2 <title>&os;/&arch; &release.current; Release Notes</title>
4 <corpauthor>The FreeBSD Project</corpauthor>
6 <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
12 <holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
16 <para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
18 <![ %include.historic; [
19 the changes made in the &os; base system since &release.prev;.
21 <![ %no.include.historic; [
22 recent changes made to the &os; base system on the &release.branch;
25 Both changes for kernel and userland are listed, as well as
26 applicable security advisories that were issued since the last
27 release. Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
32 <title>Introduction</title>
34 <para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
35 &release.current; on the &arch.print; hardware platform. It
36 describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
37 It also provides some notes on upgrading
38 from previous versions of &os;.</para>
40 <![ %release.type.snapshot [
42 <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
43 apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
44 branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;. Some
45 pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
46 can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
50 <![ %release.type.release [
52 <para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
53 &release.type; distribution. It can be found at <ulink
54 url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors. More
55 information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
56 distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
57 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
58 FreeBSD</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
59 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/">FreeBSD
60 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
66 <title>What's New</title>
68 <para>This section describes
69 <![ %include.historic; [
70 the most user-visible new or changed features in &os;
72 In general, changes described here are unique to the &release.branch;
73 branch unless specifically marked as &merged; features.
75 <![ %no.include.historic; [
76 many of the user-visible new or changed features in &os;
77 since &release.prev;. It includes items that are unique to the
78 &release.branch; branch, as well as some features that may have been
80 other branches (after &os; &release.prev.historic;). The later
81 items are marked as &merged;.
85 <para>Typical release note items
86 document new drivers or hardware support, new commands or options,
87 major bugfixes, or contributed software upgrades. Applicable security
88 advisories issued after &release.prev; are also listed.</para>
90 <para>Many additional changes were made to &os; that are not listed
91 here for lack of space. For example, documentation was corrected
92 and improved, minor bugs were fixed, insecure coding practices
93 were audited and corrected, and source code was cleaned up.</para>
96 <title>Kernel Changes</title>
98 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.amdpm.4; driver has been added to
99 provide access to the system monitoring functions of the AMD 756
100 chipset. &merged;</para>
102 <para role="historic">The &man.agp.4; driver for AGP devices has been
103 added. &merged;</para>
105 <para>A new &man.ddb.4; command <command>show pcpu</command> lists
106 some of the per-CPU data.</para>
108 <para role="historic">Two new &man.ddb.4; commands, <command>hwatch</command> and
109 <command>dhwatch</command>, have been introduced. Analogous to
110 <command>watch</command> and <command>dwatch</command>, they
111 install hardware watchpoints (as opposed to software
112 watchpoints) if supported by the architecture. &merged;</para>
114 <para>&man.devfs.5;, which allows entries in the
115 <filename>/dev</filename> directory to be built automatically
116 and supports more flexible attachment of devices, has been
117 largely reworked. &man.devfs.5; is now enabled by default and
118 can be disabled by the <literal>NODEVFS</literal> kernel
121 <para>The dgm driver has been removed in favor of the digi driver.</para>
123 <para>A new digi driver has been added to support PCI Xr-based and
124 ISA Xem Digiboard cards. A new &man.digictl.8; program is
125 (mainly) used to re-initialize cards that have external port
126 modules attached such as the PC/Xem.</para>
128 <para>An &man.eaccess.2; system call has been added, similar to
129 &man.access.2; except that the former uses effective credentials
130 rather than real credentials.</para>
132 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for EBus-based
135 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.ichsmb.4; driver for the Intel 82801AA
136 (ICH) SMBus controller and compatibles has been
137 added. &merged;</para>
139 <para>Each &man.jail.2; environment can now run under its own
142 <para>The tunable sysctl variables for &man.jail.2; have moved
143 from <varname>jail.*</varname> to the
144 <varname>security.*</varname> hierarchy. Other security-related
145 sysctl variables have moved from <varname>kern.security.*</varname> to
146 <varname>security.*</varname>.</para>
148 <para role="historic">The <varname>kern.maxvnodes</varname> limit now properly
149 limits the number of vnodes in use. Previously only vnodes with
150 no cached pages could be freed; this could allow the number of
151 vnodes to grow without limit on large-memory machines accessing
152 many small files. A <literal>vnlru</literal> kernel thread
153 helps to flush and reuse vnodes. &merged;</para>
155 <para role="historic">The kernel message buffer is now accessible by the
156 (machine-independent) <varname>kern.msgbuf</varname> sysctl
157 variable; &man.dmesg.8; no longer needs to be SGID
158 <groupname>kmem</groupname>. &merged;</para>
160 <para>The kernel environment is now dynamic, and can be changed
161 via the new &man.kenv.2; system call.</para>
163 <para role="historic">The &man.kqueue.2; event notification facility was added to
164 the &os; kernel. This is a new interface which is able to
165 replace &man.poll.2;/&man.select.2;, offering improved
166 performance, as well as the ability to report many different
167 types of events. Support for monitoring changes in sockets,
168 pipes, fifos, and files are present, as well as for signals and
169 processes. &merged;</para>
171 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A new <varname>KVA_SPACE</varname> kernel option
172 can be used to reconfigure the size of the kernel virtual
173 address space. &merged;</para>
175 <para>The labpc(4) driver has been removed due to
176 <quote>bitrot</quote>.</para>
178 <para>The loader and kernel linker now look for files named
179 <filename>linker.hints</filename> in each directory with KLDs
180 for a module name and version to KLD filename mapping. The new
181 &man.kldxref.8; utility is used to generate these files.</para>
183 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now supports the kernel functionality
185 <filename role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename>
186 (RedHat 7.X emulation) port. &merged;</para>
188 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now requires <literal>options
189 SYSVSEM</literal> in the kernel configuration. &merged;</para>
191 <para>&man.lomac.4;, a Low-Watermark Mandatory Access Control
192 security facility, has been added as a kernel module. It
193 provides a drop-in security mechanism in addition to the
194 traditional UID-based security facilities, requiring no
195 additional configuration from the administrator. Work on this
196 feature was sponsored by DARPA and NAI Labs.</para>
198 <para arch="ia64">Machine Check Architecture (MCA) records are now
199 collected at boot time and made available through the
200 <varname>hw.mca.*</varname> sysctl variables.</para>
202 <para role="historic">The <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration
203 parameter is now a boot-time tunable variable. The kernel
204 parameters derived from <varname>maxusers</varname> are now also
205 tunables and can be overridden at boot-time. The
206 <varname>hz</varname> parameter is also now a
207 tunable. &merged;</para>
209 <para role="historic">Specifying a value of <literal>0</literal> for the
210 <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration parameter will
211 now cause an appropriate value to be calculated at boot-time
212 (between 32 and 384, depending on the amount of memory present).
213 This value is now the default for all
214 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernels. &merged;</para>
216 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A <varname>MAXMEM</varname> kernel option,
217 along with the <varname>hw.physmem</varname> loader tunable, can
218 be used to artificially reduce the memory size of a machine for
219 testing (or other purposes). &merged;</para>
221 <para role="historic">The kernel configuration parameters
222 <varname>MAXTSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLDSIZ</varname>,
223 <varname>MAXDSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLSSIZ</varname>,
224 <varname>MAXSSIZ</varname>, and <varname>SGROWSIZ</varname> are
225 all loader tunables (<varname>kern.maxtsiz</varname>,
226 <varname>kern.maxdfldsiz</varname>, etc.). &merged;</para>
228 <para>&man.mutex.9; profiling code has been added, enabled by the
229 <literal>MUTEX_PROFILING</literal> kernel configuration option.
230 It enables the <varname>debug.mutex.prof.*</varname> hierarchy
231 of sysctl variables.</para>
233 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The <literal>NCPU</literal>,
234 <literal>NAPIC</literal>, <literal>NBUS</literal>, and
235 <literal>NINTR</literal> kernel configuration options,
236 for configuring SMP kernels, have been removed.
237 <literal>NCPU</literal> is now set to a maximum of 16,
238 and the other, aforementioned options are now
239 dynamic. &merged;</para>
241 <para role="historic">A &man.nmdm.4; null-modem terminal driver has been added.
244 <para role="historic">The <literal>O_DIRECT</literal> flag has been added to
245 &man.open.2; and &man.fcntl.2;. Specifying this flag for open
246 files will attempt to minimize the cache effects of reading and
247 writing. &merged;</para>
249 <para role="historic">An &man.orm.4; device has been added to claim the option
250 ROMs in the ISA memory I/O space, to prevent other drivers from
251 mistakenly assigning addresses that conflict with these
252 ROMs. &merged;</para>
254 <para arch="i386,pc98">PECOFF (Win32 Execution file format) support has
257 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The pmc driver, which supports the power
258 management controller of the NEC PC-98NOTE, has been
259 added. &merged;</para>
261 <para role="historic">POSIX.1b Shared Memory Objects are now supported. The
262 implementation uses regular files, but automatically enables the
263 MAP_NOSYNC flag when they are &man.mmap.2;-ed. &merged;</para>
265 <para role="historic">Replaced the <literal>PQ_*CACHE</literal> options with a
266 single <literal>PQ_CACHESIZE</literal> option to be set to the
267 cache size in kilobytes. The old options are still supported
268 for backwards compatibility. &merged;</para>
270 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.puc.4; (PCI <quote>Universal</quote>
271 Communications) driver has been added, to help connect PCI-based
272 serial ports to the &man.sio.4; driver. &merged;</para>
274 <para>The &man.random.4; device has been rewritten to use the
275 <application>Yarrow</application> algorithm. It harvests
276 entropy from a variety of interrupt sources, including the
277 console devices, Ethernet and point-to-point network interfaces,
278 and mass-storage devices. Entropy from the &man.random.4;
279 device is now periodically saved to files in
280 <filename>/var/db/entropy</filename>, as well as at shutdown
281 time. The semantics of <filename>/dev/random</filename> have
282 changed; it never blocks waiting for entropy bits but generates
283 a stream of pseudo-random data and now behaves exactly as
284 <filename>/dev/urandom</filename>.</para>
286 <para>A new kernel option, <literal>options REGRESSION</literal>,
287 enables interfaces and functionality intended for use during
288 correctness and regression testing.</para>
290 <para><literal>RLIMIT_VMEM</literal> support has been added. This
291 feature defines a new resource limit that covers a process's
292 entire virtual memory space, including &man.mmap.2; space. This
293 limit can be configured in &man.login.conf.5; via the new
294 <varname>vmemoryuse</varname> variable.</para>
296 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for SBus-based
299 <para arch="sparc64">The se driver, which supports the Siemens
300 SAB82532 serial chip found on many newer Sparc Ultra machines,
301 has been added.</para>
303 <para role="historic">The &man.snp.4; device is no longer static and can now be
304 compiled as a module. &merged;</para>
306 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.spic.4; driver, which provides access
307 to the Jog Dial device on some Sony laptops, has been
308 added. &man.moused.8; support for this device has also been
309 added. &merged;</para>
311 <para>The &man.syscons.4; driver now supports keyboard-controlled
312 pasting, by default bound to
313 <keycap>Shift</keycap>-<keycap>Insert</keycap>.</para>
315 <para role="historic">Support for USB devices was added to the
316 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel and to the installation
317 programs to support USB devices out of the box. Note that SRM
318 does not support USB devices at the moment, so you must still
319 use an AT keyboard if you are not using a serial
320 console. &merged;</para>
322 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.umodem.4; driver for USB modems
323 has been added. Support is provided for the 3Com 5605 and
324 Metricom Ricochet GS wireless USB modems. &merged;</para>
326 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.uscanner.4; driver for basic USB
327 scanner support using SANE has been added. See <ulink
328 url="http://www.mostang.com/sane/">the SANE home page</ulink>
329 for supported scanners. The HP ScanJet 4100C, 5200C and 6300C
330 are known to be working. &merged;</para>
332 <para>The &man.ucom.4; device driver has been added, to support USB
333 modems, serial devices, and other programs that need to look
334 like a tty. The related &man.uplcom.4; and &man.uvscom.4; drivers provide specific
335 support for the Prolific PL-2303 serial adapter and the SUNTAC
336 Slipper U VS-10U, respectively.</para>
338 <para>To increase security, the <literal>UCONSOLE</literal> kernel
339 configuration option has been removed.</para>
341 <para arch="i386,pc98">The UserConfig boot-time kernel configuration
342 feature, usually used to enable, disable, or configure ISA
343 devices, has been removed. Its functionality has been replaced
344 by the kernel hints file in
345 <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.</para>
347 <para>The <literal>USER_LDT</literal> kernel option is now
348 activated by default.</para>
350 <para>A VESA S3 linear framebuffer driver has been added.</para>
352 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.viapm.4; driver for VIA SMBus
353 power management controllers has been added. &merged;</para>
355 <!-- Above this line, sort kernel changes by manpage/keyword-->
357 <para role="historic">Write combining for crashdumps has been implemented. This
358 feature is useful when write caching is disabled on both SCSI
359 and IDE disks, where large memory dumps could take up to an hour
360 to complete. &merged;</para>
362 <para>The kernel crashdump infrastructure has been revised, to
363 support new platforms and in general clean up the logic in the
364 code. One implication of this change is that the on-disk format
365 for kernel dumps has changed, and is now
366 byte-order-agnostic.</para>
368 <para>Extremely large swap areas (>67 GB) no longer panic the
371 <para arch="alpha">Support for threads under Linux emulation has
374 <para role="historic">The <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget> target now gets the
375 name of the configuration(s) to build from the
376 <varname>KERNCONF</varname> variable, not
377 <varname>KERNEL</varname>. It is no longer required, in some
378 cases, for a <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> to precede a
379 <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget>. (The
380 <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> is still required when
381 upgrading across major releases, across
382 <application>binutil</application> updates and when
383 &man.config.8; changes version.) &merged;</para>
385 <para role="historic">The out-of-swap process termination code now begins killing
386 processes earlier to avoid deadlocks; it now also takes into
387 account the swap space used by processes when computing the
388 process sizes. &merged;</para>
390 <para>Linker sets are now self-contained; gensetdefs(8) is
391 unnecessary and has been removed.</para>
393 <para role="historic">Network device cloning has been implemented, and the
394 &man.gif.4; device has been modified to take advantage of it.
395 Thus, instead of specifying how many &man.gif.4; interfaces are
396 available in kernel configuration files, &man.ifconfig.8;'s
397 <option>create</option> option should be used when another device
398 instance is desired. &merged;</para>
400 <para>It is now possible to hardwire kernel environment variables
401 (such as tuneables) at compile-time using &man.config.8;'s
402 <literal>ENV</literal> directive.</para>
404 <para>Idle zeroing of pages can be enabled with the
405 <varname>vm.idlezero_enable</varname> sysctl variable.</para>
407 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The load addresses of kernels are now exported
408 to the symbol table and various hard-coded constants have been
409 removed so that utilities such as &man.ps.1; can work with
410 kernels compiled at different addresses. &merged;</para>
412 <para role="historic">Coredumps of large processes (or of a large number of
413 processes) no longer lock up the machine for long periods of
414 time. &merged;</para>
416 <para>The Kernel-Scheduled Entity project has made changes to the
417 kernel scheduler to more efficiently handle multi-threaded
420 <para>The kernel now has support for multiple low-level console
421 devices. The new &man.conscontrol.8; utility helps to manage
422 the different consoles.</para>
424 <para arch="alpha">The console driver has gained support for
425 TGA-based display adapters.</para>
427 <para role="historic">The kernel on the installation CDs is now separated from the
428 <filename>mfsroot</filename> image. This permits the use of a
429 full kernel when installing from CD on machines that support CD
430 booting (instead of the stripped-down kernel used on
431 floppies). &merged;</para>
433 <para role="historic">The system load average computation now adds some jitter to
434 the timing of samples, in order to avoid synchronization with
435 processes that run periodically. &merged;</para>
437 <para role="historic">If a debugging kernel with modules is being built
438 (i.e. using <literal>makeoptions DEBUG=-g</literal>), the
439 modules will now be built with debugging support as well, for
440 completeness. A side effect of this change is that modules
441 built and installed with debugging kernels will now occupy more
442 space on disk than they did previously. &merged;</para>
444 <para role="historic">The kernel dump device can now be set via the
445 <varname>dumpdev</varname> loader tunable. As a result, it is
446 now possible to obtain crash dumps from panics during the late
447 stages of kernel initialization (before the system enters into
448 single-user mode). &merged;</para>
450 <para>The kernel memory allocator is now a slab memory allocator,
451 similar to that used in Solaris. This is a SMP-safe memory
452 allocator that has near-linear performance as the number of CPUs
453 increases. It also allows for reduced memory
454 fragmentation.</para>
457 <title>Processor/Motherboard Support</title>
459 <para>SMP support has been largely reworked, incorporating code
460 from BSD/OS 5.0. One of the main features of SMPng
461 (<quote>SMP Next Generation</quote>) is to allow more
462 processes to run in kernel, without the need for spin locks
463 that can dramatically reduce the efficiency of multiple
464 processors. Interrupt handlers now have contexts associated
465 with them that allow them to be blocked, which reduces the
466 need to lock out interrupts.</para>
468 <para arch="i386,pc98">Support for the 80386 processor has been
469 removed from the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel, as this
470 code seriously pessimizes performance on other IA32
472 The <literal>I386_CPU</literal> kernel option
473 to support the 80386 processor is now mutually exclusive with
474 support for other IA32 processors; this should slightly
475 improve performance on the 80386 due to the elimination of
476 runtime processor type checks.
477 Custom kernels that will run on the 80386 can
478 still be built by changing the cpu options in the kernel
479 configuration file to only include
480 <literal>I386_CPU</literal>.</para>
482 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">AlphaServer 1200 (<quote>Tincup</quote>) has
483 been tested and works OK. Currently it does not want to boot
484 from CD or floppy but a transplanted disk that was installed
485 on another Alpha works well. &merged;</para>
487 <para arch="alpha">The API UP1100 mainboard has been verified to
490 <para arch="alpha">The API CS20 1U high server has been verified
493 <para arch="alpha">The DEC3000 series support has been removed
494 from the mfsroot floppy image so that it fits on a 1.44 Mbyte
495 floppy again. As the DEC3000 is currently only usable diskless
496 this should not cause any problems.</para>
498 <para arch="alpha">Support for AlphaServer 2100A
499 (<quote>Lynx</quote>) has been added.</para>
501 <para arch="alpha">Kernel code has been added that allows older
502 generation Alpha CPUs (EV4 and EV5) to emulate instructions of
503 the newer Alpha CPU generations. This enables the use of
504 binary-only programs like <application>Adobe Acrobat
505 4</application> on EV4 and EV5.</para>
507 <para arch="alpha">SMP support for the Alpha is now operational.</para>
509 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Detection for new processors, such as the
510 FC-PGA2 Pentium III (Tualatin), Transmeta Crusoe, and
511 Transmeta Crusoe LongRun, has been added. &merged;</para>
513 <para arch="alpha">Support for the following hardware has been
514 removed from the installation kernel to make it fit on a
515 1.44MB floppy again: Multia, NoName, PC64, EB64, Aspen Alpine,
516 sa (SCSI tape), amr, parallel port support, vx (3c590, 3c595),
517 pcn (AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100), sf (Adaptec AIC-6915), sis (SiS
518 900/SiS 7016), ste (Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)), wb
519 (Winbond W89C840F).</para>
521 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Streaming <acronym>SIMD</acronym>
522 Extensions (<acronym>SSE</acronym>) has been introduced. The
523 <literal>CPU_ENABLE_SSE</literal> kernel option controls
524 whether support is compiled into the kernel. &merged;</para>
526 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The <literal>CPU_ATHLON_SSE_HACK</literal>
527 kernel option has been added, which attempts to enable the SSE
528 feature bit on newer Athlon CPUs if the BIOS has forgotten to
529 enable it. &merged;</para>
531 <para arch="sparc64">The UltraSPARC platform is now supported by
532 &os;. The following machines are supported to at least some
533 degree: Ultra 1/2/5/10/30/60, Enterprise 220R/420R, Netra T1 AC200/DC200, Netra T 105, and Blade
534 100. SMP is supported, and has been tested on the
535 Ultra 2, Ultra 60, Enterprise 220R, and
536 Enterprise 420R.</para>
538 <para arch="i386" role="historic">On some systems, the BIOS does not activate
539 the I/O ports and memory of PC devices, thus making them
540 unusable. The <literal>PCI_ENABLE_IO_MODES</literal> kernel
541 option forces &os; to enable these devices so that they can be
542 used. &merged;</para>
547 <title>Bootloader Changes</title>
549 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>boot2</filename> now supports a
550 <option>-n</option> option to disallow boot interruption by
551 keypresses. &merged;</para>
553 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A new <filename>cdboot</filename> bootstrap
554 utility for CDROMs provides better compatability with some
555 BIOS implementations that do not completely implement the El
556 Torito bootable CDROM standard. This boot loader supports
557 <quote>no emulation</quote> mode booting, thus eliminating the
558 need for an emulated floppy disk image on a bootable
559 CDROM. &merged;</para>
561 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The i386 boot loader now has support for a
562 <literal>nullconsole</literal> console type, for use on
563 systems with neither a video console nor a serial
564 port. &merged;</para>
566 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.loader.8; now has optional support
567 (enabled at compile-time, off by default) for loading
568 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed kernels and
569 modules. &merged;</para>
571 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Intel's Wired for Management 2.0
572 (PXE) was added to the &os; boot loader. Due to API
573 differences, the older PXE versions are not supported. This
574 allow network booting using DHCP. &merged;</para>
576 <!-- Above this line, order bootloader changes by keyword-->
578 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now contains a workaround
579 to support CDROM booting on certain IBM BIOSs that expect the
580 first sector of the emulated floppy to contain a valid MS-DOS
581 BPB that they can modify. &merged;</para>
583 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now supports a
584 <option>-p</option> flag to force the kernel to pause after
585 each line of output during the probing phase. &merged;</para>
587 <para arch="alpha,i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader is now capable of
588 booting from filesystems with block sizes larger than
591 <para>The kernel and modules have been moved to the directory
592 <filename>/boot/kernel</filename>, so they can be easily
593 manipulated together. The boot loader has been updated to
594 make this change as seamless as possible.</para>
598 <title>Network Interface Support</title>
600 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver for Cisco Aironet cards now supports
601 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption, settable via
602 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
604 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports the Cisco Aironet 350
605 series of adaptors. &merged;</para>
607 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports <quote>monitor</quote>
608 mode, settable via the <option>-M</option> option to
609 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
611 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports Cisco LEAP, as well as
612 the <quote>Home</quote> WEP key. The Linux Aironet utilities
613 are now supported under emulation. &merged;</para>
615 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Generic support for ARCNET token-based
616 networks has been added. &merged;</para>
618 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.bge.4; driver has been added to
619 support the Broadcom BCM570x family of Gigabit Ethernet
620 controllers, including the 3Com 3c996-T, the SysKonnect
621 SK-9D21 and SK-9D41, and the built-in Gigabit Ethernet NICs on
622 Dell PowerEdge 2550 servers. Output TCP/IP checksum offload,
623 jumbo frames and VLAN tag insertion/stripping are supported,
624 as well as interrupt moderation. &merged;</para>
626 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The cm driver has been added to support SMC
627 COM90cx6 ARCNET network adapters. &merged;</para>
629 <para>The &man.dc.4; driver now supports NICs based on the Xircom
630 3201 and Conexant LANfinity RS7112 chips.</para>
632 <para role="historic">The &man.dc.4; driver now has support for
633 VLANs. &merged;</para>
635 <para role="historic">The &man.de.4; driver now performs round-robin arbitration
636 between the transmit and receive units of the 21143, instead
637 of giving priority to the receive unit. This gives a
638 10–15% performance improvement in the forwarding rate
639 under heavy load. &merged;</para>
641 <para arch="alpha">The &man.ed.4; driver is now supported.</para>
643 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Linksys Fast Ethernet PCCARD cards supported
644 by the &man.ed.4; driver now require the addition of flag
645 <literal>0x80000</literal> to their config line in
646 &man.pccard.conf.5;. This flag is not optional. These
647 Linksys cards will not be recognized without
650 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.ed.4; driver that could cause panics
651 with very short packets and BPF or bridging active has been
652 fixed. &merged;</para>
654 <para role="historic">The &man.ed.4; driver now has support for D-Link DL10022
655 chips, necessary for the NetGear FA-410TX and other cards. As
656 a result, <literal>device miibus</literal> is required in
657 kernel configurations using the &man.ed.4;
658 driver. &merged;</para>
660 <para arch="i386">The &man.el.4; driver can now be loaded as a
663 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.em.4; driver has been added to
664 support NICs based on the Intel 82542, 82543, and 82544
665 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips. The driver supports
666 transmit/receive checksum offload and jumbo frames on 82543
667 and 82544-based adapters. &merged;</para>
669 <para role="historic">The &man.faith.4; device is now loadable, unloadable, and
670 clonable. &merged;</para>
672 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Support for Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based
673 Ethernet PC-Cards has been added back in the &man.fe.4;
674 driver. &merged;</para>
676 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">The &man.fpa.4; driver now supports Digital's
677 DEFPA FDDI adaptors on the Alpha. &merged;</para>
679 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now requires a <literal>device
680 miibus</literal> entry in the kernel configuration
681 file. &merged;</para>
683 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now contains a workaround for PCI
684 protocol violations caused by defects in some systems based on
685 the Intel ICH2/ICH2-M chip. The workaround is to rewrite the
686 EEPROM on the interface to disable Dynamic Standby Mode; once
687 the EEPROM is rewritten, the system needs to be rebooted for
688 the new settings to take effect. &merged;</para>
690 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now supports Intel's loadable
691 microcode to implement receive-side interrupt coalescing and
692 packet bundling, on NICs that support these features. This
693 support can be activated by the use of the
694 <option>link0</option> option to
695 &man.ifconfig.8;. &merged;</para>
697 <para arch="sparc64">The gem driver has been added to support
698 the Sun GEM Gigabit Ethernet and ERI Fast Ethernet
701 <para role="historic">The &man.gx.4; driver has been added to support NICs based
702 on the Intel 82542 and 82543 Gigabit Ethernet controller
703 chips. Both fiber and copper variants of the cards are
704 supported. Both boards support VLAN tagging/insertion, and
705 the 82543 additionally supports TCP/IP checksum
706 offload. &merged;</para>
708 <para arch="sparc64">The hme driver has been added to support
709 the Sun HME Fast Ethernet adapter, onboard on many Sun Ultra
710 series machines.</para>
712 <para role="historic">The &man.lge.4; driver has been added to support the Level
713 1 LXT1001 NetCellerator Gigabit Ethernet controller chip. This
714 device is used on some fiber optic GigE cards from SMC, D-Link
715 and Addtron. Jumbograms and TCP/IP checksum offload on
716 receive are supported, although hardware VLAN filtering is
719 <para role="historic">The my driver, which supports the Myson Fast Ethernet and
720 Gigabit Ethernet adapters, has been added. &merged;</para>
722 <para role="historic">Added the &man.nge.4; driver, which supports PCI Gigabit
723 Ethernet adapters based on the National Semiconductor DP83820
724 and DP83821 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips, including the
725 D-Link DGE-500T, SMC EZ Card 1000 (SMC9462TX), Asante
726 FriendlyNet GigaNIC 1000TA and 1000TPC and Addtron AEG320T.
727 This driver supports transmit and receive checksum
728 offloading. &merged;</para>
730 <para role="historic">The &man.pcn.4; driver, which supports the AMD PCnet/FAST,
731 PCnet/FAST+, PCnet/FAST III, PCnet/PRO, PCnet/Home, and
732 HomePNA adapters, has been added. Although these cards are
733 already supported by the &man.lnc.4; driver, the &man.pcn.4;
734 driver runs these chips in 32-bit mode and uses the RX
735 alignment feature to achieve zero-copy receive. This driver
736 is also machine-independent, so it will work on the i386,
737 pc98 and Alpha platforms. The &man.lnc.4; driver is still needed
738 to support non-PCI cards. &merged;</para>
740 <para role="historic">The &man.ray.4; driver, which supports the Webgear Aviator
741 wireless network cards, has been committed. The operation of
742 &man.ray.4; interfaces can be modified by
743 &man.raycontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
745 <para arch="i386,pc98">The &man.rp.4; driver has been updated to
746 version 3.02 and can now be built as a module. &merged;</para>
748 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The sbni driver, for supporting the Granch
749 SBNI12 series of ISA and PCI point-to-point communications
750 interfaces, has been added. The <filename
751 role="package">sysutils/sbniconfig</filename> port in the &os;
752 Ports Collection can be used for configuring these
753 devices. &merged;</para>
755 <para role="historic">Added support for PCI Ethernet adapters based on the SiS
756 900 and SiS 7016 Fast Ethernet controller chips (for example,
757 as seen on the SiS 635 and 735 motherboard chipsets), as well
758 as the National Semiconductor DP83815 chipset (including the
759 NetGear FA311-TX and FA312-TX) in the form of the &man.sis.4;
760 driver. This device has support for VLANs. &merged;</para>
762 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The snc driver for the National Semiconductor
763 DP8393X (SONIC) Ethernet controller has been added.
764 Currently, this driver is only used on the PC-98
765 architecture. &merged;</para>
767 <para>The &man.stf.4; device is now clonable.</para>
769 <para role="historic">The &man.tap.4; driver, a virtual Ethernet device driver
770 for bridged configurations, has been added. This device is
771 clonable. &merged;</para>
773 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver now supports the Alteon AceNIC
774 1000baseT Gigabit Ethernet and Netgear GA620T 1000baseT
775 Gigabit cards. &merged;</para>
777 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver correctly masks VLAN tags. &merged;</para>
779 <para>The &man.tx.4; driver now supports true multicast
782 <para role="historic">The &man.txp.4; driver has been added to support NICs
783 based on the 3Com 3XP Typhoon/Sidewinder (3CR990)
784 chipset. &merged;</para>
786 <para role="historic">&man.vlan.4; devices are now loadable, unloadable, and
787 clonable. &merged;</para>
789 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for Prism II and
790 Prism 2.5-based NICs. 104/128-bit WEP now works on Prism
791 cards. &merged;</para>
793 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now supports using a &os; host as
794 a wireless access point. This functionality can be enabled
795 using the <literal>mediaopt hostap</literal> option of
796 &man.ifconfig.8;. This feature requires a wireless
797 adapter based on the Prism II chipset. &merged;</para>
799 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for
800 <application>bsd-airtools</application>. &merged;</para>
802 <para role="historic">The xe driver can now be built as a
803 module. &merged;</para>
805 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports the 3Com 3C556 and
806 3C556B MiniPCI adapters used on some laptops. &merged;</para>
808 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports reception of VLAN
809 tagged frames (on the <quote>Cyclone</quote> or newer
810 chipsets). &merged;</para>
812 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports send- and receive-side
813 TCP/IP checksum offloading for NICs implementing this feature,
814 such as the 3C905B, 3C905C, and 3C980C. &merged;</para>
816 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.xl.4; driver, related to statistics
817 overflow interrupt handling, was causing slowdowns at medium
818 to high packet rates; this has been fixed. &merged;</para>
820 <para role="historic">The per-interface <varname>ifnet</varname> structure now
821 has the ability to indicate a set of capabilities supported by
822 a network interface, and which ones are enabled.
823 &man.ifconfig.8; has support for querying these
824 capabilities. &merged;</para>
826 <para role="historic">Performance with hosts having a large number of IP aliases
827 has been improved, by replacing the per-interface
828 <varname>if_inaddr</varname> linear list with a hash table. &merged;</para>
830 <para>Network devices now automatically appear as special files in
831 <filename>/dev/net</filename>. Interface hardware ioctls (not
832 protocol or routing) can be performed on these devices. The
833 <varname>SIOCGIFCONF</varname> ioctl may be performed on the
834 special <filename>/dev/network</filename> node.</para>
836 <para role="historic">Selected network drivers now implement a semi-polling
837 mode, which makes systems much more resilient to attacks and
838 overloads. To enable polling, the following options are
839 required in a kernel configuration file:
841 <programlisting>options DEVICE_POLLING
842 options HZ=1000 # not compulsory but strongly recommended</programlisting>
844 The <varname>kern.polling.enable</varname> sysctl variable
845 will then activate polling mode; with the
846 <varname>kern.polling.user_frac</varname> sysctl indicating
847 the percentage of CPU time to be reserved for userland. The
848 devices initially supporting polling are &man.dc.4;,
849 &man.fxp.4;, &man.rl.4;, and &man.sis.4;. More details can be found in
850 the &man.polling.4; manual page. &merged;</para>
852 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The packet-forwarding performance of certain
853 network drivers (specifically &man.dc.4; and &man.sis.4;) has
854 been enhanced by the elimination of unnecessary buffer
855 copies. &merged;</para>
857 <para><quote>Zero copy</quote> support has been added to the
858 networking stack. This feature can eliminate a copy of
859 network data between the kernel and userland, which is one of
860 the more significant bottlenecks in network throughput.
861 The send-side code should work with almost any network
862 adapter, while the receive-side code requires a network
863 adapter with an MTU of at least one memory page size (for
864 example, jumbo frames on Gigabit Ethernet). For more
865 information, see &man.zero.copy.9;.</para>
869 <title>Network Protocols</title>
871 <para role="historic">&man.accept.filter.9;, a kernel feature to reduce
872 overheads when accepting and reading new connections on
873 listening sockets, has been added. &merged;</para>
875 <para role="historic">The <literal>proxy</literal> modifier to &man.arp.8;'s
876 <option>-d</option> option has been renamed to
877 <literal>pub</literal>, for consistency with the
878 <option>-s</option> option. The <literal>only</literal> keyword
879 has been added to the <option>-s</option> and
880 <option>-S</option> flags, to be used in creating
881 <quote>proxy-only</quote> published entries. &merged;</para>
883 <para role="historic">The read timeout feature of &man.bpf.4; now works more
884 correctly with &man.select.2;/&man.poll.2;, and therefore with
885 pthreads. &merged;</para>
887 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; and &man.dummynet.4; have received some
888 enhancements and bug fixes, and are now loadable
889 modules. &merged;</para>
891 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; now has better support for multiple,
892 fully-independent bridging clusters, and is much more stable
893 in the presence of dynamic attachments and detatchments. Full
894 support for VLANs is also supported. &merged;</para>
896 <para>ICMP ECHO and TSTAMP replies are now rate limited. TCP
897 RSTs generated due to packets sent to open and unopen ports
898 are now limited by separate counters. Each rate limiting
899 queue now has its own description.</para>
901 <para role="historic">ICMP <literal>UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB</literal> messages can
902 now RST TCP connections in the <literal>SYN_SENT</literal>
903 state if the correct sequence numbers are sent back, as
905 <varname>net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst</varname> sysctl. &merged;</para>
907 <para>IP multicast now works on VLAN devices. Several other
908 bugs in the VLAN code have also been fixed.</para>
910 <para role="historic">A bug in the IPsec processing for IPv4, which caused the
911 inbound SPD checks to be ignored, has been fixed. &merged;</para>
913 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.4; now filters correctly in the presence of ECN
914 bits in TCP segments. &merged;</para>
916 <para role="historic">A new ng_eiface netgraph module has been added, which
917 appears as an Ethernet interface but delivers its Ethernet
918 frames to a Netgraph hook. &merged;</para>
920 <para>A new &man.ng.device.4; netgraph node type has been added,
921 which creates a device entry in <filename>/dev</filename>, to
922 be used as the entry point to a networking graph.</para>
924 <para role="historic">A new &man.ng.etf.4; netgraph node allows Ethernet type
925 packets to be filtered to different hooks depending on
926 ethertype. &merged;</para>
928 <para>The &man.ng.gif.4; and &man.ng.gif.demux.4; netgraph
929 nodes, for operating on &man.gif.4; devices, have been
932 <para>The &man.ng.ip.input.4; netgraph node, for queueing IP
933 packets into the main IP input processing code, has been
936 <para role="historic">The &man.ng.mppc.4; and &man.ng.bridge.4; node types have
937 been added to the &man.netgraph.4; subsystem. The
938 &man.ng.ether.4; node is now dynamically loadable.
939 Miscellaneous bug fixes and enhancements have also been
940 made. &merged;</para>
942 <para role="historic">A new netgraph node type &man.ng.one2many.4; for
943 multiplexing and demultiplexing packets over multiple links
944 has been added. &merged;</para>
946 <para>A new ng_split node type has been added for splitting a
947 bidirectional packet flow into two unidirectional flows.</para>
949 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
950 <varname>net.inet.ip.check_interface</varname>, which is on by
951 default, causes IP to verify that an incoming packet arrives
952 on an interface that has an address matching the packet's
953 destination address. &merged;</para>
955 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
956 <varname>net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface</varname> has
957 been added to control the suppression of logging when ARP
958 replies arrive on the wrong interface. &merged;</para>
960 <para role="historic">A new <literal>options RANDOM_IP_ID</literal> kernel
961 option causes the ID field of IP packets to be randomized.
962 This closes a minor information leak which allows a remote
963 observer to determine the rate at which the machine is
964 generating packets, since the default behavior is to increment
965 a counter for each packet sent. &merged;</para>
967 <para arch="alpha">SLIP has been removed from the
968 <filename>mfsroot</filename> floppy image.</para>
970 <para role="historic">TCP has received some bug fixes for its delayed ACK
971 behavior. &merged;</para>
973 <para role="historic">TCP now supports the NewReno modification to the TCP Fast
974 Recovery algorithm. This behavior can be controlled via the
975 <varname>net.inet.tcp.newreno</varname> sysctl
976 variable. &merged;</para>
978 <para role="historic">TCP now uses a more aggressive timeout for initial SYN
979 segments; this allows initial connection attempts to be
980 dropped much faster. &merged;</para>
982 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_COMPAT_42</literal> kernel option has
983 been removed. &merged;</para>
985 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_RESTRICT_RST</literal> kernel option has
986 been removed. Similar functionality can be achieved with the
987 <varname>net.inet.tcp.blackhole</varname> sysctl
988 variable. &merged;</para>
990 <para role="historic">TCP now has RFC 1323 extensions enabled by default in
991 &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
993 <para role="historic">RFC 1323 and RFC 1644 TCP extensions are now disabled for
994 a connection in progress if no response has been received by
995 the third SYN segment sent. This behavior tries to work
996 around (very old) terminal servers with buggy VJ header
997 compression implementations. &merged;</para>
999 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation no longer requires the allocation
1000 of a TCP template structure for each connection; this should
1001 reduce the buffer usage on large systems handling many
1002 connections. &merged;</para>
1004 <para role="historic">TCP's default buffer sizes, controlled by the
1005 <varname>net.inet.tcp.sendspace</varname> and
1006 <varname>net.inet.tcp.recvspace</varname> sysctl variables,
1007 have been increased to 32K and 64K respectively. Previously,
1008 the default for both buffer sizes was 16K. To try to avoid
1009 increasing congestion, the default value for
1010 <varname>net.inet.tcp.local_slowstart_flightsize</varname> has
1011 been changed from infinity to 4. &merged;
1014 <para>On busy hosts, the new larger buffer sizes may require
1015 manually increasing the
1016 <varname>NMBCLUSTERS</varname> parameter, either in the
1017 kernel configuration file or via the
1018 <varname>kern.ipc.nmbclusters</varname> loader tunable.
1019 <command>netstat -mb</command> can be used to monitor the
1020 state of mbuf clusters.</para>
1024 <para role="historic">TCP now supports RFC 1948 (Defending Against Sequence
1025 Number Attacks). The
1026 <varname>net.inet.tcp.isn_reseed_interval</varname> sysctl
1027 variable controls the reseeding of the secret data used in
1028 the RFC 1948 initial sequence number calculations. &merged;</para>
1030 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation in &os; now implements a cache of
1031 outstanding, received SYN segments. Incoming SYN segments now
1032 cause entries to be placed in the cache until the TCP
1033 three-way handshake is complete, at which point, memory is
1034 allocated for the connection as usual. In addition, all TCP
1035 Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs) are used as cookies, allowing
1036 entries in the cache to be dropped, but still have their
1037 corresponding ACKs accepted later. The combination of the
1039 <quote>syncache</quote> and <quote>syncookies</quote> features
1040 makes a host much more resistant to TCP-based Denial of
1041 Service attacks. Work on this feature was sponsored by DARPA
1042 and NAI Labs. &merged;</para>
1044 <para role="historic">A bug in the TCP implementation, which could cause
1045 connections to stall if a sender saw a zero-sized window, has
1046 been corrected. &merged;</para>
1048 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation now properly ignores packets
1049 addressed to IP-layer broadcast addresses. &merged;</para>
1051 <para>The ephemeral port range used for TCP and UDP has been
1052 changed to 49152–65535 (the old default was
1053 1024–5000). This increases the number of concurrent
1054 outgoing connections/streams.</para>
1058 <title>Disks and Storage</title>
1060 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for the Adaptec FSA family of PCI-SCSI
1061 RAID controllers has been added, in the form of the
1062 &man.aac.4; driver. This driver includes proper handling of
1063 commands initiated by the adapter, addition/removal of disk
1064 devices, crashdump functionality, and &man.ioctl.2; commands
1065 necessary for the management CLI, and is fully qualified and
1066 sanctioned by Adaptec. &merged;</para>
1068 <para role="historic">The &man.ahc.4; driver has received numerous updates,
1069 bugfixes, and enhancements. Among various improvements are
1070 improved compatibility with chips in <quote>RAID Port</quote>
1071 mode and systems with AAA and/or ARO cards installed, as well
1072 as performance improvements. Some bugs were also fixed,
1073 including a rare hang on Ultra2/U160
1074 controllers. &merged;</para>
1076 <para arch="i386">The ahd driver, which supports the Adaptec
1077 AIC7902 Ultra320 PCI-X SCSI Controller chip, has been
1080 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver, which provides support
1081 for the Adaptec SCSI RAID controller family, as well as the
1082 DPT SmartRAID V and VI families, has been
1083 added. &merged;</para>
1085 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver now supports the
1086 Adaptec 2000S and 2005S Zero-Channel RAID
1087 controllers. &merged;</para>
1089 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA100
1090 controllers. In addition, it now supports the ServerWorks
1091 ROSB4 ATA33 chipset, the CMD 648 ATA66 and CMD 649 ATA100
1092 chipsets, and the Cyrix 5530. &merged;</para>
1094 <para role="historic">To provide more flexible configuration, the various
1095 options for the &man.ata.4; driver are now boot loader
1096 tunables, rather than kernel configure-time
1097 options. &merged;</para>
1099 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for tagged queuing,
1100 which is enabled by the <varname>hw.ata.tags</varname> loader
1101 tunable. &merged;</para>
1103 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA
1104 <quote>pseudo</quote> RAID controllers as the Promise Fasttrak
1105 and HighPoint HPT370 controllers. &merged;</para>
1107 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports a wider variety of SiS
1108 chipsets, as listed in the Hardware Notes. &merged;</para>
1110 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for creating,
1111 deleting, querying, and rebuilding ATA RAIDs under control of
1112 &man.atacontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
1114 <para role="historic">The BurnProof(TM) feature, for applicable ATAPI CD-ROM
1115 burners, is now supported. &merged;</para>
1117 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for 48-bit
1118 addressing. Devices larger than 137GB are now
1119 supported. &merged;</para>
1121 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now contains fixes for some data
1122 corruption problems on systems using the VIA 82C686B
1123 Southbridge chip. &merged;</para>
1125 <para role="historic">The &man.cd.4; driver now has support for write
1126 operations. This allows writing to DVD-RAM, PD and similar
1127 drives that probe as CD devices. Note that change affects
1128 only random-access writeable devices, not sequential-only
1129 writeable devices such as CD-R drives, which are supported by
1130 &man.cdrecord.1; (a part of
1131 <filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename> in the
1132 Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
1134 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ciss driver, for devices utilizing the
1135 Common Interface for SCSI-3 Support, has been added. This
1136 driver supports the Compaq SmartRAID 5* family of RAID
1137 controllers (5300, 532, 5i). &merged;</para>
1139 <para>The &man.fdc.4; floppy disk has undergone a number of
1140 enhancements. Density selection for common settings is now
1141 automatic; the driver is also much more flexible in setting
1142 the densities of various subdevices.</para>
1144 <para>The &man.geom.4; disk I/O request transformation framework
1145 has been added; this extensible framework is designed to
1146 support a wide variety of operations on I/O requests on their
1147 way from the upper kernel to the device drivers.</para>
1149 <para role="historic">The ida disk driver now has crashdump
1150 support. &merged;</para>
1152 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The iir driver has been added to support the
1153 Intel Integrated RAID controllers, as well as prior ICP Vortex
1156 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A bug that made certain CDROM drives fail to
1157 attach when connected to a SCSI card driven by &man.isp.4; has
1158 been fixed. &merged;</para>
1160 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver is now proactive about discovering
1161 Fibre Channel topology changes.</para>
1163 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver now supports target mode for Qlogic
1164 SCSI cards, including Ultra2 and Ultra3 and dual bus
1167 <para role="historic">The &man.isp.4; driver now supports the Qlogic 2300 and
1168 2312 Optical Fibre Channel PCI cards. &merged;</para>
1170 <para>&man.md.4;, the memory disk device, has had the
1171 functionality of &man.vn.4; incorporated into it. &man.md.4;
1172 devices can now be configured by &man.mdconfig.8;. &man.vn.4;
1173 has been removed. The Memory Filesystem (MFS) has also been
1176 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.mly.4; driver, for Mylex PCI to SCSI
1177 AccelRAID and eXtremeRAID controllers with firmware 6.X and
1178 later, has been added. &merged;</para>
1180 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ncv, nsp, and stg drivers have been ported
1181 from NetBSD/pc98. They support the NCR 53C50 / Workbit Ninja
1182 SCSI-3 / TMC 18C30, 18C50 based PC-Card/ISA SCSI controllers.
1183 All three drivers can be built and loaded as
1184 modules. &merged;</para>
1186 <para arch="powerpc">The ofw driver, a basic OpenFirmware disk
1187 driver, has been added.</para>
1189 <para>Some problems in &man.sa.4; error handling have been
1190 fixed, including the <quote>tape drive spinning indefinitely
1191 upon &man.mt.1; <option>stat</option></quote> problem.</para>
1193 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.twe.4; 3ware ATA RAID driver has
1194 added. &merged;</para>
1196 <para role="historic">The &man.wd.4; compatibility devices were removed from the
1197 &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1201 <title>Filesystems</title>
1203 <para>Support for named extended attributes was added to the
1204 &os; kernel. This allows the kernel, and appropriately
1205 privileged userland processes, to tag files and directories
1206 with attribute data. Extended attributes were added to
1207 support the TrustedBSD Project, in particular ACLs, capability
1208 data, and mandatory access control labels (see
1209 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.extattr</filename> for
1212 <para role="historic">Due to a licensing change, softupdates have been
1213 integrated into the main portion of the kernel source tree.
1214 As a consequence, softupdates are now available with the
1215 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel. &merged;</para>
1217 <para>A filesystem snapshot capability has been added to FFS.
1218 Details can be found in
1219 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ffs/README.snapshot</filename>.</para>
1221 <!-- The following note needs to be made more specific or eliminated. -->
1222 <para>Softupdates for FFS have received some bug fixes and
1223 enhancements.</para>
1225 <para>When running with softupdates, &man.statfs.2; and
1226 &man.df.1; will track the number of blocks and files that are
1227 committed to being freed.</para>
1229 <para role="historic">A bug in FFS that could cause superblock corruption on
1230 very large filesystems has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1232 <para role="historic">The ISO-9660 filesystem now has a hook that supports a
1233 loadable character conversion routine. The
1234 <filename role="package">sysutils/cd9660_unicode</filename>
1235 port contains a set of common conversions. &merged;</para>
1237 <para>&man.kernfs.5; is obsolete and has been retired.</para>
1239 <para role="historic">A bug in the NFS client that caused bogus access times with
1240 <literal>O_EXCL|O_CREAT</literal> opens was
1241 fixed. &merged;</para>
1243 <para role="historic">A new NFS hash function (based on the Fowler/Noll/Vo hash
1244 algorithm) has been implemented to improve NFS performance by
1245 increasing the efficiency of the <varname>nfsnode</varname>
1246 hash tables. &merged;</para>
1248 <para>Client-side NFS locks have been implemented.</para>
1250 <para>The client-side and server-side of the NFS code in the
1251 kernel used to be intertwined in various complex ways. They
1252 have been split apart for ease of maintenance and further
1255 <para>Support for filesystem Access Control Lists (ACLs) has
1256 been introduced, allowing more fine-grained control of
1257 discretionary access control on files and directories. This
1258 support was integrated from the TrustedBSD Project. More
1259 details can be found in
1260 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.acls</filename>.</para>
1262 <para role="historic">The directory layout preference algorithm for FFS
1263 (<literal>dirprefs</literal>) has been changed. Rather than
1264 scattering directory blocks across a disk, it attempts to
1265 group related directory blocks together. Operations
1266 traversing large directory hierarchies, such as the &os; Ports
1267 tree, have shown marked speedups. This change is transparent
1268 and automatic for new directories. &merged;</para>
1270 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">smbfs (CIFS) support in kernel has been added.
1271 The userland programs &man.smbutil.1; and &man.mount.smbfs.8;
1272 can be used to work with SMB shares. Note that
1273 &man.mount.smbfs.8; will automatically load the
1274 <filename>smbfs.ko</filename> module into the kernel, even if
1275 <literal>LIBMCHAIN</literal> and
1276 <literal>LIBICONV</literal> were not compiled into the kernel.
1279 <para>For consistency, the fdesc, fifo, null, msdos, portal,
1280 umap, and union filesystems have been renamed to fdescfs,
1281 fifofs, msdosfs, nullfs, portalfs, umapfs, and unionfs. Where
1282 applicable, modules and mount_* programs have been renamed.
1283 Compatibility <quote>glue</quote> has been added to
1284 &man.mount.8; so that <literal>msdos</literal> filesystem
1285 entries in &man.fstab.5; will work without changes.</para>
1287 <para>pseudofs, a pseudo-filesystem framework, has been added.
1288 &man.linprocfs.5; and &man.procfs.5; have been modified to use
1291 <para role="historic">A simple hash-based lookup optimization for large
1292 directories called <literal>dirhash</literal> has been added.
1294 <literal>UFS_DIRHASH</literal> kernel option (enabled by
1295 default in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel), it
1296 improves the speed of operations on very large directories at
1297 the expense of some memory. &merged;</para>
1299 <para role="historic">The virtual memory subsystem now backs UFS directory
1300 memory requirements by default (this behavior is controlled
1301 via the <varname>vfs.vmiodirenable</varname> sysctl
1302 variable). &merged;</para>
1304 <para role="historic">A bug that prevented the root filesystem from being
1305 mounted from a SCSI CDROM has been fixed (ATAPI CDROMs were
1306 always supported). &merged;</para>
1308 <para role="historic">A number of bugs in the filesystem code, discovered
1309 through the use of the <application>fsx</application>
1310 filesystem test tool, have been fixed. Under certain
1311 circumstances (primarily related to use of NFS), these bugs
1312 could cause data corruption or kernel panics. &merged;</para>
1314 <para>Network filesystems (such as NFS and smbfs filesystems)
1315 listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> can now be properly
1316 mounted during startup initialization; their mounts are
1317 deferred until after the network is initialized.</para>
1319 <para>Read-only support for the Universal Disk Format (UDF) has
1320 been added. This format is used on packet-written CD-RWs and
1321 most commercial DVD-Video disks. The &man.mount.udf.8;
1322 command can be used to mount these disks.</para>
1324 <para>Basic support has been added for the UFS2 filesystem.
1329 <para>The inode has been expanded to 256 bytes to make
1330 space for 64-bit block pointers.</para>
1334 <para>A file-creation time field has been added.</para>
1338 <para>Space has been provided for extended attributes, up
1339 to twice the filesystem block size.</para>
1348 <title>PCCARD Support</title>
1350 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The pccard driver and &man.pccardc.8; now
1351 support multiple <quote>beep types</quote> upon card insertion
1352 and removal. &merged;</para>
1354 <para role="historic">On many modern hosts, PCCARD devices can be configured to
1355 route their interrupts via either the ISA or PCI interrupt
1356 paths. The &man.pcic.4; driver has been updated to support
1357 both interrupt paths (formerly, only routing via ISA was
1358 supported). &merged; In most cases, configuration of PCMCIA
1359 devices in laptops is simpler and more flexible. In addition,
1360 various Cardbus bridge PCI cards (such as those used by
1361 Orinoco PCI NICs) are now supported. Some hosts may
1362 experience problems, such as hangs or panics, with PCI
1363 interrupt routing; they can frequently be made to work by
1364 forcing the older-style ISA interrupt routing. The following
1365 lines, placed in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>, may
1366 fix the problem:</para>
1368 <programlisting role="historic">hw.pcic.intr_path="1"
1369 hw.pcic.irq="0"</programlisting>
1371 <para role="historic">When installing &os; on such a system, typing the
1372 following lines to the boot loader may be helpful in starting
1373 up &os; for the first time:<para>
1375 <screen role="historic"><prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.intr_path="1"</userinput>
1376 <prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.irq="0"</userinput></screen>
1378 <para arch="i386">Preliminary Cardbus support under NEWCARD has
1379 been added. This code supports the TI113X, TI12XX, TI125X,
1380 Ricoh 5C46/5C47, Topic 95/97/100 and Cirrus Logic PD683X
1381 bridges. 16-bit PC Card support is not yet functional.</para>
1385 <title>Multimedia Support</title>
1387 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.pcm.4; driver now supports the ESS
1388 Solo 1, Maestro-1, Maestro-2, and Maestro-2e; Forte Media
1389 fm801, ESS Maestro-2e, and VIA Technologies VT82C686A sound
1390 card/chipsets, and has received some other updates. Separate
1391 drivers for the SoundBlaster 8 and SoundBlaster 16 now replace
1392 an older, unified driver. A driver for the CMedia
1393 CMI8338/CMI8738 sound chips has been added. A driver for the
1394 CS4281 sound chip has been added. A driver for the S3
1395 SonicVibes chipset has been added. &merged;</para>
1397 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Avance Logic ALS4000 has been
1398 added. &merged;</para>
1400 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the ESS Maestro-3/Allegro has
1401 been added, however due to licensing restrictions, it cannot
1402 be compiled into the kernel. &merged; To use this driver, add
1403 the following line to
1404 <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
1406 <programlisting role="historic">snd_maestro3_load="YES"</programlisting>
1408 <para role="historic">The &man.bktr.4; driver has been updated to 2.18. This
1409 update provides a number of new features. New tuner types
1410 have been added, and improvements to the KLD module and to
1411 memory allocation have been made. Bugs in &man.devfs.5; when
1412 unloading and reloading have been fixed. Support for new
1413 Hauppauge Model 44xxx WinTV Cards (the ones with no audio mux)
1414 has been added. &merged;</para>
1416 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ufm driver, supporting the D-Link DSB-R100
1417 USB Radio, has been added. &merged;</para>
1419 <para role="historic">When sound modules are built, one can now load all the
1420 drivers and infrastructure by <command>kldload
1421 snd</command>. &merged;</para>
1423 <para>A new API has been added for sound cards with hardware
1424 volume control.</para>
1426 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Intel 443MX, 810, 815, and
1427 815E integrated sound devices has been added. &merged;</para>
1429 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The via82c686 sound driver now supports the VIA
1430 VT8233. &merged;</para>
1432 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ich sound driver now support the SiS
1433 7012 chipset. &merged;</para>
1435 <para arch="i386">Drivers have been added to support the Direct
1436 Rendering Infrastructure, which can used to provide 3D
1437 acceleration within <application>XFree86</application>. Video
1438 cards supported include the 3Dlabs Oxygen GMX 2000 (gammadrm),
1439 AGP Matrox G200/G400/G450/G550 (mgadrm), 3dfx Voodoo
1440 3/4/5/Banshee (tdfxdrm), AGI ATI Rage 128 (r128drm), and AGP
1441 ATI Radeon (radeondrm).</para>
1446 <title>Contributed Software</title>
1448 <para>The Forth Inspired Command Language
1449 (<application>FICL</application>) used in the boot loader has
1450 been updated to 3.02.</para>
1452 <para>Support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
1453 (ACPI), a multi-vendor standard for configuration and power
1454 management, has been added. This functionality has been
1455 provided by the <application>Intel ACPI Component
1456 Architecture</application> project, as of the ACPI CA 20020308
1457 snapshot. Some backward compatability for applications using
1458 the older APM standard has been provided.</para>
1461 <title>IPFilter</title>
1463 <para><application>IPFilter</application> has been updated to
1466 <para role="historic"><application>IPFilter</application> now supports
1467 IPv6. &merged;</para>
1472 <title>isdn4bsd</title>
1474 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> has been updated to
1475 version 1.0.2.</para>
1477 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1478 Fritz!Card PCI controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1480 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi2.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1481 Fritz!Card PCI version 2 controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1483 <para role="historic">The &man.ihfc.4; driver for supporting Cologne Chip
1484 Designs HFC devices under
1485 <application>isdn4bsd</application> has been
1486 added. &merged;</para>
1488 <para role="historic">The &man.itjc.4; driver for supporting NETjet-S / Teles
1489 PCI-TJ devices under <application>isdn4bsd</application> has
1490 been added. &merged;</para>
1492 <para role="historic">Experimental support for the Eicon.Diehl DIVA 2.0 and
1493 2.02 ISA PnP ISDN cards has been added to the &man.isic.4;
1494 <application>isdn4bsd</application> driver. &merged;</para>
1496 <para role="historic">The &man.isic.4; driver now supports the Compaq Microcom
1497 610 ISDN ISA PnP card. &merged;</para>
1499 <para role="historic">Active CAPI-based ISDN cards manufactured by AVM are now
1500 supported using the &man.i4bcapi.4; and the &man.iavc.4;
1501 driver. The supported cards are the AVM B1 PCI and AVM B1
1502 ISA Basic Rate cards and the AVM T1 Primary Rate
1503 cards. &merged;</para>
1505 <para role="historic">A new <literal>maxconnecttime</literal> keyword is now
1506 accepted in &man.isdnd.rc.5; files to limit the time a
1507 connection may remain open. &merged;</para>
1509 <para role="historic">&man.isdnphone.8; now supports a <option>-k</option>
1510 option for sending messages via the keypad facility to a PBX
1511 or exchange office. &merged;</para>
1513 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> now supports Q.931
1514 subaddressing.</para>
1518 <sect4 id="kame-kernel">
1521 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
1522 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
1523 the items listed in this section are a result of this
1524 import. <xref linkend="kame-userland"> lists userland
1525 updates to the KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
1527 <para role="historic">&man.gif.4; is now based on RFC 2893, rather than RFC
1528 1933. The <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can
1529 be used to control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1531 <para role="historic"><application>IPsec</application> has received some
1532 enhancements, including the ability to use the Rijndael and
1533 SHA2 algorithms. IPsec RC5 support has been removed due to
1534 patent issues. &merged;</para>
1536 <para role="historic">&man.stf.4; now conforms to RFC 3056; the
1537 <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can be used to
1538 control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1540 <para role="historic">IPv6 has better checking of illegal addresses (such as
1541 loopback addresses) on physical networks. &merged;</para>
1543 <para role="historic">The <varname>IPV6_V6ONLY</varname> socket option is now
1544 completely supported. The kernel's default behavior with
1545 respect to this option is controlled by the
1546 <varname>net.inet6.ip6.v6only</varname> sysctl
1547 variable. &merged;</para>
1549 <para role="historic">RFC 3041 (Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address
1550 Autoconfiguration) is now supported. It can be enabled via
1551 the <varname>net.inet6.ip6.use_tempaddr</varname> sysctl
1552 variable. &merged;</para>
1557 <sect2 id="security">
1558 <title>Security-Related Changes</title>
1560 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now allows the user to select one of two
1561 <quote>security profiles</quote> at install-time. These
1562 profiles enable different levels of system security by enabling
1563 or disabling various system services in &man.rc.conf.5; on new
1564 installs. &merged;</para>
1566 <para>A bug in which malformed ELF executable images can hang the
1567 system has been fixed (see security advisory
1568 FreeBSD-SA-00:41). &merged;</para>
1570 <para>A security hole in Linux emulation was fixed (see security
1571 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:42). &merged;</para>
1573 <para role="historic">String-handling library calls in many programs were fixed to
1574 reduce the possibility of buffer overflow-related exploits.
1577 <para>TCP now uses stronger randomness in choosing its initial
1578 sequence numbers (see security advisory
1579 FreeBSD-SA-00:52). &merged;</para>
1581 <para>Several buffer overflows in &man.tcpdump.1; were corrected
1582 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:61). &merged;</para>
1584 <para>A security hole in &man.top.1; was corrected (see security
1585 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:62). &merged;</para>
1587 <para>A potential security hole caused by an off-by-one-error in
1588 &man.gethostbyname.3; has been fixed (see security advisory
1589 FreeBSD-SA-00:63). &merged;</para>
1591 <para>A potential buffer overflow in the &man.ncurses.3; library,
1592 which could cause arbitrary code to be run from within
1593 &man.systat.1;, has been corrected (see security advisory
1594 FreeBSD-SA-00:68). &merged;</para>
1596 <para>A vulnerability in &man.telnetd.8; that could cause it to
1597 consume large amounts of server resources has been fixed (see
1598 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:69). &merged;</para>
1600 <para>The <literal>nat deny_incoming</literal> command in
1601 &man.ppp.8; now works correctly (see security advisory
1602 FreeBSD-SA-00:70). &merged;</para>
1604 <para>A vulnerability in &man.csh.1;/&man.tcsh.1; temporary files
1605 that could allow overwriting of arbitrary user-writable files
1606 has been closed (see security advisory
1607 FreeBSD-SA-00:76). &merged;</para>
1609 <para role="historic">The &man.ssh.1; binary is no longer SUID root by
1610 default. &merged;</para>
1612 <para role="historic">Some fixes were applied to the Kerberos IV implementation
1613 related to environment variables, a possible buffer overrun, and
1614 overwriting ticket files. &merged;</para>
1616 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does a better job of sanitizing its
1617 environment. &merged;</para>
1619 <para>Several vulnerabilities in &man.procfs.5; were fixed (see
1620 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:77). &merged;</para>
1622 <para>A bug in <application>OpenSSH</application> in which a
1623 server was unable to disable &man.ssh-agent.1; or
1624 <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> was fixed (see security
1625 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:01). &merged;</para>
1627 <para>A bug in &man.ipfw.8; and &man.ip6fw.8; in which inbound TCP
1628 segments could incorrectly be treated as being part of an
1629 <literal>established</literal> connection has been fixed (see
1630 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:08). &merged;</para>
1632 <para>A bug in &man.crontab.1; that could allow users to read any
1633 file on the system in valid &man.crontab.5; syntax has been
1634 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:09). &merged;</para>
1636 <para>A vulnerability in &man.inetd.8; that could allow
1637 read-access to the initial 16 bytes of
1638 <groupname>wheel</groupname>-accessible files has been fixed
1639 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:11). &merged;</para>
1641 <para>A bug in &man.periodic.8; that used insecure temporary files
1642 has been corrected (see security advisory
1643 FreeBSD-SA-01:12). &merged;</para>
1645 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> now has code to prevent
1646 (instead of just mitigating through connection limits) an attack
1647 that can lead to guessing the server key (not host key) by
1648 regenerating the server key when an RSA failure is detected (see
1649 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:24). &merged;</para>
1651 <para role="historic">A number of programs have had output formatting strings
1652 corrected so as to reduce the risk of
1653 vulnerabilities. &merged;</para>
1655 <para role="historic">A number of programs that use temporary files now do so more
1656 securely. &merged;</para>
1658 <para role="historic">A bug in ICMP that could cause an attacker to disrupt TCP and UDP
1659 <quote>sessions</quote> has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1661 <para>A bug in &man.timed.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1662 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1663 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:28). &merged;</para>
1665 <para>A bug in &man.rwhod.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1666 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1667 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:29). &merged;</para>
1669 <para>A security hole in &os;'s FFS and EXT2FS implementations,
1670 which allowed a race condition that could cause users to have
1671 unauthorized access to data, has been fixed (see security
1672 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:30). &merged;</para>
1674 <para>A remotely-exploitable vulnerability in &man.ntpd.8; has
1675 been closed (see security advisory
1676 FreeBSD-SA-01:31). &merged;</para>
1678 <para>A security hole in <application>IPFilter</application>'s
1679 fragment cache has been closed (see security advisory
1680 FreeBSD-SA-01:32). &merged;</para>
1682 <para>Buffer overflows in &man.glob.3;, which could cause
1683 arbitrary code to be run on an FTP server, have been closed. In
1684 addition, to prevent some forms of DOS attacks, &man.glob.3;
1685 allows specification of a limit on the number of pathname
1686 matches it will return. &man.ftpd.8; now uses this feature (see
1687 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:33). &merged;</para>
1689 <para>Initial sequence numbers in TCP are more thoroughly
1690 randomized (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:39). Due to
1691 some possible compatibility issues, the behavior of this
1692 security fix can be enabled or disabled via the
1693 <varname>net.inet.tcp.tcp_seq_genscheme</varname> sysctl
1694 variable.&merged;</para>
1696 <para>A vulnerability in the &man.fts.3; routines (used by
1697 applications for recursively traversing a filesystem) could
1698 allow a program to operate on files outside the intended
1699 directory hierarchy. This bug has been fixed (see security
1700 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:40). &merged;</para>
1702 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now switches to the
1703 user's UID before attempting to unlink the authentication
1704 forwarding file, nullifying the effects of a race.</para>
1706 <para>A flaw allowed some signal handlers to remain in effect in a
1707 child process after being exec-ed from its parent. This allowed
1708 an attacker to execute arbitrary code in the context of a setuid
1709 binary. This flaw has been corrected (see security advisory
1710 FreeBSD-SA-01:42). &merged;</para>
1712 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1; has been fixed
1713 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:48). &merged;</para>
1715 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.telnetd.8; has been fixed
1716 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:49). &merged;</para>
1718 <para>The new <varname>net.inet.ip.maxfragpackets</varname> and
1719 <varname>net.inet.ip6.maxfragpackets</varname> sysctl variables
1720 limit the amount of memory that can be consumed by IPv4 and IPv6
1721 packet fragments, which defends against some denial of service
1722 attacks (see security advisory
1723 FreeBSD-SA-01:52). &merged;</para>
1725 <para role="historic">All services in <filename>inetd.conf</filename> are now
1726 disabled by default for new installations. &man.sysinstall.8;
1727 gives the option of enabling or disabling &man.inetd.8; on new
1728 installations, as well as editing
1729 <filename>inetd.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
1731 <para>A flaw in the implementation of the &man.ipfw.8;
1732 <literal>me</literal> rules on point-to-point links has been
1733 corrected. Formerly, <literal>me</literal> filter rules would
1734 match the remote IP address of a point-to-point interface in
1735 addition to the intended local IP address (see security advisory
1736 FreeBSD-SA-01:53). &merged;</para>
1738 <para>A vulnerability in &man.procfs.5;, which could allow a
1739 process to read sensitive information from another process's
1740 memory space, has been closed (see security advisory
1741 FreeBSD-SA-01:55). &merged;</para>
1743 <para>The <literal>PARANOID</literal> hostname checking in
1744 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now works as advertised
1745 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:56). &merged;</para>
1747 <para>A local root exploit in &man.sendmail.8; has been closed
1748 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:57). &merged;</para>
1750 <para>A remote root vulnerability in &man.lpd.8; has been closed
1751 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:58). &merged;</para>
1753 <para>A race condition in &man.rmuser.8; that briefly exposed a
1754 world-readable <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename> has been
1755 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:59). &merged;</para>
1757 <para>A vulnerability in <application>UUCP</application> has been
1758 closed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:62). All
1759 non-<username>root</username>-owned binaries in standard system
1760 paths now have the <literal>schg</literal> flag set to prevent
1761 exploit vectors when run by &man.cron.8;, by
1762 <username>root</username>, or by a user other then the one owning
1763 the binary. In addition, &man.uustat.1; is now run via
1764 <filename>/etc/periodic/daily/410.status-uucp</filename> as
1765 <username>uucp</username>, not <username>root</username>. In
1766 &os; -CURRENT, <application>UUCP</application> has since been
1767 moved to the Ports Collection and no longer a part of the base
1768 system. &merged;</para>
1770 <para role="historic">A security hole in the form of a buffer overflow in the
1771 &man.semop.2; system call has been closed. &merged;</para>
1773 <para>A security hole in <application>OpenSSH</application>, which
1774 could allow users to execute code with arbitrary privileges if
1775 <literal>UseLogin yes</literal> was set, has been closed. Note
1776 that the default value of this setting is
1777 <literal>UseLogin no</literal>. (See security advisory
1778 FreeBSD-SA-01:63.) &merged;</para>
1780 <para>The use of an insecure temporary directory by
1781 &man.pkg.add.1; could permit a local attacker to modify the
1782 contents of binary packages while they were being installed.
1783 This hole has been closed. (See security advisory
1784 FreeBSD-SA-02:01.) &merged;</para>
1786 <para>A race condition in &man.pw.8;, which could expose the
1787 contents of <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>, has been
1788 eliminated. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:02.)
1791 <para>A bug in &man.k5su.8; could have allowed a process that had
1792 given up superuser privileges to regain them. This bug has been
1793 fixed. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:07.)
1796 <para>An <quote>off-by-one</quote> bug has been fixed in
1797 <application>OpenSSH</application>'s multiplexing code. This bug
1798 could have allowed an authenticated remote user to cause
1799 &man.sshd.8; to execute arbitrary code with superuser
1800 privileges, or allowed a malicious SSH server to execute arbitrary
1801 code on the client system with the privileges of the client user. (See security
1803 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:13.openssh.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:13</ulink>.)
1806 <para>A programming error in <application>zlib</application> could
1807 result in attempts to free memory multiple times. The
1808 &man.malloc.3;/&man.free.3; routines used in &os; are not
1809 vulnerable to this error, but applications receiving
1810 specially-crafted blocks of invalid compressed data could
1811 be made to function incorrectly or abort. This
1812 <application>zlib</application> bug has been fixed. For a
1813 workaround and solutions, see security advisory <ulink
1814 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:18.zlib.v1.2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:18</ulink>.
1817 <para>Bugs in the TCP SYN cache (<quote>syncache</quote>) and SYN
1818 cookie (<quote>syncookie</quote>) implementations, which could
1819 cause legitimate TCP/IP traffic to crash a machine, have been
1820 fixed. For a workaround and patches, see security advisory
1822 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:20.syncache.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:20</ulink>.
1825 <para>A routing table memory leak, which could allow a remote
1826 attacker to exhaust the memory of a target machine, has been
1827 fixed. A workaround and patches can be found in security
1829 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:21.tcpip.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:21</ulink>.
1832 <para>A bug with memory-mapped I/O, which could cause a system
1833 crash, has been fixed. For more information about a solution,
1834 see security advisory <ulink
1835 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:22.mmap.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:22</ulink>.
1838 <para>A security hole, in which SUID programs could be made to
1839 read from or write to inappropriate files through manipulation
1840 of their standard I/O file descriptors, has been fixed.
1841 Information regarding a solution can be found in security
1843 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:23.stdio.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:23</ulink>.
1846 <para>Some unexpected behavior could be allowed with &man.k5su.8;
1847 because it does not require that an invoking user be a member of
1848 the <groupname>wheel</groupname> group when attempting to become
1849 the superuser (this is the case with &man.su.1;). To avoid this
1850 situation, &man.k5su.8; is now installed non-SUID by default
1851 (effectively disabling it). More information can be found in
1852 security advisory <ulink
1853 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:24.k5su.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:24</ulink>.
1856 <para>Multiple vulnerabilities were found in the &man.bzip2.1;
1857 utility, which could allow files to be overwritten without
1858 warning or allow local users unintended access to files. These
1859 problems have been corrected with a new import of
1860 <application>bzip2</application>. For more information, see
1861 security advisory <ulink
1862 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:25.bzip2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:25</ulink>.
1865 <para>A bug has been fixed in the implementation of the TCP SYN
1866 cache (<quote>syncache</quote>), which could allow a remote
1867 attacker to deny access to a service when accept filters
1868 (see &man.accept.filter.9;) were in use. This bug has been
1869 fixed; for more information, see security advisory <ulink
1870 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:26.accept.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:26</ulink>.
1873 <para>Due to a bug in &man.rc.8;'s use of shell globbing, users
1874 may be able to remove the contents of arbitrary files if
1875 <filename>/tmp/.X11-unix</filename> does not exist and the
1876 system can be made to reboot. This bug has been corrected (see
1877 security advisory <ulink
1878 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:27.rc.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:27</ulink>).
1881 <para>A buffer overflow in the resolver, which could be exploited
1882 by a malicious domain name server or an attacker forging DNS
1883 messages, has been fixed. See security advisory <ulink
1884 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:28.resolv.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:28</ulink>
1885 for more details.</para>
1888 <sect2 id="userland">
1889 <title>Userland Changes</title>
1891 <para role="historic">If the first argument to &man.ancontrol.8; or
1892 &man.wicontrol.8; doesn't start with a <literal>-</literal>, it
1893 is assumed to be an interface. &merged;</para>
1895 <para role="historic">&man.apmd.8; now has the ability to monitor battery levels
1896 and execute commands based on percentage or minutes of battery
1897 life remaining via the <literal>apm_battery</literal>
1898 configuration directive. See the commented-out examples in
1899 <filename>/etc/apmd.conf</filename> for the
1900 syntax. &merged;</para>
1902 <para role="historic">&man.arp.8; now prints the applicable interface name for
1903 each ARP entry. &merged;</para>
1905 <para>&man.arp.8; now prints <literal>[fddi]</literal> or
1906 <literal>[atm]</literal> tags for addresses on interfaces of
1909 <para>The &man.asa.1; utility, to interpret FORTRAN
1910 carriage-control characters, has been added.</para>
1912 <para>&man.at.1; now supports the <option>-r</option> command-line
1913 option to remove jobs and the <option>-t</option> option to
1914 specify times in POSIX time format.</para>
1916 <para role="historic">&man.atacontrol.8; has been added to control various aspects
1917 of the &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1919 <para>The system &man.awk.1; now refers to
1920 <application>BWK awk</application>.</para>
1922 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">&man.boot98cfg.8;, a PC-98 boot manager
1923 installation and configuration utility, has been
1924 added. &merged;</para>
1926 <para role="historic">&man.burncd.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option for
1927 multisession mode (the default behavior now is to close disks as
1928 single-session). A <option>-l</option> option to take a list of
1929 image files from a filename was also added;
1930 <filename>-</filename> can be used as a filename for
1931 <literal>stdin</literal>. &merged;</para>
1933 <para>&man.burncd.8; now supports Disk At Once (DAO) mode,
1934 selectable via the <option>-d</option> flag.</para>
1936 <para>&man.burncd.8; now has the ability to write VCDs/SVCDs.</para>
1938 <para role="historic">&man.c89.1; has been converted from a shell script to a
1939 binary executable, fixing some minor bugs. &merged;</para>
1941 <para>&man.calendar.1; now takes a <option>-W</option> option,
1942 which operates similar to <option>-A</option> but without
1943 special treatment at weekends, and a <option>-F</option>option
1944 to change the notion of <quote>Friday</quote>.</para>
1946 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A minimalized version of &man.camcontrol.8; is
1947 now available on the installation floppy. This allows it to
1948 rescan for devices that have been connected after booting, or to
1949 show the devices attached to SCSI busses (e. g. from within the
1950 <quote>emergency holographic shell</quote>). &merged;</para>
1952 <para role="historic">&man.cat.1; now has the ability to read from UNIX-domain
1953 sockets. &merged;</para>
1955 <para>&man.catman.1; is now a C program, instead of a
1958 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a <literal>cdid</literal>
1959 command, which calculates and displays the CD serial number,
1960 using the same algorithm used by the CDDB
1961 database. &merged;</para>
1963 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now uses the <envar>CDROM</envar>
1964 environment variable to pick a default device. &merged;</para>
1966 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports <literal>next</literal> and
1967 <literal>prev</literal> commands to skip forwards or backwards a
1968 specified number of tracks while playing an audio
1971 <para>On ATAPI CDROM drives, &man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a
1972 <literal>speed</literal> command to set the maximum speed to be
1973 used by the drive. &merged;</para>
1975 <para>&man.chflags.1; has moved from <filename>/usr/bin</filename>
1976 to <filename>/bin</filename>.</para>
1978 <para role="historic">&man.chio.1; now has the ability to specify elements by
1979 volume tag instead of by their physical location as well as the
1980 ability to return an element to its previous
1981 location. &merged;</para>
1983 <para>&man.chmod.1; now supports a <option>-h</option> for
1984 changing the mode of a symbolic link.</para>
1986 <para role="historic">&man.chown.8; now correctly follows symbolic links named as
1987 command line arguments if run without
1988 <option>-R</option>. &merged;</para>
1990 <para>&man.chown.8; no longer takes <literal>.</literal> as a
1991 user/group delimeter. This change was made to support usernames
1992 containing a <literal>.</literal>.</para>
1994 <para>Use of the <literal>CSMG_*</literal> macros no longer
1995 require inclusion of
1996 <filename><sys/param.h></filename></para>
1998 <para role="historic">&man.col.1; now takes a <option>-p</option> flag to force
1999 unknown control sequences to be passed through
2000 unchanged. &merged;</para>
2002 <para role="historic">The <filename>compat3x</filename> distribution has been
2003 updated to include libraries present in &os;
2004 3.5.1-RELEASE. &merged;</para>
2006 <para>A <filename>compat4x</filename> distribution has been added
2007 for compatibility with &os; 4-STABLE.</para>
2009 <para role="historic">&man.config.8; is now better about converting various
2010 warnings that should have been errors into actual fatal errors
2011 with an exit code. This ensures that <literal>make
2012 buildkernel</literal> doesn't quietly ignore them and build a
2013 bogus kernel without a human to read the errors. &merged;</para>
2015 <para role="historic">A number of buffer overflows in &man.config.8; have been
2016 fixed. &merged;</para>
2018 <para>A new &man.csplit.1; utility, which splits files based on
2019 context, has been added.</para>
2021 <para role="historic">&man.ctags.1; no longer creates a corrupt tags file if the
2022 source file used <literal>//</literal> (C++-style)
2023 comments. &merged;</para>
2025 <para>The &man.daemon.8; program, a command-line interface to
2026 &man.daemon.3;, has been added. It detaches itself from its
2027 controlling terminal and executes a program specified on the
2028 command line. This allows the user to run an arbitrary program
2029 as if it were written to be a daemon.</para>
2031 <para>&man.devinfo.8;, a simple tool to print the device tree and resource
2032 usage by devices, has been added.</para>
2034 <para role="historic">&man.df.1; now takes a <option>-l</option> option to only
2035 display information about locally-mounted
2036 filesystems. &merged;</para>
2038 <para role="historic">&man.disklabel.8; now supports partition sizes expressed in
2039 kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, in addition to
2040 sectors. &merged;</para>
2042 <para>diskpart(8) has been declared obsolete, and has been
2045 <para role="historic">&man.dmesg.8; now has a <option>-a</option> option to show
2046 the entire message buffer, including &man.syslogd.8; records and
2047 <filename>/dev/console</filename> output. &merged;</para>
2049 <para role="historic">&man.du.1; now takes a <option>-I</option> command-line flag
2050 to ignore/skip files and subdirectories matching a specified
2051 shell-glob mask. &merged;</para>
2053 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supports inheritance of the
2054 <literal>nodump</literal> flag down a hierarchy. &merged;</para>
2056 <para role="historic">The <option>-T</option> option to &man.dump.8; no longer
2057 swallows an extra argument. &merged;</para>
2059 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; has a new <option>-D</option> option, allowing
2060 the path to the <filename>/etc/dumpdates</filename> file to be
2061 changed. &merged;</para>
2063 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supplies progress information in its
2064 process title, useful for monitoring automated
2065 backups. &merged;</para>
2067 <para>&man.dump.8; now supports a new <option>-S</option> flag to allow
2068 it to just print out the dump size estimates and exit.</para>
2070 <para role="historic">&man.edquota.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
2071 allow limiting the prototype quota distribution (specified with
2072 <option>-p</option>) to a single filesystem. &merged;</para>
2074 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/rc.firewall</filename> and
2075 <filename>/etc/rc.firewall6</filename> will no longer add their own
2076 hardcoded rules in the cases of a rules file in the
2077 <varname>firewall_type</varname> variable or a non-existent
2078 firewall type. (The motivation for this change is to avoid
2079 acting on assumptions about a site's firewall policies.) In
2080 addition, the <literal>closed</literal> firewall type now works
2081 as documented in the &man.rc.firewall.8; manual page. &merged;</para>
2083 <para role="historic">The functionality of <filename>/etc/security</filename> has
2084 been been moved into a set of scripts under the &man.periodic.8;
2085 framework, to make local customization easier and more
2086 maintainable. These scripts now reside in
2087 <filename>/etc/periodic/security/</filename>. &merged;</para>
2089 <para>&man.expr.1; is now compliant with the POSIX Utility Syntax
2090 Guidelines. Some programs depend on the old, historic behavior
2091 (the <filename role="package">devel/libtool</filename>
2092 port/package was/is a notable example). In these situations,
2093 the <envar>EXPR_COMPAT</envar> environment variable can be
2094 defined, which causes &man.expr.1; to behave more like previous
2097 <para>&man.fbtab.5; now accepts glob matching patterns for target
2098 devices, not just individual devices and directories.</para>
2100 <para arch="i386">&man.fdisk.8; no longer attempts to search for a
2101 device if none has been specified on the command line, but
2102 instead tries to figure out the default device name from the
2105 <para>&man.fdread.1;, a program to read data from floppy disks,
2106 has been added. It is a counterpart to &man.fdwrite.1; and is
2107 designed to provide a means of recovering at least some data
2108 from bad media, and to obviate for a complex invocation of
2111 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-empty</option> flag,
2112 which returns true if a file or directory is
2113 empty. &merged;</para>
2115 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-iname</option> and
2116 <option>-ipath</option> primaries for case-insensitive matches,
2117 and the <option>-regexp</option> and <option>-iregexp</option>
2118 primaries for regular-expression matches. The
2119 <option>-E</option> flag now enables extended regular
2120 expressions. &merged;</para>
2122 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now has the <option>-anewer</option>,
2123 <option>-cnewer</option>, <option>-mnewer</option>,
2124 <option>-okdir</option>, and <option>-newer[acm][acmt]</option>
2125 primaries for comparisons of file timestamps. The latter
2126 primaries can be specified with various units of
2127 time. &merged;</para>
2129 <para role="historic">&man.finger.1; now has the ability to support fingering
2130 aliases, via the &man.finger.conf.5; file. &merged;</para>
2132 <para>&man.finger.1; now has support for a
2133 <filename>.pubkey</filename> file.</para>
2135 <para role="historic">&man.fmt.1; has been rewritten; the rewrite fixes a number
2136 of bugs compared to its prior behavior. &merged;</para>
2138 <para role="historic">&man.fmtcheck.3;, a function for checking consistency of
2139 format string arguments, has been added. &merged;</para>
2141 <para>&man.fold.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> flag to
2142 break at byte positions and a <option>-s</option> flag to break at
2143 word boundaries. &merged;</para>
2145 <para role="historic">&man.fsdb.8; now supports a <literal>blocks</literal>
2146 command to list the blocks allocated by a particular
2147 inode. &merged;</para>
2149 <para>&man.fsck.8; wrappers have been imported; this feature
2150 provides infrastructure for &man.fsck.8; to work on different
2151 types of filesystems (analogous to &man.mount.8;).</para>
2153 <para>The behavior of &man.fsck.8; when dealing with various
2154 passes (a la <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>) has been modified
2155 to accommodate multiple-disk filesystems.</para>
2157 <para>&man.fsck.8; now has support for foreground
2158 (<option>-F</option>) and background (<option>-B</option>)
2159 checks. Traditionally, &man.fsck.8; is invoked before the
2160 filesystems are mounted and all checks are done to completion at
2161 that time. If background checking is available, &man.fsck.8; is
2162 invoked twice. It is first invoked at the traditional time,
2163 before the filesystems are mounted, with the <option>-F</option>
2164 flag to do checking on all the filesystems that cannot do
2165 background checking. It is then invoked a second time, after
2166 the system has completed going multiuser, with the
2167 <option>-B</option> flag to do checking on all the filesystems
2168 that can do background checking. Unlike the foreground
2169 checking, the background checking is started asynchronously so
2170 that other system activity can proceed even on the filesystems
2171 that are being checked. Boot-time enabling of this feature is
2173 <varname>background_fsck</varname> option in &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>
2175 <para role="historic">Shortly after the receipt of a <literal>SIGINFO</literal>
2176 signal (normally control-T from the controlling tty),
2177 &man.fsck.ffs.8; will now output a line indicating the current
2178 phase number and progress information relevant to the current
2179 phase. &merged;</para>
2181 <para>&man.fsck.ffs.8; now supports background filesystem checks
2182 to mounted FFS filesystems with the <option>-B</option> option
2183 (softupdates must be enabled on these filesystems). The
2184 <option>-F</option> flag now determines whether a specified
2185 filesystem needs foreground checking.</para>
2187 <para role="historic">A new &man.fsck.msdosfs.8; utility has been added to check
2188 the consistency of MS-DOS filesystems. &merged;</para>
2190 <para role="historic">&man.ftpd.8; now supports a <option>-r</option> flag for
2191 read-only mode and a <option>-E</option> flag to disable
2192 <literal>EPSV</literal>. It also has some fixes to reduce
2193 information leakage and the ability to specify compile-time port
2194 ranges. &merged;</para>
2196 <para>&man.ftpd.8; now supports <option>-o</option> and
2197 <option>-O</option> options to disable the
2198 <literal>RETR</literal> command; the former for everybody, and
2199 the latter only for guest users. Coupled with
2200 <option>-A</option> and appropriate file permissions, these can
2201 be used to create a relatively safe anonymous FTP drop box for
2202 others to upload to.</para>
2204 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">&man.gdb.1; now supports hardware
2205 watchpoints (using the kernel's debug register + support that
2206 has been introduced in &os; 4.0). &merged;</para>
2208 <para role="historic">The &man.getprogname.3; and &man.setprogname.3; library
2209 functions have been added to manipulate the name of the current
2210 program. They are used by error-reporting routines to produce
2211 consistent output. &merged;</para>
2213 <para>gifconfig(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2214 functionality is now handled by the <option>tunnel</option> and
2215 <option>deletetunnel</option> commands of
2216 &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2218 <para>&man.gprof.1; now has a <option>-K</option> option to enable
2219 dynamic symbol resolution from the currently-running kernel.
2220 With this change, properly-compiled KLD modules are now able to
2223 <para role="historic">&man.growfs.8;, a utility for growing FFS filesystems, has
2224 been added. &man.ffsinfo.8;, a utility for dump all the
2225 meta-information of an existing filesystem, has also been
2226 added. &merged;</para>
2228 <para role="historic">The &man.groups.1; and &man.whoami.1; shell scripts are now
2229 unnecessary; their functionality has been completely folded into
2230 &man.id.1;. &merged;</para>
2232 <para>The ibcs(8), linux(8), osf1(8), and
2233 svr4(8) scripts, whose sole purpose was to load emulation
2234 kernel modules, have been removed. The kernel module system
2235 will automatically load them as needed to fulfill
2236 dependencies.</para>
2238 <para role="historic">&man.indent.1; has gained some new formatting
2239 options. &merged;</para>
2241 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can set the link-layer address of
2242 an interface using the <option>link</option> parameter.
2245 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now accept addresses in slash/CIDR
2246 notation. &merged;</para>
2248 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; now has support for setting parameters for
2249 IEEE 802.11 wireless network devices. &man.wi.4; and &man.an.4;
2250 devices are supported, and partial support is provided for
2251 &man.awi.4; devices. &merged;</para>
2253 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; no longer displays the list of supported
2254 media by default. Instead it displays it when the
2255 <option>-m</option> flag is given. &merged;</para>
2257 <para role="historic">The syntax of &man.inetd.8;'s support for &man.faithd.8; is
2258 now compatible with that of other BSDs. &merged;</para>
2260 <para role="historic">The <literal>ident</literal> protocol support in
2261 &man.inetd.8; has been cleaned up and updated. &merged;</para>
2263 <para role="historic">&man.inetd.8; now has the ability to manage UNIX-domain
2264 sockets. &merged;</para>
2266 <para>By default, &man.inetd.8; is no longer run by &man.rc.8; at
2267 boot-time, although &man.sysinstall.8; gives the option of
2268 enabling it during binary installations. &man.inetd.8; can also
2269 be enabled by adding the following line to
2270 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
2272 <programlisting>inetd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
2274 <para role="historic">&man.install.1; has a number of new features, including the
2275 <option>-b</option> and <option>-B</option> options for backing up
2276 existing target files and the <option>-S</option> option for
2277 <quote>safe</quote> (atomic copy) operation. The
2278 <option>-c</option> (copy) flag is now the default, and the
2279 <option>-D</option> (debugging) flag has been withdrawn.
2280 &man.install.1; now issues a warning if <option>-d</option>
2281 (create directories) and <option>-C</option> (copy changed files
2282 only) are used together. &merged;</para>
2284 <para role="historic">IP Filter is now supported by the &man.rc.conf.5; boot-time
2285 configuration and initialization. &merged;</para>
2287 <para role="historic">&man.ipfstat.8; now supports the <option>-t</option> option
2288 to turn on a &man.top.1;-like display. &merged;</para>
2290 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; will now avoid the display of dynamic firewall
2291 rules unless the <option>-d</option> flag is passed to it. The
2292 <option>-e</option> option lists expired dynamic
2293 rules. &merged;</para>
2295 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new feature (<literal>me</literal>) that
2296 allows for packet matching on interfaces with
2297 dynamically-changing IP addresses. &merged;</para>
2299 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new <literal>limit</literal> type of
2300 firewall rule, which limits the number of sessions between
2301 address pairs. &merged;</para>
2303 <para>&man.ipfw.8; filter rules can now match on the value of the
2304 IPv4 precedence field.</para>
2306 <para role="historic">&man.ip6fw.8; now has the ability to use a preprocessor and
2307 use the <option>-q</option> (quiet) flag when reading from a
2308 file. &merged;</para>
2310 <para role="historic">&man.ispppcontrol.8; has been deleted, and its functionality
2311 has been folded into &man.spppcontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
2313 <para role="historic">&man.k5su.8; is no longer installed SUID
2314 <username>root</username> by default. Users requiring this
2315 feature can either manually change the permissions on the
2316 &man.k5su.8; executable or add
2317 <literal>ENABLE_SUID_K5SU=yes</literal> to
2318 <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> before a source
2319 upgrade. &merged;</para>
2321 <para role="historic">&man.kenv.1;, a command to dump the kernel environment, has
2322 been added. &merged;</para>
2324 <para>&man.kenv.1; now has the ability to set or delete kernel
2325 environment variables.</para>
2327 <para role="historic">&man.keyinfo.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2328 script. &merged;</para>
2330 <para>The kget(8) utility has been removed (it was only
2331 useful for UserConfig, which is not present in &os;
2332 &release.current;).</para>
2334 <para role="historic">&man.killall.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2335 script. As a result, its <option>-m</option> option now uses
2336 the regular expression syntax of &man.regex.3;, rather than that
2337 of Perl. &merged;</para>
2339 <para>&man.killall.1; no longer tries to kill zombie processes
2340 unless the <option>-z</option> flag is specified.</para>
2342 <para role="historic">The &man.kldconfig.8; utility has been added to make it
2343 easier to manipulate the kernel module search
2344 path. &merged;</para>
2346 <para>ktrdump, a utility to dump the ktr trace buffer from
2347 userland, has been added.</para>
2349 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now implements a <option>-d</option> that
2350 provides a <quote>snapshot</quote> of who was logged in at a
2351 particular date and time. &merged;</para>
2353 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now supports a <option>-y</option> flag, which
2354 causes the year to be included in the session start time. &merged;</para>
2356 <para role="historic">The &man.lastlogin.8; utility, which prints the last login
2357 time of each user, has been imported from
2358 NetBSD. &merged;</para>
2360 <para role="historic">&man.ldconfig.8; now checks directory ownerships and
2361 permissions for greater security; these checks can be disabled
2362 with the <option>-i</option> flag. &merged;</para>
2364 <para role="historic">&man.ldd.1; can now be used on shared libraries, in addition
2365 to executables. &merged;</para>
2367 <para>&man.ldd.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag to list
2368 all the objects that are needed by each loaded object.</para>
2370 <para><filename>libc</filename> is now thread-safe by default;
2371 <filename>libc_r</filename> contains only thread
2374 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> and
2375 <filename>libdescrypt</filename> have been unified to provide a
2376 configurable password authentication hash library. Both the md5
2377 and des hash methods are provided unless the des hash is
2378 specifically compiled out. &merged;</para>
2380 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> now has support for Blowfish
2381 password hashing. &merged;</para>
2383 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>libdisk</filename> can now do
2384 install-time configuration of the <filename>boot0</filename>
2385 boot loader. &merged;</para>
2387 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2388 filesystems containing
2389 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed
2390 files. &merged;</para>
2392 <para><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2393 overwriting the contents of a file on a UFS filesystem (it
2394 cannot expand or truncate files because the filesystem may be
2395 dirty or inconsistent).</para>
2397 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for loading
2398 large kernels and modules split across several physical
2399 media. &merged;</para>
2401 <para role="historic">The default TCP port range used by
2402 <filename>libfetch</filename> for passive FTP retrievals has
2403 changed; this affects the behavior of &man.fetch.1;, which has
2404 gained the <option>-U</option> option to restore the old
2405 behavior. &merged;</para>
2407 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for an
2408 authentication callback. &merged;</para>
2410 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for a
2411 <envar>HTTP_USER_AGENT</envar> environment
2412 variable. &merged;</para>
2414 <para><filename>libgmp</filename> has been superceded by
2415 <filename>libmp</filename>.
2417 <para>The functions from <filename>libposix1e</filename> have been
2418 integrated into <filename>libc</filename>.</para>
2420 <para role="historic"><filename>libusb</filename> has been renamed as
2421 <filename>libusbhid</filename>, following NetBSD's naming
2422 conventions. &merged;</para>
2424 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes an <option>-i</option> option to
2425 request user confirmation before overwriting an existing
2426 file. &merged;</para>
2428 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> flag to avoid
2429 following a target that is a link, with a <option>-n</option>
2430 flag for compatibility with other
2431 implementations. &merged;</para>
2433 <para role="historic">&man.logger.1; can now send messages directly to a remote
2434 syslog. &merged;</para>
2436 <para role="historic">&man.login.1; now exports environment variables set by
2437 <application>PAM</application> modules. &merged;</para>
2439 <para role="historic">&man.lpc.8; has been improved; <command>lpc clean</command>
2440 is now somewhat safer, and a new <command>lpc tclean</command>
2441 command has been added to check to see what files would be
2442 removed by <command>lpc clean</command>. &merged;</para>
2444 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now takes two new options: <option>-c</option>
2445 will log all connection errors to &man.syslogd.8;, while
2446 <option>-W</option> will allow connections from non-reserved
2447 ports. &merged;</para>
2449 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now has some support for
2450 <literal>o</literal>-type print-file actions in its control
2451 files, which allows printing of PostScript files generated by
2452 <application>MacOS</application> 10.1. &merged;</para>
2454 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now recognizes the <option>-s</option> flag as
2455 the preferred synonym for <option>-p</option> (these flags
2456 cause &man.lpd.8; not to open a socket for network print
2457 jobs). &merged;</para>
2459 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now implements a new <literal>rc</literal>
2460 printcap option. When specified in a print queue for a remote
2461 host, boolean option causes &man.lpd.8; to resend the data file
2462 for each copy the user requested via <command>lpr
2463 -#<replaceable>n</replaceable></command>. &merged;</para>
2465 <para role="historic">Catching up with most other network utilities in the base
2466 system, &man.lpr.1;, &man.lpd.8;, &man.syslogd.8;, and
2467 &man.logger.1; are now all IPv6-capable. &merged;</para>
2469 <para role="historic"><command>lprm -</command> now works for remote printer
2470 queues. &merged;</para>
2472 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; can produce colorized listings with the
2473 <option>-G</option> flag (and appropriate terminal support).
2474 The <envar>CLICOLOR</envar> environment variable can be set to
2475 enable colorized listings by default. &merged;</para>
2477 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; now accepts a <option>-h</option> flag, which
2478 when combined with the <option>-l</option> flag, causes file
2479 sizes to be printed with unit suffixes, such that the number of
2480 digits printed is fewer than four. &merged;</para>
2482 <para>The &man.ls.1; program now supports a <option>-m</option>
2483 flag to list files across a page, a <option>-p</option> flag to
2484 force printing of a <literal>/</literal> after directories, and
2485 a <option>-x</option> flag to sort filenames across a
2488 <para role="historic">&man.m4.1; now accepts a <option>-s</option> flag to cause
2489 it to emit <literal>#line</literal> directives for use by
2490 &man.cpp.1;. &merged;</para>
2492 <para role="historic">&man.mail.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> flag to avoid
2493 sending messages with empty bodies. &merged;</para>
2495 <para role="historic">&man.make.1; has gained the <literal>:C///</literal>
2496 (regular expression substitution), <literal>:L</literal>
2497 (lowercase), and <literal>:U</literal> (uppercase) variable
2498 modifiers. These were added to reduce the differences between
2499 the &os; and OpenBSD/NetBSD &man.make.1; programs.
2502 <para role="historic">Bugs in &man.make.1;, among which include broken null suffix
2503 behavior, bad assumptions about current directory permissions,
2504 and potential buffer overflows, have been fixed. &merged;</para>
2506 <para role="historic">The new <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
2507 <filename>make.conf</filename> variable controls the compilation
2508 of processor-specific optimizations in various pieces of code
2509 such as <application>OpenSSL</application>. &merged;</para>
2511 <para role="historic">The &os; <filename>Makefile</filename> infrastructure now
2512 supports the <varname>WARNS</varname> directive from NetBSD.
2513 This directive controls the addition of compiler warning flags
2514 to <varname>CFLAGS</varname> in a relatively compiler-neutral
2515 manner. &merged;</para>
2517 <para>&man.makewhatis.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2520 <para>&man.man.1; is no longer installed SUID
2521 <username>man</username>, in order to reduce vulnerabilities
2522 associated with generating <quote>catpages</quote> (preformatted
2523 manual pages cached for repeated viewing). As a result,
2524 &man.man.1; can no longer create system catpages on a regular
2525 user's behalf. It is still able to do so if the user has write
2526 permissions to the directory holding catpages (e.g. a user's own
2527 manpages) or if the running user is
2528 <username>root</username>.</para>
2530 <para>The &man.mdmfs.8; command has been added; it is a wrapper
2531 around &man.mdconfig.8;, &man.disklabel.8;, &man.newfs.8;, and
2532 &man.mount.8; that mimics the command line option set of the
2533 deprecated &man.mount.mfs.8;.</para>
2535 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now sources an
2536 <filename>/etc/mergemaster.rc</filename> file and also prompts
2537 the user to run recommended commands (such as
2538 <command>newaliases</command>) as needed. &merged;</para>
2540 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now supports two new flags.
2541 The <option>-p</option> flag enables a
2542 <quote>pre-<literal>buildworld</literal></quote> mode to files
2543 known to be essential to the success of the
2544 <literal>buildworld</literal> and
2545 <literal>installworld</literal> system updating steps. The
2546 <option>-C</option> flag, used after a successful
2547 &man.mergemaster.8; run, compares options in
2548 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to the default options in
2549 <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2551 <para role="historic">mk_cmds(1) and the associated
2552 <filename>libss</filename> have been removed; they have been
2553 unused for quite some time. &merged;</para>
2555 <para role="historic">&man.moused.8; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2556 control mouse acceleration. &merged;</para>
2558 <para role="historic">&man.mtree.8; now includes support for a file that lists
2559 pathnames to be excluded when creating and verifying prototypes.
2560 This makes it easier to use &man.mtree.8; as a part of an
2561 intrusion-detection system. &merged;</para>
2563 <para>&man.mv.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option> to
2564 automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would ask to
2565 overwrite a file.</para>
2567 <para role="historic">&man.natd.8; now supports a
2568 <option>-log_ipfw_denied</option> option to log packets that
2569 cannot be re-injected because they are blocked by &man.ipfw.8;
2570 rules. &merged;</para>
2572 <para role="historic">The <quote>in use</quote> percentage metric displayed by
2573 &man.netstat.1; now really reflects the percentage of network
2574 mbufs used. &merged;</para>
2576 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-W</option> flag that
2577 tells it not to truncate addresses, even if they're too long for
2578 the column they're printed in. &merged;</para>
2580 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now keeps track of input and output packets
2581 on a per-address basis for each interface. &merged;</para>
2583 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-z</option> flag to reset
2584 statistics. &merged;</para>
2586 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-S</option> flag to print
2587 address numerically but port names symbolically. &merged;</para>
2589 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now implements write combining, which can make
2590 creation of new filesystems up to seven times
2591 faster. &merged;</para>
2593 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now takes a <option>-U</option> option to
2594 enable softupdates on a new filesystem. &merged;</para>
2596 <para role="historic">The default number of cylinders per group in &man.newfs.8;
2597 is now computed to be the maximum allowable given the current
2598 filesystem parameters. It can be overridden with the
2599 <option>-c</option> option. Formerly, the default was fixed at
2600 16. This change leads to better &man.fsck.8; performance and
2601 reduced fragmentation. &merged;</para>
2603 <para role="historic"><anchor id="newfs-block-frag-sizes">The default block and
2604 fragment sizes for new filesystems created by &man.newfs.8; are
2605 now 16384 and 2048 bytes, respectively (the old defaults were
2606 8192 and 1024 bytes). This change generally provides increased
2607 performance, at the expense of some wasted disk
2608 space. &merged;</para>
2610 <para>A number of archaic features of &man.newfs.8; have been
2611 removed; these implement tuning features that are essentially
2612 useless on modern hard disks. These features were controlled by
2613 the <option>-O</option>, <option>-d</option>,
2614 <option>-k</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>-n</option>,
2615 <option>-p</option>, <option>-r</option>, <option>-t</option>,
2616 and <option>-x</option> flags.</para>
2618 <para>&man.newfs.8; now supports a <option>-O</option> flag to
2619 select the creation of UFS1 or UFS2 filesystems.</para>
2621 <para>The &man.newgrp.1; utility to change to a new group has been
2624 <para role="historic">&man.newsyslog.8; now has the ability to compress log files
2625 using &man.bzip2.1;. &merged;</para>
2627 <para><application>NFS</application> now works over IPv6.</para>
2629 <para role="historic">&man.ngctl.8; now supports a <option>write</option> command
2630 to send a data packet down a given hook. &merged;</para>
2632 <para>&man.nice.1; now uses the <option>-n</option> option to
2633 specify the <quote>niceness</quote> of the utility being
2634 run. &merged;</para>
2636 <para role="historic">&man.nl.1;, a line numbering filter program, has been
2637 added. &merged;</para>
2639 <para><application>nsswitch</application> support has been merged
2640 from NetBSD. By creating an &man.nsswitch.conf.5; file, &os;
2641 can be configured so that various databases such as
2642 &man.passwd.5; and &man.group.5; can be looked up using flat
2643 files, NIS, or Hesiod. The old
2644 <filename>hosts.conf</filename> file is no longer used.</para>
2646 <para><application>PAM</application> support has been added for
2647 account management and sessions.</para>
2649 <para><application>PAM</application> configuration is now
2650 specified by files in <filename>/etc/pam.d/</filename>, rather
2651 than a single <filename>/etc/pam.conf</filename> file.
2652 <filename>/etc/pam.d/README</filename> has more details.</para>
2654 <para>A &man.pam.echo.8; echo service module has been added.</para>
2656 <para>A &man.pam.exec.8; program execution service module has been
2659 <para>A &man.pam.ftp.8; module has been added to allow
2660 authentication of anonymous FTP users.</para>
2662 <para>A &man.pam.ftpusers.8; module has been added to perform
2663 checks against the &man.ftpusers.5; file.</para>
2665 <para>A &man.pam.ksu.8; module has been added to do Kerberos 5
2666 authentication and <filename>$HOME/.k5login</filename>
2667 authorization for &man.su.1;.</para>
2669 <para>A &man.pam.lastlog.8; module has been added to record
2670 sessions in the &man.utmp.5;, &man.wtmp.5;, and &man.lastlog.5;
2673 <para>A &man.pam.login.access.8; module has been added, to allow
2674 checking against <filename>/etc/login.access</filename>.</para>
2676 <para>The &man.pam.nologin.8; module, which can disallow logins
2677 using &man.nologin.5;, has been added.</para>
2679 <para>The &man.pam.opie.8; and &man.pam.opieaccess.8; modules have
2680 been added to control authentication via &man.opie.4;.</para>
2682 <para>A &man.pam.passwdqc.8; module has been added, to check the
2683 quality of passwords submitted during password changes.</para>
2685 <para>A &man.pam.rhosts.8; module has been added to support
2686 &man.rhosts.5; authentication.</para>
2688 <para>The &man.pam.rootok.8; module, which can be used to
2689 authenticate only the superuser, has been added.</para>
2691 <para>A &man.pam.securetty.8; module has been added to check the
2692 <quote>security</quote> of a TTY, as listed in &man.ttys.5;.</para>
2694 <para>A &man.pam.self.8; module, which allows self-authentication
2695 of a user, has been added.</para>
2697 <para role="historic">A &man.pam.ssh.8; module has been added to allow the use of
2698 SSH passphrases and keypairs for authentication. This module
2699 also handles session management by invoking
2700 &man.ssh-agent.1;. &merged;</para>
2702 <para>A &man.pam.wheel.8; module has been added to permit
2703 authentication to members of a group, which defaults to
2704 <groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para>
2706 <para role="historic">&man.passwd.1; and &man.pw.8; now select the password hash
2707 algorithm at run time. See the <literal>passwd_format</literal>
2709 <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2711 <para role="historic">&man.patch.1; now accepts a <option>-i</option> command-line
2712 flag to read a patch from a file, rather than standard
2713 input. &merged;</para>
2715 <para>The &man.pathchk.1; utility, which checks pathnames for
2716 validity or portability between POSIX systems, has been
2719 <para role="historic">&man.pax.1; has received a number of enhancements, including
2720 &man.cpio.1; functionality, &man.tar.1; compatibility
2721 enhancements, <option>-z</option> and <option>-Z</option> flags
2722 for &man.gzip.1; and &man.compress.1; functionality, and a
2723 number of bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2725 <para role="historic">&man.pciconf.8; now supports a <option>-v</option> option to
2726 display the vendor/device information of configured devices, in
2727 conjunction with the <option>-l</option> option. The default
2728 vendor/device database can be found at
2729 <filename>/usr/share/misc/pci_vendors</filename>. &merged;</para>
2731 <para role="historic">The behavior of &man.periodic.8; is now controlled by
2732 <filename>/etc/defaults/periodic.conf</filename> and
2733 <filename>/etc/periodic.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2735 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option to
2736 set the TTL of outgoing packets. &merged;</para>
2738 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-A</option> option to
2739 beep when packets are lost. &merged;</para>
2741 <para role="historic">Userland &man.ppp.8; has received a number of updates and
2742 bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2744 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; has gained the <literal>tcpmssfixup</literal>
2745 option, which adjusts outgoing and incoming TCP SYN packets so
2746 that the maximum receive segment size is no larger than allowed
2747 by the interface MTU. &merged;</para>
2749 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; now supports IPv6. &merged;</para>
2751 <para role="historic">&man.pppd.8; (the control program for kernel-level PPP) is
2752 now installed mode <literal>4550</literal> and
2753 <username>root</username><literal>:</literal><groupname>dialer</groupname>,
2754 rather than mode <literal>4555</literal> (in other words, it is
2755 no longer world-executable). Users of &man.pppd.8; may need to
2756 change their group settings. &merged;</para>
2758 <para role="historic">&man.pr.1; now supports the <option>-f</option> and
2759 <option>-p</option> flags to pause output going to a
2760 terminal. &merged;</para>
2762 <para>prefix(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2763 functionality is provided by the <option>eui64</option> command
2764 to &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2766 <para role="historic">The <option>-W</option> option to &man.ps.1; (to extract
2767 information from a specified swap device) has been useless for
2768 some time; it has been removed. &merged;</para>
2770 <para>The &man.pselect.3; library function (introduced by POSIX.1
2771 as a slightly stronger version of &man.select.2;) has been
2774 <para role="historic">&man.pwd.1; can now double as &man.realpath.1;, a program to
2775 resolve pathnames to their underlying physical
2776 paths. &merged;</para>
2778 <para>&man.pwd.1; now supports the <option>-L</option> flag to
2779 print the logical current working directory. &merged;</para>
2781 <para>The pseudo-random number generator implemented by
2782 &man.rand.3; has been improved to provide less biased
2785 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now has an framework for handling dependencies
2786 between &man.rc.conf.5; variables. &merged;</para>
2788 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now deletes all non-directory files in
2789 <filename>/var/run</filename> and
2790 <filename>/var/spool/lock</filename> at boot
2791 time. &merged;</para>
2793 <para>&man.rcmd.3; now supports the use of the
2794 <envar>RSH</envar> environment variable to specify a program to
2795 use other than &man.rsh.1; for remote execution. As a result,
2796 programs such as &man.dump.8;, can use &man.ssh.1; for remote
2799 <para>&man.rdist.1; has been retired from the base system, but is
2800 still available from &os; Ports Collection as
2801 <filename role="package">net/44bsd-rdist</filename>.</para>
2803 <para role="historic">&man.reboot.8; now takes a <option>-k</option> to specify
2804 the next kernel to boot. &merged;</para>
2806 <para>The &man.renice.8; command implements a <option>-n</option>
2807 option, which specifies an increment to be applied to the
2808 priority of a process. &merged;</para>
2810 <para role="historic">The &man.resolver.3; in &os; now implements EDNS0 support,
2811 which will be necessary when working with IPv6 transport-ready
2812 resolvers/DNS servers. &merged;</para>
2814 <para role="historic">The &man.rfork.thread.3; library call has been added as a
2815 helper function to &man.rfork.2;. Using this function should
2816 avoid the need to implement complex stack swap
2817 code. &merged;</para>
2819 <para>The <option>-v</option> option to &man.rm.1; now displays
2820 the entire pathname of a file being removed.</para>
2822 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; is now more verbose when changing indirect
2823 routes, in the case of a gateway route that is the same route as
2824 the one being modified. &merged;</para>
2826 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; now uses
2827 <literal><replaceable>host</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
2829 <literal><replaceable>net</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
2830 syntax, for compatibility with &man.netstat.1;. &merged;</para>
2832 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; can now create <quote>proxy only</quote>
2833 published ARP entries. &merged;</para>
2835 <para role="historic">The &man.route.8; <option>add</option> command now supports
2836 the <option>-ifp</option> and <option>-ifa</option>
2837 modifiers. &merged;</para>
2839 <para>&man.rpcbind.8; has replaced &man.portmap.8;.</para>
2841 <para>&man.rpcgen.1; now uses <filename>/usr/bin/cpp</filename>
2843 <filename>/usr/libexec/cpp</filename>.</para>
2845 <para>&man.rpc.lockd.8; has been imported from NetBSD. This
2846 daemon provides support for servicing client NFS locks.</para>
2848 <para role="historic">The performance of the ELF dynamic linker &man.rtld.1; has
2849 been improved. &merged;</para>
2851 <para role="historic">RSA Security has waived all patent rights to the
2852 <application>RSA</application> algorithm. As a result, the
2853 native <application>OpenSSL</application> implementation of the
2854 RSA algorithm is now activated by default, and the <filename
2855 role="package">security/rsaref</filename> port and the
2856 <filename>librsaUSA</filename> and
2857 <filename>librsaINTL</filename> libraries are no longer required
2858 for USA and non-USA residents respectively. &merged;</para>
2860 <para>&man.rtld.1; will now print the names of all objects that
2861 cause each object to be loaded, if the
2862 <varname>LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_ALL</varname> environment
2863 variable is defined.</para>
2865 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now supports a <option>-k</option> option
2866 to prevent clearing a crash dump after saving it. It also
2867 attempts to avoid writing large stretches of zeros to crash dump
2868 files to save space and time. &merged;</para>
2870 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now works correctly on machines with 2 GB
2871 or more of RAM. &merged;</para>
2873 <para>The &man.sccs.1; front-end to the Source Code Control System
2874 has been revived.</para>
2876 <para role="historic">&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> option for
2877 extended regular expression support. &merged;</para>
2879 <para>&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-i</option> option to enable
2880 in-place editing of files. &merged;</para>
2882 <para role="historic">&man.send-pr.1; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2883 include a file into the <literal>Fix:</literal> section of a
2884 problem report. &merged;</para>
2886 <para>The &man.setfacl.1; and &man.getfacl.1; commands have been
2887 added to manage filesystem Access Control Lists.</para>
2889 <para role="historic">&man.setproctitle.3; has been moved from
2890 <filename>libutil</filename> to
2891 <filename>libc</filename>. &merged;</para>
2893 <para role="historic">&man.sh.1; now implements <command>test</command> as a
2894 built-in command for improved efficiency. &merged;</para>
2896 <para>&man.sh.1; no longer implements <command>printf</command> as
2897 a built-in command because it was considered less valuable
2898 compared to the other built-in commands (this functionality is,
2899 of course, still available through the &man.printf.1;
2902 <para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option to
2903 prevent existing regular files from being overwritten by output
2904 redirection, and a <option>-u</option> to give an error if an
2905 unset variable is expanded.</para>
2907 <para role="historic">&man.sockstat.1; now has <option>-c</option> and
2908 <option>-l</option> flags for listing connected and listening
2909 sockets, respectively. &merged;</para>
2911 <para>&man.spkrtest.8; is now a &man.sh.1; script, rather than a
2914 <para role="historic">&man.split.1; now has the ability to split a file longer
2915 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
2917 <para>&man.split.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> option to
2918 specify the number of letters to use for the suffix of split
2921 <para>In preparation for meeting SUSv2/POSIX
2922 <filename><sys/select.h></filename> requirements,
2923 <literal>struct selinfo</literal> and related functions have been
2924 moved to <filename><sys/selinfo.h></filename>.</para>
2926 <para role="historic">The &man.strnstr.3; and &man.strcasestr.3; variants of
2927 &man.strstr.3; have been implemented. &merged;</para>
2929 <para role="historic">&man.stty.1; now has support for an
2930 <literal>erase2</literal> control character, so that, for
2931 example, both the <keycap>Delete</keycap> and
2932 <keycap>Backspace</keycap> keys can be used to erase
2933 characters. &merged;</para>
2935 <para>&man.su.1; now uses <application>PAM</application> for
2936 authentication.</para>
2938 <para role="historic">Boot-time &man.syscons.4; configuration was moved to a
2940 <filename>/etc/rc.syscons</filename>. &merged;</para>
2942 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-N</option> option to
2943 print out variable names only. &merged;</para>
2945 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; has replaced the <option>-A</option> and
2946 <option>-X</option> options with <option>-ao</option> and
2947 <option>-ax</option> respectively; the former options are now
2948 deprecated. The <option>-w</option> option is deprecated as
2949 well; it is not needed to determine the user's
2950 intentions. &merged;</para>
2952 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-e</option> option to
2953 separate variable names and values by <literal>=</literal>
2954 rather than <literal>:</literal>. This feature is useful for
2955 producing output that can be fed back to
2956 &man.sysctl.8;. &merged;</para>
2958 <para>&man.sysctl.8; now accepts a <option>-d</option> flag to print
2959 the descriptions of variables.</para>
2961 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now properly preserves
2962 <filename>/etc/mail</filename> during a binary
2963 upgrade. &merged;</para>
2965 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now uses some more intuitive defaults
2966 thanks to some new dialog support functions. &merged;</para>
2968 <para>The default root partition in &man.sysinstall.8; is now
2969 100MB on the i386 and pc98, 120MB on the Alpha.</para>
2971 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; now lives in
2972 <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>, which simplifies the
2973 installation process. The &man.sysinstall.8; manpage is also
2974 installed in a more consistent fashion now.</para>
2976 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has the ability to load KLDs as a
2977 part of the installation. &merged;</para>
2979 <para role="historic">When run from the installation media, &man.sysinstall.8;
2980 will automatically load any device drivers found in the
2981 <filename>/stand/modules</filename> directory of the
2982 <literal>mfsroot</literal> floppy or filesystem image. Note
2983 that any drivers so loaded will not appear in the kernel's boot
2984 messages; the &man.sysinstall.8; debugging screen will provide
2985 additional information. &merged;</para>
2987 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now enables Soft Updates by default on
2988 all filesystems it creates, except for the root
2989 filesystem. &merged;</para>
2991 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; has received updates for its
2992 <quote>auto</quote> partitioning mode which provide more
2993 reasonable defaults for the sizes of partitions that are
2994 created; auto-sized partitions can now also recover the space
2995 that becomes available when other partitions are
2996 deleted. &merged;</para>
2998 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; no longer mounts the &man.procfs.5;
2999 filesystem by default on new installs.</para>
3001 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has rudimentary support for
3002 retrieving packages from the correct volume of a multiple-volume
3003 installation (such as a multi-CD distribution). &merged;</para>
3005 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; can take a <option>-n</option> option to
3006 disable DNS queries for every request. &merged;</para>
3008 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now supports a
3009 <literal>LOG_CONSOLE</literal> facility (disabled by default),
3010 which can be used to log <filename>/dev/console</filename>
3011 output. &merged;</para>
3013 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now has the ability to bind to a specific
3014 address (as opposed to using every available one) via the
3015 <option>-b</option> option. &merged;</para>
3017 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now accepts a <option>-c</option> flag to
3018 disable repeated line compression. &merged;</para>
3020 <para>&man.tabs.1;, a utility to set terminal tab stops, has been
3023 <para role="historic">&man.tail.1; now has the ability to work on files longer
3024 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
3026 <para role="historic">&man.tar.1; now supports the <varname>TAR_RSH</varname>
3027 variable, principally to enable the use of &man.ssh.1; as a
3028 transport. &merged;</para>
3030 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does autologin and encryption by default;
3031 a new <option>-y</option> option turns off encryption. &merged;</para>
3033 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now supports a <option>-u</option> flag to
3034 allow connections to UNIX-domain (<literal>AF_UNIX</literal>)
3035 sockets. &merged;</para>
3037 <para role="historic">&man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; now support IPv6. &merged;</para>
3039 <para role="historic">&man.tftpd.8; now takes the <option>-c</option> and
3040 <option>-C</option> options, which allow the server to
3041 &man.chroot.2; based on the IP address of the connecting client.
3042 &man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; can now transfer files larger
3043 than 65535 blocks. &merged;</para>
3045 <para>&man.tftpd.8; now supports RFC 2349 (TFTP Timeout Interval
3046 and Transfer Size Options); this feature is required by some
3047 firmware like EFI boot managers (at least on HP i2000 Itanium
3048 servers) in order to boot an image using
3049 <application>TFTP</application>.</para>
3051 <para arch="alpha">&man.timed.8; now works on the alpha.</para>
3053 <para>A version of Transport Independent RPC
3054 (<application>TI-RPC</application>) has been imported.</para>
3056 <para role="historic">&man.tmpnam.3; will now use the <envar>TMPDIR</envar>
3057 environment variable, if set, to specify the location of
3058 temporary files. &merged;</para>
3060 <para>&man.tip.1; has been updated from
3061 <application>OpenBSD</application>, and has the ability to act
3062 as a &man.cu.1; substitute.</para>
3064 <para>&man.top.1; will now use the full width of its tty.</para>
3066 <para>&man.touch.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> option to
3067 operate on a symbolic link, rather than what the link points
3070 <para role="historic">The &man.truncate.1; utility, which truncates or extends the
3071 length of files, has been added. &merged;</para>
3073 <para role="historic">Ukrainian language support has been added to the &os;
3074 console. &merged;</para>
3076 <para><application>UUCP</application> has been removed from the
3077 base system. It can be found in the Ports Collection, in
3078 <filename role="package">net/freebsd-uucp</filename>.</para>
3080 <para>&man.unexpand.1; now supports a <option>-t</option> to
3081 specify tabstabs analogous to &man.expand.1;. &merged;</para>
3083 <para role="historic">&man.units.1; has received some updates and
3084 bugfixes. &merged;</para>
3086 <para>&man.usbdevs.8; now supports a <option>-d</option> flag to
3087 show the device driver associated with each device.</para>
3089 <para role="historic">The &man.usbhidctl.1; utility has been added to manipulate
3090 USB Human Interface Devices. &merged;</para>
3092 <para role="historic">&man.uuencode.1; and &man.uudecode.1; now accept a <option>-o</option> option to
3093 set their output files. &man.uuencode.1; can now be made to do base64 encoding
3094 when given the <option>-m</option> flag, while &man.uudecode.1;
3095 can now automatically decode base64 files. &merged;</para>
3097 <para>The base64 capabilities of &man.uuencode.1; and
3098 &man.uudecode.1; can now be automatically enabled by invoking
3099 these utilities as &man.b64encode.1; and &man.b64decode.1;
3100 respectively.</para>
3102 <para>The &man.uuidgen.1; utility has been added. It uses the new
3103 &man.uuidgen.2; system call to generate one or more Universally
3104 Unique Identifiers compatible with OSF/DCE 1.1 version 1
3107 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-g</option>
3108 parameter to select custom text geometry in the
3109 <literal>VESA_800x600</literal> raster text mode. &merged;</para>
3111 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now allows the user to omit the font size
3112 specification when loading a font, and has some better
3113 error-handling. &merged;</para>
3115 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-p</option> option
3116 to take a snapshot of a &man.syscons.4; video buffer. These
3117 snapshots can be manipulated by the
3118 <filename role="package">graphics/scr2png</filename> utility in
3119 the Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
3121 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option
3122 to clear the history buffer for a given tty, as well as a
3123 <option>-h</option> option to set the size of the history
3124 buffer. &merged;</para>
3126 <para>The default stripe size in &man.vinum.8; has been changed
3127 from 256KB to 279KB, to spread out superblocks more evenly
3128 between stripes.</para>
3130 <para role="historic">&man.wall.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
3131 write a message to all users of a given group. &merged;</para>
3133 <para role="historic">&man.watch.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
3134 specify a &man.snp.4; device to use. &merged;</para>
3136 <para>&man.wc.1; now supports a <option>-m</option> flag to
3137 count characters, rather than bytes.</para>
3139 <para>&man.which.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
3142 <para>&man.who.1; now has a number of new options:
3143 <option>-H</option> shows column headings; <option>-T</option>
3144 shows &man.mesg.1; state; <option>-m</option> is an equivalent
3145 to <option>am i</option>; <option>-u</option> shows idle time;
3146 <option>-q</option> to list names in columns.</para>
3148 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; now directs queries for IP addresses to ARIN.
3149 If a query to ARIN references APNIC or RIPE, the appropriate
3150 server will also be queried, provided that the
3151 <option>-Q</option> option is not specified. &merged;</para>
3153 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; supports a <option>-c</option> option to
3154 specify a country code to help direct queries towards a
3155 particular whois server. &merged;</para>
3157 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-I</option>
3158 <replaceable>replstr</replaceable> option that allows the user
3159 to tell &man.xargs.1; to insert the data read from standard
3160 input at specific points in the command line arguments rather
3161 than at the end. (A &os;-specific <option>-J</option> option is
3162 similar, but is now deprecated in favor of the more portable
3163 <option>-I</option> option.) &merged;</para>
3165 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-L</option> option to
3166 force its utility argument to be called after some number of
3167 lines. &merged;</para>
3169 <para role="historic">The compiler chain now uses the FSF-supplied C/C++ runtime
3170 initialization code. This change brings about better
3171 compatibility with code generated from the various egcs and gcc
3172 ports, as well as the stock public FSF source. &merged;</para>
3174 <para role="historic">The threads library has gained some signal handling changes,
3175 bug fixes, and performance enhancements (including zero system
3176 call thread switching). &man.gdb.1; thread support has been
3177 updated to match these changes. &merged;</para>
3179 <para role="historic">Significant additions have been made to internationalization
3180 support; &os; now has complete locale support for the
3181 <literal>LC_MONETARY</literal>, <literal>LC_NUMERIC</literal>,
3182 and <literal>LC_MESSAGES</literal> categories. A number of
3183 applications have been updated to take advantage of this
3184 support. &merged;</para>
3186 <para role="historic">Locale names have been changed to improve compatibility with
3187 the names used by X11R6, as well as a number of other UNIX
3188 versions. As an example, the
3189 <literal>en_US.ISO_8859-1</literal> locale name has been changed
3191 <literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal>. Entries in
3192 <filename>/etc/locale.alias</filename> provide backward
3193 compatibility. &merged;</para>
3195 <para role="historic"><filename>/usr/src/share/examples/BSD_daemon/</filename> now
3196 contains a scalable Beastie graphic. &merged;</para>
3198 <para role="historic">As part of an ongoing process, many manual pages were
3199 improved, both in terms of their formatting markup and in their
3200 content. &merged;</para>
3202 <para>A number of utilities and libraries were enhanced to improve
3203 their conformance with the Single UNIX Specification (SUSv3) and
3204 IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (<quote>POSIX.1</quote>). Specific
3205 features added have been listed in the release notes for each
3206 utility. The standards conformance of each utility or library
3207 function is generally listed in its manual page.</para>
3210 <title>Contributed Software</title>
3212 <para><application>am-utils</application> has been updated to
3215 <para>A 10 February 2002 snapshot of <application>awk</application> from Bell Labs (variously
3216 known as <quote>BWK awk</quote> or <quote>The One True
3217 AWK</quote>) has been imported. It is available as
3218 <command>awk</command> or
3219 <command>nawk</command>.</para>
3221 <para role="historic"><application>bc</application> has been updated from 1.04 to
3222 1.06. &merged;</para>
3224 <para role="historic">The ISC library from the <application>BIND</application>
3225 distribution is now built as
3226 <filename>libisc</filename>. &merged;</para>
3228 <para role="historic"><application>BIND</application> is now built with the
3229 <literal>NOADDITIONAL</literal> flag, which causes
3230 &man.named.8; to operate in a more consistent fashion for
3231 certain common misconfigurations. &merged;</para>
3233 <para role="historic"><application>BIND</application> has been updated to
3234 8.3.2-T1B. &merged;</para>
3236 <para><application>Binutils</application> has been updated to
3239 <para role="historic"><application>bzip2</application> 1.0.2 has been imported;
3240 this brings the &man.bzip2.1; program and the
3241 <filename>libbz2</filename> library to the base
3242 system. &merged;</para>
3244 <para role="historic">The &man.ee.1; <application>Easy Editor</application> has
3245 been updated to 1.4.2. &merged;</para>
3247 <para><application>file</application> has been updated to
3250 <para><application>gcc</application> has been updated to
3251 a snapshot of <application>gcc</application> 3.1.
3253 <para>The integration of <application>gcc</application> is
3254 very new. Some applications and programs in the base
3255 system require fixes or compiler flags to build
3256 correctly. Work to address these problems is ongoing.</para>
3260 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now uses a unified <filename>libgcc</filename>
3261 rather than a separate one for threaded and non-threaded
3262 programs. <filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_r.a</filename> can be
3263 removed. &merged;</para>
3265 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now supports the environment variable
3266 <envar>GCC_OPTIONS</envar>, which can hold a set of default
3267 options for <application>GCC</application>. &merged;</para>
3269 <para role="historic"><application>GNATS</application> has been updated to
3270 3.113. &merged;</para>
3272 <para><application>gperf</application> has been updated to
3275 <para role="historic"><application>groff</application> and its related utilities
3276 have been updated to FSF version 1.17.2. This import brings
3277 in a new &man.mdoc.7; macro package (sometimes referred to as
3278 <literal>mdocNG</literal>), which removes many of the
3279 limitations of its predecessor. &merged;</para>
3281 <para role="historic"><application>Heimdal Kerberos</application> has been updated to
3282 0.4e. &merged;</para>
3284 <para role="historic">The version of <application>IPFilter</application>
3285 provided with &os; now includes the &man.ipfs.8; program,
3286 which allows state information created for NAT entries and
3287 stateful rules to be saved to disk and restored after a
3288 reboot. Boot-time configuration of these features is
3289 supported by &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
3291 <para role="historic">The <application>ISC DHCP</application> client has been
3292 updated to 3.0.1RC8. &merged;</para>
3294 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos IV</application> has been updated to
3295 1.0.5. &merged;</para>
3297 <para>The &man.more.1; command has been replaced by
3298 &man.less.1;, although it can still be run as
3299 <command>more</command>. &merged; Version 371 of
3300 <application>less</application> has been imported.</para>
3302 <para><application>libpcap</application> has been updated to
3305 <para><application>libreadline</application> has been updated to
3308 <para><application>libz</application> has been updated to
3311 <para><application>lint</application> has been updated to
3312 snapshot of NetBSD &man.lint.1; as of 3 March 2002.</para>
3314 <para><application>lukemftp</application> 1.6 beta 2 (the FTP client from
3315 NetBSD) has replaced the &os; &man.ftp.1; program. Among its
3316 new features are more automation methods, better standards
3317 compliance, transfer rate throttling, and a customizable
3318 command-line prompt. Some environment variables and
3319 command-line arguments have changed.</para>
3321 <para>The FTP daemon from NetBSD, otherwise known as
3322 <application>lukemftpd</application> 1.2 beta 1, has been imported and is
3323 available as &man.lukemftpd.8;. &merged;</para>
3325 <para>&man.m4.1; has been imported from OpenBSD, as of 26 April
3328 <para><application>ncurses</application> has been updated to
3329 5.2-20020615.</para>
3331 <para role="historic">The <application>NTP</application> suite of programs has
3332 been updated to 4.1.0. &merged;</para>
3334 <para><application>OpenPAM</application>
3335 (<quote>Cinnamon</quote> release) has been imported,
3337 <application>Linux-PAM</application>.</para>
3339 <para>The <application>OPIE</application> one-time-password
3340 suite has been updated to 2.4. It has completely
3341 replaced the functionality of
3342 <application>S/Key</application>.</para>
3344 <para><application>Perl</application> has been removed from the
3345 &os; base system. It can still be installed from the &os;
3346 Ports Collection or as a binary package; moving it out of the
3347 base system will make future upgrades and maintenence easier.
3348 To reduce the dependence of the base system on
3349 Perl, many utilities have been
3350 rewritten as shell scripts or C programs (specific notes are
3351 made for each affected utility).
3352 <filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename> is now a
3353 <quote>wrapper</quote> program, so that programs expecting to
3354 find a Perl interpreter there will
3355 be able to function correctly.
3358 <para>The Perl removal and
3359 package integration work is ongoing.</para>
3364 <para><application>GNU ptx</application> has been removed from
3365 the base system. It is not used anywhere in the base system,
3366 and has not been recently updated or maintained. Users
3367 requiring its functionality can install this utility as a part
3368 of the <filename role="package">textproc/textutils</filename>
3371 <para>The <literal>rc.d</literal> framework from NetBSD has been
3372 imported. It breaks down the system startup functionality
3373 into a number of small, <quote>task-oriented</quote> scripts
3374 in <filename>/etc/rc.d</filename>, with dynamic-determined
3375 ordering of startup scripts performed at boot-time.
3378 <para>This feature is currently disabled by default. It can
3379 be enabled by setting <literal>rc_ng="YES"</literal> in
3380 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>
3385 <para role="historic">&man.routed.8; has been updated to version
3386 2.22. &merged;</para>
3388 <para arch="i386,pc98">Version 1.4.4 of the
3389 <application>smbfs</application> userland utilities have been
3392 <para><application>GNU sort</application> has been updated to
3393 the version from <application>GNU textutils
3394 2.0.21</application>.</para>
3396 <para>&man.stat.1; from <application>NetBSD</application>, as of
3397 5 June 2002 has, been imported.</para>
3399 <para><application>GNU tar</application> has been updated to
3402 <para><application>tcpdump</application> has been updated to
3405 <para role="historic">The &man.csh.1; shell has been replaced by &man.tcsh.1;,
3406 although it can still be run as <command>csh</command>.
3407 <application>tcsh</application> has been updated to version
3408 6.11. &merged;</para>
3410 <para>The contributed version of
3411 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now includes the
3412 &man.tcpd.8; helper daemon. While not strictly necessary in a
3413 standard &os; installation (because &man.inetd.8; already
3414 incorporates this functionality), this may be useful for
3415 &man.inetd.8; replacements such as
3416 <application>xinetd</application>.</para>
3418 <para role="historic"><application>texinfo</application> has been updated to
3419 4.1. &merged;</para>
3421 <para><application>top</application> has been updated to version
3424 <para role="historic">&man.traceroute.8; now takes its default maximum TTL value
3425 from the <varname>net.inet.ip.ttl</varname> sysctl
3426 variable. &merged;</para>
3428 <para role="historic">The timezone database has been updated to the
3429 <filename>tzdata2002c</filename> release. &merged;</para>
3434 <para role="historic"><application>cvs</application> has been updated to
3435 1.11.1p1. &merged;</para>
3437 <para role="historic">The default value for &man.cvs.1;'s
3438 <envar>CVS_RSH</envar> variable is now
3439 <literal>ssh</literal>, rather than
3440 <literal>rsh</literal>. &merged;</para>
3442 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; now supports a <option>-T</option> option to
3443 update a sandbox's <filename>CVS/Template</filename> file
3444 from the repository. &merged;</para>
3446 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; <literal>diff</literal> now supports the
3447 <option>-j</option> option to perform differences against a
3448 revision relative to a branch tag. &merged;</para>
3452 <title>CVSup</title>
3454 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application>, a frequently used
3455 utility in the &os; Ports Collection, was formerly
3456 installable using several ports and packages. The
3457 <filename role="package">net/cvsup-bin</filename> and
3458 <filename role="package">net/cvsupd-bin</filename>
3459 ports/packages are no longer necessary or available; the
3460 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename> port should be
3461 used instead. &merged;</para>
3463 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application> has been updated to
3464 16.1_3, which is available in the &os; Ports Collection as
3465 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename>. This update
3466 fixes a long-standing (but only recently encountered) bug
3467 which affects the timestamps on all files after Sun Sep 9
3468 01:46:40 UTC 2001 (1,000,000,000 seconds after the UNIX
3469 epoch). &merged;</para>
3472 <sect4 id="kame-userland">
3475 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
3476 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
3477 the items listed in this section are a result of this
3479 <xref linkend="kame-kernel"> lists kernel updates to the
3480 KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
3482 <para role="historic">&man.faithd.8; now supports a configuration file for
3483 access control. &merged;</para>
3485 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3486 gifconfig(8). &merged;</para>
3488 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3489 prefix(8). &merged;</para>
3491 <para role="historic">&man.ndp.8; now implements garbage collection for stale
3492 NDP entries, as described in RFC 2461 (Neighbor Discovery
3493 for IP Version 6 (IPv6)). &merged;</para>
3495 <para role="historic">pim6dd(8) and pim6sd(8) have been removed due
3496 to restrictive licensing conditions. These programs are
3497 available in the ports collection as
3498 <filename role="package">net/pim6dd</filename> and
3499 <filename role="package">net/pim6sd</filename>. &merged;</para>
3501 <para role="historic">&man.route6d.8; now supports an <option>-n</option> flag
3502 to avoid updating the kernel forwarding
3503 table. &merged;</para>
3505 <para role="historic">The <option>-R</option> (router renumbering) option to
3506 &man.rtadvd.8; is currently ignored. &merged;</para>
3510 <title>OpenSSH</title>
3512 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3513 2.9, which provides support for the SSH2 protocol (now the
3514 default) and DSA keys. &man.ssh-add.1; and
3515 &man.ssh-agent.1; can now handle DSA keys, with support for
3516 authentication forwarding.
3517 <application>OpenSSH</application> users in the USA no
3518 longer need to rely on the restrictively-licensed RSAREF
3519 toolkit which is required to handle RSA keys. Among other
3520 new features: A client and server for &man.sftp.1; has been added.
3521 &man.scp.1; can now handle files larger than 2 GBytes. A
3522 limit on the number of outstanding, unauthenticated
3523 connections in &man.sshd.8; has been added. Support has
3524 been added for the Rijndael encryption algorithm. Rekeying
3525 of existing sessions is now supported, and an experimental
3526 <application>SOCKS4</application> proxy has been added to
3527 &man.ssh.1;. &merged;</para>
3529 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3530 version 3.1. Among the changes:
3533 <para>The <filename>*2</filename> files are obsolete
3535 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts</filename> can hold the
3537 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts2</filename>).</para>
3540 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; can import and export keys using
3541 the SECSH Public Key File Format, for key exchange
3542 with several commercial SSH implementations.</para>
3545 <para>&man.ssh-add.1; now adds all three default keys.</para>
3548 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; no longer defaults to a
3549 specific key type; one must be specified with the
3550 <option>-t</option> option.</para>
3555 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3556 3.3p1. This version adds a <quote>privilege
3557 separation</quote> feature, which uses unprivileged
3558 processes to contain and restrict the effects of future
3559 compromises or programming errors.</para>
3561 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> can now authenticate
3562 using <application>OPIE</application> passwords.</para>
3564 <para><application>PAM</application> support for
3565 <application>OpenSSH</application> has been added.</para>
3567 <para>A long-standing bug in
3568 <application>OpenSSH</application>, which sometimes resulted
3569 in a dropped session when an X11-forwarded client was
3570 closed, was fixed.</para>
3572 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos</application> compatibility has
3574 <application>OpenSSH</application>. &merged;</para>
3576 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been modified to
3577 be more resistant to traffic analysis by requiring that
3578 <quote>non-echoed</quote> characters are still echoed back
3579 in a null packet, as well as by padding passwords sent so as
3580 not to hint at password lengths. &merged;</para>
3582 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; is now enabled by default on new
3583 installs. &merged;</para>
3585 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> is now
3586 turned on by default on the server (any risk is to the
3587 client, where it is already disabled by
3588 default). &merged;</para>
3590 <para role="historic">In <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>, the
3591 <literal>ConnectionsPerPeriod</literal> parameter has been
3592 deprecated in favor of
3593 <literal>MaxStartups</literal>. &merged;</para>
3595 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now has a
3596 <literal>VersionAddendum</literal> configuration setting for
3597 &man.sshd.8; to allow changing the part of the
3598 <application>OpenSSH</application> version string after the
3599 main version number. &merged;</para>
3603 <title>OpenSSL</title>
3605 <para><application>OpenSSL</application> has been updated to
3608 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSL</application> now has support for
3609 machine-dependent ASM optimizations, activated by the new
3610 <varname>MACHINE_CPU</varname> and/or
3611 <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
3612 <filename>make.conf</filename> variables. &merged;</para>
3616 <title>sendmail</title>
3618 <para><application>sendmail</application> has been updated
3619 from version 8.9.3 to version 8.12.5. Important changes
3620 include: &man.sendmail.8; is no longer installed as a
3621 set-user-ID <username>root</username> binary (now set-group-ID <groupname>smmsp</groupname>); new
3622 default file locations (see
3623 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/cf/README</filename>);
3624 &man.newaliases.1; is limited to <username>root</username>
3625 and trusted users; STARTTLS encryption; and the MSA port
3626 (587) is turned on by default. See
3627 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/RELEASE_NOTES</filename>
3628 for more information. &merged;</para>
3630 <para role="historic">&man.mail.local.8; is no longer installed as a
3631 set-user-ID binary. If you are using a
3632 <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> from the default
3633 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> included with &os; any time
3634 after 3.1.0, you are fine. If you are using a
3635 hand-configured <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> and
3636 <command>mail.local</command> for delivery, check to make sure the
3637 <literal>F=S</literal> flag is set on the
3638 <literal>Mlocal</literal> line. Those with
3639 <filename>.mc</filename> files who need to add the flag can
3640 do so by adding the following line to their
3641 <filename>.mc</filename> file and regenerating the
3642 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> file:</para>
3644 <programlisting role="historic">MODIFY_MAILER_FLAGS(`LOCAL',`+S')dnl</programlisting>
3646 <para role="historic">Note that <literal>FEATURE(`local_lmtp')</literal> already
3647 does this. &merged;</para>
3649 <para role="historic">The default <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename>
3650 disables the SMTP <literal>EXPN</literal> and
3651 <literal>VRFY</literal> commands. &merged;</para>
3653 <para role="historic">&man.vacation.1; has been updated to use the version
3654 included with <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3656 <para role="historic">The <application>sendmail</application> configuration
3657 building tools are installed in
3658 <filename>/usr/share/sendmail/cf/</filename>. &merged;</para>
3660 <para role="historic">New <filename>make.conf</filename> options:
3661 <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname> and
3662 <varname>SENDMAIL_ADDITIONAL_MC</varname>. See
3663 <filename>/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf</filename> for more
3664 information. &merged;</para>
3666 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now supports:
3667 the new <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname>
3668 <filename>make.conf</filename> option; the ability to build
3669 <filename>.cf</filename> files from
3670 <filename>.mc</filename> files; generalized map rebuilding;
3671 rebuilding the aliases file; and the ability to stop, start,
3673 <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3675 <para role="historic">The <username>smmsp</username> and
3676 <username>mailnull</username> users have been added to
3677 <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>. In the absence of a
3678 <literal>confDEF_USER_ID</literal> setting, by default,
3679 <application>sendmail</application> will use the
3680 <username>mailnull</username> user for extra security.
3681 Previously, if the <username>mailnull</username> user did
3682 not exist, the <username>daemon</username> user was used.
3683 This change may generate some permissions issues when
3684 mailing to files or to programs (such as <filename
3685 role="package">mail/majordomo</filename>). &merged; The
3686 previous behavior can be restored by adding the following
3688 <filename><replaceable>*</replaceable>.mc</filename>
3691 <programlisting>define(`confDEF_USER_ID', `daemon')</programlisting>
3694 <para role="historic">Beginning with the import of
3695 <application>sendmail</application> 8.12.2, multiple
3696 <application>sendmail</application> daemons (some required
3697 to handle outgoing mail) are started by &man.rc.8;, even if
3698 the <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> variable is set to
3699 <literal>NO</literal>. To completely disable
3700 <application>sendmail</application>,
3701 <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> must be set to
3702 <literal>NONE</literal>. Alternatively, for systems using a
3703 different MTA, the <varname>mta_start_script</varname> variable can
3704 be used to point to a different startup script (more details
3705 can be found in &man.rc.sendmail.8;). &merged;</para>
3707 <para>By default, &man.rc.8; no longer enables
3708 <application>sendmail</application> for inbound SMTP
3709 connections. Note that &man.sysinstall.8; may override this
3710 default for a binary installation, based on what security
3711 profile is selected. This functionality can also be
3712 manually enabled by adding the following line to
3713 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
3715 <programlisting>sendmail_enable="YES"</programlisting>
3717 <para>The permissions for <application>sendmail</application>
3718 alias and map databases built via
3719 <filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now default to mode
3720 0640 to protect against a file locking local denial of service.
3721 It can be changed by setting the new
3722 <varname>SENDMAIL_MAP_PERMS</varname>
3723 <filename>make.conf</filename> option. &merged;</para>
3725 <para>The permissions for the <application>sendmail</application>
3726 statistics file, <filename>/var/log/sendmail.st</filename>, have
3727 been changed from mode 0644 to mode 0640 to protect against
3728 a file locking local denial of service. &merged;</para>
3734 <title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>
3736 <para><application>BSDPAN</application>, a collection of modules
3737 that provides tighter integration of
3738 <application>Perl</application> into the &os; Ports
3739 Collection, has been added.</para>
3741 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; and &man.pkg.add.1; can now work with
3742 packages that have been compressed using
3743 &man.bzip2.1;. &man.pkg.add.1; will use the PACKAGEROOT
3744 environment variable to determine a mirror site for new
3745 packages. &merged;</para>
3747 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now records dependencies in dependency
3748 order rather than in the order specified on the command line.
3749 This improves the functioning of <command>pkg_add
3750 -r</command>. &merged;</para>
3752 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> to
3753 create a package file from a locally-installed
3754 package. &merged;</para>
3756 <para role="historic">When requested to delete multiple packages,
3757 &man.pkg.delete.1; will now attempt to remove them in
3758 dependency order rather than the order specified on the
3759 command line. &merged;</para>
3761 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now can perform glob/regexp matching of
3762 package names. In addition, it supports a <option>-a</option>
3763 option for removing all packages and a <option>-i</option>
3764 option for &man.rm.1;-style interactive
3765 confirmation. &merged;</para>
3767 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now supports a <option>-r</option>
3768 option for recursive package removal. &merged;</para>
3770 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; now supports globbing against names of
3771 installed packages. The <option>-G</option> option disables
3772 this behavior, and the <option>-x</option> option causes
3773 regular expression matching instead of shell
3774 globbing. &merged;</para>
3776 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; can now accept a <option>-g</option> flag
3777 for verifying an installed package against its recorded
3778 checksums (to see if it's been modified post-installation).
3779 Naturally, this mechanism is only as secure as the contents of
3780 <filename>/var/db/pkg</filename> if it's to be used for auditing
3781 purposes. &merged;</para>
3783 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.sign.1; and &man.pkg.check.1; have been added to
3784 digitally sign and verify the signatures on binary package
3785 files. &merged;</para>
3787 <para>For some time, &os; 5.0-CURRENT (as well as some 4.X
3788 releases) included a pkg_update(1) utility to update installed
3789 packages, as well as their dependencies. This utility has
3790 been removed; a superset of its functionality can be found in
3791 the <filename role="package">sysutils/portupgrade</filename>
3794 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now has a version number comparison
3795 routine that corresponds to the Porters Handbook. It also has
3796 a <option>-t</option> option for testing address comparisons.
3799 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now takes a <option>-s</option> flag
3800 to limit its operation to ports/packages matching a given
3801 string. &merged;</para>
3803 <para>&man.pkg.version.1;, formerly a Perl script, has been
3804 rewritten in C.</para>
3806 <para role="historic">Version numbers of installed packages have a new
3807 (backward-compatible) syntax, which supports the
3808 <varname>PORTREVISION</varname> and
3809 <varname>PORTEPOCH</varname> variables in Ports Collection
3810 <filename>Makefile</filename>s. These changes help keep track
3811 of changes in the ports collection entries such as security
3812 patches or &os;-specific updates, which aren't reflected in
3813 the original, third-party software distributions.
3814 &man.pkg.version.1; can now compare these new-style version
3815 numbers. &merged;</para>
3817 <para role="historic">To improve performance and disk utilization, the
3818 <quote>ports skeletons</quote> in the &os; Ports Collection
3819 have been restructured. Installed ports and packages should
3820 not be affected. &merged;</para>
3822 <para role="historic">All packages and ports now contain an
3823 <quote>origin</quote> directive, which makes it easier for
3824 programs such as &man.pkg.version.1; to determine the
3825 directory from which a package was built. &merged;</para>
3827 <para role="historic">The Ports Collection infrastructure now uses
3828 <application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0 as the default version
3829 of the X Window System for the purposes of satisfying
3830 dependencies. To return to using
3831 <application>XFree86</application> 3.3.6, add the following line
3832 to <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>: &merged;</para>
3834 <programlisting role="historic">XFREE86_VERSION=3</programlisting>
3836 <para>The libraries installed by the <filename
3837 role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename> port (required
3838 for Linux emulation) have been updated; they now correspond to
3839 those included with <application>Red Hat Linux</application>
3845 <title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>
3847 <para>The <filename>bin</filename> distribution has been renamed
3848 <filename>base</filename>, in order to make creation of combined
3849 install/recovery disks easier.</para>
3851 <para arch="i386">ISO images and CDROMs now use the
3852 <filename>cdboot</filename> boot loader by default. This
3853 eliminates the need for an emulated floppy disk image on
3854 a bootable CDROM and allows for a full
3855 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel to be used for CDROM
3856 installations, at the expense of compatability with some old
3859 <para arch="i386,pc98,alpha" role="historic"><application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0
3860 is now the default version of the X Window System supported by
3861 &man.sysinstall.8;. It installs
3862 <application>XFree86</application> as a set of standard binary
3863 packages, so the usual package utilities such as
3864 &man.pkg.info.1; can be used to examine/manipulate its
3865 components. &merged;</para>
3867 <para>It is now possible to make releases of &os;
3868 &release.current; on a &os; 4-STABLE host. Cross-architecture
3869 (building a release for a target architecture on a host of a
3870 different architecture) releases are also possible. See
3871 &man.release.7; for details.</para>
3876 <title>Documentation</title>
3878 <para>A number of formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
3879 Programmer's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
3880 <filename>/usr/share/doc/psd</filename>. These include:</para>
3884 <para><emphasis>The UNIX Time-Sharing System</emphasis>
3885 (<filename>01.cacm</filename>)</para>
3889 <para><emphasis>UNIX Implementation</emphasis>
3890 (<filename>02.implement</filename>)</para>
3894 <para><emphasis>The UNIX I/O System</emphasis>
3895 (<filename>03.iosys</filename>)</para>
3899 <para><emphasis>UNIX Programming — Second Edition</emphasis>
3900 (<filename>04.uprog</filename>)</para>
3904 <para><emphasis>The C Programming Language — Reference Manual</emphasis>
3905 (<filename>06.Clang</filename>)</para>
3909 <para><emphasis>An Introduction to the Source Code Control System</emphasis>
3910 (<filename>14.sccs</filename>)</para>
3914 <para><emphasis>Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler</emphasis>
3915 (<filename>15.yacc</filename>)</para>
3919 <para><emphasis>Lex — A Lexical Analyzer Generator</emphasis>
3920 (<filename>16.lex</filename>)</para>
3924 <para><emphasis>The M4 Macro Processor</emphasis>
3925 (<filename>17.m4</filename>)</para>
3929 <para>Several formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
3930 User's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
3931 <filename>/usr/share/doc/usd</filename>. They include:</para>
3935 <para><emphasis>NROFF/TROFF User's Manual</emphasis>
3936 (<filename>21.troff</filename>)</para>
3940 <para><emphasis>A TROFF Tutorial</emphasis>
3941 (<filename>22.trofftut</filename>)</para>
3949 <title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>
3951 <para>If you're upgrading from a previous release of &os;, you
3952 generally will have three options:
3956 <para>Using the binary upgrade option of &man.sysinstall.8;.
3957 This option is perhaps the quickest, although it presumes
3958 that your installation of &os; uses no special compilation
3962 <para>Performing a complete reinstall of &os;. Technically,
3963 this is not an upgrading method, and in any case is usually less
3964 convenient than a binary upgrade, in that it requires you to
3965 manually backup and restore the contents of
3966 <filename>/etc</filename>. However, it may be useful in
3967 cases where you want (or need) to change the partitioning of
3971 <para>From source code in <filename>/usr/src</filename>. This
3972 route is more flexible, but requires more disk space, time,
3973 and more technical expertise. More information can be found
3975 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/makeworld.html"><quote>Using
3976 <command>make world</command></quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
3977 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/">FreeBSD
3978 Handbook</ulink>. Upgrading from very old
3979 versions of &os; may be problematic; in cases like this, it
3980 is usually more effective to perform a binary upgrade or a
3981 complete reinstall.</para>
3986 <para>Please read the <filename>INSTALL.TXT</filename> file for more
3987 information, preferably <emphasis>before</emphasis> beginning an
3988 upgrade. If you are upgrading from source, please be sure to read
3989 <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> as well.</para>
3991 <para>Finally, if you want to use one of various means to track the
3992 -STABLE or -CURRENT branches of &os;, please be sure to consult
3994 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/current-stable.html"><quote>-CURRENT
3995 vs. -STABLE</quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
3996 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/">FreeBSD
3997 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
4000 <para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
4001 backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration