2 <title>&os;/&arch; &release.current; Release Notes</title>
4 <corpauthor>The FreeBSD Project</corpauthor>
6 <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
12 <holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
16 <para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
18 <![ %include.historic; [
19 the changes made to the &os; base system since &release.prev;.
21 <![ %no.include.historic; [
22 recent changes made to the &os; base system on the &release.branch;
25 Both changes for kernel and userland are listed, as well as
26 applicable security advisories that were issued since the last
27 release. Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
32 <title>Introduction</title>
34 <para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
35 &release.current; on the &arch.print; hardware platform. It
36 describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
37 It also provides some notes on upgrading
38 from previous versions of &os;.</para>
40 <![ %release.type.snapshot [
42 <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
43 apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
44 branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;. Some
45 pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
46 can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
50 <![ %release.type.release [
52 <para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
53 &release.type; distribution. It can be found at <ulink
54 url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors. More
55 information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
56 distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
57 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
58 FreeBSD</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
59 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
60 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
66 <title>What's New</title>
68 <para>This section describes
69 <![ %include.historic; [
70 the most user-visible new or changed features in &os;
72 In general, changes described here are unique to the &release.branch;
73 branch unless specifically marked as &merged; features.
75 <![ %no.include.historic; [
76 many of the user-visible new or changed features in &os;
77 since &release.prev;. It includes items that are unique to the
78 &release.branch; branch, as well as some features that may have been
80 other branches (after &os; &release.prev.historic;). The later
81 items are marked as &merged;.
85 <para>Typical release note items
86 document new drivers or hardware support, new commands or options,
87 major bugfixes, or contributed software upgrades. Applicable security
88 advisories issued after &release.prev; are also listed.</para>
90 <para>Many additional changes were made to &os; that are not listed
91 here for lack of space. For example, documentation was corrected
92 and improved, minor bugs were fixed, insecure coding practices
93 were audited and corrected, and source code was cleaned up.</para>
96 <title>Kernel Changes</title>
98 <para>&man.acct.2; has been changed to open the accounting file in
99 append mode, so that &man.accton.8; can be used to enable
100 accounting to an append-only file.</para>
102 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.amdpm.4; driver has been added to
103 provide access to the system monitoring functions of the AMD 756
104 chipset. &merged;</para>
106 <para role="historic">The &man.agp.4; driver for AGP devices has been
107 added. &merged;</para>
109 <para>A new &man.ddb.4; command <command>show pcpu</command> lists
110 some of the per-CPU data.</para>
112 <para role="historic">Two new &man.ddb.4; commands, <command>hwatch</command> and
113 <command>dhwatch</command>, have been introduced. Analogous to
114 <command>watch</command> and <command>dwatch</command>, they
115 install hardware watchpoints (as opposed to software
116 watchpoints) if supported by the architecture. &merged;</para>
118 <para>&man.devfs.5;, which allows entries in the
119 <filename>/dev</filename> directory to be built automatically
120 and supports more flexible attachment of devices, has been
121 largely reworked. &man.devfs.5; is now enabled by default and
122 can be disabled by the <literal>NODEVFS</literal> kernel
125 <para>The dgm driver has been removed in favor of the digi driver.</para>
127 <para>A new digi driver has been added to support PCI Xr-based and
128 ISA Xem Digiboard cards. A new &man.digictl.8; program is
129 (mainly) used to re-initialize cards that have external port
130 modules attached such as the PC/Xem.</para>
132 <para>An &man.eaccess.2; system call has been added, similar to
133 &man.access.2; except that the former uses effective credentials
134 rather than real credentials.</para>
136 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for EBus-based
139 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.ichsmb.4; driver for the Intel 82801AA
140 (ICH) SMBus controller and compatibles has been
141 added. &merged;</para>
143 <para>Each &man.jail.2; environment can now run under its own
146 <para>The tunable sysctl variables for &man.jail.2; have moved
147 from <varname>jail.*</varname> to the
148 <varname>security.*</varname> hierarchy. Other security-related
149 sysctl variables have moved from <varname>kern.security.*</varname> to
150 <varname>security.*</varname>.</para>
152 <para role="historic">The <varname>kern.maxvnodes</varname> limit now properly
153 limits the number of vnodes in use. Previously only vnodes with
154 no cached pages could be freed; this could allow the number of
155 vnodes to grow without limit on large-memory machines accessing
156 many small files. A <literal>vnlru</literal> kernel thread
157 helps to flush and reuse vnodes. &merged;</para>
159 <para role="historic">The kernel message buffer is now accessible by the
160 (machine-independent) <varname>kern.msgbuf</varname> sysctl
161 variable; &man.dmesg.8; no longer needs to be SGID
162 <groupname>kmem</groupname>. &merged;</para>
164 <para>The kernel environment is now dynamic, and can be changed
165 via the new &man.kenv.2; system call.</para>
167 <para role="historic">The &man.kqueue.2; event notification facility was added to
168 the &os; kernel. This is a new interface which is able to
169 replace &man.poll.2;/&man.select.2;, offering improved
170 performance, as well as the ability to report many different
171 types of events. Support for monitoring changes in sockets,
172 pipes, fifos, and files are present, as well as for signals and
173 processes. &merged;</para>
175 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A new <varname>KVA_SPACE</varname> kernel option
176 can be used to reconfigure the size of the kernel virtual
177 address space. &merged;</para>
179 <para>The labpc(4) driver has been removed due to
180 <quote>bitrot</quote>.</para>
182 <para>The loader and kernel linker now look for files named
183 <filename>linker.hints</filename> in each directory with KLDs
184 for a module name and version to KLD filename mapping. The new
185 &man.kldxref.8; utility is used to generate these files.</para>
187 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now supports the kernel functionality
189 <filename role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename>
190 (RedHat 7.X emulation) port. &merged;</para>
192 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now requires <literal>options
193 SYSVSEM</literal> in the kernel configuration. &merged;</para>
195 <para>&man.lomac.4;, a Low-Watermark Mandatory Access Control
196 security facility, has been added as a kernel module. It
197 provides a drop-in security mechanism in addition to the
198 traditional UID-based security facilities, requiring no
199 additional configuration from the administrator. Work on this
200 feature was sponsored by DARPA and NAI Labs.</para>
202 <para arch="ia64">Machine Check Architecture (MCA) records are now
203 collected at boot time and made available through the
204 <varname>hw.mca.*</varname> sysctl variables.</para>
206 <para role="historic">The <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration
207 parameter is now a boot-time tunable variable. The kernel
208 parameters derived from <varname>maxusers</varname> are now also
209 tunables and can be overridden at boot-time. The
210 <varname>hz</varname> parameter is also now a
211 tunable. &merged;</para>
213 <para role="historic">Specifying a value of <literal>0</literal> for the
214 <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration parameter will
215 now cause an appropriate value to be calculated at boot-time
216 (between 32 and 384, depending on the amount of memory present).
217 This value is now the default for all
218 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernels. &merged;</para>
220 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A <varname>MAXMEM</varname> kernel option,
221 along with the <varname>hw.physmem</varname> loader tunable, can
222 be used to artificially reduce the memory size of a machine for
223 testing (or other purposes). &merged;</para>
225 <para role="historic">The kernel configuration parameters
226 <varname>MAXTSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLDSIZ</varname>,
227 <varname>MAXDSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLSSIZ</varname>,
228 <varname>MAXSSIZ</varname>, and <varname>SGROWSIZ</varname> are
229 all loader tunables (<varname>kern.maxtsiz</varname>,
230 <varname>kern.maxdfldsiz</varname>, etc.). &merged;</para>
232 <para>&man.mutex.9; profiling code has been added, enabled by the
233 <literal>MUTEX_PROFILING</literal> kernel configuration option.
234 It enables the <varname>debug.mutex.prof.*</varname> hierarchy
235 of sysctl variables.</para>
237 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The <literal>NCPU</literal>,
238 <literal>NAPIC</literal>, <literal>NBUS</literal>, and
239 <literal>NINTR</literal> kernel configuration options,
240 for configuring SMP kernels, have been removed.
241 <literal>NCPU</literal> is now set to a maximum of 16,
242 and the other, aforementioned options are now
243 dynamic. &merged;</para>
245 <para role="historic">A &man.nmdm.4; null-modem terminal driver has been added.
248 <para role="historic">The <literal>O_DIRECT</literal> flag has been added to
249 &man.open.2; and &man.fcntl.2;. Specifying this flag for open
250 files will attempt to minimize the cache effects of reading and
251 writing. &merged;</para>
253 <para role="historic">An &man.orm.4; device has been added to claim the option
254 ROMs in the ISA memory I/O space, to prevent other drivers from
255 mistakenly assigning addresses that conflict with these
256 ROMs. &merged;</para>
258 <para arch="i386,pc98">PECOFF (Win32 Execution file format) support has
261 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The pmc driver, which supports the power
262 management controller of the NEC PC-98NOTE, has been
263 added. &merged;</para>
265 <para role="historic">POSIX.1b Shared Memory Objects are now supported. The
266 implementation uses regular files, but automatically enables the
267 MAP_NOSYNC flag when they are &man.mmap.2;-ed. &merged;</para>
269 <para role="historic">Replaced the <literal>PQ_*CACHE</literal> options with a
270 single <literal>PQ_CACHESIZE</literal> option to be set to the
271 cache size in kilobytes. The old options are still supported
272 for backwards compatibility. &merged;</para>
274 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.puc.4; (PCI <quote>Universal</quote>
275 Communications) driver has been added, to help connect PCI-based
276 serial ports to the &man.sio.4; driver. &merged;</para>
278 <para>The &man.random.4; device has been rewritten to use the
279 <application>Yarrow</application> algorithm. It harvests
280 entropy from a variety of interrupt sources, including the
281 console devices, Ethernet and point-to-point network interfaces,
282 and mass-storage devices. Entropy from the &man.random.4;
283 device is now periodically saved to files in
284 <filename>/var/db/entropy</filename>, as well as at shutdown
285 time. The semantics of <filename>/dev/random</filename> have
286 changed; it never blocks waiting for entropy bits but generates
287 a stream of pseudo-random data and now behaves exactly as
288 <filename>/dev/urandom</filename>.</para>
290 <para>A new kernel option, <literal>options REGRESSION</literal>,
291 enables interfaces and functionality intended for use during
292 correctness and regression testing.</para>
294 <para><literal>RLIMIT_VMEM</literal> support has been added. This
295 feature defines a new resource limit that covers a process's
296 entire virtual memory space, including &man.mmap.2; space. This
297 limit can be configured in &man.login.conf.5; via the new
298 <varname>vmemoryuse</varname> variable. &merged;</para>
300 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for SBus-based
303 <para arch="sparc64">The se driver, which supports the Siemens
304 SAB82532 serial chip found on many newer Sparc Ultra machines,
305 has been added.</para>
307 <para role="historic">The &man.snp.4; device is no longer static and can now be
308 compiled as a module. &merged;</para>
310 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.spic.4; driver, which provides access
311 to the Jog Dial device on some Sony laptops, has been
312 added. &man.moused.8; support for this device has also been
313 added. &merged;</para>
315 <para>The &man.syscons.4; driver now supports keyboard-controlled
316 pasting, by default bound to
317 <keycap>Shift</keycap>-<keycap>Insert</keycap>.</para>
319 <para role="historic">Support for USB devices was added to the
320 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel and to the installation
321 programs to support USB devices out of the box. Note that SRM
322 does not support USB devices at the moment, so you must still
323 use an AT keyboard if you are not using a serial
324 console. &merged;</para>
326 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.umodem.4; driver for USB modems
327 has been added. Support is provided for the 3Com 5605 and
328 Metricom Ricochet GS wireless USB modems. &merged;</para>
330 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.uscanner.4; driver for basic USB
331 scanner support using SANE has been added. See <ulink
332 url="http://www.mostang.com/sane/">the SANE home page</ulink>
333 for supported scanners. The HP ScanJet 4100C, 5200C and 6300C
334 are known to be working. &merged;</para>
336 <para>The &man.ucom.4; device driver has been added, to support USB
337 modems, serial devices, and other programs that need to look
338 like a tty. The related &man.uplcom.4; and &man.uvscom.4; drivers provide specific
339 support for the Prolific PL-2303 serial adapter and the SUNTAC
340 Slipper U VS-10U, respectively.</para>
342 <para>To increase security, the <literal>UCONSOLE</literal> kernel
343 configuration option has been removed.</para>
345 <para arch="i386,pc98">The UserConfig boot-time kernel configuration
346 feature, usually used to enable, disable, or configure ISA
347 devices, has been removed. Its functionality has been replaced
348 by the kernel hints file in
349 <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.</para>
351 <para>The <literal>USER_LDT</literal> kernel option is now
352 activated by default.</para>
354 <para>A VESA S3 linear framebuffer driver has been added.</para>
356 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.viapm.4; driver for VIA SMBus
357 power management controllers has been added. &merged;</para>
359 <!-- Above this line, sort kernel changes by manpage/keyword-->
361 <para role="historic">Write combining for crashdumps has been implemented. This
362 feature is useful when write caching is disabled on both SCSI
363 and IDE disks, where large memory dumps could take up to an hour
364 to complete. &merged;</para>
366 <para>The kernel crashdump infrastructure has been revised, to
367 support new platforms and in general clean up the logic in the
368 code. One implication of this change is that the on-disk format
369 for kernel dumps has changed, and is now
370 byte-order-agnostic.</para>
372 <para>Extremely large swap areas (>67 GB) no longer panic the
375 <para arch="alpha">Support for threads under Linux emulation has
378 <para role="historic">The <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget> target now gets the
379 name of the configuration(s) to build from the
380 <varname>KERNCONF</varname> variable, not
381 <varname>KERNEL</varname>. It is no longer required, in some
382 cases, for a <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> to precede a
383 <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget>. (The
384 <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> is still required when
385 upgrading across major releases, across
386 <application>binutil</application> updates and when
387 &man.config.8; changes version.) &merged;</para>
389 <para role="historic">The out-of-swap process termination code now begins killing
390 processes earlier to avoid deadlocks; it now also takes into
391 account the swap space used by processes when computing the
392 process sizes. &merged;</para>
394 <para>Linker sets are now self-contained; gensetdefs(8) is
395 unnecessary and has been removed.</para>
397 <para role="historic">Network device cloning has been implemented, and the
398 &man.gif.4; device has been modified to take advantage of it.
399 Thus, instead of specifying how many &man.gif.4; interfaces are
400 available in kernel configuration files, &man.ifconfig.8;'s
401 <option>create</option> option should be used when another device
402 instance is desired. &merged;</para>
404 <para>It is now possible to hardwire kernel environment variables
405 (such as tuneables) at compile-time using &man.config.8;'s
406 <literal>ENV</literal> directive.</para>
408 <para>Idle zeroing of pages can be enabled with the
409 <varname>vm.idlezero_enable</varname> sysctl variable.</para>
411 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The load addresses of kernels are now exported
412 to the symbol table and various hard-coded constants have been
413 removed so that utilities such as &man.ps.1; can work with
414 kernels compiled at different addresses. &merged;</para>
416 <para role="historic">Coredumps of large processes (or of a large number of
417 processes) no longer lock up the machine for long periods of
418 time. &merged;</para>
420 <para>The &os; kernel scheduler now supports Kernel-Scheduled
421 Entities (KSEs), which provides support for multiple threads of
422 execution per process similar to Schedular Activations. At this
423 point, the kernel has most of the changes needed to support
424 threading. The kernel scheduler can schedule multiple threads per
425 process, but only on a single CPU at a time. Support for
426 userland programs to create and utilize multiple threads is not
430 <para>KSE is a work in progress.</para>
435 <para>The kernel now has support for multiple low-level console
436 devices. The new &man.conscontrol.8; utility helps to manage
437 the different consoles.</para>
439 <para arch="alpha">The console driver has gained support for
440 TGA-based display adapters.</para>
442 <para role="historic">The kernel on the installation CDs is now separated from the
443 <filename>mfsroot</filename> image. This permits the use of a
444 full kernel when installing from CD on machines that support CD
445 booting (instead of the stripped-down kernel used on
446 floppies). &merged;</para>
448 <para role="historic">The system load average computation now adds some jitter to
449 the timing of samples, in order to avoid synchronization with
450 processes that run periodically. &merged;</para>
452 <para role="historic">If a debugging kernel with modules is being built
453 (i.e. using <literal>makeoptions DEBUG=-g</literal>), the
454 modules will now be built with debugging support as well, for
455 completeness. A side effect of this change is that modules
456 built and installed with debugging kernels will now occupy more
457 space on disk than they did previously. &merged;</para>
459 <para role="historic">The kernel dump device can now be set via the
460 <varname>dumpdev</varname> loader tunable. As a result, it is
461 now possible to obtain crash dumps from panics during the late
462 stages of kernel initialization (before the system enters into
463 single-user mode). &merged;</para>
465 <para>The kernel memory allocator is now a slab memory allocator,
466 similar to that used in Solaris. This is a SMP-safe memory
467 allocator that has near-linear performance as the number of CPUs
468 increases. It also allows for reduced memory
469 fragmentation.</para>
472 <title>Processor/Motherboard Support</title>
474 <para>SMP support has been largely reworked, incorporating code
475 from BSD/OS 5.0. One of the main features of SMPng
476 (<quote>SMP Next Generation</quote>) is to allow more
477 processes to run in kernel, without the need for spin locks
478 that can dramatically reduce the efficiency of multiple
479 processors. Interrupt handlers now have contexts associated
480 with them that allow them to be blocked, which reduces the
481 need to lock out interrupts.</para>
483 <para arch="i386,pc98">Support for the 80386 processor has been
484 removed from the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel, as this
485 code seriously pessimizes performance on other IA32
487 The <literal>I386_CPU</literal> kernel option
488 to support the 80386 processor is now mutually exclusive with
489 support for other IA32 processors; this should slightly
490 improve performance on the 80386 due to the elimination of
491 runtime processor type checks.
492 Custom kernels that will run on the 80386 can
493 still be built by changing the cpu options in the kernel
494 configuration file to only include
495 <literal>I386_CPU</literal>.</para>
497 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">AlphaServer 1200 (<quote>Tincup</quote>) has
498 been tested and works OK. Currently it does not want to boot
499 from CD or floppy but a transplanted disk that was installed
500 on another Alpha works well. &merged;</para>
502 <para arch="alpha">The API UP1100 mainboard has been verified to
505 <para arch="alpha">The API CS20 1U high server has been verified
508 <para arch="alpha">The DEC3000 series support has been removed
509 from the mfsroot floppy image so that it fits on a 1.44 Mbyte
510 floppy again. As the DEC3000 is currently only usable diskless
511 this should not cause any problems.</para>
513 <para arch="alpha">Support for AlphaServer 2100A
514 (<quote>Lynx</quote>) has been added.</para>
516 <para arch="alpha">Kernel code has been added that allows older
517 generation Alpha CPUs (EV4 and EV5) to emulate instructions of
518 the newer Alpha CPU generations. This enables the use of
519 binary-only programs like <application>Adobe Acrobat
520 4</application> on EV4 and EV5.</para>
522 <para arch="alpha">SMP support for the Alpha is now operational.</para>
524 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Detection for new processors, such as the
525 FC-PGA2 Pentium III (Tualatin), Transmeta Crusoe, and
526 Transmeta Crusoe LongRun, has been added. &merged;</para>
528 <para arch="alpha">Support for the following hardware has been
529 removed from the installation kernel to make it fit on a
530 1.44MB floppy again: Multia, NoName, PC64, EB64, Aspen Alpine,
531 sa (SCSI tape), amr, parallel port support, vx (3c590, 3c595),
532 pcn (AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100), sf (Adaptec AIC-6915), sis (SiS
533 900/SiS 7016), ste (Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)), wb
534 (Winbond W89C840F).</para>
536 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Streaming <acronym>SIMD</acronym>
537 Extensions (<acronym>SSE</acronym>) has been introduced. The
538 <literal>CPU_ENABLE_SSE</literal> kernel option controls
539 whether support is compiled into the kernel. &merged;</para>
541 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The <literal>CPU_ATHLON_SSE_HACK</literal>
542 kernel option has been added, which attempts to enable the SSE
543 feature bit on newer Athlon CPUs if the BIOS has forgotten to
544 enable it. &merged;</para>
546 <para arch="sparc64">The UltraSPARC platform is now supported by
547 &os;. The following machines are supported to at least some
548 degree: Ultra 1/2/5/10/30/60, Enterprise 220R/420R, Netra T1 AC200/DC200, Netra T 105, and Blade
549 100. SMP is supported, and has been tested on the
550 Ultra 2, Ultra 60, Enterprise 220R, and
551 Enterprise 420R.</para>
553 <para arch="i386" role="historic">On some systems, the BIOS does not activate
554 the I/O ports and memory of PC devices, thus making them
555 unusable. The <literal>PCI_ENABLE_IO_MODES</literal> kernel
556 option forces &os; to enable these devices so that they can be
557 used. &merged;</para>
562 <title>Bootloader Changes</title>
564 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>boot2</filename> now supports a
565 <option>-n</option> option to disallow boot interruption by
566 keypresses. &merged;</para>
568 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A new <filename>cdboot</filename> bootstrap
569 utility for CDROMs provides better compatability with some
570 BIOS implementations that do not completely implement the El
571 Torito bootable CDROM standard. This boot loader supports
572 <quote>no emulation</quote> mode booting, thus eliminating the
573 need for an emulated floppy disk image on a bootable
574 CDROM. &merged;</para>
576 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The i386 boot loader now has support for a
577 <literal>nullconsole</literal> console type, for use on
578 systems with neither a video console nor a serial
579 port. &merged;</para>
581 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.loader.8; now has optional support
582 (enabled at compile-time, off by default) for loading
583 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed kernels and
584 modules. &merged;</para>
586 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Intel's Wired for Management 2.0
587 (PXE) was added to the &os; boot loader. Due to API
588 differences, the older PXE versions are not supported. This
589 allow network booting using DHCP. &merged;</para>
591 <!-- Above this line, order bootloader changes by keyword-->
593 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now contains a workaround
594 to support CDROM booting on certain IBM BIOSs that expect the
595 first sector of the emulated floppy to contain a valid MS-DOS
596 BPB that they can modify. &merged;</para>
598 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now supports a
599 <option>-p</option> flag to force the kernel to pause after
600 each line of output during the probing phase. &merged;</para>
602 <para arch="alpha,i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader is now capable of
603 booting from filesystems with block sizes larger than
606 <para>The kernel and modules have been moved to the directory
607 <filename>/boot/kernel</filename>, so they can be easily
608 manipulated together. The boot loader has been updated to
609 make this change as seamless as possible.</para>
613 <title>Network Interface Support</title>
615 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver for Cisco Aironet cards now supports
616 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption, settable via
617 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
619 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports the Cisco Aironet 350
620 series of adaptors. &merged;</para>
622 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports <quote>monitor</quote>
623 mode, settable via the <option>-M</option> option to
624 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
626 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports Cisco LEAP, as well as
627 the <quote>Home</quote> WEP key. The Linux Aironet utilities
628 are now supported under emulation. &merged;</para>
630 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Generic support for ARCNET token-based
631 networks has been added. &merged;</para>
633 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.bge.4; driver has been added to
634 support the Broadcom BCM570x family of Gigabit Ethernet
635 controllers, including the 3Com 3c996-T, the SysKonnect
636 SK-9D21 and SK-9D41, and the built-in Gigabit Ethernet NICs on
637 Dell PowerEdge 2550 servers. Output TCP/IP checksum offload,
638 jumbo frames and VLAN tag insertion/stripping are supported,
639 as well as interrupt moderation. &merged;</para>
641 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The cm driver has been added to support SMC
642 COM90cx6 ARCNET network adapters. &merged;</para>
644 <para>The &man.dc.4; driver now supports NICs based on the Xircom
645 3201 and Conexant LANfinity RS7112 chips.</para>
647 <para role="historic">The &man.dc.4; driver now has support for
648 VLANs. &merged;</para>
650 <para role="historic">The &man.de.4; driver now performs round-robin arbitration
651 between the transmit and receive units of the 21143, instead
652 of giving priority to the receive unit. This gives a
653 10–15% performance improvement in the forwarding rate
654 under heavy load. &merged;</para>
656 <para arch="alpha">The &man.ed.4; driver is now supported.</para>
658 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Linksys Fast Ethernet PCCARD cards supported
659 by the &man.ed.4; driver now require the addition of flag
660 <literal>0x80000</literal> to their config line in
661 &man.pccard.conf.5;. This flag is not optional. These
662 Linksys cards will not be recognized without
665 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.ed.4; driver that could cause panics
666 with very short packets and BPF or bridging active has been
667 fixed. &merged;</para>
669 <para role="historic">The &man.ed.4; driver now has support for D-Link DL10022
670 chips, necessary for the NetGear FA-410TX and other cards. As
671 a result, <literal>device miibus</literal> is required in
672 kernel configurations using the &man.ed.4;
673 driver. &merged;</para>
675 <para arch="i386">The &man.el.4; driver can now be loaded as a
678 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.em.4; driver has been added to
679 support NICs based on the Intel 82542, 82543, 82544, 82545EM,
681 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips. The driver has VLAN
682 support, and also supports
683 transmit/receive checksum offload and jumbo frames on 82543
684 and 82544-based adapters. &merged;</para>
686 <para role="historic">The &man.faith.4; device is now loadable, unloadable, and
687 clonable. &merged;</para>
689 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Support for Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based
690 Ethernet PC-Cards has been added back in the &man.fe.4;
691 driver. &merged;</para>
693 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">The &man.fpa.4; driver now supports Digital's
694 DEFPA FDDI adaptors on the Alpha. &merged;</para>
696 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now requires a <literal>device
697 miibus</literal> entry in the kernel configuration
698 file. &merged;</para>
700 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now contains a workaround for PCI
701 protocol violations caused by defects in some systems based on
702 the Intel ICH2/ICH2-M chip. The workaround is to rewrite the
703 EEPROM on the interface to disable Dynamic Standby Mode; once
704 the EEPROM is rewritten, the system needs to be rebooted for
705 the new settings to take effect. &merged;</para>
707 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now supports Intel's loadable
708 microcode to implement receive-side interrupt coalescing and
709 packet bundling, on NICs that support these features. This
710 support can be activated by the use of the
711 <option>link0</option> option to
712 &man.ifconfig.8;. &merged;</para>
714 <para arch="sparc64">The gem driver has been added to support
715 the Sun GEM Gigabit Ethernet and ERI Fast Ethernet
718 <para role="historic">The &man.gx.4; driver has been added to support NICs based
719 on the Intel 82542 and 82543 Gigabit Ethernet controller
720 chips. Both fiber and copper variants of the cards are
721 supported. Both boards support VLAN tagging/insertion, and
722 the 82543 additionally supports TCP/IP checksum
723 offload. &merged;</para>
725 <para arch="sparc64">The hme driver has been added to support
726 the Sun HME Fast Ethernet adapter, onboard on many Sun Ultra
727 series machines.</para>
729 <para role="historic">The &man.lge.4; driver has been added to support the Level
730 1 LXT1001 NetCellerator Gigabit Ethernet controller chip. This
731 device is used on some fiber optic GigE cards from SMC, D-Link
732 and Addtron. Jumbograms and TCP/IP checksum offload on
733 receive are supported, although hardware VLAN filtering is
736 <para role="historic">The my driver, which supports the Myson Fast Ethernet and
737 Gigabit Ethernet adapters, has been added. &merged;</para>
739 <para role="historic">Added the &man.nge.4; driver, which supports PCI Gigabit
740 Ethernet adapters based on the National Semiconductor DP83820
741 and DP83821 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips, including the
742 D-Link DGE-500T, SMC EZ Card 1000 (SMC9462TX), Asante
743 FriendlyNet GigaNIC 1000TA and 1000TPC and Addtron AEG320T.
744 This driver supports transmit and receive checksum
745 offloading. &merged;</para>
747 <para role="historic">The &man.pcn.4; driver, which supports the AMD PCnet/FAST,
748 PCnet/FAST+, PCnet/FAST III, PCnet/PRO, PCnet/Home, and
749 HomePNA adapters, has been added. Although these cards are
750 already supported by the &man.lnc.4; driver, the &man.pcn.4;
751 driver runs these chips in 32-bit mode and uses the RX
752 alignment feature to achieve zero-copy receive. This driver
753 is also machine-independent, so it will work on the i386,
754 pc98 and Alpha platforms. The &man.lnc.4; driver is still needed
755 to support non-PCI cards. &merged;</para>
757 <para role="historic">The &man.ray.4; driver, which supports the Webgear Aviator
758 wireless network cards, has been committed. The operation of
759 &man.ray.4; interfaces can be modified by
760 &man.raycontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
762 <para arch="i386,pc98">The &man.rp.4; driver has been updated to
763 version 3.02 and can now be built as a module. &merged;</para>
765 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The sbni driver, for supporting the Granch
766 SBNI12 series of ISA and PCI point-to-point communications
767 interfaces, has been added. The <filename
768 role="package">sysutils/sbniconfig</filename> port in the &os;
769 Ports Collection can be used for configuring these
770 devices. &merged;</para>
772 <para role="historic">Added support for PCI Ethernet adapters based on the SiS
773 900 and SiS 7016 Fast Ethernet controller chips (for example,
774 as seen on the SiS 635 and 735 motherboard chipsets), as well
775 as the National Semiconductor DP83815 chipset (including the
776 NetGear FA311-TX and FA312-TX) in the form of the &man.sis.4;
777 driver. This device has support for VLANs. &merged;</para>
779 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The snc driver for the National Semiconductor
780 DP8393X (SONIC) Ethernet controller has been added.
781 Currently, this driver is only used on the PC-98
782 architecture. &merged;</para>
784 <para>The &man.stf.4; device is now clonable.</para>
786 <para role="historic">The &man.tap.4; driver, a virtual Ethernet device driver
787 for bridged configurations, has been added. This device is
788 clonable. &merged;</para>
790 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver now supports the Alteon AceNIC
791 1000baseT Gigabit Ethernet and Netgear GA620T 1000baseT
792 Gigabit cards. &merged;</para>
794 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver correctly masks VLAN tags. &merged;</para>
796 <para>The &man.tx.4; driver now supports true multicast
799 <para role="historic">The &man.txp.4; driver has been added to support NICs
800 based on the 3Com 3XP Typhoon/Sidewinder (3CR990)
801 chipset. &merged;</para>
803 <para role="historic">&man.vlan.4; devices are now loadable, unloadable, and
804 clonable. &merged;</para>
806 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for Prism II and
807 Prism 2.5-based NICs. 104/128-bit WEP now works on Prism
808 cards. &merged;</para>
810 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now supports using a &os; host as
811 a wireless access point. This functionality can be enabled
812 using the <literal>mediaopt hostap</literal> option of
813 &man.ifconfig.8;. This feature requires a wireless
814 adapter based on the Prism II chipset. &merged;</para>
816 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for
817 <application>bsd-airtools</application>. &merged;</para>
819 <para role="historic">The xe driver can now be built as a
820 module. &merged;</para>
822 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports the 3Com 3C556 and
823 3C556B MiniPCI adapters used on some laptops. &merged;</para>
825 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports reception of VLAN
826 tagged frames (on the <quote>Cyclone</quote> or newer
827 chipsets). &merged;</para>
829 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports send- and receive-side
830 TCP/IP checksum offloading for NICs implementing this feature,
831 such as the 3C905B, 3C905C, and 3C980C. &merged;</para>
833 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.xl.4; driver, related to statistics
834 overflow interrupt handling, was causing slowdowns at medium
835 to high packet rates; this has been fixed. &merged;</para>
837 <para role="historic">The per-interface <varname>ifnet</varname> structure now
838 has the ability to indicate a set of capabilities supported by
839 a network interface, and which ones are enabled.
840 &man.ifconfig.8; has support for querying these
841 capabilities. &merged;</para>
843 <para role="historic">Performance with hosts having a large number of IP aliases
844 has been improved, by replacing the per-interface
845 <varname>if_inaddr</varname> linear list with a hash table. &merged;</para>
847 <para>Network devices now automatically appear as special files in
848 <filename>/dev/net</filename>. Interface hardware ioctls (not
849 protocol or routing) can be performed on these devices. The
850 <varname>SIOCGIFCONF</varname> ioctl may be performed on the
851 special <filename>/dev/network</filename> node.</para>
853 <para role="historic">Selected network drivers now implement a semi-polling
854 mode, which makes systems much more resilient to attacks and
855 overloads. To enable polling, the following options are
856 required in a kernel configuration file:
858 <programlisting>options DEVICE_POLLING
859 options HZ=1000 # not compulsory but strongly recommended</programlisting>
861 The <varname>kern.polling.enable</varname> sysctl variable
862 will then activate polling mode; with the
863 <varname>kern.polling.user_frac</varname> sysctl indicating
864 the percentage of CPU time to be reserved for userland. The
865 devices initially supporting polling are &man.dc.4;,
866 &man.fxp.4;, &man.rl.4;, and &man.sis.4;. More details can be found in
867 the &man.polling.4; manual page. &merged;</para>
869 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The packet-forwarding performance of certain
870 network drivers (specifically &man.dc.4; and &man.sis.4;) has
871 been enhanced by the elimination of unnecessary buffer
872 copies. &merged;</para>
874 <para><quote>Zero copy</quote> support has been added to the
875 networking stack. This feature can eliminate a copy of
876 network data between the kernel and userland, which is one of
877 the more significant bottlenecks in network throughput.
878 The send-side code should work with almost any network
879 adapter, while the receive-side code requires a network
880 adapter with an MTU of at least one memory page size (for
881 example, jumbo frames on Gigabit Ethernet). For more
882 information, see &man.zero.copy.9;.</para>
886 <title>Network Protocols</title>
888 <para role="historic">&man.accept.filter.9;, a kernel feature to reduce
889 overheads when accepting and reading new connections on
890 listening sockets, has been added. &merged;</para>
892 <para role="historic">The <literal>proxy</literal> modifier to &man.arp.8;'s
893 <option>-d</option> option has been renamed to
894 <literal>pub</literal>, for consistency with the
895 <option>-s</option> option. The <literal>only</literal> keyword
896 has been added to the <option>-s</option> and
897 <option>-S</option> flags, to be used in creating
898 <quote>proxy-only</quote> published entries. &merged;</para>
900 <para role="historic">The read timeout feature of &man.bpf.4; now works more
901 correctly with &man.select.2;/&man.poll.2;, and therefore with
902 pthreads. &merged;</para>
904 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; and &man.dummynet.4; have received some
905 enhancements and bug fixes, and are now loadable
906 modules. &merged;</para>
908 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; now has better support for multiple,
909 fully-independent bridging clusters, and is much more stable
910 in the presence of dynamic attachments and detatchments. Full
911 support for VLANs is also supported. &merged;</para>
913 <para>ICMP ECHO and TSTAMP replies are now rate limited. TCP
914 RSTs generated due to packets sent to open and unopen ports
915 are now limited by separate counters. Each rate limiting
916 queue now has its own description.</para>
918 <para role="historic">ICMP <literal>UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB</literal> messages can
919 now RST TCP connections in the <literal>SYN_SENT</literal>
920 state if the correct sequence numbers are sent back, as
922 <varname>net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst</varname> sysctl. &merged;</para>
924 <para>IP multicast now works on VLAN devices. Several other
925 bugs in the VLAN code have also been fixed.</para>
927 <para role="historic">A bug in the IPsec processing for IPv4, which caused the
928 inbound SPD checks to be ignored, has been fixed. &merged;</para>
930 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.4; now filters correctly in the presence of ECN
931 bits in TCP segments. &merged;</para>
933 <para>&man.ipfw.4 has been re-implemented. It now uses
934 variable-sized representation of rules in the kernel, similar
935 to &man.bpf.4; instructions. Most of the externally-visible
936 behavior (i.e. through &man.ipfw.8;) should be unchanged.,
937 although &man.ipfw.8; now supports <literal>or</literal>
938 connectives between match fields.</para>
940 <para role="historic">A new ng_eiface netgraph module has been added, which
941 appears as an Ethernet interface but delivers its Ethernet
942 frames to a Netgraph hook. &merged;</para>
944 <para>A new &man.ng.device.4; netgraph node type has been added,
945 which creates a device entry in <filename>/dev</filename>, to
946 be used as the entry point to a networking graph.</para>
948 <para role="historic">A new &man.ng.etf.4; netgraph node allows Ethernet type
949 packets to be filtered to different hooks depending on
950 ethertype. &merged;</para>
952 <para>The &man.ng.gif.4; and &man.ng.gif.demux.4; netgraph
953 nodes, for operating on &man.gif.4; devices, have been
956 <para>The &man.ng.ip.input.4; netgraph node, for queueing IP
957 packets into the main IP input processing code, has been
960 <para role="historic">The &man.ng.mppc.4; and &man.ng.bridge.4; node types have
961 been added to the &man.netgraph.4; subsystem. The
962 &man.ng.ether.4; node is now dynamically loadable.
963 Miscellaneous bug fixes and enhancements have also been
964 made. &merged;</para>
966 <para role="historic">A new netgraph node type &man.ng.one2many.4; for
967 multiplexing and demultiplexing packets over multiple links
968 has been added. &merged;</para>
970 <para>A new ng_split node type has been added for splitting a
971 bidirectional packet flow into two unidirectional flows.</para>
973 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
974 <varname>net.inet.ip.check_interface</varname>, which is on by
975 default, causes IP to verify that an incoming packet arrives
976 on an interface that has an address matching the packet's
977 destination address. &merged;</para>
979 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
980 <varname>net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface</varname> has
981 been added to control the suppression of logging when ARP
982 replies arrive on the wrong interface. &merged;</para>
984 <para role="historic">A new <literal>options RANDOM_IP_ID</literal> kernel
985 option causes the ID field of IP packets to be randomized.
986 This closes a minor information leak which allows a remote
987 observer to determine the rate at which the machine is
988 generating packets, since the default behavior is to increment
989 a counter for each packet sent. &merged;</para>
991 <para arch="alpha">SLIP has been removed from the
992 <filename>mfsroot</filename> floppy image.</para>
994 <para role="historic">TCP has received some bug fixes for its delayed ACK
995 behavior. &merged;</para>
997 <para role="historic">TCP now supports the NewReno modification to the TCP Fast
998 Recovery algorithm. This behavior can be controlled via the
999 <varname>net.inet.tcp.newreno</varname> sysctl
1000 variable. &merged;</para>
1002 <para role="historic">TCP now uses a more aggressive timeout for initial SYN
1003 segments; this allows initial connection attempts to be
1004 dropped much faster. &merged;</para>
1006 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_COMPAT_42</literal> kernel option has
1007 been removed. &merged;</para>
1009 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_RESTRICT_RST</literal> kernel option has
1010 been removed. Similar functionality can be achieved with the
1011 <varname>net.inet.tcp.blackhole</varname> sysctl
1012 variable. &merged;</para>
1014 <para role="historic">TCP now has RFC 1323 extensions enabled by default in
1015 &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
1017 <para role="historic">RFC 1323 and RFC 1644 TCP extensions are now disabled for
1018 a connection in progress if no response has been received by
1019 the third SYN segment sent. This behavior tries to work
1020 around (very old) terminal servers with buggy VJ header
1021 compression implementations. &merged;</para>
1023 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation no longer requires the allocation
1024 of a TCP template structure for each connection; this should
1025 reduce the buffer usage on large systems handling many
1026 connections. &merged;</para>
1028 <para role="historic">TCP's default buffer sizes, controlled by the
1029 <varname>net.inet.tcp.sendspace</varname> and
1030 <varname>net.inet.tcp.recvspace</varname> sysctl variables,
1031 have been increased to 32K and 64K respectively. Previously,
1032 the default for both buffer sizes was 16K. To try to avoid
1033 increasing congestion, the default value for
1034 <varname>net.inet.tcp.local_slowstart_flightsize</varname> has
1035 been changed from infinity to 4. &merged;
1038 <para>On busy hosts, the new larger buffer sizes may require
1039 manually increasing the
1040 <varname>NMBCLUSTERS</varname> parameter, either in the
1041 kernel configuration file or via the
1042 <varname>kern.ipc.nmbclusters</varname> loader tunable.
1043 <command>netstat -mb</command> can be used to monitor the
1044 state of mbuf clusters.</para>
1048 <para role="historic">TCP now supports RFC 1948 (Defending Against Sequence
1049 Number Attacks). The
1050 <varname>net.inet.tcp.isn_reseed_interval</varname> sysctl
1051 variable controls the reseeding of the secret data used in
1052 the RFC 1948 initial sequence number calculations. &merged;</para>
1054 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation in &os; now implements a cache of
1055 outstanding, received SYN segments. Incoming SYN segments now
1056 cause entries to be placed in the cache until the TCP
1057 three-way handshake is complete, at which point, memory is
1058 allocated for the connection as usual. In addition, all TCP
1059 Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs) are used as cookies, allowing
1060 entries in the cache to be dropped, but still have their
1061 corresponding ACKs accepted later. The combination of the
1063 <quote>syncache</quote> and <quote>syncookies</quote> features
1064 makes a host much more resistant to TCP-based Denial of
1065 Service attacks. Work on this feature was sponsored by DARPA
1066 and NAI Labs. &merged;</para>
1068 <para role="historic">A bug in the TCP implementation, which could cause
1069 connections to stall if a sender saw a zero-sized window, has
1070 been corrected. &merged;</para>
1072 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation now properly ignores packets
1073 addressed to IP-layer broadcast addresses. &merged;</para>
1075 <para>The ephemeral port range used for TCP and UDP has been
1076 changed to 49152–65535 (the old default was
1077 1024–5000). This increases the number of concurrent
1078 outgoing connections/streams.</para>
1082 <title>Disks and Storage</title>
1084 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for the Adaptec FSA family of PCI-SCSI
1085 RAID controllers has been added, in the form of the
1086 &man.aac.4; driver. This driver includes proper handling of
1087 commands initiated by the adapter, addition/removal of disk
1088 devices, crashdump functionality, and &man.ioctl.2; commands
1089 necessary for the management CLI, and is fully qualified and
1090 sanctioned by Adaptec. &merged;</para>
1092 <para role="historic">The &man.ahc.4; driver has received numerous updates,
1093 bugfixes, and enhancements. Among various improvements are
1094 improved compatibility with chips in <quote>RAID Port</quote>
1095 mode and systems with AAA and/or ARO cards installed, as well
1096 as performance improvements. Some bugs were also fixed,
1097 including a rare hang on Ultra2/U160
1098 controllers. &merged;</para>
1100 <para arch="i386">The ahd driver, which supports the Adaptec
1101 AIC7902 Ultra320 PCI-X SCSI Controller chip, has been
1104 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver, which provides support
1105 for the Adaptec SCSI RAID controller family, as well as the
1106 DPT SmartRAID V and VI families, has been
1107 added. &merged;</para>
1109 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver now supports the
1110 Adaptec 2000S and 2005S Zero-Channel RAID
1111 controllers. &merged;</para>
1113 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA100
1114 controllers. In addition, it now supports the ServerWorks
1115 ROSB4 ATA33 chipset, the CMD 648 ATA66 and CMD 649 ATA100
1116 chipsets, and the Cyrix 5530. &merged;</para>
1118 <para role="historic">To provide more flexible configuration, the various
1119 options for the &man.ata.4; driver are now boot loader
1120 tunables, rather than kernel configure-time
1121 options. &merged;</para>
1123 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for tagged queuing,
1124 which is enabled by the <varname>hw.ata.tags</varname> loader
1125 tunable. &merged;</para>
1127 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA
1128 <quote>pseudo</quote> RAID controllers as the Promise Fasttrak
1129 and HighPoint HPT370 controllers. &merged;</para>
1131 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports a wider variety of SiS
1132 chipsets, as listed in the Hardware Notes. &merged;</para>
1134 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for creating,
1135 deleting, querying, and rebuilding ATA RAIDs under control of
1136 &man.atacontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
1138 <para role="historic">The BurnProof(TM) feature, for applicable ATAPI CD-ROM
1139 burners, is now supported. &merged;</para>
1141 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for 48-bit
1142 addressing. Devices larger than 137GB are now
1143 supported. &merged;</para>
1145 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now contains fixes for some data
1146 corruption problems on systems using the VIA 82C686B
1147 Southbridge chip. &merged;</para>
1149 <para role="historic">The &man.cd.4; driver now has support for write
1150 operations. This allows writing to DVD-RAM, PD and similar
1151 drives that probe as CD devices. Note that change affects
1152 only random-access writeable devices, not sequential-only
1153 writeable devices such as CD-R drives, which are supported by
1154 &man.cdrecord.1; (a part of
1155 <filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename> in the
1156 Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
1158 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ciss driver, for devices utilizing the
1159 Common Interface for SCSI-3 Support, has been added. This
1160 driver supports the Compaq SmartRAID 5* family of RAID
1161 controllers (5300, 532, 5i). &merged;</para>
1163 <para>The &man.fdc.4; floppy disk has undergone a number of
1164 enhancements. Density selection for common settings is now
1165 automatic; the driver is also much more flexible in setting
1166 the densities of various subdevices.</para>
1168 <para>The &man.geom.4; disk I/O request transformation framework
1169 has been added; this extensible framework is designed to
1170 support a wide variety of operations on I/O requests on their
1171 way from the upper kernel to the device drivers.</para>
1173 <para role="historic">The ida disk driver now has crashdump
1174 support. &merged;</para>
1176 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The iir driver has been added to support the
1177 Intel Integrated RAID controllers, as well as prior ICP Vortex
1180 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A bug that made certain CDROM drives fail to
1181 attach when connected to a SCSI card driven by &man.isp.4; has
1182 been fixed. &merged;</para>
1184 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver is now proactive about discovering
1185 Fibre Channel topology changes.</para>
1187 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver now supports target mode for Qlogic
1188 SCSI cards, including Ultra2 and Ultra3 and dual bus
1191 <para role="historic">The &man.isp.4; driver now supports the Qlogic 2300 and
1192 2312 Optical Fibre Channel PCI cards. &merged;</para>
1194 <para>&man.md.4;, the memory disk device, has had the
1195 functionality of &man.vn.4; incorporated into it. &man.md.4;
1196 devices can now be configured by &man.mdconfig.8;. &man.vn.4;
1197 has been removed. The Memory Filesystem (MFS) has also been
1200 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.mly.4; driver, for Mylex PCI to SCSI
1201 AccelRAID and eXtremeRAID controllers with firmware 6.X and
1202 later, has been added. &merged;</para>
1204 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ncv, nsp, and stg drivers have been ported
1205 from NetBSD/pc98. They support the NCR 53C50 / Workbit Ninja
1206 SCSI-3 / TMC 18C30, 18C50 based PC-Card/ISA SCSI controllers.
1207 All three drivers can be built and loaded as
1208 modules. &merged;</para>
1210 <para arch="powerpc">The ofw driver, a basic OpenFirmware disk
1211 driver, has been added.</para>
1213 <para>Some problems in &man.sa.4; error handling have been
1214 fixed, including the <quote>tape drive spinning indefinitely
1215 upon &man.mt.1; <option>stat</option></quote> problem.</para>
1217 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.twe.4; 3ware ATA RAID driver has
1218 added. &merged;</para>
1220 <para role="historic">The &man.wd.4; compatibility devices were removed from the
1221 &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1225 <title>Filesystems</title>
1227 <para>Support for named extended attributes was added to the
1228 &os; kernel. This allows the kernel, and appropriately
1229 privileged userland processes, to tag files and directories
1230 with attribute data. Extended attributes were added to
1231 support the TrustedBSD Project, in particular ACLs, capability
1232 data, and mandatory access control labels (see
1233 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.extattr</filename> for
1236 <para role="historic">Due to a licensing change, softupdates have been
1237 integrated into the main portion of the kernel source tree.
1238 As a consequence, softupdates are now available with the
1239 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel. &merged;</para>
1241 <para>A filesystem snapshot capability has been added to FFS.
1242 Details can be found in
1243 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ffs/README.snapshot</filename>.</para>
1245 <!-- The following note needs to be made more specific or eliminated. -->
1246 <para>Softupdates for FFS have received some bug fixes and
1247 enhancements.</para>
1249 <para>When running with softupdates, &man.statfs.2; and
1250 &man.df.1; will track the number of blocks and files that are
1251 committed to being freed.</para>
1253 <para role="historic">A bug in FFS that could cause superblock corruption on
1254 very large filesystems has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1256 <para role="historic">The ISO-9660 filesystem now has a hook that supports a
1257 loadable character conversion routine. The
1258 <filename role="package">sysutils/cd9660_unicode</filename>
1259 port contains a set of common conversions. &merged;</para>
1261 <para>&man.kernfs.5; is obsolete and has been retired.</para>
1263 <para role="historic">A bug in the NFS client that caused bogus access times with
1264 <literal>O_EXCL|O_CREAT</literal> opens was
1265 fixed. &merged;</para>
1267 <para role="historic">A new NFS hash function (based on the Fowler/Noll/Vo hash
1268 algorithm) has been implemented to improve NFS performance by
1269 increasing the efficiency of the <varname>nfsnode</varname>
1270 hash tables. &merged;</para>
1272 <para>Client-side NFS locks have been implemented.</para>
1274 <para>The client-side and server-side of the NFS code in the
1275 kernel used to be intertwined in various complex ways. They
1276 have been split apart for ease of maintenance and further
1279 <para>Support for filesystem Access Control Lists (ACLs) has
1280 been introduced, allowing more fine-grained control of
1281 discretionary access control on files and directories. This
1282 support was integrated from the TrustedBSD Project. More
1283 details can be found in
1284 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.acls</filename>.</para>
1286 <para role="historic">The directory layout preference algorithm for FFS
1287 (<literal>dirprefs</literal>) has been changed. Rather than
1288 scattering directory blocks across a disk, it attempts to
1289 group related directory blocks together. Operations
1290 traversing large directory hierarchies, such as the &os; Ports
1291 tree, have shown marked speedups. This change is transparent
1292 and automatic for new directories. &merged;</para>
1294 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">smbfs (CIFS) support in kernel has been added.
1295 The userland programs &man.smbutil.1; and &man.mount.smbfs.8;
1296 can be used to work with SMB shares. Note that
1297 &man.mount.smbfs.8; will automatically load the
1298 <filename>smbfs.ko</filename> module into the kernel, even if
1299 <literal>LIBMCHAIN</literal> and
1300 <literal>LIBICONV</literal> were not compiled into the kernel.
1303 <para>For consistency, the fdesc, fifo, null, msdos, portal,
1304 umap, and union filesystems have been renamed to fdescfs,
1305 fifofs, msdosfs, nullfs, portalfs, umapfs, and unionfs. Where
1306 applicable, modules and mount_* programs have been renamed.
1307 Compatibility <quote>glue</quote> has been added to
1308 &man.mount.8; so that <literal>msdos</literal> filesystem
1309 entries in &man.fstab.5; will work without changes.</para>
1311 <para>pseudofs, a pseudo-filesystem framework, has been added.
1312 &man.linprocfs.5; and &man.procfs.5; have been modified to use
1315 <para role="historic">A simple hash-based lookup optimization for large
1316 directories called <literal>dirhash</literal> has been added.
1318 <literal>UFS_DIRHASH</literal> kernel option (enabled by
1319 default in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel), it
1320 improves the speed of operations on very large directories at
1321 the expense of some memory. &merged;</para>
1323 <para role="historic">The virtual memory subsystem now backs UFS directory
1324 memory requirements by default (this behavior is controlled
1325 via the <varname>vfs.vmiodirenable</varname> sysctl
1326 variable). &merged;</para>
1328 <para role="historic">A bug that prevented the root filesystem from being
1329 mounted from a SCSI CDROM has been fixed (ATAPI CDROMs were
1330 always supported). &merged;</para>
1332 <para role="historic">A number of bugs in the filesystem code, discovered
1333 through the use of the <application>fsx</application>
1334 filesystem test tool, have been fixed. Under certain
1335 circumstances (primarily related to use of NFS), these bugs
1336 could cause data corruption or kernel panics. &merged;</para>
1338 <para>Network filesystems (such as NFS and smbfs filesystems)
1339 listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> can now be properly
1340 mounted during startup initialization; their mounts are
1341 deferred until after the network is initialized.</para>
1343 <para>Read-only support for the Universal Disk Format (UDF) has
1344 been added. This format is used on packet-written CD-RWs and
1345 most commercial DVD-Video disks. The &man.mount.udf.8;
1346 command can be used to mount these disks.</para>
1348 <para>Basic support has been added for the UFS2 filesystem.
1353 <para>The inode has been expanded to 256 bytes to make
1354 space for 64-bit block pointers.</para>
1358 <para>A file-creation time field has been added.</para>
1362 <para>Space has been provided for extended attributes, up
1363 to twice the filesystem block size.</para>
1372 <title>PCCARD Support</title>
1374 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The pccard driver and &man.pccardc.8; now
1375 support multiple <quote>beep types</quote> upon card insertion
1376 and removal. &merged;</para>
1378 <para role="historic">On many modern hosts, PCCARD devices can be configured to
1379 route their interrupts via either the ISA or PCI interrupt
1380 paths. The &man.pcic.4; driver has been updated to support
1381 both interrupt paths (formerly, only routing via ISA was
1382 supported). &merged; In most cases, configuration of PCMCIA
1383 devices in laptops is simpler and more flexible. In addition,
1384 various Cardbus bridge PCI cards (such as those used by
1385 Orinoco PCI NICs) are now supported. Some hosts may
1386 experience problems, such as hangs or panics, with PCI
1387 interrupt routing; they can frequently be made to work by
1388 forcing the older-style ISA interrupt routing. The following
1389 lines, placed in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>, may
1390 fix the problem:</para>
1392 <programlisting role="historic">hw.pcic.intr_path="1"
1393 hw.pcic.irq="0"</programlisting>
1395 <para role="historic">When installing &os; on such a system, typing the
1396 following lines to the boot loader may be helpful in starting
1397 up &os; for the first time:<para>
1399 <screen role="historic"><prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.intr_path="1"</userinput>
1400 <prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.irq="0"</userinput></screen>
1402 <para arch="i386">Preliminary Cardbus support under NEWCARD has
1403 been added. This code supports the TI113X, TI12XX, TI125X,
1404 Ricoh 5C46/5C47, Topic 95/97/100 and Cirrus Logic PD683X
1405 bridges. 16-bit PC Card support is not yet functional.</para>
1407 <para arch="i386">NEWCARD is now the default pccard/cardbus
1408 system in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel.</para>
1413 <title>Multimedia Support</title>
1415 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.pcm.4; driver now supports the ESS
1416 Solo 1, Maestro-1, Maestro-2, and Maestro-2e; Forte Media
1417 fm801, ESS Maestro-2e, and VIA Technologies VT82C686A sound
1418 card/chipsets, and has received some other updates. Separate
1419 drivers for the SoundBlaster 8 and SoundBlaster 16 now replace
1420 an older, unified driver. A driver for the CMedia
1421 CMI8338/CMI8738 sound chips has been added. A driver for the
1422 CS4281 sound chip has been added. A driver for the S3
1423 SonicVibes chipset has been added. &merged;</para>
1425 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Avance Logic ALS4000 has been
1426 added. &merged;</para>
1428 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the ESS Maestro-3/Allegro has
1429 been added, however due to licensing restrictions, it cannot
1430 be compiled into the kernel. &merged; To use this driver, add
1431 the following line to
1432 <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
1434 <programlisting role="historic">snd_maestro3_load="YES"</programlisting>
1436 <para role="historic">The &man.bktr.4; driver has been updated to 2.18. This
1437 update provides a number of new features. New tuner types
1438 have been added, and improvements to the KLD module and to
1439 memory allocation have been made. Bugs in &man.devfs.5; when
1440 unloading and reloading have been fixed. Support for new
1441 Hauppauge Model 44xxx WinTV Cards (the ones with no audio mux)
1442 has been added. &merged;</para>
1444 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ufm driver, supporting the D-Link DSB-R100
1445 USB Radio, has been added. &merged;</para>
1447 <para role="historic">When sound modules are built, one can now load all the
1448 drivers and infrastructure by <command>kldload
1449 snd</command>. &merged;</para>
1451 <para>A new API has been added for sound cards with hardware
1452 volume control.</para>
1454 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Intel 443MX, 810, 815, and
1455 815E integrated sound devices has been added. &merged;</para>
1457 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The via82c686 sound driver now supports the VIA
1458 VT8233. &merged;</para>
1460 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ich sound driver now support the SiS
1461 7012 chipset. &merged;</para>
1463 <para arch="i386">Drivers have been added to support the Direct
1464 Rendering Infrastructure, which can used to provide 3D
1465 acceleration within <application>XFree86</application>. Video
1466 cards supported include the 3Dlabs Oxygen GMX 2000 (gammadrm),
1467 AGP Matrox G200/G400/G450/G550 (mgadrm), 3dfx Voodoo
1468 3/4/5/Banshee (tdfxdrm), AGI ATI Rage 128 (r128drm), and AGP
1469 ATI Radeon (radeondrm).</para>
1474 <title>Contributed Software</title>
1476 <para>The Forth Inspired Command Language
1477 (<application>FICL</application>) used in the boot loader has
1478 been updated to 3.02.</para>
1480 <para>Support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
1481 (ACPI), a multi-vendor standard for configuration and power
1482 management, has been added. This functionality has been
1483 provided by the <application>Intel ACPI Component
1484 Architecture</application> project, as of the ACPI CA 20020611
1485 snapshot. Some backward compatability for applications using
1486 the older APM standard has been provided.</para>
1489 <title>IPFilter</title>
1491 <para><application>IPFilter</application> has been updated to
1494 <para role="historic"><application>IPFilter</application> now supports
1495 IPv6. &merged;</para>
1500 <title>isdn4bsd</title>
1502 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> has been updated to
1503 version 1.0.2.</para>
1505 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1506 Fritz!Card PCI controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1508 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi2.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1509 Fritz!Card PCI version 2 controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1511 <para role="historic">The &man.ihfc.4; driver for supporting Cologne Chip
1512 Designs HFC devices under
1513 <application>isdn4bsd</application> has been
1514 added. &merged;</para>
1516 <para role="historic">The &man.itjc.4; driver for supporting NETjet-S / Teles
1517 PCI-TJ devices under <application>isdn4bsd</application> has
1518 been added. &merged;</para>
1520 <para role="historic">Experimental support for the Eicon.Diehl DIVA 2.0 and
1521 2.02 ISA PnP ISDN cards has been added to the &man.isic.4;
1522 <application>isdn4bsd</application> driver. &merged;</para>
1524 <para role="historic">The &man.isic.4; driver now supports the Compaq Microcom
1525 610 ISDN ISA PnP card. &merged;</para>
1527 <para role="historic">Active CAPI-based ISDN cards manufactured by AVM are now
1528 supported using the &man.i4bcapi.4; and the &man.iavc.4;
1529 driver. The supported cards are the AVM B1 PCI and AVM B1
1530 ISA Basic Rate cards and the AVM T1 Primary Rate
1531 cards. &merged;</para>
1533 <para role="historic">A new <literal>maxconnecttime</literal> keyword is now
1534 accepted in &man.isdnd.rc.5; files to limit the time a
1535 connection may remain open. &merged;</para>
1537 <para role="historic">&man.isdnphone.8; now supports a <option>-k</option>
1538 option for sending messages via the keypad facility to a PBX
1539 or exchange office. &merged;</para>
1541 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> now supports Q.931
1542 subaddressing.</para>
1546 <sect4 id="kame-kernel">
1549 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
1550 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
1551 the items listed in this section are a result of this
1552 import. <xref linkend="kame-userland"> lists userland
1553 updates to the KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
1555 <para role="historic">&man.gif.4; is now based on RFC 2893, rather than RFC
1556 1933. The <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can
1557 be used to control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1559 <para role="historic"><application>IPsec</application> has received some
1560 enhancements, including the ability to use the Rijndael and
1561 SHA2 algorithms. IPsec RC5 support has been removed due to
1562 patent issues. &merged;</para>
1564 <para role="historic">&man.stf.4; now conforms to RFC 3056; the
1565 <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can be used to
1566 control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1568 <para role="historic">IPv6 has better checking of illegal addresses (such as
1569 loopback addresses) on physical networks. &merged;</para>
1571 <para role="historic">The <varname>IPV6_V6ONLY</varname> socket option is now
1572 completely supported. The kernel's default behavior with
1573 respect to this option is controlled by the
1574 <varname>net.inet6.ip6.v6only</varname> sysctl
1575 variable. &merged;</para>
1577 <para role="historic">RFC 3041 (Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address
1578 Autoconfiguration) is now supported. It can be enabled via
1579 the <varname>net.inet6.ip6.use_tempaddr</varname> sysctl
1580 variable. &merged;</para>
1585 <sect2 id="security">
1586 <title>Security-Related Changes</title>
1588 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now allows the user to select one of two
1589 <quote>security profiles</quote> at install-time. These
1590 profiles enable different levels of system security by enabling
1591 or disabling various system services in &man.rc.conf.5; on new
1592 installs. &merged;</para>
1594 <para>A bug in which malformed ELF executable images can hang the
1595 system has been fixed (see security advisory
1596 FreeBSD-SA-00:41). &merged;</para>
1598 <para>A security hole in Linux emulation was fixed (see security
1599 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:42). &merged;</para>
1601 <para role="historic">String-handling library calls in many programs were fixed to
1602 reduce the possibility of buffer overflow-related exploits.
1605 <para>TCP now uses stronger randomness in choosing its initial
1606 sequence numbers (see security advisory
1607 FreeBSD-SA-00:52). &merged;</para>
1609 <para>Several buffer overflows in &man.tcpdump.1; were corrected
1610 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:61). &merged;</para>
1612 <para>A security hole in &man.top.1; was corrected (see security
1613 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:62). &merged;</para>
1615 <para>A potential security hole caused by an off-by-one-error in
1616 &man.gethostbyname.3; has been fixed (see security advisory
1617 FreeBSD-SA-00:63). &merged;</para>
1619 <para>A potential buffer overflow in the &man.ncurses.3; library,
1620 which could cause arbitrary code to be run from within
1621 &man.systat.1;, has been corrected (see security advisory
1622 FreeBSD-SA-00:68). &merged;</para>
1624 <para>A vulnerability in &man.telnetd.8; that could cause it to
1625 consume large amounts of server resources has been fixed (see
1626 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:69). &merged;</para>
1628 <para>The <literal>nat deny_incoming</literal> command in
1629 &man.ppp.8; now works correctly (see security advisory
1630 FreeBSD-SA-00:70). &merged;</para>
1632 <para>A vulnerability in &man.csh.1;/&man.tcsh.1; temporary files
1633 that could allow overwriting of arbitrary user-writable files
1634 has been closed (see security advisory
1635 FreeBSD-SA-00:76). &merged;</para>
1637 <para role="historic">The &man.ssh.1; binary is no longer SUID root by
1638 default. &merged;</para>
1640 <para role="historic">Some fixes were applied to the Kerberos IV implementation
1641 related to environment variables, a possible buffer overrun, and
1642 overwriting ticket files. &merged;</para>
1644 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does a better job of sanitizing its
1645 environment. &merged;</para>
1647 <para>Several vulnerabilities in &man.procfs.5; were fixed (see
1648 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:77). &merged;</para>
1650 <para>A bug in <application>OpenSSH</application> in which a
1651 server was unable to disable &man.ssh-agent.1; or
1652 <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> was fixed (see security
1653 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:01). &merged;</para>
1655 <para>A bug in &man.ipfw.8; and &man.ip6fw.8; in which inbound TCP
1656 segments could incorrectly be treated as being part of an
1657 <literal>established</literal> connection has been fixed (see
1658 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:08). &merged;</para>
1660 <para>A bug in &man.crontab.1; that could allow users to read any
1661 file on the system in valid &man.crontab.5; syntax has been
1662 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:09). &merged;</para>
1664 <para>A vulnerability in &man.inetd.8; that could allow
1665 read-access to the initial 16 bytes of
1666 <groupname>wheel</groupname>-accessible files has been fixed
1667 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:11). &merged;</para>
1669 <para>A bug in &man.periodic.8; that used insecure temporary files
1670 has been corrected (see security advisory
1671 FreeBSD-SA-01:12). &merged;</para>
1673 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> now has code to prevent
1674 (instead of just mitigating through connection limits) an attack
1675 that can lead to guessing the server key (not host key) by
1676 regenerating the server key when an RSA failure is detected (see
1677 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:24). &merged;</para>
1679 <para role="historic">A number of programs have had output formatting strings
1680 corrected so as to reduce the risk of
1681 vulnerabilities. &merged;</para>
1683 <para role="historic">A number of programs that use temporary files now do so more
1684 securely. &merged;</para>
1686 <para role="historic">A bug in ICMP that could cause an attacker to disrupt TCP and UDP
1687 <quote>sessions</quote> has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1689 <para>A bug in &man.timed.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1690 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1691 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:28). &merged;</para>
1693 <para>A bug in &man.rwhod.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1694 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1695 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:29). &merged;</para>
1697 <para>A security hole in &os;'s FFS and EXT2FS implementations,
1698 which allowed a race condition that could cause users to have
1699 unauthorized access to data, has been fixed (see security
1700 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:30). &merged;</para>
1702 <para>A remotely-exploitable vulnerability in &man.ntpd.8; has
1703 been closed (see security advisory
1704 FreeBSD-SA-01:31). &merged;</para>
1706 <para>A security hole in <application>IPFilter</application>'s
1707 fragment cache has been closed (see security advisory
1708 FreeBSD-SA-01:32). &merged;</para>
1710 <para>Buffer overflows in &man.glob.3;, which could cause
1711 arbitrary code to be run on an FTP server, have been closed. In
1712 addition, to prevent some forms of DOS attacks, &man.glob.3;
1713 allows specification of a limit on the number of pathname
1714 matches it will return. &man.ftpd.8; now uses this feature (see
1715 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:33). &merged;</para>
1717 <para>Initial sequence numbers in TCP are more thoroughly
1718 randomized (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:39). Due to
1719 some possible compatibility issues, the behavior of this
1720 security fix can be enabled or disabled via the
1721 <varname>net.inet.tcp.tcp_seq_genscheme</varname> sysctl
1722 variable.&merged;</para>
1724 <para>A vulnerability in the &man.fts.3; routines (used by
1725 applications for recursively traversing a filesystem) could
1726 allow a program to operate on files outside the intended
1727 directory hierarchy. This bug has been fixed (see security
1728 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:40). &merged;</para>
1730 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now switches to the
1731 user's UID before attempting to unlink the authentication
1732 forwarding file, nullifying the effects of a race.</para>
1734 <para>A flaw allowed some signal handlers to remain in effect in a
1735 child process after being exec-ed from its parent. This allowed
1736 an attacker to execute arbitrary code in the context of a setuid
1737 binary. This flaw has been corrected (see security advisory
1738 FreeBSD-SA-01:42). &merged;</para>
1740 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1; has been fixed
1741 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:48). &merged;</para>
1743 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.telnetd.8; has been fixed
1744 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:49). &merged;</para>
1746 <para>The new <varname>net.inet.ip.maxfragpackets</varname> and
1747 <varname>net.inet.ip6.maxfragpackets</varname> sysctl variables
1748 limit the amount of memory that can be consumed by IPv4 and IPv6
1749 packet fragments, which defends against some denial of service
1750 attacks (see security advisory
1751 FreeBSD-SA-01:52). &merged;</para>
1753 <para role="historic">All services in <filename>inetd.conf</filename> are now
1754 disabled by default for new installations. &man.sysinstall.8;
1755 gives the option of enabling or disabling &man.inetd.8; on new
1756 installations, as well as editing
1757 <filename>inetd.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
1759 <para>A flaw in the implementation of the &man.ipfw.8;
1760 <literal>me</literal> rules on point-to-point links has been
1761 corrected. Formerly, <literal>me</literal> filter rules would
1762 match the remote IP address of a point-to-point interface in
1763 addition to the intended local IP address (see security advisory
1764 FreeBSD-SA-01:53). &merged;</para>
1766 <para>A vulnerability in &man.procfs.5;, which could allow a
1767 process to read sensitive information from another process's
1768 memory space, has been closed (see security advisory
1769 FreeBSD-SA-01:55). &merged;</para>
1771 <para>The <literal>PARANOID</literal> hostname checking in
1772 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now works as advertised
1773 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:56). &merged;</para>
1775 <para>A local root exploit in &man.sendmail.8; has been closed
1776 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:57). &merged;</para>
1778 <para>A remote root vulnerability in &man.lpd.8; has been closed
1779 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:58). &merged;</para>
1781 <para>A race condition in &man.rmuser.8; that briefly exposed a
1782 world-readable <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename> has been
1783 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:59). &merged;</para>
1785 <para>A vulnerability in <application>UUCP</application> has been
1786 closed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:62). All
1787 non-<username>root</username>-owned binaries in standard system
1788 paths now have the <literal>schg</literal> flag set to prevent
1789 exploit vectors when run by &man.cron.8;, by
1790 <username>root</username>, or by a user other then the one owning
1791 the binary. In addition, &man.uustat.1; is now run via
1792 <filename>/etc/periodic/daily/410.status-uucp</filename> as
1793 <username>uucp</username>, not <username>root</username>. In
1794 &os; -CURRENT, <application>UUCP</application> has since been
1795 moved to the Ports Collection and no longer a part of the base
1796 system. &merged;</para>
1798 <para role="historic">A security hole in the form of a buffer overflow in the
1799 &man.semop.2; system call has been closed. &merged;</para>
1801 <para>A security hole in <application>OpenSSH</application>, which
1802 could allow users to execute code with arbitrary privileges if
1803 <literal>UseLogin yes</literal> was set, has been closed. Note
1804 that the default value of this setting is
1805 <literal>UseLogin no</literal>. (See security advisory
1806 FreeBSD-SA-01:63.) &merged;</para>
1808 <para>The use of an insecure temporary directory by
1809 &man.pkg.add.1; could permit a local attacker to modify the
1810 contents of binary packages while they were being installed.
1811 This hole has been closed. (See security advisory
1812 FreeBSD-SA-02:01.) &merged;</para>
1814 <para>A race condition in &man.pw.8;, which could expose the
1815 contents of <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>, has been
1816 eliminated. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:02.)
1819 <para>A bug in &man.k5su.8; could have allowed a process that had
1820 given up superuser privileges to regain them. This bug has been
1821 fixed. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:07.)
1824 <para>An <quote>off-by-one</quote> bug has been fixed in
1825 <application>OpenSSH</application>'s multiplexing code. This bug
1826 could have allowed an authenticated remote user to cause
1827 &man.sshd.8; to execute arbitrary code with superuser
1828 privileges, or allowed a malicious SSH server to execute arbitrary
1829 code on the client system with the privileges of the client user. (See security
1831 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:13.openssh.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:13</ulink>.)
1834 <para>A programming error in <application>zlib</application> could
1835 result in attempts to free memory multiple times. The
1836 &man.malloc.3;/&man.free.3; routines used in &os; are not
1837 vulnerable to this error, but applications receiving
1838 specially-crafted blocks of invalid compressed data could
1839 be made to function incorrectly or abort. This
1840 <application>zlib</application> bug has been fixed. For a
1841 workaround and solutions, see security advisory <ulink
1842 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:18.zlib.v1.2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:18</ulink>.
1845 <para>Bugs in the TCP SYN cache (<quote>syncache</quote>) and SYN
1846 cookie (<quote>syncookie</quote>) implementations, which could
1847 cause legitimate TCP/IP traffic to crash a machine, have been
1848 fixed. For a workaround and patches, see security advisory
1850 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:20.syncache.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:20</ulink>.
1853 <para>A routing table memory leak, which could allow a remote
1854 attacker to exhaust the memory of a target machine, has been
1855 fixed. A workaround and patches can be found in security
1857 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:21.tcpip.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:21</ulink>.
1860 <para>A bug with memory-mapped I/O, which could cause a system
1861 crash, has been fixed. For more information about a solution,
1862 see security advisory <ulink
1863 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:22.mmap.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:22</ulink>.
1866 <para>A security hole, in which SUID programs could be made to
1867 read from or write to inappropriate files through manipulation
1868 of their standard I/O file descriptors, has been fixed.
1869 Information regarding a solution can be found in security
1871 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:23.stdio.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:23</ulink>.
1874 <para>Some unexpected behavior could be allowed with &man.k5su.8;
1875 because it does not require that an invoking user be a member of
1876 the <groupname>wheel</groupname> group when attempting to become
1877 the superuser (this is the case with &man.su.1;). To avoid this
1878 situation, &man.k5su.8; is now installed non-SUID by default
1879 (effectively disabling it). More information can be found in
1880 security advisory <ulink
1881 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:24.k5su.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:24</ulink>.
1884 <para>Multiple vulnerabilities were found in the &man.bzip2.1;
1885 utility, which could allow files to be overwritten without
1886 warning or allow local users unintended access to files. These
1887 problems have been corrected with a new import of
1888 <application>bzip2</application>. For more information, see
1889 security advisory <ulink
1890 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:25.bzip2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:25</ulink>.
1893 <para>A bug has been fixed in the implementation of the TCP SYN
1894 cache (<quote>syncache</quote>), which could allow a remote
1895 attacker to deny access to a service when accept filters
1896 (see &man.accept.filter.9;) were in use. This bug has been
1897 fixed; for more information, see security advisory <ulink
1898 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:26.accept.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:26</ulink>.
1901 <para>Due to a bug in &man.rc.8;'s use of shell globbing, users
1902 may be able to remove the contents of arbitrary files if
1903 <filename>/tmp/.X11-unix</filename> does not exist and the
1904 system can be made to reboot. This bug has been corrected (see
1905 security advisory <ulink
1906 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:27.rc.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:27</ulink>).
1909 <para>A buffer overflow in the resolver, which could be exploited
1910 by a malicious domain name server or an attacker forging DNS
1911 messages, has been fixed. See security advisory <ulink
1912 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:28.resolv.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:28</ulink>
1913 for more details. &merged;</para>
1915 <para>A buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1;, which could be triggered by
1916 badly-formed NFS packets, has been fixed. See security advisory
1918 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:29.tcpdump.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:29</ulink>
1919 for more details. &merged;</para>
1921 <para>&man.ktrace.1; can no longer trace the operation of formerly
1922 privileged processes; this prevents the leakage of sensitive
1923 information that the process could have obtained before
1924 abandoning its privileges. For a discussion of this issue, see
1927 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:30.ktrace.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:30</ulink>
1928 for more details. &merged;</para>
1932 <sect2 id="userland">
1933 <title>Userland Changes</title>
1935 <para role="historic">If the first argument to &man.ancontrol.8; or
1936 &man.wicontrol.8; doesn't start with a <literal>-</literal>, it
1937 is assumed to be an interface. &merged;</para>
1939 <para role="historic">&man.apmd.8; now has the ability to monitor battery levels
1940 and execute commands based on percentage or minutes of battery
1941 life remaining via the <literal>apm_battery</literal>
1942 configuration directive. See the commented-out examples in
1943 <filename>/etc/apmd.conf</filename> for the
1944 syntax. &merged;</para>
1946 <para role="historic">&man.arp.8; now prints the applicable interface name for
1947 each ARP entry. &merged;</para>
1949 <para>&man.arp.8; now prints <literal>[fddi]</literal> or
1950 <literal>[atm]</literal> tags for addresses on interfaces of
1953 <para>The &man.asa.1; utility, to interpret FORTRAN
1954 carriage-control characters, has been added.</para>
1956 <para>&man.at.1; now supports the <option>-r</option> command-line
1957 option to remove jobs and the <option>-t</option> option to
1958 specify times in POSIX time format.</para>
1960 <para role="historic">&man.atacontrol.8; has been added to control various aspects
1961 of the &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1963 <para>The system &man.awk.1; now refers to
1964 <application>BWK awk</application>.</para>
1966 <para>&man.basename.1; now accept <option>-a</option> and
1967 <option>-s</option> flags, which allow it to perform the
1968 &man.basename.3; function on multiple files.</para>
1970 <para>&man.biff.1; now accepts a <option>b</option> argument to
1971 enable <quote>bell notification</quote> of new mail (which does
1972 not disturb the terminal contents as <command>biff y</command>
1975 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">&man.boot98cfg.8;, a PC-98 boot manager
1976 installation and configuration utility, has been
1977 added. &merged;</para>
1979 <para role="historic">&man.burncd.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option for
1980 multisession mode (the default behavior now is to close disks as
1981 single-session). A <option>-l</option> option to take a list of
1982 image files from a filename was also added;
1983 <filename>-</filename> can be used as a filename for
1984 <literal>stdin</literal>. &merged;</para>
1986 <para>&man.burncd.8; now supports Disk At Once (DAO) mode,
1987 selectable via the <option>-d</option> flag.</para>
1989 <para>&man.burncd.8; now has the ability to write VCDs/SVCDs.</para>
1991 <para role="historic">&man.c89.1; has been converted from a shell script to a
1992 binary executable, fixing some minor bugs. &merged;</para>
1994 <para>&man.calendar.1; now takes a <option>-W</option> option,
1995 which operates similar to <option>-A</option> but without
1996 special treatment at weekends, and a <option>-F</option>option
1997 to change the notion of <quote>Friday</quote>.</para>
1999 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A minimalized version of &man.camcontrol.8; is
2000 now available on the installation floppy. This allows it to
2001 rescan for devices that have been connected after booting, or to
2002 show the devices attached to SCSI busses (e. g. from within the
2003 <quote>emergency holographic shell</quote>). &merged;</para>
2005 <para role="historic">&man.cat.1; now has the ability to read from UNIX-domain
2006 sockets. &merged;</para>
2008 <para>&man.catman.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2011 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a <literal>cdid</literal>
2012 command, which calculates and displays the CD serial number,
2013 using the same algorithm used by the CDDB
2014 database. &merged;</para>
2016 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now uses the <envar>CDROM</envar>
2017 environment variable to pick a default device. &merged;</para>
2019 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports <literal>next</literal> and
2020 <literal>prev</literal> commands to skip forwards or backwards a
2021 specified number of tracks while playing an audio
2024 <para>On ATAPI CDROM drives, &man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a
2025 <literal>speed</literal> command to set the maximum speed to be
2026 used by the drive. &merged;</para>
2028 <para>&man.chflags.1; has moved from <filename>/usr/bin</filename>
2029 to <filename>/bin</filename>.</para>
2031 <para role="historic">&man.chio.1; now has the ability to specify elements by
2032 volume tag instead of by their physical location as well as the
2033 ability to return an element to its previous
2034 location. &merged;</para>
2036 <para>&man.chmod.1; now supports a <option>-h</option> for
2037 changing the mode of a symbolic link.</para>
2039 <para role="historic">&man.chown.8; now correctly follows symbolic links named as
2040 command line arguments if run without
2041 <option>-R</option>. &merged;</para>
2043 <para>&man.chown.8; no longer takes <literal>.</literal> as a
2044 user/group delimeter. This change was made to support usernames
2045 containing a <literal>.</literal>.</para>
2047 <para>Use of the <literal>CSMG_*</literal> macros no longer
2048 require inclusion of
2049 <filename><sys/param.h></filename></para>
2051 <para role="historic">&man.col.1; now takes a <option>-p</option> flag to force
2052 unknown control sequences to be passed through
2053 unchanged. &merged;</para>
2055 <para role="historic">The <filename>compat3x</filename> distribution has been
2056 updated to include libraries present in &os;
2057 3.5.1-RELEASE. &merged;</para>
2059 <para>A <filename>compat4x</filename> distribution has been added
2060 for compatibility with &os; 4-STABLE.</para>
2062 <para role="historic">&man.config.8; is now better about converting various
2063 warnings that should have been errors into actual fatal errors
2064 with an exit code. This ensures that <literal>make
2065 buildkernel</literal> doesn't quietly ignore them and build a
2066 bogus kernel without a human to read the errors. &merged;</para>
2068 <para role="historic">A number of buffer overflows in &man.config.8; have been
2069 fixed. &merged;</para>
2071 <para>A new &man.csplit.1; utility, which splits files based on
2072 context, has been added.</para>
2074 <para role="historic">&man.ctags.1; no longer creates a corrupt tags file if the
2075 source file used <literal>//</literal> (C++-style)
2076 comments. &merged;</para>
2078 <para>The &man.daemon.8; program, a command-line interface to
2079 &man.daemon.3;, has been added. It detaches itself from its
2080 controlling terminal and executes a program specified on the
2081 command line. This allows the user to run an arbitrary program
2082 as if it were written to be a daemon.</para>
2084 <para>&man.devinfo.8;, a simple tool to print the device tree and resource
2085 usage by devices, has been added.</para>
2087 <para role="historic">&man.df.1; now takes a <option>-l</option> option to only
2088 display information about locally-mounted
2089 filesystems. &merged;</para>
2091 <para role="historic">&man.disklabel.8; now supports partition sizes expressed in
2092 kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, in addition to
2093 sectors. &merged;</para>
2095 <para>diskpart(8) has been declared obsolete, and has been
2098 <para role="historic">&man.dmesg.8; now has a <option>-a</option> option to show
2099 the entire message buffer, including &man.syslogd.8; records and
2100 <filename>/dev/console</filename> output. &merged;</para>
2102 <para role="historic">&man.du.1; now takes a <option>-I</option> command-line flag
2103 to ignore/skip files and subdirectories matching a specified
2104 shell-glob mask. &merged;</para>
2106 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supports inheritance of the
2107 <literal>nodump</literal> flag down a hierarchy. &merged;</para>
2109 <para role="historic">The <option>-T</option> option to &man.dump.8; no longer
2110 swallows an extra argument. &merged;</para>
2112 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; has a new <option>-D</option> option, allowing
2113 the path to the <filename>/etc/dumpdates</filename> file to be
2114 changed. &merged;</para>
2116 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supplies progress information in its
2117 process title, useful for monitoring automated
2118 backups. &merged;</para>
2120 <para>&man.dump.8; now supports a new <option>-S</option> flag to allow
2121 it to just print out the dump size estimates and exit. &merged;</para>
2123 <para role="historic">&man.edquota.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
2124 allow limiting the prototype quota distribution (specified with
2125 <option>-p</option>) to a single filesystem. &merged;</para>
2127 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/rc.firewall</filename> and
2128 <filename>/etc/rc.firewall6</filename> will no longer add their own
2129 hardcoded rules in the cases of a rules file in the
2130 <varname>firewall_type</varname> variable or a non-existent
2131 firewall type. (The motivation for this change is to avoid
2132 acting on assumptions about a site's firewall policies.) In
2133 addition, the <literal>closed</literal> firewall type now works
2134 as documented in the &man.rc.firewall.8; manual page. &merged;</para>
2136 <para role="historic">The functionality of <filename>/etc/security</filename> has
2137 been been moved into a set of scripts under the &man.periodic.8;
2138 framework, to make local customization easier and more
2139 maintainable. These scripts now reside in
2140 <filename>/etc/periodic/security/</filename>. &merged;</para>
2142 <para>&man.expr.1; is now compliant with the POSIX Utility Syntax
2143 Guidelines. Some programs depend on the old, historic behavior
2144 (the <filename role="package">devel/libtool</filename>
2145 port/package was/is a notable example). In these situations,
2146 the <envar>EXPR_COMPAT</envar> environment variable can be
2147 defined, which causes &man.expr.1; to behave more like previous
2150 <para>&man.fbtab.5; now accepts glob matching patterns for target
2151 devices, not just individual devices and directories.</para>
2153 <para arch="i386">&man.fdisk.8; no longer attempts to search for a
2154 device if none has been specified on the command line, but
2155 instead tries to figure out the default device name from the
2158 <para>&man.fdread.1;, a program to read data from floppy disks,
2159 has been added. It is a counterpart to &man.fdwrite.1; and is
2160 designed to provide a means of recovering at least some data
2161 from bad media, and to obviate for a complex invocation of
2164 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-empty</option> flag,
2165 which returns true if a file or directory is
2166 empty. &merged;</para>
2168 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-iname</option> and
2169 <option>-ipath</option> primaries for case-insensitive matches,
2170 and the <option>-regexp</option> and <option>-iregexp</option>
2171 primaries for regular-expression matches. The
2172 <option>-E</option> flag now enables extended regular
2173 expressions. &merged;</para>
2175 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now has the <option>-anewer</option>,
2176 <option>-cnewer</option>, <option>-mnewer</option>,
2177 <option>-okdir</option>, and <option>-newer[acm][acmt]</option>
2178 primaries for comparisons of file timestamps. The latter
2179 primaries can be specified with various units of
2180 time. &merged;</para>
2182 <para role="historic">&man.finger.1; now has the ability to support fingering
2183 aliases, via the &man.finger.conf.5; file. &merged;</para>
2185 <para>&man.finger.1; now has support for a
2186 <filename>.pubkey</filename> file. &merged;</para>
2188 <para>&man.finger.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
2189 restrict the printing of GECOS information to the user's full
2190 name only. &merged;</para>
2192 <para role="historic">&man.fmt.1; has been rewritten; the rewrite fixes a number
2193 of bugs compared to its prior behavior. &merged;</para>
2195 <para role="historic">&man.fmtcheck.3;, a function for checking consistency of
2196 format string arguments, has been added. &merged;</para>
2198 <para>&man.fold.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> flag to
2199 break at byte positions and a <option>-s</option> flag to break at
2200 word boundaries. &merged;</para>
2202 <para role="historic">&man.fsdb.8; now supports a <literal>blocks</literal>
2203 command to list the blocks allocated by a particular
2204 inode. &merged;</para>
2206 <para>&man.fsck.8; wrappers have been imported; this feature
2207 provides infrastructure for &man.fsck.8; to work on different
2208 types of filesystems (analogous to &man.mount.8;).</para>
2210 <para>The behavior of &man.fsck.8; when dealing with various
2211 passes (a la <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>) has been modified
2212 to accommodate multiple-disk filesystems.</para>
2214 <para>&man.fsck.8; now has support for foreground
2215 (<option>-F</option>) and background (<option>-B</option>)
2216 checks. Traditionally, &man.fsck.8; is invoked before the
2217 filesystems are mounted and all checks are done to completion at
2218 that time. If background checking is available, &man.fsck.8; is
2219 invoked twice. It is first invoked at the traditional time,
2220 before the filesystems are mounted, with the <option>-F</option>
2221 flag to do checking on all the filesystems that cannot do
2222 background checking. It is then invoked a second time, after
2223 the system has completed going multiuser, with the
2224 <option>-B</option> flag to do checking on all the filesystems
2225 that can do background checking. Unlike the foreground
2226 checking, the background checking is started asynchronously so
2227 that other system activity can proceed even on the filesystems
2228 that are being checked. Boot-time enabling of this feature is
2230 <varname>background_fsck</varname> option in &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>
2232 <para role="historic">Shortly after the receipt of a <literal>SIGINFO</literal>
2233 signal (normally control-T from the controlling tty),
2234 &man.fsck.ffs.8; will now output a line indicating the current
2235 phase number and progress information relevant to the current
2236 phase. &merged;</para>
2238 <para>&man.fsck.ffs.8; now supports background filesystem checks
2239 to mounted FFS filesystems with the <option>-B</option> option
2240 (softupdates must be enabled on these filesystems). The
2241 <option>-F</option> flag now determines whether a specified
2242 filesystem needs foreground checking.</para>
2244 <para role="historic">A new &man.fsck.msdosfs.8; utility has been added to check
2245 the consistency of MS-DOS filesystems. &merged;</para>
2247 <para role="historic">&man.ftpd.8; now supports a <option>-r</option> flag for
2248 read-only mode and a <option>-E</option> flag to disable
2249 <literal>EPSV</literal>. It also has some fixes to reduce
2250 information leakage and the ability to specify compile-time port
2251 ranges. &merged;</para>
2253 <para>&man.ftpd.8; now supports <option>-o</option> and
2254 <option>-O</option> options to disable the
2255 <literal>RETR</literal> command; the former for everybody, and
2256 the latter only for guest users. Coupled with
2257 <option>-A</option> and appropriate file permissions, these can
2258 be used to create a relatively safe anonymous FTP drop box for
2259 others to upload to.</para>
2261 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">&man.gdb.1; now supports hardware
2262 watchpoints (using the kernel's debug register + support that
2263 has been introduced in &os; 4.0). &merged;</para>
2265 <para role="historic">The &man.getprogname.3; and &man.setprogname.3; library
2266 functions have been added to manipulate the name of the current
2267 program. They are used by error-reporting routines to produce
2268 consistent output. &merged;</para>
2270 <para>gifconfig(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2271 functionality is now handled by the <option>tunnel</option> and
2272 <option>deletetunnel</option> commands of
2273 &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2275 <para>&man.gprof.1; now has a <option>-K</option> option to enable
2276 dynamic symbol resolution from the currently-running kernel.
2277 With this change, properly-compiled KLD modules are now able to
2280 <para role="historic">&man.growfs.8;, a utility for growing FFS filesystems, has
2281 been added. &man.ffsinfo.8;, a utility for dump all the
2282 meta-information of an existing filesystem, has also been
2283 added. &merged;</para>
2285 <para role="historic">The &man.groups.1; and &man.whoami.1; shell scripts are now
2286 unnecessary; their functionality has been completely folded into
2287 &man.id.1;. &merged;</para>
2289 <para>The ibcs(8), linux(8), osf1(8), and
2290 svr4(8) scripts, whose sole purpose was to load emulation
2291 kernel modules, have been removed. The kernel module system
2292 will automatically load them as needed to fulfill
2293 dependencies.</para>
2295 <para role="historic">&man.indent.1; has gained some new formatting
2296 options. &merged;</para>
2298 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can set the link-layer address of
2299 an interface using the <option>link</option> parameter.
2302 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now accept addresses in slash/CIDR
2303 notation. &merged;</para>
2305 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; now has support for setting parameters for
2306 IEEE 802.11 wireless network devices. &man.wi.4; and &man.an.4;
2307 devices are supported, and partial support is provided for
2308 &man.awi.4; devices. &merged;</para>
2310 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; no longer displays the list of supported
2311 media by default. Instead it displays it when the
2312 <option>-m</option> flag is given. &merged;</para>
2314 <para role="historic">The syntax of &man.inetd.8;'s support for &man.faithd.8; is
2315 now compatible with that of other BSDs. &merged;</para>
2317 <para role="historic">The <literal>ident</literal> protocol support in
2318 &man.inetd.8; has been cleaned up and updated. &merged;</para>
2320 <para role="historic">&man.inetd.8; now has the ability to manage UNIX-domain
2321 sockets. &merged;</para>
2323 <para>By default, &man.inetd.8; is no longer run by &man.rc.8; at
2324 boot-time, although &man.sysinstall.8; gives the option of
2325 enabling it during binary installations. &man.inetd.8; can also
2326 be enabled by adding the following line to
2327 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
2329 <programlisting>inetd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
2331 <para role="historic">&man.install.1; has a number of new features, including the
2332 <option>-b</option> and <option>-B</option> options for backing up
2333 existing target files and the <option>-S</option> option for
2334 <quote>safe</quote> (atomic copy) operation. The
2335 <option>-c</option> (copy) flag is now the default, and the
2336 <option>-D</option> (debugging) flag has been withdrawn.
2337 &man.install.1; now issues a warning if <option>-d</option>
2338 (create directories) and <option>-C</option> (copy changed files
2339 only) are used together. &merged;</para>
2341 <para role="historic">IP Filter is now supported by the &man.rc.conf.5; boot-time
2342 configuration and initialization. &merged;</para>
2344 <para role="historic">&man.ipfstat.8; now supports the <option>-t</option> option
2345 to turn on a &man.top.1;-like display. &merged;</para>
2347 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; will now avoid the display of dynamic firewall
2348 rules unless the <option>-d</option> flag is passed to it. The
2349 <option>-e</option> option lists expired dynamic
2350 rules. &merged;</para>
2352 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new feature (<literal>me</literal>) that
2353 allows for packet matching on interfaces with
2354 dynamically-changing IP addresses. &merged;</para>
2356 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new <literal>limit</literal> type of
2357 firewall rule, which limits the number of sessions between
2358 address pairs. &merged;</para>
2360 <para>&man.ipfw.8; filter rules can now match on the value of the
2361 IPv4 precedence field.</para>
2363 <para role="historic">&man.ip6fw.8; now has the ability to use a preprocessor and
2364 use the <option>-q</option> (quiet) flag when reading from a
2365 file. &merged;</para>
2367 <para role="historic">&man.ispppcontrol.8; has been deleted, and its functionality
2368 has been folded into &man.spppcontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
2370 <para role="historic">&man.k5su.8; is no longer installed SUID
2371 <username>root</username> by default. Users requiring this
2372 feature can either manually change the permissions on the
2373 &man.k5su.8; executable or add
2374 <literal>ENABLE_SUID_K5SU=yes</literal> to
2375 <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> before a source
2376 upgrade. &merged;</para>
2378 <para>&man.kbdmap.1; and &man.vidfont.1; have been converted from
2381 <para role="historic">&man.kenv.1;, a command to dump the kernel environment, has
2382 been added. &merged;</para>
2384 <para>&man.kenv.1; now has the ability to set or delete kernel
2385 environment variables.</para>
2387 <para role="historic">&man.keyinfo.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2388 script. &merged;</para>
2390 <para>The kget(8) utility has been removed (it was only
2391 useful for UserConfig, which is not present in &os;
2392 &release.current;).</para>
2394 <para role="historic">&man.killall.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2395 script. As a result, its <option>-m</option> option now uses
2396 the regular expression syntax of &man.regex.3;, rather than that
2397 of Perl. &merged;</para>
2399 <para>&man.killall.1; no longer tries to kill zombie processes
2400 unless the <option>-z</option> flag is specified.</para>
2402 <para role="historic">The &man.kldconfig.8; utility has been added to make it
2403 easier to manipulate the kernel module search
2404 path. &merged;</para>
2406 <para>ktrdump, a utility to dump the ktr trace buffer from
2407 userland, has been added.</para>
2409 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now implements a <option>-d</option> that
2410 provides a <quote>snapshot</quote> of who was logged in at a
2411 particular date and time. &merged;</para>
2413 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now supports a <option>-y</option> flag, which
2414 causes the year to be included in the session start time. &merged;</para>
2416 <para role="historic">The &man.lastlogin.8; utility, which prints the last login
2417 time of each user, has been imported from
2418 NetBSD. &merged;</para>
2420 <para role="historic">&man.ldconfig.8; now checks directory ownerships and
2421 permissions for greater security; these checks can be disabled
2422 with the <option>-i</option> flag. &merged;</para>
2424 <para role="historic">&man.ldd.1; can now be used on shared libraries, in addition
2425 to executables. &merged;</para>
2427 <para>&man.ldd.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag to list
2428 all the objects that are needed by each loaded object.</para>
2430 <para><filename>libc</filename> is now thread-safe by default;
2431 <filename>libc_r</filename> contains only thread
2434 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> and
2435 <filename>libdescrypt</filename> have been unified to provide a
2436 configurable password authentication hash library. Both the md5
2437 and des hash methods are provided unless the des hash is
2438 specifically compiled out. &merged;</para>
2440 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> now has support for Blowfish
2441 password hashing. &merged;</para>
2443 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>libdisk</filename> can now do
2444 install-time configuration of the <filename>boot0</filename>
2445 boot loader. &merged;</para>
2447 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2448 filesystems containing
2449 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed
2450 files. &merged;</para>
2452 <para><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2453 overwriting the contents of a file on a UFS filesystem (it
2454 cannot expand or truncate files because the filesystem may be
2455 dirty or inconsistent).</para>
2457 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for loading
2458 large kernels and modules split across several physical
2459 media. &merged;</para>
2461 <para role="historic">The default TCP port range used by
2462 <filename>libfetch</filename> for passive FTP retrievals has
2463 changed; this affects the behavior of &man.fetch.1;, which has
2464 gained the <option>-U</option> option to restore the old
2465 behavior. &merged;</para>
2467 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for an
2468 authentication callback. &merged;</para>
2470 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for a
2471 <envar>HTTP_USER_AGENT</envar> environment
2472 variable. &merged;</para>
2474 <para><filename>libgmp</filename> has been superceded by
2475 <filename>libmp</filename>.
2477 <para>The functions from <filename>libposix1e</filename> have been
2478 integrated into <filename>libc</filename>.</para>
2480 <para role="historic"><filename>libusb</filename> has been renamed as
2481 <filename>libusbhid</filename>, following NetBSD's naming
2482 conventions. &merged;</para>
2484 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes an <option>-i</option> option to
2485 request user confirmation before overwriting an existing
2486 file. &merged;</para>
2488 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> flag to avoid
2489 following a target that is a link, with a <option>-n</option>
2490 flag for compatibility with other
2491 implementations. &merged;</para>
2493 <para role="historic">&man.logger.1; can now send messages directly to a remote
2494 syslog. &merged;</para>
2496 <para role="historic">&man.login.1; now exports environment variables set by
2497 <application>PAM</application> modules. &merged;</para>
2499 <para role="historic">&man.lpc.8; has been improved; <command>lpc clean</command>
2500 is now somewhat safer, and a new <command>lpc tclean</command>
2501 command has been added to check to see what files would be
2502 removed by <command>lpc clean</command>. &merged;</para>
2504 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now takes two new options: <option>-c</option>
2505 will log all connection errors to &man.syslogd.8;, while
2506 <option>-W</option> will allow connections from non-reserved
2507 ports. &merged;</para>
2509 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now has some support for
2510 <literal>o</literal>-type print-file actions in its control
2511 files, which allows printing of PostScript files generated by
2512 <application>MacOS</application> 10.1. &merged;</para>
2514 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now recognizes the <option>-s</option> flag as
2515 the preferred synonym for <option>-p</option> (these flags
2516 cause &man.lpd.8; not to open a socket for network print
2517 jobs). &merged;</para>
2519 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now implements a new <literal>rc</literal>
2520 printcap option. When specified in a print queue for a remote
2521 host, boolean option causes &man.lpd.8; to resend the data file
2522 for each copy the user requested via <command>lpr
2523 -#<replaceable>n</replaceable></command>. &merged;</para>
2525 <para role="historic">Catching up with most other network utilities in the base
2526 system, &man.lpr.1;, &man.lpd.8;, &man.syslogd.8;, and
2527 &man.logger.1; are now all IPv6-capable. &merged;</para>
2529 <para role="historic"><command>lprm -</command> now works for remote printer
2530 queues. &merged;</para>
2532 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; can produce colorized listings with the
2533 <option>-G</option> flag (and appropriate terminal support).
2534 The <envar>CLICOLOR</envar> environment variable can be set to
2535 enable colorized listings by default. &merged;</para>
2537 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; now accepts a <option>-h</option> flag, which
2538 when combined with the <option>-l</option> flag, causes file
2539 sizes to be printed with unit suffixes, such that the number of
2540 digits printed is fewer than four. &merged;</para>
2542 <para>The &man.ls.1; program now supports a <option>-m</option>
2543 flag to list files across a page, a <option>-p</option> flag to
2544 force printing of a <literal>/</literal> after directories, and
2545 a <option>-x</option> flag to sort filenames across a
2548 <para role="historic">&man.m4.1; now accepts a <option>-s</option> flag to cause
2549 it to emit <literal>#line</literal> directives for use by
2550 &man.cpp.1;. &merged;</para>
2552 <para role="historic">&man.mail.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> flag to avoid
2553 sending messages with empty bodies. &merged;</para>
2555 <para role="historic">&man.make.1; has gained the <literal>:C///</literal>
2556 (regular expression substitution), <literal>:L</literal>
2557 (lowercase), and <literal>:U</literal> (uppercase) variable
2558 modifiers. These were added to reduce the differences between
2559 the &os; and OpenBSD/NetBSD &man.make.1; programs.
2562 <para role="historic">Bugs in &man.make.1;, among which include broken null suffix
2563 behavior, bad assumptions about current directory permissions,
2564 and potential buffer overflows, have been fixed. &merged;</para>
2566 <para role="historic">The new <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
2567 <filename>make.conf</filename> variable controls the compilation
2568 of processor-specific optimizations in various pieces of code
2569 such as <application>OpenSSL</application>. &merged;</para>
2571 <para role="historic">The &os; <filename>Makefile</filename> infrastructure now
2572 supports the <varname>WARNS</varname> directive from NetBSD.
2573 This directive controls the addition of compiler warning flags
2574 to <varname>CFLAGS</varname> in a relatively compiler-neutral
2575 manner. &merged;</para>
2577 <para>&man.makewhatis.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2580 <para>&man.man.1; is no longer installed SUID
2581 <username>man</username>, in order to reduce vulnerabilities
2582 associated with generating <quote>catpages</quote> (preformatted
2583 manual pages cached for repeated viewing). As a result,
2584 &man.man.1; can no longer create system catpages on a regular
2585 user's behalf. It is still able to do so if the user has write
2586 permissions to the directory holding catpages (e.g. a user's own
2587 manpages) or if the running user is
2588 <username>root</username>.</para>
2590 <para>The &man.mdmfs.8; command has been added; it is a wrapper
2591 around &man.mdconfig.8;, &man.disklabel.8;, &man.newfs.8;, and
2592 &man.mount.8; that mimics the command line option set of the
2593 deprecated &man.mount.mfs.8;.</para>
2595 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now sources an
2596 <filename>/etc/mergemaster.rc</filename> file and also prompts
2597 the user to run recommended commands (such as
2598 <command>newaliases</command>) as needed. &merged;</para>
2600 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now supports two new flags.
2601 The <option>-p</option> flag enables a
2602 <quote>pre-<literal>buildworld</literal></quote> mode to files
2603 known to be essential to the success of the
2604 <literal>buildworld</literal> and
2605 <literal>installworld</literal> system updating steps. The
2606 <option>-C</option> flag, used after a successful
2607 &man.mergemaster.8; run, compares options in
2608 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to the default options in
2609 <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2611 <para role="historic">mk_cmds(1) and the associated
2612 <filename>libss</filename> have been removed; they have been
2613 unused for quite some time. &merged;</para>
2615 <para>&man.mountd.8; and &man.nfsd.8; have moved from
2616 <filename>/sbin</filename> to <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>.</para>
2618 <para role="historic">&man.moused.8; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2619 control mouse acceleration. &merged;</para>
2621 <para role="historic">&man.mtree.8; now includes support for a file that lists
2622 pathnames to be excluded when creating and verifying prototypes.
2623 This makes it easier to use &man.mtree.8; as a part of an
2624 intrusion-detection system. &merged;</para>
2626 <para>&man.mv.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option> to
2627 automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would ask to
2628 overwrite a file.</para>
2630 <para role="historic">&man.natd.8; now supports a
2631 <option>-log_ipfw_denied</option> option to log packets that
2632 cannot be re-injected because they are blocked by &man.ipfw.8;
2633 rules. &merged;</para>
2635 <para role="historic">The <quote>in use</quote> percentage metric displayed by
2636 &man.netstat.1; now really reflects the percentage of network
2637 mbufs used. &merged;</para>
2639 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-W</option> flag that
2640 tells it not to truncate addresses, even if they're too long for
2641 the column they're printed in. &merged;</para>
2643 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now keeps track of input and output packets
2644 on a per-address basis for each interface. &merged;</para>
2646 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-z</option> flag to reset
2647 statistics. &merged;</para>
2649 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-S</option> flag to print
2650 address numerically but port names symbolically. &merged;</para>
2652 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now implements write combining, which can make
2653 creation of new filesystems up to seven times
2654 faster. &merged;</para>
2656 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now takes a <option>-U</option> option to
2657 enable softupdates on a new filesystem. &merged;</para>
2659 <para role="historic">The default number of cylinders per group in &man.newfs.8;
2660 is now computed to be the maximum allowable given the current
2661 filesystem parameters. It can be overridden with the
2662 <option>-c</option> option. Formerly, the default was fixed at
2663 16. This change leads to better &man.fsck.8; performance and
2664 reduced fragmentation. &merged;</para>
2666 <para role="historic"><anchor id="newfs-block-frag-sizes">The default block and
2667 fragment sizes for new filesystems created by &man.newfs.8; are
2668 now 16384 and 2048 bytes, respectively (the old defaults were
2669 8192 and 1024 bytes). This change generally provides increased
2670 performance, at the expense of some wasted disk
2671 space. &merged;</para>
2673 <para>A number of archaic features of &man.newfs.8; have been
2674 removed; these implement tuning features that are essentially
2675 useless on modern hard disks. These features were controlled by
2676 the <option>-O</option>, <option>-d</option>,
2677 <option>-k</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>-n</option>,
2678 <option>-p</option>, <option>-r</option>, <option>-t</option>,
2679 and <option>-x</option> flags.</para>
2681 <para>&man.newfs.8; now supports a <option>-O</option> flag to
2682 select the creation of UFS1 or UFS2 filesystems.</para>
2684 <para>The &man.newgrp.1; utility to change to a new group has been
2687 <para role="historic">&man.newsyslog.8; now has the ability to compress log files
2688 using &man.bzip2.1;. &merged;</para>
2690 <para><application>NFS</application> now works over IPv6.</para>
2692 <para role="historic">&man.ngctl.8; now supports a <option>write</option> command
2693 to send a data packet down a given hook. &merged;</para>
2695 <para>&man.nice.1; now uses the <option>-n</option> option to
2696 specify the <quote>niceness</quote> of the utility being
2697 run. &merged;</para>
2699 <para role="historic">&man.nl.1;, a line numbering filter program, has been
2700 added. &merged;</para>
2702 <para><application>nsswitch</application> support has been merged
2703 from NetBSD. By creating an &man.nsswitch.conf.5; file, &os;
2704 can be configured so that various databases such as
2705 &man.passwd.5; and &man.group.5; can be looked up using flat
2706 files, NIS, or Hesiod. The old
2707 <filename>hosts.conf</filename> file is no longer used.</para>
2709 <para><application>PAM</application> support has been added for
2710 account management and sessions.</para>
2712 <para><application>PAM</application> configuration is now
2713 specified by files in <filename>/etc/pam.d/</filename>, rather
2714 than a single <filename>/etc/pam.conf</filename> file.
2715 <filename>/etc/pam.d/README</filename> has more details.</para>
2717 <para>A &man.pam.echo.8; echo service module has been added.</para>
2719 <para>A &man.pam.exec.8; program execution service module has been
2722 <para>A &man.pam.ftp.8; module has been added to allow
2723 authentication of anonymous FTP users.</para>
2725 <para>A &man.pam.ftpusers.8; module has been added to perform
2726 checks against the &man.ftpusers.5; file.</para>
2728 <para>A &man.pam.ksu.8; module has been added to do Kerberos 5
2729 authentication and <filename>$HOME/.k5login</filename>
2730 authorization for &man.su.1;.</para>
2732 <para>A &man.pam.lastlog.8; module has been added to record
2733 sessions in the &man.utmp.5;, &man.wtmp.5;, and &man.lastlog.5;
2736 <para>A &man.pam.login.access.8; module has been added, to allow
2737 checking against <filename>/etc/login.access</filename>.</para>
2739 <para>The &man.pam.nologin.8; module, which can disallow logins
2740 using &man.nologin.5;, has been added.</para>
2742 <para>The &man.pam.opie.8; and &man.pam.opieaccess.8; modules have
2743 been added to control authentication via &man.opie.4;. &merged;</para>
2745 <para>A &man.pam.passwdqc.8; module has been added, to check the
2746 quality of passwords submitted during password changes.</para>
2748 <para>A &man.pam.rhosts.8; module has been added to support
2749 &man.rhosts.5; authentication.</para>
2751 <para>The &man.pam.rootok.8; module, which can be used to
2752 authenticate only the superuser, has been added.</para>
2754 <para>A &man.pam.securetty.8; module has been added to check the
2755 <quote>security</quote> of a TTY, as listed in &man.ttys.5;.</para>
2757 <para>A &man.pam.self.8; module, which allows self-authentication
2758 of a user, has been added.</para>
2760 <para role="historic">A &man.pam.ssh.8; module has been added to allow the use of
2761 SSH passphrases and keypairs for authentication. This module
2762 also handles session management by invoking
2763 &man.ssh-agent.1;. &merged;</para>
2765 <para>A &man.pam.wheel.8; module has been added to permit
2766 authentication to members of a group, which defaults to
2767 <groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para>
2769 <para role="historic">&man.passwd.1; and &man.pw.8; now select the password hash
2770 algorithm at run time. See the <literal>passwd_format</literal>
2772 <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2774 <para role="historic">&man.patch.1; now accepts a <option>-i</option> command-line
2775 flag to read a patch from a file, rather than standard
2776 input. &merged;</para>
2778 <para>The &man.pathchk.1; utility, which checks pathnames for
2779 validity or portability between POSIX systems, has been
2782 <para role="historic">&man.pax.1; has received a number of enhancements, including
2783 &man.cpio.1; functionality, &man.tar.1; compatibility
2784 enhancements, <option>-z</option> and <option>-Z</option> flags
2785 for &man.gzip.1; and &man.compress.1; functionality, and a
2786 number of bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2788 <para role="historic">&man.pciconf.8; now supports a <option>-v</option> option to
2789 display the vendor/device information of configured devices, in
2790 conjunction with the <option>-l</option> option. The default
2791 vendor/device database can be found at
2792 <filename>/usr/share/misc/pci_vendors</filename>. &merged;</para>
2794 <para role="historic">The behavior of &man.periodic.8; is now controlled by
2795 <filename>/etc/defaults/periodic.conf</filename> and
2796 <filename>/etc/periodic.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2798 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option to
2799 set the TTL of outgoing packets. &merged;</para>
2801 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-A</option> option to
2802 beep when packets are lost. &merged;</para>
2804 <para role="historic">Userland &man.ppp.8; has received a number of updates and
2805 bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2807 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; has gained the <literal>tcpmssfixup</literal>
2808 option, which adjusts outgoing and incoming TCP SYN packets so
2809 that the maximum receive segment size is no larger than allowed
2810 by the interface MTU. &merged;</para>
2812 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; now supports IPv6. &merged;</para>
2814 <para role="historic">&man.pppd.8; (the control program for kernel-level PPP) is
2815 now installed mode <literal>4550</literal> and
2816 <username>root</username><literal>:</literal><groupname>dialer</groupname>,
2817 rather than mode <literal>4555</literal> (in other words, it is
2818 no longer world-executable). Users of &man.pppd.8; may need to
2819 change their group settings. &merged;</para>
2821 <para role="historic">&man.pr.1; now supports the <option>-f</option> and
2822 <option>-p</option> flags to pause output going to a
2823 terminal. &merged;</para>
2825 <para>prefix(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2826 functionality is provided by the <option>eui64</option> command
2827 to &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2829 <para role="historic">The <option>-W</option> option to &man.ps.1; (to extract
2830 information from a specified swap device) has been useless for
2831 some time; it has been removed. &merged;</para>
2833 <para>The &man.pselect.3; library function (introduced by POSIX.1
2834 as a slightly stronger version of &man.select.2;) has been
2837 <para role="historic">&man.pwd.1; can now double as &man.realpath.1;, a program to
2838 resolve pathnames to their underlying physical
2839 paths. &merged;</para>
2841 <para>&man.pwd.1; now supports the <option>-L</option> flag to
2842 print the logical current working directory. &merged;</para>
2844 <para>The pseudo-random number generator implemented by
2845 &man.rand.3; has been improved to provide less biased
2848 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now has an framework for handling dependencies
2849 between &man.rc.conf.5; variables. &merged;</para>
2851 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now deletes all non-directory files in
2852 <filename>/var/run</filename> and
2853 <filename>/var/spool/lock</filename> at boot
2854 time. &merged;</para>
2856 <para>&man.rcmd.3; now supports the use of the
2857 <envar>RSH</envar> environment variable to specify a program to
2858 use other than &man.rsh.1; for remote execution. As a result,
2859 programs such as &man.dump.8;, can use &man.ssh.1; for remote
2862 <para>&man.rdist.1; has been retired from the base system, but is
2863 still available from &os; Ports Collection as
2864 <filename role="package">net/44bsd-rdist</filename>.</para>
2866 <para role="historic">&man.reboot.8; now takes a <option>-k</option> to specify
2867 the next kernel to boot. &merged;</para>
2869 <para>The &man.renice.8; command implements a <option>-n</option>
2870 option, which specifies an increment to be applied to the
2871 priority of a process. &merged;</para>
2873 <para role="historic">The &man.resolver.3; in &os; now implements EDNS0 support,
2874 which will be necessary when working with IPv6 transport-ready
2875 resolvers/DNS servers. &merged;</para>
2877 <para role="historic">The &man.rfork.thread.3; library call has been added as a
2878 helper function to &man.rfork.2;. Using this function should
2879 avoid the need to implement complex stack swap
2880 code. &merged;</para>
2882 <para>The <option>-v</option> option to &man.rm.1; now displays
2883 the entire pathname of a file being removed.</para>
2885 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; is now more verbose when changing indirect
2886 routes, in the case of a gateway route that is the same route as
2887 the one being modified. &merged;</para>
2889 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; now uses
2890 <literal><replaceable>host</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
2892 <literal><replaceable>net</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
2893 syntax, for compatibility with &man.netstat.1;. &merged;</para>
2895 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; can now create <quote>proxy only</quote>
2896 published ARP entries. &merged;</para>
2898 <para role="historic">The &man.route.8; <option>add</option> command now supports
2899 the <option>-ifp</option> and <option>-ifa</option>
2900 modifiers. &merged;</para>
2902 <para>&man.rpcbind.8; has replaced &man.portmap.8;.</para>
2904 <para>&man.rpcgen.1; now uses <filename>/usr/bin/cpp</filename>
2906 <filename>/usr/libexec/cpp</filename>.</para>
2908 <para>&man.rpc.lockd.8; has been imported from NetBSD. This
2909 daemon provides support for servicing client NFS locks.</para>
2911 <para role="historic">The performance of the ELF dynamic linker &man.rtld.1; has
2912 been improved. &merged;</para>
2914 <para role="historic">RSA Security has waived all patent rights to the
2915 <application>RSA</application> algorithm. As a result, the
2916 native <application>OpenSSL</application> implementation of the
2917 RSA algorithm is now activated by default, and the <filename
2918 role="package">security/rsaref</filename> port and the
2919 <filename>librsaUSA</filename> and
2920 <filename>librsaINTL</filename> libraries are no longer required
2921 for USA and non-USA residents respectively. &merged;</para>
2923 <para>&man.rtld.1; will now print the names of all objects that
2924 cause each object to be loaded, if the
2925 <varname>LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_ALL</varname> environment
2926 variable is defined.</para>
2928 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now supports a <option>-k</option> option
2929 to prevent clearing a crash dump after saving it. It also
2930 attempts to avoid writing large stretches of zeros to crash dump
2931 files to save space and time. &merged;</para>
2933 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now works correctly on machines with 2 GB
2934 or more of RAM. &merged;</para>
2936 <para role="historic">&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> option for
2937 extended regular expression support. &merged;</para>
2939 <para>&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-i</option> option to enable
2940 in-place editing of files. &merged;</para>
2942 <para role="historic">&man.send-pr.1; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2943 include a file into the <literal>Fix:</literal> section of a
2944 problem report. &merged;</para>
2946 <para>The &man.setfacl.1; and &man.getfacl.1; commands have been
2947 added to manage filesystem Access Control Lists.</para>
2949 <para role="historic">&man.setproctitle.3; has been moved from
2950 <filename>libutil</filename> to
2951 <filename>libc</filename>. &merged;</para>
2953 <para role="historic">&man.sh.1; now implements <command>test</command> as a
2954 built-in command for improved efficiency. &merged;</para>
2956 <para>&man.sh.1; no longer implements <command>printf</command> as
2957 a built-in command because it was considered less valuable
2958 compared to the other built-in commands (this functionality is,
2959 of course, still available through the &man.printf.1;
2962 <para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option to
2963 prevent existing regular files from being overwritten by output
2964 redirection, and a <option>-u</option> to give an error if an
2965 unset variable is expanded.</para>
2967 <para role="historic">&man.sockstat.1; now has <option>-c</option> and
2968 <option>-l</option> flags for listing connected and listening
2969 sockets, respectively. &merged;</para>
2971 <para>&man.spkrtest.8; is now a &man.sh.1; script, rather than a
2974 <para role="historic">&man.split.1; now has the ability to split a file longer
2975 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
2977 <para>&man.split.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> option to
2978 specify the number of letters to use for the suffix of split
2981 <para>In preparation for meeting SUSv2/POSIX
2982 <filename><sys/select.h></filename> requirements,
2983 <literal>struct selinfo</literal> and related functions have been
2984 moved to <filename><sys/selinfo.h></filename>.</para>
2986 <para role="historic">The &man.strnstr.3; and &man.strcasestr.3; variants of
2987 &man.strstr.3; have been implemented. &merged;</para>
2989 <para role="historic">&man.stty.1; now has support for an
2990 <literal>erase2</literal> control character, so that, for
2991 example, both the <keycap>Delete</keycap> and
2992 <keycap>Backspace</keycap> keys can be used to erase
2993 characters. &merged;</para>
2995 <para>&man.su.1; now uses <application>PAM</application> for
2996 authentication.</para>
2998 <para role="historic">Boot-time &man.syscons.4; configuration was moved to a
3000 <filename>/etc/rc.syscons</filename>. &merged;</para>
3002 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-N</option> option to
3003 print out variable names only. &merged;</para>
3005 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; has replaced the <option>-A</option> and
3006 <option>-X</option> options with <option>-ao</option> and
3007 <option>-ax</option> respectively; the former options are now
3008 deprecated. The <option>-w</option> option is deprecated as
3009 well; it is not needed to determine the user's
3010 intentions. &merged;</para>
3012 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-e</option> option to
3013 separate variable names and values by <literal>=</literal>
3014 rather than <literal>:</literal>. This feature is useful for
3015 producing output that can be fed back to
3016 &man.sysctl.8;. &merged;</para>
3018 <para>&man.sysctl.8; now accepts a <option>-d</option> flag to print
3019 the descriptions of variables.</para>
3021 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now properly preserves
3022 <filename>/etc/mail</filename> during a binary
3023 upgrade. &merged;</para>
3025 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now uses some more intuitive defaults
3026 thanks to some new dialog support functions. &merged;</para>
3028 <para>The default root partition in &man.sysinstall.8; is now
3029 100MB on the i386 and pc98, 120MB on the Alpha.</para>
3031 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; now lives in
3032 <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>, which simplifies the
3033 installation process. The &man.sysinstall.8; manpage is also
3034 installed in a more consistent fashion now.</para>
3036 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has the ability to load KLDs as a
3037 part of the installation. &merged;</para>
3039 <para role="historic">When run from the installation media, &man.sysinstall.8;
3040 will automatically load any device drivers found in the
3041 <filename>/stand/modules</filename> directory of the
3042 <literal>mfsroot</literal> floppy or filesystem image. Note
3043 that any drivers so loaded will not appear in the kernel's boot
3044 messages; the &man.sysinstall.8; debugging screen will provide
3045 additional information. &merged;</para>
3047 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now enables Soft Updates by default on
3048 all filesystems it creates, except for the root
3049 filesystem. &merged;</para>
3051 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; has received updates for its
3052 <quote>auto</quote> partitioning mode which provide more
3053 reasonable defaults for the sizes of partitions that are
3054 created; auto-sized partitions can now also recover the space
3055 that becomes available when other partitions are
3056 deleted. &merged;</para>
3058 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; no longer mounts the &man.procfs.5;
3059 filesystem by default on new installs.</para>
3061 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has rudimentary support for
3062 retrieving packages from the correct volume of a multiple-volume
3063 installation (such as a multi-CD distribution). &merged;</para>
3065 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; can take a <option>-n</option> option to
3066 disable DNS queries for every request. &merged;</para>
3068 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now supports a
3069 <literal>LOG_CONSOLE</literal> facility (disabled by default),
3070 which can be used to log <filename>/dev/console</filename>
3071 output. &merged;</para>
3073 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now has the ability to bind to a specific
3074 address (as opposed to using every available one) via the
3075 <option>-b</option> option. &merged;</para>
3077 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now accepts a <option>-c</option> flag to
3078 disable repeated line compression. &merged;</para>
3080 <para>&man.tabs.1;, a utility to set terminal tab stops, has been
3083 <para role="historic">&man.tail.1; now has the ability to work on files longer
3084 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
3086 <para role="historic">&man.tar.1; now supports the <varname>TAR_RSH</varname>
3087 variable, principally to enable the use of &man.ssh.1; as a
3088 transport. &merged;</para>
3090 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does autologin and encryption by default;
3091 a new <option>-y</option> option turns off encryption. &merged;</para>
3093 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now supports a <option>-u</option> flag to
3094 allow connections to UNIX-domain (<literal>AF_UNIX</literal>)
3095 sockets. &merged;</para>
3097 <para role="historic">&man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; now support IPv6. &merged;</para>
3099 <para role="historic">&man.tftpd.8; now takes the <option>-c</option> and
3100 <option>-C</option> options, which allow the server to
3101 &man.chroot.2; based on the IP address of the connecting client.
3102 &man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; can now transfer files larger
3103 than 65535 blocks. &merged;</para>
3105 <para>&man.tftpd.8; now supports RFC 2349 (TFTP Timeout Interval
3106 and Transfer Size Options); this feature is required by some
3107 firmware like EFI boot managers (at least on HP i2000 Itanium
3108 servers) in order to boot an image using
3109 <application>TFTP</application>.</para>
3111 <para arch="alpha">&man.timed.8; now works on the alpha.</para>
3113 <para>A version of Transport Independent RPC
3114 (<application>TI-RPC</application>) has been imported.</para>
3116 <para role="historic">&man.tmpnam.3; will now use the <envar>TMPDIR</envar>
3117 environment variable, if set, to specify the location of
3118 temporary files. &merged;</para>
3120 <para>&man.tip.1; has been updated from
3121 <application>OpenBSD</application>, and has the ability to act
3122 as a &man.cu.1; substitute.</para>
3124 <para>&man.top.1; will now use the full width of its tty.</para>
3126 <para>&man.touch.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> option to
3127 operate on a symbolic link, rather than what the link points
3130 <para role="historic">The &man.truncate.1; utility, which truncates or extends the
3131 length of files, has been added. &merged;</para>
3133 <para role="historic">Ukrainian language support has been added to the &os;
3134 console. &merged;</para>
3136 <para><application>UUCP</application> has been removed from the
3137 base system. It can be found in the Ports Collection, in
3138 <filename role="package">net/freebsd-uucp</filename>.</para>
3140 <para>&man.unexpand.1; now supports a <option>-t</option> to
3141 specify tabstabs analogous to &man.expand.1;. &merged;</para>
3143 <para role="historic">&man.units.1; has received some updates and
3144 bugfixes. &merged;</para>
3146 <para>&man.usbdevs.8; now supports a <option>-d</option> flag to
3147 show the device driver associated with each device.</para>
3149 <para role="historic">The &man.usbhidctl.1; utility has been added to manipulate
3150 USB Human Interface Devices. &merged;</para>
3152 <para role="historic">&man.uuencode.1; and &man.uudecode.1; now accept a <option>-o</option> option to
3153 set their output files. &man.uuencode.1; can now be made to do base64 encoding
3154 when given the <option>-m</option> flag, while &man.uudecode.1;
3155 can now automatically decode base64 files. &merged;</para>
3157 <para>The base64 capabilities of &man.uuencode.1; and
3158 &man.uudecode.1; can now be automatically enabled by invoking
3159 these utilities as &man.b64encode.1; and &man.b64decode.1;
3160 respectively.</para>
3162 <para>The &man.uuidgen.1; utility has been added. It uses the new
3163 &man.uuidgen.2; system call to generate one or more Universally
3164 Unique Identifiers compatible with OSF/DCE 1.1 version 1
3167 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-g</option>
3168 parameter to select custom text geometry in the
3169 <literal>VESA_800x600</literal> raster text mode. &merged;</para>
3171 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now allows the user to omit the font size
3172 specification when loading a font, and has some better
3173 error-handling. &merged;</para>
3175 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-p</option> option
3176 to take a snapshot of a &man.syscons.4; video buffer. These
3177 snapshots can be manipulated by the
3178 <filename role="package">graphics/scr2png</filename> utility in
3179 the Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
3181 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option
3182 to clear the history buffer for a given tty, as well as a
3183 <option>-h</option> option to set the size of the history
3184 buffer. &merged;</para>
3186 <para>&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-S</option> to
3187 allow the user to disable VTY switching.</para>
3189 <para>The default stripe size in &man.vinum.8; has been changed
3190 from 256KB to 279KB, to spread out superblocks more evenly
3191 between stripes.</para>
3193 <para role="historic">&man.wall.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
3194 write a message to all users of a given group. &merged;</para>
3196 <para role="historic">&man.watch.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
3197 specify a &man.snp.4; device to use. &merged;</para>
3199 <para>&man.wc.1; now supports a <option>-m</option> flag to
3200 count characters, rather than bytes.</para>
3202 <para>&man.which.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
3205 <para>&man.who.1; now has a number of new options:
3206 <option>-H</option> shows column headings; <option>-T</option>
3207 shows &man.mesg.1; state; <option>-m</option> is an equivalent
3208 to <option>am i</option>; <option>-u</option> shows idle time;
3209 <option>-q</option> to list names in columns.</para>
3211 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; now directs queries for IP addresses to ARIN.
3212 If a query to ARIN references APNIC or RIPE, the appropriate
3213 server will also be queried, provided that the
3214 <option>-Q</option> option is not specified. &merged;</para>
3216 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; supports a <option>-c</option> option to
3217 specify a country code to help direct queries towards a
3218 particular whois server. &merged;</para>
3220 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-I</option>
3221 <replaceable>replstr</replaceable> option that allows the user
3222 to tell &man.xargs.1; to insert the data read from standard
3223 input at specific points in the command line arguments rather
3224 than at the end. (A &os;-specific <option>-J</option> option is
3225 similar, but is now deprecated in favor of the more portable
3226 <option>-I</option> option.) &merged;</para>
3228 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-L</option> option to
3229 force its utility argument to be called after some number of
3230 lines. &merged;</para>
3232 <para role="historic">The compiler chain now uses the FSF-supplied C/C++ runtime
3233 initialization code. This change brings about better
3234 compatibility with code generated from the various egcs and gcc
3235 ports, as well as the stock public FSF source. &merged;</para>
3237 <para role="historic">The threads library has gained some signal handling changes,
3238 bug fixes, and performance enhancements (including zero system
3239 call thread switching). &man.gdb.1; thread support has been
3240 updated to match these changes. &merged;</para>
3242 <para role="historic">Significant additions have been made to internationalization
3243 support; &os; now has complete locale support for the
3244 <literal>LC_MONETARY</literal>, <literal>LC_NUMERIC</literal>,
3245 and <literal>LC_MESSAGES</literal> categories. A number of
3246 applications have been updated to take advantage of this
3247 support. &merged;</para>
3249 <para role="historic">Locale names have been changed to improve compatibility with
3250 the names used by X11R6, as well as a number of other UNIX
3251 versions. As an example, the
3252 <literal>en_US.ISO_8859-1</literal> locale name has been changed
3254 <literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal>. Entries in
3255 <filename>/etc/locale.alias</filename> provide backward
3256 compatibility. &merged;</para>
3258 <para role="historic"><filename>/usr/src/share/examples/BSD_daemon/</filename> now
3259 contains a scalable Beastie graphic. &merged;</para>
3261 <para role="historic">As part of an ongoing process, many manual pages were
3262 improved, both in terms of their formatting markup and in their
3263 content. &merged;</para>
3265 <para>A number of utilities and libraries were enhanced to improve
3266 their conformance with the Single UNIX Specification (SUSv3) and
3267 IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (<quote>POSIX.1</quote>). Specific
3268 features added have been listed in the release notes for each
3269 utility. The standards conformance of each utility or library
3270 function is generally listed in its manual page.</para>
3273 <title>Contributed Software</title>
3275 <para><application>am-utils</application> has been updated to
3278 <para>A 10 February 2002 snapshot of <application>awk</application> from Bell Labs (variously
3279 known as <quote>BWK awk</quote> or <quote>The One True
3280 AWK</quote>) has been imported. It is available as
3281 <command>awk</command> or
3282 <command>nawk</command>.</para>
3284 <para role="historic"><application>bc</application> has been updated from 1.04 to
3285 1.06. &merged;</para>
3287 <para role="historic">The ISC library from the <application>BIND</application>
3288 distribution is now built as
3289 <filename>libisc</filename>. &merged;</para>
3291 <para role="historic"><application>BIND</application> is now built with the
3292 <literal>NOADDITIONAL</literal> flag, which causes
3293 &man.named.8; to operate in a more consistent fashion for
3294 certain common misconfigurations. &merged;</para>
3296 <para><application>BIND</application> has been updated to
3297 8.3.3. &merged;</para>
3299 <para><application>Binutils</application> has been updated to
3300 2.12.1 (specifically, a post-release snapshot from 22 June 2002).</para>
3302 <para role="historic"><application>bzip2</application> 1.0.2 has been imported;
3303 this brings the &man.bzip2.1; program and the
3304 <filename>libbz2</filename> library to the base
3305 system. &merged;</para>
3307 <para role="historic">The &man.ee.1; <application>Easy Editor</application> has
3308 been updated to 1.4.2. &merged;</para>
3310 <para><application>file</application> has been updated to
3313 <para><application>gcc</application> has been updated to
3314 a snapshot of <application>gcc</application> 3.1.
3316 <para>The integration of <application>gcc</application> is
3317 very new. Some applications and programs in the base
3318 system require fixes or compiler flags to build
3319 correctly. Work to address these problems is ongoing.</para>
3323 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now uses a unified <filename>libgcc</filename>
3324 rather than a separate one for threaded and non-threaded
3325 programs. <filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_r.a</filename> can be
3326 removed. &merged;</para>
3328 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now supports the environment variable
3329 <envar>GCC_OPTIONS</envar>, which can hold a set of default
3330 options for <application>GCC</application>. &merged;</para>
3332 <para><application>gdb</application> has been updated to a
3333 snapshot of <application>gdb</application> 5.2 from 27 June
3336 <para role="historic"><application>GNATS</application> has been updated to
3337 3.113. &merged;</para>
3339 <para><application>gperf</application> has been updated to
3342 <para role="historic"><application>groff</application> and its related utilities
3343 have been updated to FSF version 1.17.2. This import brings
3344 in a new &man.mdoc.7; macro package (sometimes referred to as
3345 <literal>mdocNG</literal>), which removes many of the
3346 limitations of its predecessor. &merged;</para>
3348 <para role="historic"><application>Heimdal Kerberos</application> has been updated to
3349 0.4e. &merged;</para>
3351 <para role="historic">The version of <application>IPFilter</application>
3352 provided with &os; now includes the &man.ipfs.8; program,
3353 which allows state information created for NAT entries and
3354 stateful rules to be saved to disk and restored after a
3355 reboot. Boot-time configuration of these features is
3356 supported by &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
3358 <para role="historic">The <application>ISC DHCP</application> client has been
3359 updated to 3.0.1RC8. &merged;</para>
3361 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos IV</application> has been updated to
3362 1.0.5. &merged;</para>
3364 <para>The &man.more.1; command has been replaced by
3365 &man.less.1;, although it can still be run as
3366 <command>more</command>. &merged; Version 371 of
3367 <application>less</application> has been imported.</para>
3369 <para><application>libpcap</application> has been updated to
3370 0.7.1. &merged;</para>
3372 <para><application>libreadline</application> has been updated to
3375 <para><application>libz</application> has been updated to
3378 <para><application>lint</application> has been updated to
3379 snapshot of NetBSD &man.lint.1; as of 3 March 2002.</para>
3381 <para><application>lukemftp</application> 1.6 beta 2 (the FTP client from
3382 NetBSD) has replaced the &os; &man.ftp.1; program. Among its
3383 new features are more automation methods, better standards
3384 compliance, transfer rate throttling, and a customizable
3385 command-line prompt. Some environment variables and
3386 command-line arguments have changed.</para>
3388 <para>The FTP daemon from NetBSD, otherwise known as
3389 <application>lukemftpd</application> 1.2 beta 1, has been imported and is
3390 available as &man.lukemftpd.8;. &merged;</para>
3392 <para>&man.m4.1; has been imported from OpenBSD, as of 26 April
3395 <para><application>ncurses</application> has been updated to
3396 5.2-20020615.</para>
3398 <para role="historic">The <application>NTP</application> suite of programs has
3399 been updated to 4.1.0. &merged;</para>
3401 <para><application>OpenPAM</application>
3402 (<quote>Citronella</quote> release) has been imported,
3404 <application>Linux-PAM</application>.</para>
3406 <para>The <application>OPIE</application> one-time-password
3407 suite has been updated to 2.4. It has completely
3408 replaced the functionality of
3409 <application>S/Key</application>.</para>
3411 <para><application>Perl</application> has been removed from the
3412 &os; base system. It can still be installed from the &os;
3413 Ports Collection or as a binary package; moving it out of the
3414 base system will make future upgrades and maintenence easier.
3415 To reduce the dependence of the base system on
3416 Perl, many utilities have been
3417 rewritten as shell scripts or C programs (specific notes are
3418 made for each affected utility).
3419 <filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename> is now a
3420 <quote>wrapper</quote> program, so that programs expecting to
3421 find a Perl interpreter there will
3422 be able to function correctly.
3425 <para>The Perl removal and
3426 package integration work is ongoing.</para>
3431 <para><application>GNU ptx</application> has been removed from
3432 the base system. It is not used anywhere in the base system,
3433 and has not been recently updated or maintained. Users
3434 requiring its functionality can install this utility as a part
3435 of the <filename role="package">textproc/textutils</filename>
3438 <para>The <literal>rc.d</literal> framework from NetBSD has been
3439 imported. It breaks down the system startup functionality
3440 into a number of small, <quote>task-oriented</quote> scripts
3441 in <filename>/etc/rc.d</filename>, with dynamic-determined
3442 ordering of startup scripts performed at boot-time.
3445 <para>This feature is currently disabled by default. It can
3446 be enabled by setting <literal>rc_ng="YES"</literal> in
3447 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>
3452 <para role="historic">&man.routed.8; has been updated to version
3453 2.22. &merged;</para>
3455 <para arch="i386,pc98">Version 1.4.4 of the
3456 <application>smbfs</application> userland utilities have been
3459 <para><application>GNU sort</application> has been updated to
3460 the version from <application>GNU textutils
3461 2.0.21</application>.</para>
3463 <para>&man.stat.1; from <application>NetBSD</application>, as of
3464 5 June 2002 has, been imported.</para>
3466 <para><application>GNU tar</application> has been updated to
3469 <para><application>tcpdump</application> has been updated to
3470 3.7.1. &merged;</para>
3472 <para role="historic">The &man.csh.1; shell has been replaced by &man.tcsh.1;,
3473 although it can still be run as <command>csh</command>.
3474 <application>tcsh</application> has been updated to version
3475 6.11. &merged;</para>
3477 <para>The contributed version of
3478 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now includes the
3479 &man.tcpd.8; helper daemon. While not strictly necessary in a
3480 standard &os; installation (because &man.inetd.8; already
3481 incorporates this functionality), this may be useful for
3482 &man.inetd.8; replacements such as
3483 <application>xinetd</application>.</para>
3485 <para role="historic"><application>texinfo</application> has been updated to
3486 4.1. &merged;</para>
3488 <para><application>top</application> has been updated to version
3491 <para role="historic">&man.traceroute.8; now takes its default maximum TTL value
3492 from the <varname>net.inet.ip.ttl</varname> sysctl
3493 variable. &merged;</para>
3495 <para role="historic">The timezone database has been updated to the
3496 <filename>tzdata2002c</filename> release. &merged;</para>
3498 <para>&man.whereis.1;, formerly a Perl script, has been
3499 rewritten in C. It now supports a <option>-x</option> flag to
3500 suppress the run of &man.locate.1;, and a <option>-q</option>
3501 flag suppresses the leading name of the query.</para>
3506 <para role="historic"><application>cvs</application> has been updated to
3507 1.11.1p1. &merged;</para>
3509 <para role="historic">The default value for &man.cvs.1;'s
3510 <envar>CVS_RSH</envar> variable is now
3511 <literal>ssh</literal>, rather than
3512 <literal>rsh</literal>. &merged;</para>
3514 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; now supports a <option>-T</option> option to
3515 update a sandbox's <filename>CVS/Template</filename> file
3516 from the repository. &merged;</para>
3518 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; <literal>diff</literal> now supports the
3519 <option>-j</option> option to perform differences against a
3520 revision relative to a branch tag. &merged;</para>
3524 <title>CVSup</title>
3526 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application>, a frequently used
3527 utility in the &os; Ports Collection, was formerly
3528 installable using several ports and packages. The
3529 <filename role="package">net/cvsup-bin</filename> and
3530 <filename role="package">net/cvsupd-bin</filename>
3531 ports/packages are no longer necessary or available; the
3532 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename> port should be
3533 used instead. &merged;</para>
3535 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application> has been updated to
3536 16.1_3, which is available in the &os; Ports Collection as
3537 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename>. This update
3538 fixes a long-standing (but only recently encountered) bug
3539 which affects the timestamps on all files after Sun Sep 9
3540 01:46:40 UTC 2001 (1,000,000,000 seconds after the UNIX
3541 epoch). &merged;</para>
3544 <sect4 id="kame-userland">
3547 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
3548 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
3549 the items listed in this section are a result of this
3551 <xref linkend="kame-kernel"> lists kernel updates to the
3552 KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
3554 <para role="historic">&man.faithd.8; now supports a configuration file for
3555 access control. &merged;</para>
3557 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3558 gifconfig(8). &merged;</para>
3560 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3561 prefix(8). &merged;</para>
3563 <para role="historic">&man.ndp.8; now implements garbage collection for stale
3564 NDP entries, as described in RFC 2461 (Neighbor Discovery
3565 for IP Version 6 (IPv6)). &merged;</para>
3567 <para role="historic">pim6dd(8) and pim6sd(8) have been removed due
3568 to restrictive licensing conditions. These programs are
3569 available in the ports collection as
3570 <filename role="package">net/pim6dd</filename> and
3571 <filename role="package">net/pim6sd</filename>. &merged;</para>
3573 <para role="historic">&man.route6d.8; now supports an <option>-n</option> flag
3574 to avoid updating the kernel forwarding
3575 table. &merged;</para>
3577 <para role="historic">The <option>-R</option> (router renumbering) option to
3578 &man.rtadvd.8; is currently ignored. &merged;</para>
3582 <title>OpenSSH</title>
3584 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3585 2.9, which provides support for the SSH2 protocol (now the
3586 default) and DSA keys. &man.ssh-add.1; and
3587 &man.ssh-agent.1; can now handle DSA keys, with support for
3588 authentication forwarding.
3589 <application>OpenSSH</application> users in the USA no
3590 longer need to rely on the restrictively-licensed RSAREF
3591 toolkit which is required to handle RSA keys. Among other
3592 new features: A client and server for &man.sftp.1; has been added.
3593 &man.scp.1; can now handle files larger than 2 GBytes. A
3594 limit on the number of outstanding, unauthenticated
3595 connections in &man.sshd.8; has been added. Support has
3596 been added for the Rijndael encryption algorithm. Rekeying
3597 of existing sessions is now supported, and an experimental
3598 <application>SOCKS4</application> proxy has been added to
3599 &man.ssh.1;. &merged;</para>
3601 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3602 version 3.1. &merged; Among the changes:
3605 <para>The <filename>*2</filename> files are obsolete
3607 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts</filename> can hold the
3609 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts2</filename>).</para>
3612 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; can import and export keys using
3613 the SECSH Public Key File Format, for key exchange
3614 with several commercial SSH implementations.</para>
3617 <para>&man.ssh-add.1; now adds all three default keys.</para>
3620 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; no longer defaults to a
3621 specific key type; one must be specified with the
3622 <option>-t</option> option.</para>
3627 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3628 3.4p1. &merged; The main changes are:
3631 <para>A <quote>privilege separation</quote> feature,
3632 which uses unprivileged processes to contain and
3633 restrict the effects of future compromises or
3634 programming errors.</para>
3638 <para>Several bugfixes, including closure of a
3639 security hole that could lead to an integer overflow
3640 and undesired privilege escalation.</para>
3645 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> can now authenticate
3646 using <application>OPIE</application> passwords. &merged;</para>
3648 <para role="historic"><application>PAM</application> support for
3649 <application>OpenSSH</application> has been added. &merged;</para>
3651 <para role="historic">A long-standing bug in
3652 <application>OpenSSH</application>, which sometimes resulted
3653 in a dropped session when an X11-forwarded client was
3654 closed, was fixed. &merged;</para>
3656 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos</application> compatibility has
3658 <application>OpenSSH</application>. &merged;</para>
3660 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been modified to
3661 be more resistant to traffic analysis by requiring that
3662 <quote>non-echoed</quote> characters are still echoed back
3663 in a null packet, as well as by padding passwords sent so as
3664 not to hint at password lengths. &merged;</para>
3666 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; is now enabled by default on new
3667 installs. &merged;</para>
3669 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> is now
3670 turned on by default on the server (any risk is to the
3671 client, where it is already disabled by
3672 default). &merged;</para>
3674 <para role="historic">In <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>, the
3675 <literal>ConnectionsPerPeriod</literal> parameter has been
3676 deprecated in favor of
3677 <literal>MaxStartups</literal>. &merged;</para>
3679 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now has a
3680 <literal>VersionAddendum</literal> configuration setting for
3681 &man.sshd.8; to allow changing the part of the
3682 <application>OpenSSH</application> version string after the
3683 main version number. &merged;</para>
3687 <title>OpenSSL</title>
3689 <para><application>OpenSSL</application> has been updated to
3692 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSL</application> now has support for
3693 machine-dependent ASM optimizations, activated by the new
3694 <varname>MACHINE_CPU</varname> and/or
3695 <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
3696 <filename>make.conf</filename> variables. &merged;</para>
3700 <title>sendmail</title>
3702 <para><application>sendmail</application> has been updated
3703 from version 8.9.3 to version 8.12.5. Important changes
3704 include: &man.sendmail.8; is no longer installed as a
3705 set-user-ID <username>root</username> binary (now set-group-ID <groupname>smmsp</groupname>); new
3706 default file locations (see
3707 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/cf/README</filename>);
3708 &man.newaliases.1; is limited to <username>root</username>
3709 and trusted users; STARTTLS encryption; and the MSA port
3710 (587) is turned on by default. See
3711 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/RELEASE_NOTES</filename>
3712 for more information. &merged;</para>
3714 <para role="historic">&man.mail.local.8; is no longer installed as a
3715 set-user-ID binary. If you are using a
3716 <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> from the default
3717 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> included with &os; any time
3718 after 3.1.0, you are fine. If you are using a
3719 hand-configured <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> and
3720 <command>mail.local</command> for delivery, check to make sure the
3721 <literal>F=S</literal> flag is set on the
3722 <literal>Mlocal</literal> line. Those with
3723 <filename>.mc</filename> files who need to add the flag can
3724 do so by adding the following line to their
3725 <filename>.mc</filename> file and regenerating the
3726 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> file:</para>
3728 <programlisting role="historic">MODIFY_MAILER_FLAGS(`LOCAL',`+S')dnl</programlisting>
3730 <para role="historic">Note that <literal>FEATURE(`local_lmtp')</literal> already
3731 does this. &merged;</para>
3733 <para role="historic">The default <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename>
3734 disables the SMTP <literal>EXPN</literal> and
3735 <literal>VRFY</literal> commands. &merged;</para>
3737 <para role="historic">&man.vacation.1; has been updated to use the version
3738 included with <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3740 <para role="historic">The <application>sendmail</application> configuration
3741 building tools are installed in
3742 <filename>/usr/share/sendmail/cf/</filename>. &merged;</para>
3744 <para role="historic">New <filename>make.conf</filename> options:
3745 <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname> and
3746 <varname>SENDMAIL_ADDITIONAL_MC</varname>. See
3747 <filename>/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf</filename> for more
3748 information. &merged;</para>
3750 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now supports:
3751 the new <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname>
3752 <filename>make.conf</filename> option; the ability to build
3753 <filename>.cf</filename> files from
3754 <filename>.mc</filename> files; generalized map rebuilding;
3755 rebuilding the aliases file; and the ability to stop, start,
3757 <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3759 <para role="historic">The <username>smmsp</username> and
3760 <username>mailnull</username> users have been added to
3761 <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>. In the absence of a
3762 <literal>confDEF_USER_ID</literal> setting, by default,
3763 <application>sendmail</application> will use the
3764 <username>mailnull</username> user for extra security.
3765 Previously, if the <username>mailnull</username> user did
3766 not exist, the <username>daemon</username> user was used.
3767 This change may generate some permissions issues when
3768 mailing to files or to programs (such as <filename
3769 role="package">mail/majordomo</filename>). &merged; The
3770 previous behavior can be restored by adding the following
3772 <filename><replaceable>*</replaceable>.mc</filename>
3775 <programlisting>define(`confDEF_USER_ID', `daemon')</programlisting>
3778 <para role="historic">Beginning with the import of
3779 <application>sendmail</application> 8.12.2, multiple
3780 <application>sendmail</application> daemons (some required
3781 to handle outgoing mail) are started by &man.rc.8;, even if
3782 the <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> variable is set to
3783 <literal>NO</literal>. To completely disable
3784 <application>sendmail</application>,
3785 <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> must be set to
3786 <literal>NONE</literal>. Alternatively, for systems using a
3787 different MTA, the <varname>mta_start_script</varname> variable can
3788 be used to point to a different startup script (more details
3789 can be found in &man.rc.sendmail.8;). &merged;</para>
3791 <para>By default, &man.rc.8; no longer enables
3792 <application>sendmail</application> for inbound SMTP
3793 connections. Note that &man.sysinstall.8; may override this
3794 default for a binary installation, based on what security
3795 profile is selected. This functionality can also be
3796 manually enabled by adding the following line to
3797 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
3799 <programlisting>sendmail_enable="YES"</programlisting>
3801 <para>The permissions for <application>sendmail</application>
3802 alias and map databases built via
3803 <filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now default to mode
3804 0640 to protect against a file locking local denial of service.
3805 It can be changed by setting the new
3806 <varname>SENDMAIL_MAP_PERMS</varname>
3807 <filename>make.conf</filename> option. &merged;</para>
3809 <para>The permissions for the <application>sendmail</application>
3810 statistics file, <filename>/var/log/sendmail.st</filename>, have
3811 been changed from mode 0644 to mode 0640 to protect against
3812 a file locking local denial of service. &merged;</para>
3818 <title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>
3820 <para><application>BSDPAN</application>, a collection of modules
3821 that provides tighter integration of
3822 <application>Perl</application> into the &os; Ports
3823 Collection, has been added.</para>
3825 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; and &man.pkg.add.1; can now work with
3826 packages that have been compressed using
3827 &man.bzip2.1;. &man.pkg.add.1; will use the PACKAGEROOT
3828 environment variable to determine a mirror site for new
3829 packages. &merged;</para>
3831 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now records dependencies in dependency
3832 order rather than in the order specified on the command line.
3833 This improves the functioning of <command>pkg_add
3834 -r</command>. &merged;</para>
3836 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> to
3837 create a package file from a locally-installed
3838 package. &merged;</para>
3840 <para role="historic">When requested to delete multiple packages,
3841 &man.pkg.delete.1; will now attempt to remove them in
3842 dependency order rather than the order specified on the
3843 command line. &merged;</para>
3845 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now can perform glob/regexp matching of
3846 package names. In addition, it supports a <option>-a</option>
3847 option for removing all packages and a <option>-i</option>
3848 option for &man.rm.1;-style interactive
3849 confirmation. &merged;</para>
3851 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now supports a <option>-r</option>
3852 option for recursive package removal. &merged;</para>
3854 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; now supports globbing against names of
3855 installed packages. The <option>-G</option> option disables
3856 this behavior, and the <option>-x</option> option causes
3857 regular expression matching instead of shell
3858 globbing. &merged;</para>
3860 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; can now accept a <option>-g</option> flag
3861 for verifying an installed package against its recorded
3862 checksums (to see if it's been modified post-installation).
3863 Naturally, this mechanism is only as secure as the contents of
3864 <filename>/var/db/pkg</filename> if it's to be used for auditing
3865 purposes. &merged;</para>
3867 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.sign.1; and &man.pkg.check.1; have been added to
3868 digitally sign and verify the signatures on binary package
3869 files. &merged;</para>
3871 <para>For some time, &os; 5.0-CURRENT (as well as some 4.X
3872 releases) included a pkg_update(1) utility to update installed
3873 packages, as well as their dependencies. This utility has
3874 been removed; a superset of its functionality can be found in
3875 the <filename role="package">sysutils/portupgrade</filename>
3878 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now has a version number comparison
3879 routine that corresponds to the Porters Handbook. It also has
3880 a <option>-t</option> option for testing address comparisons.
3883 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now takes a <option>-s</option> flag
3884 to limit its operation to ports/packages matching a given
3885 string. &merged;</para>
3887 <para>&man.pkg.version.1;, formerly a Perl script, has been
3888 rewritten in C.</para>
3890 <para role="historic">Version numbers of installed packages have a new
3891 (backward-compatible) syntax, which supports the
3892 <varname>PORTREVISION</varname> and
3893 <varname>PORTEPOCH</varname> variables in Ports Collection
3894 <filename>Makefile</filename>s. These changes help keep track
3895 of changes in the ports collection entries such as security
3896 patches or &os;-specific updates, which aren't reflected in
3897 the original, third-party software distributions.
3898 &man.pkg.version.1; can now compare these new-style version
3899 numbers. &merged;</para>
3901 <para role="historic">To improve performance and disk utilization, the
3902 <quote>ports skeletons</quote> in the &os; Ports Collection
3903 have been restructured. Installed ports and packages should
3904 not be affected. &merged;</para>
3906 <para role="historic">All packages and ports now contain an
3907 <quote>origin</quote> directive, which makes it easier for
3908 programs such as &man.pkg.version.1; to determine the
3909 directory from which a package was built. &merged;</para>
3911 <para role="historic">The Ports Collection infrastructure now uses
3912 <application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0 as the default version
3913 of the X Window System for the purposes of satisfying
3914 dependencies. To return to using
3915 <application>XFree86</application> 3.3.6, add the following line
3916 to <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>: &merged;</para>
3918 <programlisting role="historic">XFREE86_VERSION=3</programlisting>
3920 <para>The libraries installed by the <filename
3921 role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename> port (required
3922 for Linux emulation) have been updated; they now correspond to
3923 those included with <application>Red Hat Linux</application>
3929 <title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>
3931 <para>The <filename>bin</filename> distribution has been renamed
3932 <filename>base</filename>, in order to make creation of combined
3933 install/recovery disks easier.</para>
3935 <para arch="i386">ISO images and CDROMs now use the
3936 <filename>cdboot</filename> boot loader by default. This
3937 eliminates the need for an emulated floppy disk image on
3938 a bootable CDROM and allows for a full
3939 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel to be used for CDROM
3940 installations, at the expense of compatability with some old
3943 <para arch="i386,pc98,alpha" role="historic"><application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0
3944 is now the default version of the X Window System supported by
3945 &man.sysinstall.8;. It installs
3946 <application>XFree86</application> as a set of standard binary
3947 packages, so the usual package utilities such as
3948 &man.pkg.info.1; can be used to examine/manipulate its
3949 components. &merged;</para>
3951 <para>It is now possible to make releases of &os;
3952 &release.current; on a &os; 4-STABLE host. Cross-architecture
3953 (building a release for a target architecture on a host of a
3954 different architecture) releases are also possible. See
3955 &man.release.7; for details.</para>
3960 <title>Documentation</title>
3962 <para>A number of formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
3963 Programmer's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
3964 <filename>/usr/share/doc/psd</filename>. These include:</para>
3968 <para><emphasis>The UNIX Time-Sharing System</emphasis>
3969 (<filename>01.cacm</filename>)</para>
3973 <para><emphasis>UNIX Implementation</emphasis>
3974 (<filename>02.implement</filename>)</para>
3978 <para><emphasis>The UNIX I/O System</emphasis>
3979 (<filename>03.iosys</filename>)</para>
3983 <para><emphasis>UNIX Programming — Second Edition</emphasis>
3984 (<filename>04.uprog</filename>)</para>
3988 <para><emphasis>The C Programming Language — Reference Manual</emphasis>
3989 (<filename>06.Clang</filename>)</para>
3993 <para><emphasis>Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler</emphasis>
3994 (<filename>15.yacc</filename>)</para>
3998 <para><emphasis>Lex — A Lexical Analyzer Generator</emphasis>
3999 (<filename>16.lex</filename>)</para>
4003 <para><emphasis>The M4 Macro Processor</emphasis>
4004 (<filename>17.m4</filename>)</para>
4008 <para>Several formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
4009 User's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
4010 <filename>/usr/share/doc/usd</filename>. They include:</para>
4014 <para><emphasis>NROFF/TROFF User's Manual</emphasis>
4015 (<filename>21.troff</filename>)</para>
4019 <para><emphasis>A TROFF Tutorial</emphasis>
4020 (<filename>22.trofftut</filename>)</para>
4028 <title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>
4030 <para>If you're upgrading from a previous release of &os;, you
4031 generally will have three options:
4035 <para>Using the binary upgrade option of &man.sysinstall.8;.
4036 This option is perhaps the quickest, although it presumes
4037 that your installation of &os; uses no special compilation
4041 <para>Performing a complete reinstall of &os;. Technically,
4042 this is not an upgrading method, and in any case is usually less
4043 convenient than a binary upgrade, in that it requires you to
4044 manually backup and restore the contents of
4045 <filename>/etc</filename>. However, it may be useful in
4046 cases where you want (or need) to change the partitioning of
4050 <para>From source code in <filename>/usr/src</filename>. This
4051 route is more flexible, but requires more disk space, time,
4052 and technical expertise. More information can be found
4054 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html"><quote>Using
4055 <command>make world</command></quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
4056 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
4057 Handbook</ulink>. Upgrading from very old
4058 versions of &os; may be problematic; in cases like this, it
4059 is usually more effective to perform a binary upgrade or a
4060 complete reinstall.</para>
4065 <para>Please read the <filename>INSTALL.TXT</filename> file for more
4066 information, preferably <emphasis>before</emphasis> beginning an
4067 upgrade. If you are upgrading from source, please be sure to read
4068 <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> as well.</para>
4070 <para>Finally, if you want to use one of various means to track the
4071 -STABLE or -CURRENT branches of &os;, please be sure to consult
4073 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/current-stable.html"><quote>-CURRENT
4074 vs. -STABLE</quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
4075 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
4076 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
4079 <para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
4080 backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration