The threads library has gained some signal handling changes,
3451 bug fixes, and performance enhancements (including zero system
3452 call thread switching). &man.gdb.1; thread support has been
3453 updated to match these changes. &merged;</para>
3455 <para role="historic">Significant additions have been made to internationalization
3456 support; &os; now has complete locale support for the
3457 <literal>LC_MONETARY</literal>, <literal>LC_NUMERIC</literal>,
3458 and <literal>LC_MESSAGES</literal> categories. A number of
3459 applications have been updated to take advantage of this
3460 support. &merged;</para>
3462 <para role="historic">Locale names have been changed to improve compatibility with
3463 the names used by X11R6, as well as a number of other UNIX
3464 versions. As an example, the
3465 <literal>en_US.ISO_8859-1</literal> locale name has been changed
3467 <literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal>. Entries in
3468 <filename>/etc/locale.alias</filename> provide backward
3469 compatibility. &merged;</para>
3471 <para role="historic"><filename>/usr/src/share/examples/BSD_daemon/</filename> now
3472 contains a scalable Beastie graphic. &merged;</para>
3474 <para role="historic">As part of an ongoing process, many manual pages were
3475 improved, both in terms of their formatting markup and in their
3476 content. &merged;</para>
3478 <para>A number of utilities and libraries were enhanced to improve
3479 their conformance with the Single UNIX Specification (SUSv3) and
3480 IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (<quote>POSIX.1</quote>). Specific
3481 features added have been listed in the release notes for each
3482 utility. The standards conformance of each utility or library
3483 function is generally listed in its manual page.</para>
3486 <title>Contributed Software</title>
3488 <para><application>am-utils</application> has been updated to
3491 <para>A 10 February 2002 snapshot of <application>awk</application> from Bell Labs (variously
3492 known as <quote>BWK awk</quote> or <quote>The One True
3493 AWK</quote>) has been imported. It is available as
3494 <command>awk</command> or
3495 <command>nawk</command>.</para>
3497 <para role="historic"><application>bc</application> has been updated from 1.04 to
3498 1.06. &merged;</para>
3500 <para role="historic">The ISC library from the <application>BIND</application>
3501 distribution is now built as
3502 <filename>libisc</filename>. &merged;</para>
3504 <para role="historic"><application>BIND</application> is now built with the
3505 <literal>NOADDITIONAL</literal> flag, which causes
3506 &man.named.8; to operate in a more consistent fashion for
3507 certain common misconfigurations. &merged;</para>
3509 <para><application>BIND</application> has been updated to
3510 8.3.3. &merged;</para>
3512 <para><application>Binutils</application> has been updated to
3513 2.12.1 (specifically, a post-release snapshot from 22 June 2002).</para>
3515 <para role="historic"><application>bzip2</application> 1.0.2 has been imported;
3516 this brings the &man.bzip2.1; program and the
3517 <filename>libbz2</filename> library to the base
3518 system. &merged;</para>
3520 <para role="historic">The &man.ee.1; <application>Easy Editor</application> has
3521 been updated to 1.4.2. &merged;</para>
3523 <para><application>file</application> has been updated to
3526 <para><application>gcc</application> has been updated to
3527 a snapshot of <application>gcc</application> 3.1.
3529 <para>The integration of <application>gcc</application> is
3530 very new. Some applications and programs in the base
3531 system require fixes or compiler flags to build
3532 correctly. Work to address these problems is ongoing.</para>
3536 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now uses a unified <filename>libgcc</filename>
3537 rather than a separate one for threaded and non-threaded
3538 programs. <filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_r.a</filename> can be
3539 removed. &merged;</para>
3541 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now supports the environment variable
3542 <envar>GCC_OPTIONS</envar>, which can hold a set of default
3543 options for <application>GCC</application>. &merged;</para>
3545 <para><application>gdb</application> has been updated to a
3546 snapshot of <application>gdb</application> 5.2 from 27 June
3549 <para role="historic"><application>GNATS</application> has been updated to
3550 3.113. &merged;</para>
3552 <para><application>gperf</application> has been updated to
3555 <para role="historic"><application>groff</application> and its related utilities
3556 have been updated to FSF version 1.17.2. This import brings
3557 in a new &man.mdoc.7; macro package (sometimes referred to as
3558 <literal>mdocNG</literal>), which removes many of the
3559 limitations of its predecessor. &merged;</para>
3561 <para role="historic"><application>Heimdal Kerberos</application> has been updated to
3562 0.4e. &merged;</para>
3564 <para role="historic">The version of <application>IPFilter</application>
3565 provided with &os; now includes the &man.ipfs.8; program,
3566 which allows state information created for NAT entries and
3567 stateful rules to be saved to disk and restored after a
3568 reboot. Boot-time configuration of these features is
3569 supported by &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
3571 <para role="historic">The <application>ISC DHCP</application> client has been
3572 updated to 3.0.1RC8. &merged;</para>
3574 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos IV</application> has been updated to
3575 1.0.5. &merged;</para>
3577 <para>The &man.more.1; command has been replaced by
3578 &man.less.1;, although it can still be run as
3579 <command>more</command>. &merged; Version 371 of
3580 <application>less</application> has been imported.</para>
3582 <para><application>libpcap</application> has been updated to
3583 0.7.1. &merged;</para>
3585 <para><application>libreadline</application> has been updated to
3588 <para><application>libz</application> has been updated to
3591 <para><application>lint</application> has been updated to
3592 snapshot of NetBSD &man.lint.1; as of 19 July 2002.</para>
3594 <para><application>lukemftp</application> 1.6 beta 2 (the FTP client from
3595 NetBSD) has replaced the &os; &man.ftp.1; program. Among its
3596 new features are more automation methods, better standards
3597 compliance, transfer rate throttling, and a customizable
3598 command-line prompt. Some environment variables and
3599 command-line arguments have changed.</para>
3601 <para>The FTP daemon from NetBSD, otherwise known as
3602 <application>lukemftpd</application> 1.2 beta 1, has been imported and is
3603 available as &man.lukemftpd.8;. &merged;</para>
3605 <para>&man.m4.1; has been imported from OpenBSD, as of 26 April
3606 2002. &merged;</para>
3608 <para><application>ncurses</application> has been updated to
3609 5.2-20020615.</para>
3611 <para role="historic">The <application>NTP</application> suite of programs has
3612 been updated to 4.1.0. &merged;</para>
3614 <para><application>OpenPAM</application>
3615 (<quote>Citronella</quote> release) has been imported,
3617 <application>Linux-PAM</application>.</para>
3619 <para>The <application>OPIE</application> one-time-password
3620 suite has been updated to 2.4. It has completely
3621 replaced the functionality of
3622 <application>S/Key</application>. &merged;</para>
3624 <para><application>Perl</application> has been removed from the
3625 &os; base system. It can still be installed from the &os;
3626 Ports Collection or as a binary package; moving it out of the
3627 base system will make future upgrades and maintenence easier.
3628 To reduce the dependence of the base system on
3629 Perl, many utilities have been
3630 rewritten as shell scripts or C programs (specific notes are
3631 made for each affected utility).
3632 <filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename> is now a
3633 <quote>wrapper</quote> program, so that programs expecting to
3634 find a Perl interpreter there will
3635 be able to function correctly.
3638 <para>The Perl removal and
3639 package integration work is ongoing.</para>
3644 <para><application>GNU ptx</application> has been removed from
3645 the base system. It is not used anywhere in the base system,
3646 and has not been recently updated or maintained. Users
3647 requiring its functionality can install this utility as a part
3648 of the <filename role="package">textproc/textutils</filename>
3651 <para>The <literal>rc.d</literal> framework from NetBSD has been
3652 imported. It breaks down the system startup functionality
3653 into a number of small, <quote>task-oriented</quote> scripts
3654 in <filename>/etc/rc.d</filename>, with dynamic-determined
3655 ordering of startup scripts performed at boot-time.
3658 <para>This feature is currently disabled by default. It can
3659 be enabled by setting <literal>rc_ng="YES"</literal> in
3660 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>
3665 <para role="historic">&man.routed.8; has been updated to version
3666 2.22. &merged;</para>
3668 <para arch="i386,pc98">Version 1.4.5 of the
3669 <application>smbfs</application> userland utilities has been
3670 imported. &merged;</para>
3672 <para><application>GNU sort</application> has been updated to
3673 the version from <application>GNU textutils
3674 2.0.21</application>.</para>
3676 <para>&man.stat.1; from <application>NetBSD</application>, as of
3677 5 June 2002 has, been imported.</para>
3679 <para><application>GNU tar</application> has been updated to
3680 1.13.25. &merged;</para>
3682 <para><application>tcpdump</application> has been updated to
3683 3.7.1. &merged;</para>
3685 <para>The &man.csh.1; shell has been replaced by &man.tcsh.1;,
3686 although it can still be run as <command>csh</command>.
3687 <application>tcsh</application> has been updated to version
3688 6.12. &merged;</para>
3690 <para>The contributed version of
3691 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now includes the
3692 &man.tcpd.8; helper daemon. While not strictly necessary in a
3693 standard &os; installation (because &man.inetd.8; already
3694 incorporates this functionality), this may be useful for
3695 &man.inetd.8; replacements such as
3696 <application>xinetd</application>.</para>
3698 <para><application>texinfo</application> has been updated to
3699 4.2. &merged;</para>
3701 <para><application>top</application> has been updated to version
3702 3.5b12. &merged;</para>
3704 <para><application>traceroute</application> has been updated to
3705 LBL version 1.4a12.</para>
3707 <para role="historic">&man.traceroute.8; now takes its default maximum TTL value
3708 from the <varname>net.inet.ip.ttl</varname> sysctl
3709 variable. &merged;</para>
3711 <para role="historic">The timezone database has been updated to the
3712 <filename>tzdata2002c</filename> release. &merged;</para>
3717 <para role="historic"><application>cvs</application> has been updated to
3718 1.11.1p1. &merged;</para>
3720 <para role="historic">The default value for &man.cvs.1;'s
3721 <envar>CVS_RSH</envar> variable is now
3722 <literal>ssh</literal>, rather than
3723 <literal>rsh</literal>. &merged;</para>
3725 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; now supports a <option>-T</option> option to
3726 update a sandbox's <filename>CVS/Template</filename> file
3727 from the repository. &merged;</para>
3729 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; <literal>diff</literal> now supports the
3730 <option>-j</option> option to perform differences against a
3731 revision relative to a branch tag. &merged;</para>
3735 <title>CVSup</title>
3737 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application>, a frequently used
3738 utility in the &os; Ports Collection, was formerly
3739 installable using several ports and packages. The
3740 <filename role="package">net/cvsup-bin</filename> and
3741 <filename role="package">net/cvsupd-bin</filename>
3742 ports/packages are no longer necessary or available; the
3743 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename> port should be
3744 used instead. &merged;</para>
3746 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application> has been updated to
3747 16.1_3, which is available in the &os; Ports Collection as
3748 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename>. This update
3749 fixes a long-standing (but only recently encountered) bug
3750 which affects the timestamps on all files after Sun Sep 9
3751 01:46:40 UTC 2001 (1,000,000,000 seconds after the UNIX
3752 epoch). &merged;</para>
3755 <sect4 id="kame-userland">
3758 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
3759 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
3760 the items listed in this section are a result of this
3762 <xref linkend="kame-kernel"> lists kernel updates to the
3763 KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
3765 <para role="historic">&man.faithd.8; now supports a configuration file for
3766 access control. &merged;</para>
3768 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3769 gifconfig(8). &merged;</para>
3771 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3772 prefix(8). &merged;</para>
3774 <para role="historic">&man.ndp.8; now implements garbage collection for stale
3775 NDP entries, as described in RFC 2461 (Neighbor Discovery
3776 for IP Version 6 (IPv6)). &merged;</para>
3778 <para role="historic">pim6dd(8) and pim6sd(8) have been removed due
3779 to restrictive licensing conditions. These programs are
3780 available in the ports collection as
3781 <filename role="package">net/pim6dd</filename> and
3782 <filename role="package">net/pim6sd</filename>. &merged;</para>
3784 <para role="historic">&man.route6d.8; now supports an <option>-n</option> flag
3785 to avoid updating the kernel forwarding
3786 table. &merged;</para>
3788 <para role="historic">The <option>-R</option> (router renumbering) option to
3789 &man.rtadvd.8; is currently ignored. &merged;</para>
3793 <title>OpenSSH</title>
3795 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3796 2.9, which provides support for the SSH2 protocol (now the
3797 default) and DSA keys. &man.ssh-add.1; and
3798 &man.ssh-agent.1; can now handle DSA keys, with support for
3799 authentication forwarding.
3800 <application>OpenSSH</application> users in the USA no
3801 longer need to rely on the restrictively-licensed RSAREF
3802 toolkit which is required to handle RSA keys. Among other
3803 new features: A client and server for &man.sftp.1; has been added.
3804 &man.scp.1; can now handle files larger than 2 GBytes. A
3805 limit on the number of outstanding, unauthenticated
3806 connections in &man.sshd.8; has been added. Support has
3807 been added for the Rijndael encryption algorithm. Rekeying
3808 of existing sessions is now supported, and an experimental
3809 <application>SOCKS4</application> proxy has been added to
3810 &man.ssh.1;. &merged;</para>
3812 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3813 version 3.1. &merged; Among the changes:
3816 <para>The <filename>*2</filename> files are obsolete
3818 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts</filename> can hold the
3820 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts2</filename>).</para>
3823 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; can import and export keys using
3824 the SECSH Public Key File Format, for key exchange
3825 with several commercial SSH implementations.</para>
3828 <para>&man.ssh-add.1; now adds all three default keys.</para>
3831 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; no longer defaults to a
3832 specific key type; one must be specified with the
3833 <option>-t</option> option.</para>
3838 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3839 3.4p1. &merged; The main changes are:
3842 <para>A <quote>privilege separation</quote> feature,
3843 which uses unprivileged processes to contain and
3844 restrict the effects of future compromises or
3845 programming errors.</para>
3849 <para>Several bugfixes, including closure of a
3850 security hole that could lead to an integer overflow
3851 and undesired privilege escalation.</para>
3856 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> can now authenticate
3857 using <application>OPIE</application> passwords. &merged;</para>
3859 <para role="historic"><application>PAM</application> support for
3860 <application>OpenSSH</application> has been added. &merged;</para>
3862 <para role="historic">A long-standing bug in
3863 <application>OpenSSH</application>, which sometimes resulted
3864 in a dropped session when an X11-forwarded client was
3865 closed, was fixed. &merged;</para>
3867 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos</application> compatibility has
3869 <application>OpenSSH</application>. &merged;</para>
3871 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been modified to
3872 be more resistant to traffic analysis by requiring that
3873 <quote>non-echoed</quote> characters are still echoed back
3874 in a null packet, as well as by padding passwords sent so as
3875 not to hint at password lengths. &merged;</para>
3877 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; is now enabled by default on new
3878 installs. &merged;</para>
3880 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> is now
3881 turned on by default on the server (any risk is to the
3882 client, where it is already disabled by
3883 default). &merged;</para>
3885 <para role="historic">In <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>, the
3886 <literal>ConnectionsPerPeriod</literal> parameter has been
3887 deprecated in favor of
3888 <literal>MaxStartups</literal>. &merged;</para>
3890 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now has a
3891 <literal>VersionAddendum</literal> configuration setting for
3892 &man.sshd.8; to allow changing the part of the
3893 <application>OpenSSH</application> version string after the
3894 main version number. &merged;</para>
3898 <title>OpenSSL</title>
3900 <para><application>OpenSSL</application> has been updated to
3901 0.9.6g. &merged;</para>
3903 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSL</application> now has support for
3904 machine-dependent ASM optimizations, activated by the new
3905 <varname>MACHINE_CPU</varname> and/or
3906 <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
3907 <filename>make.conf</filename> variables. &merged;</para>
3911 <title>sendmail</title>
3913 <para><application>sendmail</application> has been updated
3914 from version 8.9.3 to version 8.12.6. Important changes
3915 include: &man.sendmail.8; is no longer installed as a
3916 set-user-ID <username>root</username> binary (now set-group-ID <groupname>smmsp</groupname>); new
3917 default file locations (see
3918 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/cf/README</filename>);
3919 &man.newaliases.1; is limited to <username>root</username>
3920 and trusted users; STARTTLS encryption; and the MSA port
3921 (587) is turned on by default. See
3922 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/RELEASE_NOTES</filename>
3923 for more information. &merged;</para>
3925 <para role="historic">&man.mail.local.8; is no longer installed as a
3926 set-user-ID binary. If you are using a
3927 <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> from the default
3928 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> included with &os; any time
3929 after 3.1.0, you are fine. If you are using a
3930 hand-configured <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> and
3931 <command>mail.local</command> for delivery, check to make sure the
3932 <literal>F=S</literal> flag is set on the
3933 <literal>Mlocal</literal> line. Those with
3934 <filename>.mc</filename> files who need to add the flag can
3935 do so by adding the following line to their
3936 <filename>.mc</filename> file and regenerating the
3937 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> file:</para>
3939 <programlisting role="historic">MODIFY_MAILER_FLAGS(`LOCAL',`+S')dnl</programlisting>
3941 <para role="historic">Note that <literal>FEATURE(`local_lmtp')</literal> already
3942 does this. &merged;</para>
3944 <para role="historic">The default <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename>
3945 disables the SMTP <literal>EXPN</literal> and
3946 <literal>VRFY</literal> commands. &merged;</para>
3948 <para role="historic">&man.vacation.1; has been updated to use the version
3949 included with <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3951 <para role="historic">The <application>sendmail</application> configuration
3952 building tools are installed in
3953 <filename>/usr/share/sendmail/cf/</filename>. &merged;</para>
3955 <para role="historic">New <filename>make.conf</filename> options:
3956 <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname> and
3957 <varname>SENDMAIL_ADDITIONAL_MC</varname>. See
3958 <filename>/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf</filename> for more
3959 information. &merged;</para>
3961 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now supports:
3962 the new <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname>
3963 <filename>make.conf</filename> option; the ability to build
3964 <filename>.cf</filename> files from
3965 <filename>.mc</filename> files; generalized map rebuilding;
3966 rebuilding the aliases file; and the ability to stop, start,
3968 <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3970 <para role="historic">The <username>smmsp</username> and
3971 <username>mailnull</username> users have been added to
3972 <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>. In the absence of a
3973 <literal>confDEF_USER_ID</literal> setting, by default,
3974 <application>sendmail</application> will use the
3975 <username>mailnull</username> user for extra security.
3976 Previously, if the <username>mailnull</username> user did
3977 not exist, the <username>daemon</username> user was used.
3978 This change may generate some permissions issues when
3979 mailing to files or to programs (such as <filename
3980 role="package">mail/majordomo</filename>). &merged; The
3981 previous behavior can be restored by adding the following
3983 <filename><replaceable>*</replaceable>.mc</filename>
3986 <programlisting>define(`confDEF_USER_ID', `daemon')</programlisting>
3989 <para role="historic">Beginning with the import of
3990 <application>sendmail</application> 8.12.2, multiple
3991 <application>sendmail</application> daemons (some required
3992 to handle outgoing mail) are started by &man.rc.8;, even if
3993 the <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> variable is set to
3994 <literal>NO</literal>. To completely disable
3995 <application>sendmail</application>,
3996 <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> must be set to
3997 <literal>NONE</literal>. Alternatively, for systems using a
3998 different MTA, the <varname>mta_start_script</varname> variable can
3999 be used to point to a different startup script (more details
4000 can be found in &man.rc.sendmail.8;). &merged;</para>
4002 <para>By default, &man.rc.8; no longer enables
4003 <application>sendmail</application> for inbound SMTP
4004 connections. Note that &man.sysinstall.8; may override this
4005 default for a binary installation, based on what security
4006 profile is selected. This functionality can also be
4007 manually enabled by adding the following line to
4008 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
4010 <programlisting>sendmail_enable="YES"</programlisting>
4012 <para>The permissions for <application>sendmail</application>
4013 alias and map databases built via
4014 <filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now default to mode
4015 0640 to protect against a file locking local denial of service.
4016 It can be changed by setting the new
4017 <varname>SENDMAIL_MAP_PERMS</varname>
4018 <filename>make.conf</filename> option. &merged;</para>
4020 <para>The permissions for the <application>sendmail</application>
4021 statistics file, <filename>/var/log/sendmail.st</filename>, have
4022 been changed from mode 0644 to mode 0640 to protect against
4023 a file locking local denial of service. &merged;</para>
4029 <title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>
4031 <para><application>BSDPAN</application>, a collection of modules
4032 that provides tighter integration of
4033 <application>Perl</application> into the &os; Ports
4034 Collection, has been added.</para>
4036 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; and &man.pkg.add.1; can now work with
4037 packages that have been compressed using
4038 &man.bzip2.1;. &man.pkg.add.1; will use the PACKAGEROOT
4039 environment variable to determine a mirror site for new
4040 packages. &merged;</para>
4042 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now records dependencies in dependency
4043 order rather than in the order specified on the command line.
4044 This improves the functioning of <command>pkg_add
4045 -r</command>. &merged;</para>
4047 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> to
4048 create a package file from a locally-installed
4049 package. &merged;</para>
4051 <para role="historic">When requested to delete multiple packages,
4052 &man.pkg.delete.1; will now attempt to remove them in
4053 dependency order rather than the order specified on the
4054 command line. &merged;</para>
4056 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now can perform glob/regexp matching of
4057 package names. In addition, it supports a <option>-a</option>
4058 option for removing all packages and a <option>-i</option>
4059 option for &man.rm.1;-style interactive
4060 confirmation. &merged;</para>
4062 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now supports a <option>-r</option>
4063 option for recursive package removal. &merged;</para>
4065 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; now supports globbing against names of
4066 installed packages. The <option>-G</option> option disables
4067 this behavior, and the <option>-x</option> option causes
4068 regular expression matching instead of shell
4069 globbing. &merged;</para>
4071 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; can now accept a <option>-g</option> flag
4072 for verifying an installed package against its recorded
4073 checksums (to see if it's been modified post-installation).
4074 Naturally, this mechanism is only as secure as the contents of
4075 <filename>/var/db/pkg</filename> if it's to be used for auditing
4076 purposes. &merged;</para>
4078 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.sign.1; and &man.pkg.check.1; have been added to
4079 digitally sign and verify the signatures on binary package
4080 files. &merged;</para>
4082 <para>For some time, &os; 5.0-CURRENT (as well as some 4.X
4083 releases) included a pkg_update(1) utility to update installed
4084 packages, as well as their dependencies. This utility has
4085 been removed; a superset of its functionality can be found in
4086 the <filename role="package">sysutils/portupgrade</filename>
4089 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now has a version number comparison
4090 routine that corresponds to the Porters Handbook. It also has
4091 a <option>-t</option> option for testing address comparisons.
4094 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now takes a <option>-s</option> flag
4095 to limit its operation to ports/packages matching a given
4096 string. &merged;</para>
4098 <para>&man.pkg.version.1;, formerly a Perl script, has been
4099 rewritten in C.</para>
4101 <para role="historic">Version numbers of installed packages have a new
4102 (backward-compatible) syntax, which supports the
4103 <varname>PORTREVISION</varname> and
4104 <varname>PORTEPOCH</varname> variables in Ports Collection
4105 <filename>Makefile</filename>s. These changes help keep track
4106 of changes in the ports collection entries such as security
4107 patches or &os;-specific updates, which aren't reflected in
4108 the original, third-party software distributions.
4109 &man.pkg.version.1; can now compare these new-style version
4110 numbers. &merged;</para>
4112 <para role="historic">To improve performance and disk utilization, the
4113 <quote>ports skeletons</quote> in the &os; Ports Collection
4114 have been restructured. Installed ports and packages should
4115 not be affected. &merged;</para>
4117 <para role="historic">All packages and ports now contain an
4118 <quote>origin</quote> directive, which makes it easier for
4119 programs such as &man.pkg.version.1; to determine the
4120 directory from which a package was built. &merged;</para>
4122 <para role="historic">The Ports Collection infrastructure now uses
4123 <application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0 as the default version
4124 of the X Window System for the purposes of satisfying
4125 dependencies. To return to using
4126 <application>XFree86</application> 3.3.6, add the following line
4127 to <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>: &merged;</para>
4129 <programlisting role="historic">XFREE86_VERSION=3</programlisting>
4131 <para>The libraries installed by the <filename
4132 role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename> port (required
4133 for Linux emulation) have been updated; they now correspond to
4134 those included with <application>Red Hat Linux</application>
4140 <title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>
4142 <para>The <filename>bin</filename> distribution has been renamed
4143 <filename>base</filename>, in order to make creation of combined
4144 install/recovery disks easier.</para>
4146 <para arch="i386">ISO images and CDROMs now use the
4147 <filename>cdboot</filename> boot loader by default. This
4148 eliminates the need for an emulated floppy disk image on
4149 a bootable CDROM and allows for a full
4150 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel to be used for CDROM
4151 installations, at the expense of compatability with some old
4154 <para arch="i386,pc98,alpha" role="historic"><application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0
4155 is now the default version of the X Window System supported by
4156 &man.sysinstall.8;. It installs
4157 <application>XFree86</application> as a set of standard binary
4158 packages, so the usual package utilities such as
4159 &man.pkg.info.1; can be used to examine/manipulate its
4160 components. &merged;</para>
4162 <para>It is now possible to make releases of &os;
4163 5-CURRENT on a &os; 4-STABLE host and vice versa. Cross-architecture
4164 (building a release for a target architecture on a host of a
4165 different architecture) releases are also possible. See
4166 &man.release.7; for details. &merged;</para>
4168 <para>A third <filename>drivers.flp</filename> floppy has been
4169 added to floppy releases. It holds loadable modules
4170 containing drivers that do not fit in the kernel on the
4171 <filename>kern.flp</filename> disk or in the
4172 <filename>mfsroot.flp</filename> image.</para>
4176 <title>Documentation</title>
4178 <para>A number of formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
4179 Programmer's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
4180 <filename>/usr/share/doc/psd</filename>. These include:</para>
4184 <para><emphasis>The UNIX Time-Sharing System</emphasis>
4185 (<filename>01.cacm</filename>)</para>
4189 <para><emphasis>UNIX Implementation</emphasis>
4190 (<filename>02.implement</filename>)</para>
4194 <para><emphasis>The UNIX I/O System</emphasis>
4195 (<filename>03.iosys</filename>)</para>
4199 <para><emphasis>UNIX Programming — Second Edition</emphasis>
4200 (<filename>04.uprog</filename>)</para>
4204 <para><emphasis>The C Programming Language — Reference Manual</emphasis>
4205 (<filename>06.Clang</filename>)</para>
4209 <para><emphasis>Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler</emphasis>
4210 (<filename>15.yacc</filename>)</para>
4214 <para><emphasis>Lex — A Lexical Analyzer Generator</emphasis>
4215 (<filename>16.lex</filename>)</para>
4219 <para><emphasis>The M4 Macro Processor</emphasis>
4220 (<filename>17.m4</filename>)</para>
4224 <para>Several formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
4225 User's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
4226 <filename>/usr/share/doc/usd</filename>. They include:</para>
4230 <para><emphasis>NROFF/TROFF User's Manual</emphasis>
4231 (<filename>21.troff</filename>)</para>
4235 <para><emphasis>A TROFF Tutorial</emphasis>
4236 (<filename>22.trofftut</filename>)</para>
4244 <title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>
4246 <para>If you're upgrading from a previous release of &os;, you
4247 generally will have three options:
4251 <para>Using the binary upgrade option of &man.sysinstall.8;.
4252 This option is perhaps the quickest, although it presumes
4253 that your installation of &os; uses no special compilation
4257 <para>Performing a complete reinstall of &os;. Technically,
4258 this is not an upgrading method, and in any case is usually less
4259 convenient than a binary upgrade, in that it requires you to
4260 manually backup and restore the contents of
4261 <filename>/etc</filename>. However, it may be useful in
4262 cases where you want (or need) to change the partitioning of
4266 <para>From source code in <filename>/usr/src</filename>. This
4267 route is more flexible, but requires more disk space, time,
4268 and technical expertise. More information can be found
4270 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html"><quote>Using
4271 <command>make world</command></quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
4272 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
4273 Handbook</ulink>. Upgrading from very old
4274 versions of &os; may be problematic; in cases like this, it
4275 is usually more effective to perform a binary upgrade or a
4276 complete reinstall.</para>
4281 <para>Please read the <filename>INSTALL.TXT</filename> file for more
4282 information, preferably <emphasis>before</emphasis> beginning an
4283 upgrade. If you are upgrading from source, please be sure to read
4284 <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> as well.</para>
4286 <para>Finally, if you want to use one of various means to track the
4287 -STABLE or -CURRENT branches of &os;, please be sure to consult
4289 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/current-stable.html"><quote>-CURRENT
4290 vs. -STABLE</quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
4291 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
4292 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
4295 <para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
4296 backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration