2 <title>&os;/&arch; &release.current; Release Notes</title>
4 <corpauthor>The FreeBSD Project</corpauthor>
6 <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
12 <holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
16 <para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
18 <![ %include.historic; [
19 the changes made to the &os; base system since &release.prev;.
21 <![ %no.include.historic; [
22 recent changes made to the &os; base system on the &release.branch;
25 Both changes for kernel and userland are listed, as well as
26 applicable security advisories that were issued since the last
27 release. Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
32 <title>Introduction</title>
34 <para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
35 &release.current; on the &arch.print; hardware platform. It
36 describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
37 It also provides some notes on upgrading
38 from previous versions of &os;.</para>
40 <![ %release.type.snapshot [
42 <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
43 apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
44 branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;. Some
45 pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
46 can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
50 <![ %release.type.release [
52 <para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
53 &release.type; distribution. It can be found at <ulink
54 url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors. More
55 information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
56 distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
57 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
58 FreeBSD</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
59 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
60 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
66 <title>What's New</title>
68 <para>This section describes
69 <![ %include.historic; [
70 the most user-visible new or changed features in &os;
72 In general, changes described here are unique to the &release.branch;
73 branch unless specifically marked as &merged; features.
75 <![ %no.include.historic; [
76 many of the user-visible new or changed features in &os;
77 since &release.prev;. It includes items that are unique to the
78 &release.branch; branch, as well as some features that may have been
80 other branches (after &os; &release.prev.historic;). The later
81 items are marked as &merged;.
85 <para>Typical release note items
86 document new drivers or hardware support, new commands or options,
87 major bugfixes, or contributed software upgrades. Applicable security
88 advisories issued after &release.prev; are also listed.</para>
90 <para>Many additional changes were made to &os; that are not listed
91 here for lack of space. For example, documentation was corrected
92 and improved, minor bugs were fixed, insecure coding practices
93 were audited and corrected, and source code was cleaned up.</para>
96 <title>Kernel Changes</title>
98 <para>&man.acct.2; has been changed to open the accounting file in
99 append mode, so that &man.accton.8; can be used to enable
100 accounting to an append-only file. &merged;</para>
102 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.amdpm.4; driver has been added to
103 provide access to the system monitoring functions of the AMD 756
104 chipset. &merged;</para>
106 <para role="historic">The &man.agp.4; driver for AGP devices has been
107 added. &merged;</para>
109 <para>A new &man.ddb.4; command <command>show pcpu</command> lists
110 some of the per-CPU data.</para>
112 <para role="historic">Two new &man.ddb.4; commands, <command>hwatch</command> and
113 <command>dhwatch</command>, have been introduced. Analogous to
114 <command>watch</command> and <command>dwatch</command>, they
115 install hardware watchpoints (as opposed to software
116 watchpoints) if supported by the architecture. &merged;</para>
118 <para>&man.devfs.5;, which allows entries in the
119 <filename>/dev</filename> directory to be built automatically
120 and supports more flexible attachment of devices, has been
121 largely reworked. &man.devfs.5; is now enabled by default and
122 can be disabled by the <literal>NODEVFS</literal> kernel
125 <para>The &man.devfs.5; <quote>rule</quote> subsystem has been introduced. DEVFS rules
126 permit the administrator to define certain properties of new device
127 nodes before they become visible to the userland. Both static (e.g.
128 <filename>/dev/speaker</filename>) and dynamic (e.g.
129 <filename>/dev/bpf*</filename>, some removable devices) nodes are
130 supported. Each &man.devfs.5; mount may have a different ruleset assigned to
131 it, permitting different policies to be implemented for things like
132 jails. Rules and rulesets are manipulated with the &man.devfs.8;
135 <para>The dgm driver has been removed in favor of the digi driver.</para>
137 <para>A new digi driver has been added to support PCI Xr-based and
138 ISA Xem Digiboard cards. A new &man.digictl.8; program is
139 (mainly) used to re-initialize cards that have external port
140 modules attached such as the PC/Xem.</para>
142 <para>An &man.eaccess.2; system call has been added, similar to
143 &man.access.2; except that the former uses effective credentials
144 rather than real credentials.</para>
146 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for EBus-based
149 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.ichsmb.4; driver for the Intel 82801AA
150 (ICH) SMBus controller and compatibles has been
151 added. &merged;</para>
153 <para>Each &man.jail.2; environment can now run under its own
156 <para>The tunable sysctl variables for &man.jail.2; have moved
157 from <varname>jail.*</varname> to the
158 <varname>security.*</varname> hierarchy. Other security-related
159 sysctl variables have moved from <varname>kern.security.*</varname> to
160 <varname>security.*</varname>.</para>
162 <para role="historic">The <varname>kern.maxvnodes</varname> limit now properly
163 limits the number of vnodes in use. Previously only vnodes with
164 no cached pages could be freed; this could allow the number of
165 vnodes to grow without limit on large-memory machines accessing
166 many small files. A <literal>vnlru</literal> kernel thread
167 helps to flush and reuse vnodes. &merged;</para>
169 <para role="historic">The kernel message buffer is now accessible by the
170 (machine-independent) <varname>kern.msgbuf</varname> sysctl
171 variable; &man.dmesg.8; no longer needs to be SGID
172 <groupname>kmem</groupname>. &merged;</para>
174 <para>The kernel environment is now dynamic, and can be changed
175 via the new &man.kenv.2; system call.</para>
177 <para role="historic">The &man.kqueue.2; event notification facility was added to
178 the &os; kernel. This is a new interface which is able to
179 replace &man.poll.2;/&man.select.2;, offering improved
180 performance, as well as the ability to report many different
181 types of events. Support for monitoring changes in sockets,
182 pipes, fifos, and files are present, as well as for signals and
183 processes. &merged;</para>
185 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A new <varname>KVA_SPACE</varname> kernel option
186 can be used to reconfigure the size of the kernel virtual
187 address space. &merged;</para>
189 <para>The labpc(4) driver has been removed due to
190 <quote>bitrot</quote>.</para>
192 <para>The loader and kernel linker now look for files named
193 <filename>linker.hints</filename> in each directory with KLDs
194 for a module name and version to KLD filename mapping. The new
195 &man.kldxref.8; utility is used to generate these files.</para>
197 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now supports the kernel functionality
199 <filename role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename>
200 (RedHat 7.X emulation) port. &merged;</para>
202 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now requires <literal>options
203 SYSVSEM</literal> in the kernel configuration. &merged;</para>
205 <para>&man.lomac.4;, a Low-Watermark Mandatory Access Control
206 security facility, has been added as a kernel module. It
207 provides a drop-in security mechanism in addition to the
208 traditional UID-based security facilities, requiring no
209 additional configuration from the administrator. Work on this
210 feature was sponsored by DARPA and NAI Labs.</para>
212 <para arch="ia64">Machine Check Architecture (MCA) records are now
213 collected at boot time and made available through the
214 <varname>hw.mca.*</varname> sysctl variables.</para>
216 <para role="historic">The <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration
217 parameter is now a boot-time tunable variable. The kernel
218 parameters derived from <varname>maxusers</varname> are now also
219 tunables and can be overridden at boot-time. The
220 <varname>hz</varname> parameter is also now a
221 tunable. &merged;</para>
223 <para role="historic">Specifying a value of <literal>0</literal> for the
224 <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration parameter will
225 now cause an appropriate value to be calculated at boot-time
226 (between 32 and 384, depending on the amount of memory present).
227 This value is now the default for all
228 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernels. &merged;</para>
230 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A <varname>MAXMEM</varname> kernel option,
231 along with the <varname>hw.physmem</varname> loader tunable, can
232 be used to artificially reduce the memory size of a machine for
233 testing (or other purposes). &merged;</para>
235 <para role="historic">The kernel configuration parameters
236 <varname>MAXTSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLDSIZ</varname>,
237 <varname>MAXDSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLSSIZ</varname>,
238 <varname>MAXSSIZ</varname>, and <varname>SGROWSIZ</varname> are
239 all loader tunables (<varname>kern.maxtsiz</varname>,
240 <varname>kern.maxdfldsiz</varname>, etc.). &merged;</para>
242 <para>&man.mutex.9; profiling code has been added, enabled by the
243 <literal>MUTEX_PROFILING</literal> kernel configuration option.
244 It enables the <varname>debug.mutex.prof.*</varname> hierarchy
245 of sysctl variables.</para>
247 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The <literal>NCPU</literal>,
248 <literal>NAPIC</literal>, <literal>NBUS</literal>, and
249 <literal>NINTR</literal> kernel configuration options,
250 for configuring SMP kernels, have been removed.
251 <literal>NCPU</literal> is now set to a maximum of 16,
252 and the other, aforementioned options are now
253 dynamic. &merged;</para>
255 <para role="historic">A &man.nmdm.4; null-modem terminal driver has been added.
258 <para role="historic">The <literal>O_DIRECT</literal> flag has been added to
259 &man.open.2; and &man.fcntl.2;. Specifying this flag for open
260 files will attempt to minimize the cache effects of reading and
261 writing. &merged;</para>
263 <para role="historic">An &man.orm.4; device has been added to claim the option
264 ROMs in the ISA memory I/O space, to prevent other drivers from
265 mistakenly assigning addresses that conflict with these
266 ROMs. &merged;</para>
268 <para arch="i386,pc98">PECOFF (Win32 Execution file format) support has
271 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The pmc driver, which supports the power
272 management controller of the NEC PC-98NOTE, has been
273 added. &merged;</para>
275 <para role="historic">POSIX.1b Shared Memory Objects are now supported. The
276 implementation uses regular files, but automatically enables the
277 MAP_NOSYNC flag when they are &man.mmap.2;-ed. &merged;</para>
279 <para role="historic">Replaced the <literal>PQ_*CACHE</literal> options with a
280 single <literal>PQ_CACHESIZE</literal> option to be set to the
281 cache size in kilobytes. The old options are still supported
282 for backwards compatibility. &merged;</para>
284 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.puc.4; (PCI <quote>Universal</quote>
285 Communications) driver has been added, to help connect PCI-based
286 serial ports to the &man.sio.4; driver. &merged;</para>
288 <para>The &man.random.4; device has been rewritten to use the
289 <application>Yarrow</application> algorithm. It harvests
290 entropy from a variety of interrupt sources, including the
291 console devices, Ethernet and point-to-point network interfaces,
292 and mass-storage devices. Entropy from the &man.random.4;
293 device is now periodically saved to files in
294 <filename>/var/db/entropy</filename>, as well as at shutdown
295 time. The semantics of <filename>/dev/random</filename> have
296 changed; it never blocks waiting for entropy bits but generates
297 a stream of pseudo-random data and now behaves exactly as
298 <filename>/dev/urandom</filename>.</para>
300 <para>A new kernel option, <literal>options REGRESSION</literal>,
301 enables interfaces and functionality intended for use during
302 correctness and regression testing.</para>
304 <para><literal>RLIMIT_VMEM</literal> support has been added. This
305 feature defines a new resource limit that covers a process's
306 entire virtual memory space, including &man.mmap.2; space. This
307 limit can be configured in &man.login.conf.5; via the new
308 <varname>vmemoryuse</varname> variable. &merged;</para>
310 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for SBus-based
313 <para arch="sparc64">The se driver, which supports the Siemens
314 SAB82532 serial chip found on many newer Sparc Ultra machines,
315 has been added.</para>
317 <para role="historic">The &man.snp.4; device is no longer static and can now be
318 compiled as a module. &merged;</para>
320 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.spic.4; driver, which provides access
321 to the Jog Dial device on some Sony laptops, has been
322 added. &man.moused.8; support for this device has also been
323 added. &merged;</para>
325 <para>The &man.syscons.4; driver now supports keyboard-controlled
326 pasting, by default bound to
327 <keycap>Shift</keycap>-<keycap>Insert</keycap>.</para>
329 <para role="historic">Support for USB devices was added to the
330 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel and to the installation
331 programs to support USB devices out of the box. Note that SRM
332 does not support USB devices at the moment, so you must still
333 use an AT keyboard if you are not using a serial
334 console. &merged;</para>
336 <para>The uaudio driver, for USB audio devices, has been
339 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.umodem.4; driver for USB modems
340 has been added. Support is provided for the 3Com 5605 and
341 Metricom Ricochet GS wireless USB modems. &merged;</para>
343 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.uscanner.4; driver for basic USB
344 scanner support using SANE has been added. See <ulink
345 url="http://www.mostang.com/sane/">the SANE home page</ulink>
346 for supported scanners. The HP ScanJet 4100C, 5200C and 6300C
347 are known to be working. &merged;</para>
349 <para>The &man.ucom.4; device driver has been added, to support USB
350 modems, serial devices, and other programs that need to look
351 like a tty. The related &man.uplcom.4; and &man.uvscom.4; drivers provide specific
352 support for the Prolific PL-2303 serial adapter and the SUNTAC
353 Slipper U VS-10U, respectively. &merged;</para>
355 <para>To increase security, the <literal>UCONSOLE</literal> kernel
356 configuration option has been removed.</para>
358 <para arch="i386,pc98">The UserConfig boot-time kernel configuration
359 feature, usually used to enable, disable, or configure ISA
360 devices, has been removed. Its functionality has been replaced
361 by the kernel hints file in
362 <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.</para>
364 <para>The <literal>USER_LDT</literal> kernel option is now
365 activated by default.</para>
367 <para>The uvisor driver for connecting Handspring Visors via USB
368 has been added. &merged;</para>
370 <para>A VESA S3 linear framebuffer driver has been added.</para>
372 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.viapm.4; driver for VIA SMBus
373 power management controllers has been added. &merged;</para>
375 <!-- Above this line, sort kernel changes by manpage/keyword-->
377 <para role="historic">Write combining for crashdumps has been implemented. This
378 feature is useful when write caching is disabled on both SCSI
379 and IDE disks, where large memory dumps could take up to an hour
380 to complete. &merged;</para>
382 <para>The kernel crashdump infrastructure has been revised, to
383 support new platforms and in general clean up the logic in the
384 code. One implication of this change is that the on-disk format
385 for kernel dumps has changed, and is now
386 byte-order-agnostic.</para>
388 <para>Extremely large swap areas (>67 GB) no longer panic the
391 <para arch="alpha">Support for threads under Linux emulation has
394 <para role="historic">The <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget> target now gets the
395 name of the configuration(s) to build from the
396 <varname>KERNCONF</varname> variable, not
397 <varname>KERNEL</varname>. It is no longer required, in some
398 cases, for a <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> to precede a
399 <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget>. (The
400 <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> is still required when
401 upgrading across major releases, across
402 <application>binutil</application> updates and when
403 &man.config.8; changes version.) &merged;</para>
405 <para role="historic">The out-of-swap process termination code now begins killing
406 processes earlier to avoid deadlocks; it now also takes into
407 account the swap space used by processes when computing the
408 process sizes. &merged;</para>
410 <para>Linker sets are now self-contained; gensetdefs(8) is
411 unnecessary and has been removed.</para>
413 <para role="historic">Network device cloning has been implemented, and the
414 &man.gif.4; device has been modified to take advantage of it.
415 Thus, instead of specifying how many &man.gif.4; interfaces are
416 available in kernel configuration files, &man.ifconfig.8;'s
417 <option>create</option> option should be used when another device
418 instance is desired. &merged;</para>
420 <para>It is now possible to hardwire kernel environment variables
421 (such as tuneables) at compile-time using &man.config.8;'s
422 <literal>ENV</literal> directive.</para>
424 <para>Idle zeroing of pages can be enabled with the
425 <varname>vm.idlezero_enable</varname> sysctl variable.</para>
427 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The load addresses of kernels are now exported
428 to the symbol table and various hard-coded constants have been
429 removed so that utilities such as &man.ps.1; can work with
430 kernels compiled at different addresses. &merged;</para>
432 <para role="historic">Coredumps of large processes (or of a large number of
433 processes) no longer lock up the machine for long periods of
434 time. &merged;</para>
436 <para>The &os; kernel scheduler now supports Kernel-Scheduled
437 Entities (KSEs), which provides support for multiple threads of
438 execution per process similar to Schedular Activations. At this
439 point, the kernel has most of the changes needed to support
440 threading. The kernel scheduler can schedule multiple threads per
441 process, but only on a single CPU at a time. Support for
442 userland programs to create and utilize multiple threads is not
446 <para>KSE is a work in progress.</para>
451 <para>The kernel now has support for multiple low-level console
452 devices. The new &man.conscontrol.8; utility helps to manage
453 the different consoles.</para>
455 <para arch="alpha">The console driver has gained support for
456 TGA-based display adapters.</para>
458 <para role="historic">The kernel on the installation CDs is now separated from the
459 <filename>mfsroot</filename> image. This permits the use of a
460 full kernel when installing from CD on machines that support CD
461 booting (instead of the stripped-down kernel used on
462 floppies). &merged;</para>
464 <para role="historic">The system load average computation now adds some jitter to
465 the timing of samples, in order to avoid synchronization with
466 processes that run periodically. &merged;</para>
468 <para role="historic">If a debugging kernel with modules is being built
469 (i.e. using <literal>makeoptions DEBUG=-g</literal>), the
470 modules will now be built with debugging support as well, for
471 completeness. A side effect of this change is that modules
472 built and installed with debugging kernels will now occupy more
473 space on disk than they did previously. &merged;</para>
475 <para role="historic">The kernel dump device can now be set via the
476 <varname>dumpdev</varname> loader tunable. As a result, it is
477 now possible to obtain crash dumps from panics during the late
478 stages of kernel initialization (before the system enters into
479 single-user mode). &merged;</para>
481 <para>The kernel memory allocator is now a slab memory allocator,
482 similar to that used in Solaris. This is a SMP-safe memory
483 allocator that has near-linear performance as the number of CPUs
484 increases. It also allows for reduced memory
485 fragmentation.</para>
488 <title>Processor/Motherboard Support</title>
490 <para>SMP support has been largely reworked, incorporating code
491 from BSD/OS 5.0. One of the main features of SMPng
492 (<quote>SMP Next Generation</quote>) is to allow more
493 processes to run in kernel, without the need for spin locks
494 that can dramatically reduce the efficiency of multiple
495 processors. Interrupt handlers now have contexts associated
496 with them that allow them to be blocked, which reduces the
497 need to lock out interrupts.</para>
499 <para arch="i386,pc98">Support for the 80386 processor has been
500 removed from the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel, as this
501 code seriously pessimizes performance on other IA32
503 The <literal>I386_CPU</literal> kernel option
504 to support the 80386 processor is now mutually exclusive with
505 support for other IA32 processors; this should slightly
506 improve performance on the 80386 due to the elimination of
507 runtime processor type checks.
508 Custom kernels that will run on the 80386 can
509 still be built by changing the cpu options in the kernel
510 configuration file to only include
511 <literal>I386_CPU</literal>.</para>
513 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">AlphaServer 1200 (<quote>Tincup</quote>) has
514 been tested and works OK. Currently it does not want to boot
515 from CD or floppy but a transplanted disk that was installed
516 on another Alpha works well. &merged;</para>
518 <para arch="alpha">The API UP1100 mainboard has been verified to
521 <para arch="alpha">The API CS20 1U high server has been verified
524 <para arch="alpha">Support for AlphaServer 2100A
525 (<quote>Lynx</quote>) has been added.</para>
527 <para arch="alpha">Kernel code has been added that allows older
528 generation Alpha CPUs (EV4 and EV5) to emulate instructions of
529 the newer Alpha CPU generations. This enables the use of
530 binary-only programs like <application>Adobe Acrobat
531 4</application> on EV4 and EV5.</para>
533 <para arch="alpha">SMP support for the Alpha is now operational.</para>
535 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Detection for new processors, such as the
536 FC-PGA2 Pentium III (Tualatin), Transmeta Crusoe, and
537 Transmeta Crusoe LongRun, has been added. &merged;</para>
539 <para arch="alpha">Support for the following hardware has been
540 removed from the installation kernel to make it fit on a
541 1.44MB floppy again: Multia, NoName, PC64, EB64, Aspen Alpine,
542 sa (SCSI tape), amr, parallel port support, vx (3c590, 3c595),
543 pcn (AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100), sf (Adaptec AIC-6915), sis (SiS
544 900/SiS 7016), ste (Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)), wb
545 (Winbond W89C840F).</para>
547 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Streaming <acronym>SIMD</acronym>
548 Extensions (<acronym>SSE</acronym>) has been introduced. The
549 <literal>CPU_ENABLE_SSE</literal> kernel option controls
550 whether support is compiled into the kernel. &merged;</para>
552 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The <literal>CPU_ATHLON_SSE_HACK</literal>
553 kernel option has been added, which attempts to enable the SSE
554 feature bit on newer Athlon CPUs if the BIOS has forgotten to
555 enable it. &merged;</para>
557 <para arch="sparc64">The UltraSPARC platform is now supported by
558 &os;. The following machines are supported to at least some
559 degree: Ultra 1/2/5/10/30/60, Enterprise 220R/420R, Netra T1 AC200/DC200, Netra T 105, and Blade
560 100. SMP is supported, and has been tested on the
561 Ultra 2, Ultra 60, Enterprise 220R, and
562 Enterprise 420R.</para>
564 <para arch="i386">On some systems, the BIOS does not activate
565 the I/O ports and memory of PC devices, thus making them
566 unusable. The <varname>hw.pci.enable_io_modes</varname>
567 sysctl/boot loader variable (which defaults to
568 <literal>1</literal>, for <quote>enabled</quote>)
569 forces &os; to enable these devices so that they can be
572 <para arch="alpha">Support for TurboChannel Alphas has been
578 <title>Bootloader Changes</title>
580 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>boot2</filename> now supports a
581 <option>-n</option> option to disallow boot interruption by
582 keypresses. &merged;</para>
584 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A new <filename>cdboot</filename> bootstrap
585 utility for CDROMs provides better compatability with some
586 BIOS implementations that do not completely implement the El
587 Torito bootable CDROM standard. This boot loader supports
588 <quote>no emulation</quote> mode booting, thus eliminating the
589 need for an emulated floppy disk image on a bootable
590 CDROM. &merged;</para>
592 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The i386 boot loader now has support for a
593 <literal>nullconsole</literal> console type, for use on
594 systems with neither a video console nor a serial
595 port. &merged;</para>
597 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.loader.8; now has optional support
598 (enabled at compile-time, off by default) for loading
599 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed kernels and
600 modules. &merged;</para>
602 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Intel's Wired for Management 2.0
603 (PXE) was added to the &os; boot loader. Due to API
604 differences, the older PXE versions are not supported. This
605 allow network booting using DHCP. &merged;</para>
607 <!-- Above this line, order bootloader changes by keyword-->
609 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now contains a workaround
610 to support CDROM booting on certain IBM BIOSs that expect the
611 first sector of the emulated floppy to contain a valid MS-DOS
612 BPB that they can modify. &merged;</para>
614 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now supports a
615 <option>-p</option> flag to force the kernel to pause after
616 each line of output during the probing phase. &merged;</para>
618 <para arch="alpha,i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader is now capable of
619 booting from filesystems with block sizes larger than
622 <para>The kernel and modules have been moved to the directory
623 <filename>/boot/kernel</filename>, so they can be easily
624 manipulated together. The boot loader has been updated to
625 make this change as seamless as possible.</para>
629 <title>Network Interface Support</title>
631 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver for Cisco Aironet cards now supports
632 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption, settable via
633 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
635 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports the Cisco Aironet 350
636 series of adaptors. &merged;</para>
638 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports <quote>monitor</quote>
639 mode, settable via the <option>-M</option> option to
640 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
642 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports Cisco LEAP, as well as
643 the <quote>Home</quote> WEP key. The Linux Aironet utilities
644 are now supported under emulation. &merged;</para>
646 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Generic support for ARCNET token-based
647 networks has been added. &merged;</para>
649 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.bge.4; driver has been added to
650 support the Broadcom BCM570x family of Gigabit Ethernet
651 controllers, including the 3Com 3c996-T, the SysKonnect
652 SK-9D21 and SK-9D41, and the built-in Gigabit Ethernet NICs on
653 Dell PowerEdge 2550 servers. Output TCP/IP checksum offload,
654 jumbo frames and VLAN tag insertion/stripping are supported,
655 as well as interrupt moderation. &merged;</para>
657 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The cm driver has been added to support SMC
658 COM90cx6 ARCNET network adapters. &merged;</para>
660 <para>The &man.dc.4; driver now supports NICs based on the Xircom
661 3201 and Conexant LANfinity RS7112 chips.</para>
663 <para role="historic">The &man.dc.4; driver now has support for
664 VLANs. &merged;</para>
666 <para role="historic">The &man.de.4; driver now performs round-robin arbitration
667 between the transmit and receive units of the 21143, instead
668 of giving priority to the receive unit. This gives a
669 10–15% performance improvement in the forwarding rate
670 under heavy load. &merged;</para>
672 <para arch="alpha">The &man.ed.4; driver is now supported.</para>
674 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Linksys Fast Ethernet PCCARD cards supported
675 by the &man.ed.4; driver now require the addition of flag
676 <literal>0x80000</literal> to their config line in
677 &man.pccard.conf.5;. This flag is not optional. These
678 Linksys cards will not be recognized without
681 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.ed.4; driver that could cause panics
682 with very short packets and BPF or bridging active has been
683 fixed. &merged;</para>
685 <para role="historic">The &man.ed.4; driver now has support for D-Link DL10022
686 chips, necessary for the NetGear FA-410TX and other cards. As
687 a result, <literal>device miibus</literal> is required in
688 kernel configurations using the &man.ed.4;
689 driver. &merged;</para>
691 <para arch="i386">The &man.el.4; driver can now be loaded as a
694 <para arch="i386,pc98,ia64" role="historic">The &man.em.4; driver has been added to
695 support NICs based on the Intel 82542, 82543, 82544, 82545EM,
697 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips. The driver has VLAN
698 support, and also supports
699 transmit/receive checksum offload and jumbo frames on 82543
700 and 82544-based adapters. &merged;</para>
702 <para role="historic">The &man.faith.4; device is now loadable, unloadable, and
703 clonable. &merged;</para>
705 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Support for Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based
706 Ethernet PC-Cards has been added back in the &man.fe.4;
707 driver. &merged;</para>
709 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">The &man.fpa.4; driver now supports Digital's
710 DEFPA FDDI adaptors on the Alpha. &merged;</para>
712 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now requires a <literal>device
713 miibus</literal> entry in the kernel configuration
714 file. &merged;</para>
716 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now contains a workaround for PCI
717 protocol violations caused by defects in some systems based on
718 the Intel ICH2/ICH2-M chip. The workaround is to rewrite the
719 EEPROM on the interface to disable Dynamic Standby Mode; once
720 the EEPROM is rewritten, the system needs to be rebooted for
721 the new settings to take effect. &merged;</para>
723 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now supports Intel's loadable
724 microcode to implement receive-side interrupt coalescing and
725 packet bundling, on NICs that support these features. This
726 support can be activated by the use of the
727 <option>link0</option> option to
728 &man.ifconfig.8;. &merged;</para>
730 <para arch="sparc64">The gem driver has been added to support
731 the Sun GEM Gigabit Ethernet and ERI Fast Ethernet
734 <para role="historic">The &man.gx.4; driver has been added to support NICs based
735 on the Intel 82542 and 82543 Gigabit Ethernet controller
736 chips. Both fiber and copper variants of the cards are
737 supported. Both boards support VLAN tagging/insertion, and
738 the 82543 additionally supports TCP/IP checksum
739 offload. &merged;</para>
741 <para arch="sparc64">The hme driver has been added to support
742 the Sun HME Fast Ethernet adapter, onboard on many Sun Ultra
743 series machines.</para>
745 <para role="historic">The &man.lge.4; driver has been added to support the Level
746 1 LXT1001 NetCellerator Gigabit Ethernet controller chip. This
747 device is used on some fiber optic GigE cards from SMC, D-Link
748 and Addtron. Jumbograms and TCP/IP checksum offload on
749 receive are supported, although hardware VLAN filtering is
752 <para role="historic">The my driver, which supports the Myson Fast Ethernet and
753 Gigabit Ethernet adapters, has been added. &merged;</para>
755 <para role="historic">Added the &man.nge.4; driver, which supports PCI Gigabit
756 Ethernet adapters based on the National Semiconductor DP83820
757 and DP83821 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips, including the
758 D-Link DGE-500T, SMC EZ Card 1000 (SMC9462TX), Asante
759 FriendlyNet GigaNIC 1000TA and 1000TPC and Addtron AEG320T.
760 This driver supports transmit and receive checksum
761 offloading. &merged;</para>
763 <para role="historic">The &man.pcn.4; driver, which supports the AMD PCnet/FAST,
764 PCnet/FAST+, PCnet/FAST III, PCnet/PRO, PCnet/Home, and
765 HomePNA adapters, has been added. Although these cards are
766 already supported by the &man.lnc.4; driver, the &man.pcn.4;
767 driver runs these chips in 32-bit mode and uses the RX
768 alignment feature to achieve zero-copy receive. This driver
769 is also machine-independent, so it will work on the i386,
770 pc98 and Alpha platforms. The &man.lnc.4; driver is still needed
771 to support non-PCI cards. &merged;</para>
773 <para role="historic">The &man.ray.4; driver, which supports the Webgear Aviator
774 wireless network cards, has been committed. The operation of
775 &man.ray.4; interfaces can be modified by
776 &man.raycontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
778 <para arch="i386,pc98">The &man.rp.4; driver has been updated to
779 version 3.02 and can now be built as a module. &merged;</para>
781 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The sbni driver, for supporting the Granch
782 SBNI12 series of ISA and PCI point-to-point communications
783 interfaces, has been added. The <filename
784 role="package">sysutils/sbniconfig</filename> port in the &os;
785 Ports Collection can be used for configuring these
786 devices. &merged;</para>
788 <para role="historic">Added support for PCI Ethernet adapters based on the SiS
789 900 and SiS 7016 Fast Ethernet controller chips (for example,
790 as seen on the SiS 635 and 735 motherboard chipsets), as well
791 as the National Semiconductor DP83815 chipset (including the
792 NetGear FA311-TX and FA312-TX) in the form of the &man.sis.4;
793 driver. This device has support for VLANs. &merged;</para>
795 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The snc driver for the National Semiconductor
796 DP8393X (SONIC) Ethernet controller has been added.
797 Currently, this driver is only used on the PC-98
798 architecture. &merged;</para>
800 <para>The &man.stf.4; device is now clonable.</para>
802 <para role="historic">The &man.tap.4; driver, a virtual Ethernet device driver
803 for bridged configurations, has been added. This device is
804 clonable. &merged;</para>
806 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver now supports the Alteon AceNIC
807 1000baseT Gigabit Ethernet and Netgear GA620T 1000baseT
808 Gigabit cards. &merged;</para>
810 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver correctly masks VLAN tags. &merged;</para>
812 <para>The &man.tx.4; driver now supports true multicast
815 <para role="historic">The &man.txp.4; driver has been added to support NICs
816 based on the 3Com 3XP Typhoon/Sidewinder (3CR990)
817 chipset. &merged;</para>
819 <para role="historic">&man.vlan.4; devices are now loadable, unloadable, and
820 clonable. &merged;</para>
822 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for Prism II and
823 Prism 2.5-based NICs. 104/128-bit WEP now works on Prism
824 cards. &merged;</para>
826 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now supports using a &os; host as
827 a wireless access point. This functionality can be enabled
828 using the <literal>mediaopt hostap</literal> option of
829 &man.ifconfig.8;. This feature requires a wireless
830 adapter based on the Prism II chipset. &merged;</para>
832 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for
833 <application>bsd-airtools</application>. &merged;</para>
835 <para role="historic">The xe driver can now be built as a
836 module. &merged;</para>
838 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports the 3Com 3C556 and
839 3C556B MiniPCI adapters used on some laptops. &merged;</para>
841 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports reception of VLAN
842 tagged frames (on the <quote>Cyclone</quote> or newer
843 chipsets). &merged;</para>
845 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports send- and receive-side
846 TCP/IP checksum offloading for NICs implementing this feature,
847 such as the 3C905B, 3C905C, and 3C980C. &merged;</para>
849 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.xl.4; driver, related to statistics
850 overflow interrupt handling, was causing slowdowns at medium
851 to high packet rates; this has been fixed. &merged;</para>
853 <para role="historic">The per-interface <varname>ifnet</varname> structure now
854 has the ability to indicate a set of capabilities supported by
855 a network interface, and which ones are enabled.
856 &man.ifconfig.8; has support for querying these
857 capabilities. &merged;</para>
859 <para role="historic">Performance with hosts having a large number of IP aliases
860 has been improved, by replacing the per-interface
861 <varname>if_inaddr</varname> linear list with a hash table. &merged;</para>
863 <para>Network devices now automatically appear as special files in
864 <filename>/dev/net</filename>. Interface hardware ioctls (not
865 protocol or routing) can be performed on these devices. The
866 <varname>SIOCGIFCONF</varname> ioctl may be performed on the
867 special <filename>/dev/network</filename> node.</para>
869 <para role="historic">Selected network drivers now implement a semi-polling
870 mode, which makes systems much more resilient to attacks and
871 overloads. To enable polling, the following options are
872 required in a kernel configuration file:
874 <programlisting>options DEVICE_POLLING
875 options HZ=1000 # not compulsory but strongly recommended</programlisting>
877 The <varname>kern.polling.enable</varname> sysctl variable
878 will then activate polling mode; with the
879 <varname>kern.polling.user_frac</varname> sysctl indicating
880 the percentage of CPU time to be reserved for userland. The
881 devices initially supporting polling are &man.dc.4;,
882 &man.fxp.4;, &man.rl.4;, and &man.sis.4;. More details can be found in
883 the &man.polling.4; manual page. &merged;</para>
885 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The packet-forwarding performance of certain
886 network drivers (specifically &man.dc.4; and &man.sis.4;) has
887 been enhanced by the elimination of unnecessary buffer
888 copies. &merged;</para>
890 <para><quote>Zero copy</quote> support has been added to the
891 networking stack. This feature can eliminate a copy of
892 network data between the kernel and userland, which is one of
893 the more significant bottlenecks in network throughput.
894 The send-side code should work with almost any network
895 adapter, while the receive-side code requires a network
896 adapter with an MTU of at least one memory page size (for
897 example, jumbo frames on Gigabit Ethernet). For more
898 information, see &man.zero.copy.9;.</para>
902 <title>Network Protocols</title>
904 <para role="historic">&man.accept.filter.9;, a kernel feature to reduce
905 overheads when accepting and reading new connections on
906 listening sockets, has been added. &merged;</para>
908 <para role="historic">The <literal>proxy</literal> modifier to &man.arp.8;'s
909 <option>-d</option> option has been renamed to
910 <literal>pub</literal>, for consistency with the
911 <option>-s</option> option. The <literal>only</literal> keyword
912 has been added to the <option>-s</option> and
913 <option>-S</option> flags, to be used in creating
914 <quote>proxy-only</quote> published entries. &merged;</para>
916 <para role="historic">The read timeout feature of &man.bpf.4; now works more
917 correctly with &man.select.2;/&man.poll.2;, and therefore with
918 pthreads. &merged;</para>
920 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; and &man.dummynet.4; have received some
921 enhancements and bug fixes, and are now loadable
922 modules. &merged;</para>
924 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; now has better support for multiple,
925 fully-independent bridging clusters, and is much more stable
926 in the presence of dynamic attachments and detatchments. Full
927 support for VLANs is also supported. &merged;</para>
929 <para>ICMP ECHO and TSTAMP replies are now rate limited. TCP
930 RSTs generated due to packets sent to open and unopen ports
931 are now limited by separate counters. Each rate limiting
932 queue now has its own description.</para>
934 <para role="historic">ICMP <literal>UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB</literal> messages can
935 now RST TCP connections in the <literal>SYN_SENT</literal>
936 state if the correct sequence numbers are sent back, as
938 <varname>net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst</varname> sysctl. &merged;</para>
940 <para>IP multicast now works on VLAN devices. Several other
941 bugs in the VLAN code have also been fixed.</para>
943 <para role="historic">A bug in the IPsec processing for IPv4, which caused the
944 inbound SPD checks to be ignored, has been fixed. &merged;</para>
946 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.4; now filters correctly in the presence of ECN
947 bits in TCP segments. &merged;</para>
949 <para>&man.ipfw.4; has been re-implemented (the new version is
950 commonly referred to as <quote>IPFW2</quote>). It now uses
951 variable-sized representation of rules in the kernel, similar
952 to &man.bpf.4; instructions. Most of the externally-visible
953 behavior (i.e. through &man.ipfw.8;) should be unchanged.,
954 although &man.ipfw.8; now supports <literal>or</literal>
955 connectives between match fields. &merged;</para>
957 <para role="historic">A new ng_eiface netgraph module has been added, which
958 appears as an Ethernet interface but delivers its Ethernet
959 frames to a Netgraph hook. &merged;</para>
961 <para>A new &man.ng.device.4; netgraph node type has been added,
962 which creates a device entry in <filename>/dev</filename>, to
963 be used as the entry point to a networking graph.</para>
965 <para role="historic">A new &man.ng.etf.4; netgraph node allows Ethernet type
966 packets to be filtered to different hooks depending on
967 ethertype. &merged;</para>
969 <para>The &man.ng.gif.4; and &man.ng.gif.demux.4; netgraph
970 nodes, for operating on &man.gif.4; devices, have been
973 <para>The &man.ng.ip.input.4; netgraph node, for queueing IP
974 packets into the main IP input processing code, has been
977 <para role="historic">The &man.ng.mppc.4; and &man.ng.bridge.4; node types have
978 been added to the &man.netgraph.4; subsystem. The
979 &man.ng.ether.4; node is now dynamically loadable.
980 Miscellaneous bug fixes and enhancements have also been
981 made. &merged;</para>
983 <para role="historic">A new netgraph node type &man.ng.one2many.4; for
984 multiplexing and demultiplexing packets over multiple links
985 has been added. &merged;</para>
987 <para>A new ng_split node type has been added for splitting a
988 bidirectional packet flow into two unidirectional flows.</para>
990 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
991 <varname>net.inet.ip.check_interface</varname>, which is on by
992 default, causes IP to verify that an incoming packet arrives
993 on an interface that has an address matching the packet's
994 destination address. &merged;</para>
996 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
997 <varname>net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface</varname> has
998 been added to control the suppression of logging when ARP
999 replies arrive on the wrong interface. &merged;</para>
1001 <para role="historic">A new <literal>options RANDOM_IP_ID</literal> kernel
1002 option causes the ID field of IP packets to be randomized.
1003 This closes a minor information leak which allows a remote
1004 observer to determine the rate at which the machine is
1005 generating packets, since the default behavior is to increment
1006 a counter for each packet sent. &merged;</para>
1008 <para arch="alpha">SLIP has been removed from the
1009 <filename>mfsroot</filename> floppy image.</para>
1011 <para role="historic">TCP has received some bug fixes for its delayed ACK
1012 behavior. &merged;</para>
1014 <para role="historic">TCP now supports the NewReno modification to the TCP Fast
1015 Recovery algorithm. This behavior can be controlled via the
1016 <varname>net.inet.tcp.newreno</varname> sysctl
1017 variable. &merged;</para>
1019 <para role="historic">TCP now uses a more aggressive timeout for initial SYN
1020 segments; this allows initial connection attempts to be
1021 dropped much faster. &merged;</para>
1023 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_COMPAT_42</literal> kernel option has
1024 been removed. &merged;</para>
1026 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_RESTRICT_RST</literal> kernel option has
1027 been removed. Similar functionality can be achieved with the
1028 <varname>net.inet.tcp.blackhole</varname> sysctl
1029 variable. &merged;</para>
1031 <para role="historic">TCP now has RFC 1323 extensions enabled by default in
1032 &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
1034 <para role="historic">RFC 1323 and RFC 1644 TCP extensions are now disabled for
1035 a connection in progress if no response has been received by
1036 the third SYN segment sent. This behavior tries to work
1037 around (very old) terminal servers with buggy VJ header
1038 compression implementations. &merged;</para>
1040 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation no longer requires the allocation
1041 of a TCP template structure for each connection; this should
1042 reduce the buffer usage on large systems handling many
1043 connections. &merged;</para>
1045 <para role="historic">TCP's default buffer sizes, controlled by the
1046 <varname>net.inet.tcp.sendspace</varname> and
1047 <varname>net.inet.tcp.recvspace</varname> sysctl variables,
1048 have been increased to 32K and 64K respectively. Previously,
1049 the default for both buffer sizes was 16K. To try to avoid
1050 increasing congestion, the default value for
1051 <varname>net.inet.tcp.local_slowstart_flightsize</varname> has
1052 been changed from infinity to 4. &merged;
1055 <para>On busy hosts, the new larger buffer sizes may require
1056 manually increasing the
1057 <varname>NMBCLUSTERS</varname> parameter, either in the
1058 kernel configuration file or via the
1059 <varname>kern.ipc.nmbclusters</varname> loader tunable.
1060 <command>netstat -mb</command> can be used to monitor the
1061 state of mbuf clusters.</para>
1065 <para role="historic">TCP now supports RFC 1948 (Defending Against Sequence
1066 Number Attacks). The
1067 <varname>net.inet.tcp.isn_reseed_interval</varname> sysctl
1068 variable controls the reseeding of the secret data used in
1069 the RFC 1948 initial sequence number calculations. &merged;</para>
1071 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation in &os; now implements a cache of
1072 outstanding, received SYN segments. Incoming SYN segments now
1073 cause entries to be placed in the cache until the TCP
1074 three-way handshake is complete, at which point, memory is
1075 allocated for the connection as usual. In addition, all TCP
1076 Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs) are used as cookies, allowing
1077 entries in the cache to be dropped, but still have their
1078 corresponding ACKs accepted later. The combination of the
1080 <quote>syncache</quote> and <quote>syncookies</quote> features
1081 makes a host much more resistant to TCP-based Denial of
1082 Service attacks. Work on this feature was sponsored by DARPA
1083 and NAI Labs. &merged;</para>
1085 <para role="historic">A bug in the TCP implementation, which could cause
1086 connections to stall if a sender saw a zero-sized window, has
1087 been corrected. &merged;</para>
1089 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation now properly ignores packets
1090 addressed to IP-layer broadcast addresses. &merged;</para>
1092 <para>The ephemeral port range used for TCP and UDP has been
1093 changed to 49152–65535 (the old default was
1094 1024–5000). This increases the number of concurrent
1095 outgoing connections/streams.</para>
1099 <title>Disks and Storage</title>
1101 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for the Adaptec FSA family of PCI-SCSI
1102 RAID controllers has been added, in the form of the
1103 &man.aac.4; driver. This driver includes proper handling of
1104 commands initiated by the adapter, addition/removal of disk
1105 devices, crashdump functionality, and &man.ioctl.2; commands
1106 necessary for the management CLI, and is fully qualified and
1107 sanctioned by Adaptec. &merged;</para>
1109 <para role="historic">The &man.ahc.4; driver has received numerous updates,
1110 bugfixes, and enhancements. Among various improvements are
1111 improved compatibility with chips in <quote>RAID Port</quote>
1112 mode and systems with AAA and/or ARO cards installed, as well
1113 as performance improvements. Some bugs were also fixed,
1114 including a rare hang on Ultra2/U160
1115 controllers. &merged;</para>
1117 <para arch="i386">The ahd driver, which supports the Adaptec
1118 AIC7902 Ultra320 PCI-X SCSI Controller chip, has been
1121 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver, which provides support
1122 for the Adaptec SCSI RAID controller family, as well as the
1123 DPT SmartRAID V and VI families, has been
1124 added. &merged;</para>
1126 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver now supports the
1127 Adaptec 2000S and 2005S Zero-Channel RAID
1128 controllers. &merged;</para>
1130 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA100
1131 controllers. In addition, it now supports the ServerWorks
1132 ROSB4 ATA33 chipset, the CMD 648 ATA66 and CMD 649 ATA100
1133 chipsets, and the Cyrix 5530. &merged;</para>
1135 <para role="historic">To provide more flexible configuration, the various
1136 options for the &man.ata.4; driver are now boot loader
1137 tunables, rather than kernel configure-time
1138 options. &merged;</para>
1140 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for tagged queuing,
1141 which is enabled by the <varname>hw.ata.tags</varname> loader
1142 tunable. &merged;</para>
1144 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA
1145 <quote>pseudo</quote> RAID controllers as the Promise Fasttrak
1146 and HighPoint HPT370 controllers. &merged;</para>
1148 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports a wider variety of SiS
1149 chipsets, as listed in the Hardware Notes. &merged;</para>
1151 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for creating,
1152 deleting, querying, and rebuilding ATA RAIDs under control of
1153 &man.atacontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
1155 <para role="historic">The BurnProof(TM) feature, for applicable ATAPI CD-ROM
1156 burners, is now supported. &merged;</para>
1158 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for 48-bit
1159 addressing. Devices larger than 137GB are now
1160 supported. &merged;</para>
1162 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now contains fixes for some data
1163 corruption problems on systems using the VIA 82C686B
1164 Southbridge chip. &merged;</para>
1166 <para>The &man.ata.4; driver (along with &man.burncd.8;) now
1167 supports writing to media in DVD+RW drives.</para>
1169 <para>The &man.ata.4; driver now supports accessing ATA devices
1170 as SCSI devices via the CAM layer. This feature requires
1171 <literal>device atapicam</literal> in the kernel
1172 configuration.</para>
1174 <para role="historic">The &man.cd.4; driver now has support for write
1175 operations. This allows writing to DVD-RAM, PD and similar
1176 drives that probe as CD devices. Note that change affects
1177 only random-access writeable devices, not sequential-only
1178 writeable devices such as CD-R drives, which are supported by
1179 &man.cdrecord.1; (a part of
1180 <filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename> in the
1181 Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
1183 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ciss driver, for devices utilizing the
1184 Common Interface for SCSI-3 Support, has been added. This
1185 driver supports the Compaq SmartRAID 5* family of RAID
1186 controllers (5300, 532, 5i). &merged;</para>
1188 <para>The &man.fdc.4; floppy disk has undergone a number of
1189 enhancements. Density selection for common settings is now
1190 automatic; the driver is also much more flexible in setting
1191 the densities of various subdevices.</para>
1193 <para>The &man.geom.4; disk I/O request transformation framework
1194 has been added; this extensible framework is designed to
1195 support a wide variety of operations on I/O requests on their
1196 way from the upper kernel to the device drivers.</para>
1198 <para role="historic">The ida disk driver now has crashdump
1199 support. &merged;</para>
1201 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The iir driver has been added to support the
1202 Intel Integrated RAID controllers, as well as prior ICP Vortex
1205 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A bug that made certain CDROM drives fail to
1206 attach when connected to a SCSI card driven by &man.isp.4; has
1207 been fixed. &merged;</para>
1209 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver is now proactive about discovering
1210 Fibre Channel topology changes.</para>
1212 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver now supports target mode for Qlogic
1213 SCSI cards, including Ultra2 and Ultra3 and dual bus
1216 <para role="historic">The &man.isp.4; driver now supports the Qlogic 2300 and
1217 2312 Optical Fibre Channel PCI cards. &merged;</para>
1219 <para>&man.md.4;, the memory disk device, has had the
1220 functionality of &man.vn.4; incorporated into it. &man.md.4;
1221 devices can now be configured by &man.mdconfig.8;. &man.vn.4;
1222 has been removed. The Memory Filesystem (MFS) has also been
1225 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.mly.4; driver, for Mylex PCI to SCSI
1226 AccelRAID and eXtremeRAID controllers with firmware 6.X and
1227 later, has been added. &merged;</para>
1229 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ncv, nsp, and stg drivers have been ported
1230 from NetBSD/pc98. They support the NCR 53C50 / Workbit Ninja
1231 SCSI-3 / TMC 18C30, 18C50 based PC-Card/ISA SCSI controllers.
1232 All three drivers can be built and loaded as
1233 modules. &merged;</para>
1235 <para arch="powerpc">The ofw driver, a basic OpenFirmware disk
1236 driver, has been added.</para>
1238 <para>Some problems in &man.sa.4; error handling have been
1239 fixed, including the <quote>tape drive spinning indefinitely
1240 upon &man.mt.1; <option>stat</option></quote> problem.</para>
1242 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.twe.4; 3ware ATA RAID driver has
1243 added. &merged;</para>
1245 <para role="historic">The &man.wd.4; compatibility devices were removed from the
1246 &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1250 <title>Filesystems</title>
1252 <para>Support for named extended attributes was added to the
1253 &os; kernel. This allows the kernel, and appropriately
1254 privileged userland processes, to tag files and directories
1255 with attribute data. Extended attributes were added to
1256 support the TrustedBSD Project, in particular ACLs, capability
1257 data, and mandatory access control labels (see
1258 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.extattr</filename> for
1261 <para role="historic">Due to a licensing change, softupdates have been
1262 integrated into the main portion of the kernel source tree.
1263 As a consequence, softupdates are now available with the
1264 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel. &merged;</para>
1266 <para>A filesystem snapshot capability has been added to FFS.
1267 Details can be found in
1268 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ffs/README.snapshot</filename>.</para>
1270 <!-- The following note needs to be made more specific or eliminated. -->
1271 <para>Softupdates for FFS have received some bug fixes and
1272 enhancements.</para>
1274 <para>When running with softupdates, &man.statfs.2; and
1275 &man.df.1; will track the number of blocks and files that are
1276 committed to being freed.</para>
1278 <para role="historic">A bug in FFS that could cause superblock corruption on
1279 very large filesystems has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1281 <para role="historic">The ISO-9660 filesystem now has a hook that supports a
1282 loadable character conversion routine. The
1283 <filename role="package">sysutils/cd9660_unicode</filename>
1284 port contains a set of common conversions. &merged;</para>
1286 <para>&man.kernfs.5; is obsolete and has been retired.</para>
1288 <para role="historic">A bug in the NFS client that caused bogus access times with
1289 <literal>O_EXCL|O_CREAT</literal> opens was
1290 fixed. &merged;</para>
1292 <para role="historic">A new NFS hash function (based on the Fowler/Noll/Vo hash
1293 algorithm) has been implemented to improve NFS performance by
1294 increasing the efficiency of the <varname>nfsnode</varname>
1295 hash tables. &merged;</para>
1297 <para>Client-side NFS locks have been implemented.</para>
1299 <para>The client-side and server-side of the NFS code in the
1300 kernel used to be intertwined in various complex ways. They
1301 have been split apart for ease of maintenance and further
1304 <para>Support for filesystem Access Control Lists (ACLs) has
1305 been introduced, allowing more fine-grained control of
1306 discretionary access control on files and directories. This
1307 support was integrated from the TrustedBSD Project. More
1308 details can be found in
1309 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.acls</filename>.</para>
1311 <para role="historic">The directory layout preference algorithm for FFS
1312 (<literal>dirprefs</literal>) has been changed. Rather than
1313 scattering directory blocks across a disk, it attempts to
1314 group related directory blocks together. Operations
1315 traversing large directory hierarchies, such as the &os; Ports
1316 tree, have shown marked speedups. This change is transparent
1317 and automatic for new directories. &merged;</para>
1319 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">smbfs (CIFS) support in kernel has been added.
1320 The userland programs &man.smbutil.1; and &man.mount.smbfs.8;
1321 can be used to work with SMB shares. Note that
1322 &man.mount.smbfs.8; will automatically load the
1323 <filename>smbfs.ko</filename> module into the kernel, even if
1324 <literal>LIBMCHAIN</literal> and
1325 <literal>LIBICONV</literal> were not compiled into the kernel.
1328 <para>For consistency, the fdesc, fifo, null, msdos, portal,
1329 umap, and union filesystems have been renamed to fdescfs,
1330 fifofs, msdosfs, nullfs, portalfs, umapfs, and unionfs. Where
1331 applicable, modules and mount_* programs have been renamed.
1332 Compatibility <quote>glue</quote> has been added to
1333 &man.mount.8; so that <literal>msdos</literal> filesystem
1334 entries in &man.fstab.5; will work without changes.</para>
1336 <para>pseudofs, a pseudo-filesystem framework, has been added.
1337 &man.linprocfs.5; and &man.procfs.5; have been modified to use
1340 <para role="historic">A simple hash-based lookup optimization for large
1341 directories called <literal>dirhash</literal> has been added.
1343 <literal>UFS_DIRHASH</literal> kernel option (enabled by
1344 default in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel), it
1345 improves the speed of operations on very large directories at
1346 the expense of some memory. &merged;</para>
1348 <para role="historic">The virtual memory subsystem now backs UFS directory
1349 memory requirements by default (this behavior is controlled
1350 via the <varname>vfs.vmiodirenable</varname> sysctl
1351 variable). &merged;</para>
1353 <para role="historic">A bug that prevented the root filesystem from being
1354 mounted from a SCSI CDROM has been fixed (ATAPI CDROMs were
1355 always supported). &merged;</para>
1357 <para role="historic">A number of bugs in the filesystem code, discovered
1358 through the use of the <application>fsx</application>
1359 filesystem test tool, have been fixed. Under certain
1360 circumstances (primarily related to use of NFS), these bugs
1361 could cause data corruption or kernel panics. &merged;</para>
1363 <para>Network filesystems (such as NFS and smbfs filesystems)
1364 listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> can now be properly
1365 mounted during startup initialization; their mounts are
1366 deferred until after the network is initialized.</para>
1368 <para>Read-only support for the Universal Disk Format (UDF) has
1369 been added. This format is used on packet-written CD-RWs and
1370 most commercial DVD-Video disks. The &man.mount.udf.8;
1371 command can be used to mount these disks.</para>
1373 <para>Basic support has been added for the UFS2 filesystem.
1378 <para>The inode has been expanded to 256 bytes to make
1379 space for 64-bit block pointers.</para>
1383 <para>A file-creation time field has been added.</para>
1387 <para>Space has been provided for extended attributes, up
1388 to twice the filesystem block size.</para>
1397 <title>PCCARD Support</title>
1399 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The pccard driver and &man.pccardc.8; now
1400 support multiple <quote>beep types</quote> upon card insertion
1401 and removal. &merged;</para>
1403 <para role="historic">On many modern hosts, PCCARD devices can be configured to
1404 route their interrupts via either the ISA or PCI interrupt
1405 paths. The &man.pcic.4; driver has been updated to support
1406 both interrupt paths (formerly, only routing via ISA was
1407 supported). &merged; In most cases, configuration of PCMCIA
1408 devices in laptops is simpler and more flexible. In addition,
1409 various Cardbus bridge PCI cards (such as those used by
1410 Orinoco PCI NICs) are now supported. Some hosts may
1411 experience problems, such as hangs or panics, with PCI
1412 interrupt routing; they can frequently be made to work by
1413 forcing the older-style ISA interrupt routing. The following
1414 lines, placed in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>, may
1415 fix the problem:</para>
1417 <programlisting role="historic">hw.pcic.intr_path="1"
1418 hw.pcic.irq="0"</programlisting>
1420 <para role="historic">When installing &os; on such a system, typing the
1421 following lines to the boot loader may be helpful in starting
1422 up &os; for the first time:<para>
1424 <screen role="historic"><prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.intr_path="1"</userinput>
1425 <prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.irq="0"</userinput></screen>
1427 <para arch="i386">Preliminary Cardbus support under NEWCARD has
1428 been added. This code supports the TI113X, TI12XX, TI125X,
1429 Ricoh 5C46/5C47, Topic 95/97/100 and Cirrus Logic PD683X
1430 bridges. 16-bit PC Card support is not yet functional.</para>
1432 <para arch="i386">NEWCARD is now the default pccard/cardbus
1433 system in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel.</para>
1438 <title>Multimedia Support</title>
1440 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.pcm.4; driver now supports the ESS
1441 Solo 1, Maestro-1, Maestro-2, and Maestro-2e; Forte Media
1442 fm801, ESS Maestro-2e, and VIA Technologies VT82C686A sound
1443 card/chipsets, and has received some other updates. Separate
1444 drivers for the SoundBlaster 8 and SoundBlaster 16 now replace
1445 an older, unified driver. A driver for the CMedia
1446 CMI8338/CMI8738 sound chips has been added. A driver for the
1447 CS4281 sound chip has been added. A driver for the S3
1448 SonicVibes chipset has been added. &merged;</para>
1450 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Avance Logic ALS4000 has been
1451 added. &merged;</para>
1453 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the ESS Maestro-3/Allegro has
1454 been added, however due to licensing restrictions, it cannot
1455 be compiled into the kernel. &merged; To use this driver, add
1456 the following line to
1457 <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
1459 <programlisting role="historic">snd_maestro3_load="YES"</programlisting>
1461 <para role="historic">The &man.bktr.4; driver has been updated to 2.18. This
1462 update provides a number of new features. New tuner types
1463 have been added, and improvements to the KLD module and to
1464 memory allocation have been made. Bugs in &man.devfs.5; when
1465 unloading and reloading have been fixed. Support for new
1466 Hauppauge Model 44xxx WinTV Cards (the ones with no audio mux)
1467 has been added. &merged;</para>
1469 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ufm driver, supporting the D-Link DSB-R100
1470 USB Radio, has been added. &merged;</para>
1472 <para role="historic">When sound modules are built, one can now load all the
1473 drivers and infrastructure by <command>kldload
1474 snd</command>. &merged;</para>
1476 <para>A new API has been added for sound cards with hardware
1477 volume control.</para>
1479 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Intel 443MX, 810, 815, and
1480 815E integrated sound devices has been added. &merged;</para>
1482 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The via82c686 sound driver now supports the VIA
1483 VT8233. &merged;</para>
1485 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ich sound driver now support the SiS
1486 7012 chipset. &merged;</para>
1488 <para arch="i386">Drivers have been added to support the Direct
1489 Rendering Infrastructure, which can used to provide 3D
1490 acceleration within <application>XFree86</application>. Video
1491 cards supported include the 3Dlabs Oxygen GMX 2000 (gammadrm),
1492 AGP Matrox G200/G400/G450/G550 (mgadrm), 3dfx Voodoo
1493 3/4/5/Banshee (tdfxdrm), AGI ATI Rage 128 (r128drm), and AGP
1494 ATI Radeon (radeondrm).</para>
1499 <title>Contributed Software</title>
1501 <para>The Forth Inspired Command Language
1502 (<application>FICL</application>) used in the boot loader has
1503 been updated to 3.02.</para>
1505 <para>Support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
1506 (ACPI), a multi-vendor standard for configuration and power
1507 management, has been added. This functionality has been
1508 provided by the <application>Intel ACPI Component
1509 Architecture</application> project, as of the ACPI CA 20020725
1510 snapshot. Some backward compatability for applications using
1511 the older APM standard has been provided.</para>
1514 <title>IPFilter</title>
1516 <para><application>IPFilter</application> has been updated to
1519 <para role="historic"><application>IPFilter</application> now supports
1520 IPv6. &merged;</para>
1525 <title>isdn4bsd</title>
1527 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> has been updated to
1528 version 1.0.2.</para>
1530 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1531 Fritz!Card PCI controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1533 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi2.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1534 Fritz!Card PCI version 2 controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1536 <para role="historic">The &man.ihfc.4; driver for supporting Cologne Chip
1537 Designs HFC devices under
1538 <application>isdn4bsd</application> has been
1539 added. &merged;</para>
1541 <para role="historic">The &man.itjc.4; driver for supporting NETjet-S / Teles
1542 PCI-TJ devices under <application>isdn4bsd</application> has
1543 been added. &merged;</para>
1545 <para role="historic">Experimental support for the Eicon.Diehl DIVA 2.0 and
1546 2.02 ISA PnP ISDN cards has been added to the &man.isic.4;
1547 <application>isdn4bsd</application> driver. &merged;</para>
1549 <para role="historic">The &man.isic.4; driver now supports the Compaq Microcom
1550 610 ISDN ISA PnP card. &merged;</para>
1552 <para role="historic">Active CAPI-based ISDN cards manufactured by AVM are now
1553 supported using the &man.i4bcapi.4; and the &man.iavc.4;
1554 driver. The supported cards are the AVM B1 PCI and AVM B1
1555 ISA Basic Rate cards and the AVM T1 Primary Rate
1556 cards. &merged;</para>
1558 <para role="historic">A new <literal>maxconnecttime</literal> keyword is now
1559 accepted in &man.isdnd.rc.5; files to limit the time a
1560 connection may remain open. &merged;</para>
1562 <para role="historic">&man.isdnphone.8; now supports a <option>-k</option>
1563 option for sending messages via the keypad facility to a PBX
1564 or exchange office. &merged;</para>
1566 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> now supports Q.931
1567 subaddressing.</para>
1571 <sect4 id="kame-kernel">
1574 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
1575 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
1576 the items listed in this section are a result of this
1577 import. <xref linkend="kame-userland"> lists userland
1578 updates to the KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
1580 <para role="historic">&man.gif.4; is now based on RFC 2893, rather than RFC
1581 1933. The <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can
1582 be used to control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1584 <para role="historic"><application>IPsec</application> has received some
1585 enhancements, including the ability to use the Rijndael and
1586 SHA2 algorithms. IPsec RC5 support has been removed due to
1587 patent issues. &merged;</para>
1589 <para role="historic">&man.stf.4; now conforms to RFC 3056; the
1590 <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can be used to
1591 control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1593 <para role="historic">IPv6 has better checking of illegal addresses (such as
1594 loopback addresses) on physical networks. &merged;</para>
1596 <para role="historic">The <varname>IPV6_V6ONLY</varname> socket option is now
1597 completely supported. The kernel's default behavior with
1598 respect to this option is controlled by the
1599 <varname>net.inet6.ip6.v6only</varname> sysctl
1600 variable. &merged;</para>
1602 <para role="historic">RFC 3041 (Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address
1603 Autoconfiguration) is now supported. It can be enabled via
1604 the <varname>net.inet6.ip6.use_tempaddr</varname> sysctl
1605 variable. &merged;</para>
1610 <sect2 id="security">
1611 <title>Security-Related Changes</title>
1613 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now allows the user to select one of two
1614 <quote>security profiles</quote> at install-time. These
1615 profiles enable different levels of system security by enabling
1616 or disabling various system services in &man.rc.conf.5; on new
1617 installs. &merged;</para>
1619 <para>A bug in which malformed ELF executable images can hang the
1620 system has been fixed (see security advisory
1621 FreeBSD-SA-00:41). &merged;</para>
1623 <para>A security hole in Linux emulation was fixed (see security
1624 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:42). &merged;</para>
1626 <para role="historic">String-handling library calls in many programs were fixed to
1627 reduce the possibility of buffer overflow-related exploits.
1630 <para>TCP now uses stronger randomness in choosing its initial
1631 sequence numbers (see security advisory
1632 FreeBSD-SA-00:52). &merged;</para>
1634 <para>Several buffer overflows in &man.tcpdump.1; were corrected
1635 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:61). &merged;</para>
1637 <para>A security hole in &man.top.1; was corrected (see security
1638 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:62). &merged;</para>
1640 <para>A potential security hole caused by an off-by-one-error in
1641 &man.gethostbyname.3; has been fixed (see security advisory
1642 FreeBSD-SA-00:63). &merged;</para>
1644 <para>A potential buffer overflow in the &man.ncurses.3; library,
1645 which could cause arbitrary code to be run from within
1646 &man.systat.1;, has been corrected (see security advisory
1647 FreeBSD-SA-00:68). &merged;</para>
1649 <para>A vulnerability in &man.telnetd.8; that could cause it to
1650 consume large amounts of server resources has been fixed (see
1651 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:69). &merged;</para>
1653 <para>The <literal>nat deny_incoming</literal> command in
1654 &man.ppp.8; now works correctly (see security advisory
1655 FreeBSD-SA-00:70). &merged;</para>
1657 <para>A vulnerability in &man.csh.1;/&man.tcsh.1; temporary files
1658 that could allow overwriting of arbitrary user-writable files
1659 has been closed (see security advisory
1660 FreeBSD-SA-00:76). &merged;</para>
1662 <para role="historic">The &man.ssh.1; binary is no longer SUID root by
1663 default. &merged;</para>
1665 <para role="historic">Some fixes were applied to the Kerberos IV implementation
1666 related to environment variables, a possible buffer overrun, and
1667 overwriting ticket files. &merged;</para>
1669 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does a better job of sanitizing its
1670 environment. &merged;</para>
1672 <para>Several vulnerabilities in &man.procfs.5; were fixed (see
1673 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:77). &merged;</para>
1675 <para>A bug in <application>OpenSSH</application> in which a
1676 server was unable to disable &man.ssh-agent.1; or
1677 <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> was fixed (see security
1678 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:01). &merged;</para>
1680 <para>A bug in &man.ipfw.8; and &man.ip6fw.8; in which inbound TCP
1681 segments could incorrectly be treated as being part of an
1682 <literal>established</literal> connection has been fixed (see
1683 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:08). &merged;</para>
1685 <para>A bug in &man.crontab.1; that could allow users to read any
1686 file on the system in valid &man.crontab.5; syntax has been
1687 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:09). &merged;</para>
1689 <para>A vulnerability in &man.inetd.8; that could allow
1690 read-access to the initial 16 bytes of
1691 <groupname>wheel</groupname>-accessible files has been fixed
1692 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:11). &merged;</para>
1694 <para>A bug in &man.periodic.8; that used insecure temporary files
1695 has been corrected (see security advisory
1696 FreeBSD-SA-01:12). &merged;</para>
1698 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> now has code to prevent
1699 (instead of just mitigating through connection limits) an attack
1700 that can lead to guessing the server key (not host key) by
1701 regenerating the server key when an RSA failure is detected (see
1702 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:24). &merged;</para>
1704 <para role="historic">A number of programs have had output formatting strings
1705 corrected so as to reduce the risk of
1706 vulnerabilities. &merged;</para>
1708 <para role="historic">A number of programs that use temporary files now do so more
1709 securely. &merged;</para>
1711 <para role="historic">A bug in ICMP that could cause an attacker to disrupt TCP and UDP
1712 <quote>sessions</quote> has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1714 <para>A bug in &man.timed.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1715 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1716 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:28). &merged;</para>
1718 <para>A bug in &man.rwhod.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1719 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1720 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:29). &merged;</para>
1722 <para>A security hole in &os;'s FFS and EXT2FS implementations,
1723 which allowed a race condition that could cause users to have
1724 unauthorized access to data, has been fixed (see security
1725 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:30). &merged;</para>
1727 <para>A remotely-exploitable vulnerability in &man.ntpd.8; has
1728 been closed (see security advisory
1729 FreeBSD-SA-01:31). &merged;</para>
1731 <para>A security hole in <application>IPFilter</application>'s
1732 fragment cache has been closed (see security advisory
1733 FreeBSD-SA-01:32). &merged;</para>
1735 <para>Buffer overflows in &man.glob.3;, which could cause
1736 arbitrary code to be run on an FTP server, have been closed. In
1737 addition, to prevent some forms of DOS attacks, &man.glob.3;
1738 allows specification of a limit on the number of pathname
1739 matches it will return. &man.ftpd.8; now uses this feature (see
1740 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:33). &merged;</para>
1742 <para>Initial sequence numbers in TCP are more thoroughly
1743 randomized (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:39). Due to
1744 some possible compatibility issues, the behavior of this
1745 security fix can be enabled or disabled via the
1746 <varname>net.inet.tcp.tcp_seq_genscheme</varname> sysctl
1747 variable.&merged;</para>
1749 <para>A vulnerability in the &man.fts.3; routines (used by
1750 applications for recursively traversing a filesystem) could
1751 allow a program to operate on files outside the intended
1752 directory hierarchy. This bug has been fixed (see security
1753 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:40). &merged;</para>
1755 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now switches to the
1756 user's UID before attempting to unlink the authentication
1757 forwarding file, nullifying the effects of a race.</para>
1759 <para>A flaw allowed some signal handlers to remain in effect in a
1760 child process after being exec-ed from its parent. This allowed
1761 an attacker to execute arbitrary code in the context of a setuid
1762 binary. This flaw has been corrected (see security advisory
1763 FreeBSD-SA-01:42). &merged;</para>
1765 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1; has been fixed
1766 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:48). &merged;</para>
1768 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.telnetd.8; has been fixed
1769 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:49). &merged;</para>
1771 <para>The new <varname>net.inet.ip.maxfragpackets</varname> and
1772 <varname>net.inet.ip6.maxfragpackets</varname> sysctl variables
1773 limit the amount of memory that can be consumed by IPv4 and IPv6
1774 packet fragments, which defends against some denial of service
1775 attacks (see security advisory
1776 FreeBSD-SA-01:52). &merged;</para>
1778 <para role="historic">All services in <filename>inetd.conf</filename> are now
1779 disabled by default for new installations. &man.sysinstall.8;
1780 gives the option of enabling or disabling &man.inetd.8; on new
1781 installations, as well as editing
1782 <filename>inetd.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
1784 <para>A flaw in the implementation of the &man.ipfw.8;
1785 <literal>me</literal> rules on point-to-point links has been
1786 corrected. Formerly, <literal>me</literal> filter rules would
1787 match the remote IP address of a point-to-point interface in
1788 addition to the intended local IP address (see security advisory
1789 FreeBSD-SA-01:53). &merged;</para>
1791 <para>A vulnerability in &man.procfs.5;, which could allow a
1792 process to read sensitive information from another process's
1793 memory space, has been closed (see security advisory
1794 FreeBSD-SA-01:55). &merged;</para>
1796 <para>The <literal>PARANOID</literal> hostname checking in
1797 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now works as advertised
1798 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:56). &merged;</para>
1800 <para>A local root exploit in &man.sendmail.8; has been closed
1801 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:57). &merged;</para>
1803 <para>A remote root vulnerability in &man.lpd.8; has been closed
1804 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:58). &merged;</para>
1806 <para>A race condition in &man.rmuser.8; that briefly exposed a
1807 world-readable <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename> has been
1808 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:59). &merged;</para>
1810 <para>A vulnerability in <application>UUCP</application> has been
1811 closed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:62). All
1812 non-<username>root</username>-owned binaries in standard system
1813 paths now have the <literal>schg</literal> flag set to prevent
1814 exploit vectors when run by &man.cron.8;, by
1815 <username>root</username>, or by a user other then the one owning
1816 the binary. In addition, &man.uustat.1; is now run via
1817 <filename>/etc/periodic/daily/410.status-uucp</filename> as
1818 <username>uucp</username>, not <username>root</username>. In
1819 &os; -CURRENT, <application>UUCP</application> has since been
1820 moved to the Ports Collection and no longer a part of the base
1821 system. &merged;</para>
1823 <para role="historic">A security hole in the form of a buffer overflow in the
1824 &man.semop.2; system call has been closed. &merged;</para>
1826 <para>A security hole in <application>OpenSSH</application>, which
1827 could allow users to execute code with arbitrary privileges if
1828 <literal>UseLogin yes</literal> was set, has been closed. Note
1829 that the default value of this setting is
1830 <literal>UseLogin no</literal>. (See security advisory
1831 FreeBSD-SA-01:63.) &merged;</para>
1833 <para>The use of an insecure temporary directory by
1834 &man.pkg.add.1; could permit a local attacker to modify the
1835 contents of binary packages while they were being installed.
1836 This hole has been closed. (See security advisory
1837 FreeBSD-SA-02:01.) &merged;</para>
1839 <para>A race condition in &man.pw.8;, which could expose the
1840 contents of <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>, has been
1841 eliminated. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:02.)
1844 <para>A bug in &man.k5su.8; could have allowed a process that had
1845 given up superuser privileges to regain them. This bug has been
1846 fixed. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:07.)
1849 <para>An <quote>off-by-one</quote> bug has been fixed in
1850 <application>OpenSSH</application>'s multiplexing code. This bug
1851 could have allowed an authenticated remote user to cause
1852 &man.sshd.8; to execute arbitrary code with superuser
1853 privileges, or allowed a malicious SSH server to execute arbitrary
1854 code on the client system with the privileges of the client user. (See security
1856 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:13.openssh.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:13</ulink>.)
1859 <para>A programming error in <application>zlib</application> could
1860 result in attempts to free memory multiple times. The
1861 &man.malloc.3;/&man.free.3; routines used in &os; are not
1862 vulnerable to this error, but applications receiving
1863 specially-crafted blocks of invalid compressed data could
1864 be made to function incorrectly or abort. This
1865 <application>zlib</application> bug has been fixed. For a
1866 workaround and solutions, see security advisory <ulink
1867 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:18.zlib.v1.2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:18</ulink>.
1870 <para>Bugs in the TCP SYN cache (<quote>syncache</quote>) and SYN
1871 cookie (<quote>syncookie</quote>) implementations, which could
1872 cause legitimate TCP/IP traffic to crash a machine, have been
1873 fixed. For a workaround and patches, see security advisory
1875 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:20.syncache.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:20</ulink>.
1878 <para>A routing table memory leak, which could allow a remote
1879 attacker to exhaust the memory of a target machine, has been
1880 fixed. A workaround and patches can be found in security
1882 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:21.tcpip.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:21</ulink>.
1885 <para>A bug with memory-mapped I/O, which could cause a system
1886 crash, has been fixed. For more information about a solution,
1887 see security advisory <ulink
1888 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:22.mmap.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:22</ulink>.
1891 <para>A security hole, in which SUID programs could be made to
1892 read from or write to inappropriate files through manipulation
1893 of their standard I/O file descriptors, has been fixed.
1894 Information regarding a solution can be found in security
1896 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:23.stdio.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:23</ulink>.
1899 <para>Some unexpected behavior could be allowed with &man.k5su.8;
1900 because it does not require that an invoking user be a member of
1901 the <groupname>wheel</groupname> group when attempting to become
1902 the superuser (this is the case with &man.su.1;). To avoid this
1903 situation, &man.k5su.8; is now installed non-SUID by default
1904 (effectively disabling it). More information can be found in
1905 security advisory <ulink
1906 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:24.k5su.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:24</ulink>.
1909 <para>Multiple vulnerabilities were found in the &man.bzip2.1;
1910 utility, which could allow files to be overwritten without
1911 warning or allow local users unintended access to files. These
1912 problems have been corrected with a new import of
1913 <application>bzip2</application>. For more information, see
1914 security advisory <ulink
1915 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:25.bzip2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:25</ulink>.
1918 <para>A bug has been fixed in the implementation of the TCP SYN
1919 cache (<quote>syncache</quote>), which could allow a remote
1920 attacker to deny access to a service when accept filters
1921 (see &man.accept.filter.9;) were in use. This bug has been
1922 fixed; for more information, see security advisory <ulink
1923 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:26.accept.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:26</ulink>.
1926 <para>Due to a bug in &man.rc.8;'s use of shell globbing, users
1927 may be able to remove the contents of arbitrary files if
1928 <filename>/tmp/.X11-unix</filename> does not exist and the
1929 system can be made to reboot. This bug has been corrected (see
1930 security advisory <ulink
1931 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:27.rc.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:27</ulink>).
1934 <para>A buffer overflow in the resolver, which could be exploited
1935 by a malicious domain name server or an attacker forging DNS
1936 messages, has been fixed. See security advisory <ulink
1937 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:28.resolv.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:28</ulink>
1938 for more details. &merged;</para>
1940 <para>A buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1;, which could be triggered by
1941 badly-formed NFS packets, has been fixed. See security advisory
1943 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:29.tcpdump.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:29</ulink>
1944 for more details. &merged;</para>
1946 <para>&man.ktrace.1; can no longer trace the operation of formerly
1947 privileged processes; this prevents the leakage of sensitive
1948 information that the process could have obtained before
1949 abandoning its privileges. For a discussion of this issue, see
1952 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:30.ktrace.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:30</ulink>
1953 for more details. &merged;</para>
1955 <para>A race condition in &man.pppd.8;, which could be used to
1956 change the permissions of an arbitrary file, has been corrected.
1957 For more information, see security advisory <ulink
1958 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:32.pppd.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:32</ulink>.
1961 <para>Multiple buffer overflows in
1962 <application>OpenSSL</application> have been corrected, by way
1963 of an upgrade to the base system version of
1964 <application>OpenSSL</application>. More details can be found
1965 in security advisory <ulink
1966 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:33.openssl.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:33</ulink>.
1969 <para>A heap buffer overflow in the XDR decoder has been fixed.
1970 For more details, see security advisory <ulink
1971 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:34.rpc.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:34</ulink>.
1974 <para>A bug that could allow local users to read and write
1975 arbitrary blocks on an FFS filesystem has been corrected. More
1976 details can be found in security advisory <ulink
1977 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:35.ffs.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:35</ulink>.
1980 <para>A bug in the NFS server code, which could allow a remote
1981 denial of service attack, has been fixed. Security advisory <ulink
1982 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:36.nfs.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:36</ulink>
1983 has more details. &merged;</para>
1985 <para>A bug that could allow local users to panic a system using
1986 the &man.kqueue.2; mechanism has been fixed. More information
1987 is contained in security advisory <ulink
1988 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:37.kqueue.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:37</ulink>.
1993 <sect2 id="userland">
1994 <title>Userland Changes</title>
1996 <para role="historic">If the first argument to &man.ancontrol.8; or
1997 &man.wicontrol.8; doesn't start with a <literal>-</literal>, it
1998 is assumed to be an interface. &merged;</para>
2000 <para role="historic">&man.apmd.8; now has the ability to monitor battery levels
2001 and execute commands based on percentage or minutes of battery
2002 life remaining via the <literal>apm_battery</literal>
2003 configuration directive. See the commented-out examples in
2004 <filename>/etc/apmd.conf</filename> for the
2005 syntax. &merged;</para>
2007 <para role="historic">&man.arp.8; now prints the applicable interface name for
2008 each ARP entry. &merged;</para>
2010 <para>&man.arp.8; now prints <literal>[fddi]</literal> or
2011 <literal>[atm]</literal> tags for addresses on interfaces of
2014 <para>The &man.asa.1; utility, to interpret FORTRAN
2015 carriage-control characters, has been added.</para>
2017 <para>&man.at.1; now supports the <option>-r</option> command-line
2018 option to remove jobs and the <option>-t</option> option to
2019 specify times in POSIX time format.</para>
2021 <para role="historic">&man.atacontrol.8; has been added to control various aspects
2022 of the &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
2024 <para>The system &man.awk.1; now refers to
2025 <application>BWK awk</application>.</para>
2027 <para>&man.basename.1; now accept <option>-a</option> and
2028 <option>-s</option> flags, which allow it to perform the
2029 &man.basename.3; function on multiple files.</para>
2031 <para>&man.biff.1; now accepts a <option>b</option> argument to
2032 enable <quote>bell notification</quote> of new mail (which does
2033 not disturb the terminal contents as <command>biff y</command>
2034 would). &merged;</para>
2036 <para>&man.biff.1; now uses the first terminal associated with the
2037 standard input, standard output or standard error file
2038 descriptor, in that order. Thus, it is possible to use the
2039 redirection facilities of a shell (<command>biff n <
2040 /dev/ttyp1</command>) to toggle the notification for other
2043 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">&man.boot98cfg.8;, a PC-98 boot manager
2044 installation and configuration utility, has been
2045 added. &merged;</para>
2047 <para role="historic">&man.burncd.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option for
2048 multisession mode (the default behavior now is to close disks as
2049 single-session). A <option>-l</option> option to take a list of
2050 image files from a filename was also added;
2051 <filename>-</filename> can be used as a filename for
2052 <literal>stdin</literal>. &merged;</para>
2054 <para>&man.burncd.8; now supports Disk At Once (DAO) mode,
2055 selectable via the <option>-d</option> flag.</para>
2057 <para>&man.burncd.8; now has the ability to write VCDs/SVCDs.</para>
2059 <para role="historic">&man.c89.1; has been converted from a shell script to a
2060 binary executable, fixing some minor bugs. &merged;</para>
2062 <para>&man.calendar.1; now takes a <option>-W</option> option,
2063 which operates similar to <option>-A</option> but without
2064 special treatment at weekends, and a <option>-F</option>option
2065 to change the notion of <quote>Friday</quote>.</para>
2067 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A minimalized version of &man.camcontrol.8; is
2068 now available on the installation floppy. This allows it to
2069 rescan for devices that have been connected after booting, or to
2070 show the devices attached to SCSI busses (e. g. from within the
2071 <quote>emergency holographic shell</quote>). &merged;</para>
2073 <para role="historic">&man.cat.1; now has the ability to read from UNIX-domain
2074 sockets. &merged;</para>
2076 <para>&man.catman.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2079 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a <literal>cdid</literal>
2080 command, which calculates and displays the CD serial number,
2081 using the same algorithm used by the CDDB
2082 database. &merged;</para>
2084 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now uses the <envar>CDROM</envar>
2085 environment variable to pick a default device. &merged;</para>
2087 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports <literal>next</literal> and
2088 <literal>prev</literal> commands to skip forwards or backwards a
2089 specified number of tracks while playing an audio
2092 <para>On ATAPI CDROM drives, &man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a
2093 <literal>speed</literal> command to set the maximum speed to be
2094 used by the drive. &merged;</para>
2096 <para>&man.chflags.1; has moved from <filename>/usr/bin</filename>
2097 to <filename>/bin</filename>.</para>
2099 <para role="historic">&man.chio.1; now has the ability to specify elements by
2100 volume tag instead of by their physical location as well as the
2101 ability to return an element to its previous
2102 location. &merged;</para>
2104 <para>&man.chmod.1; now supports a <option>-h</option> for
2105 changing the mode of a symbolic link.</para>
2107 <para>&man.chmod.1; now also, when the mode is modified, prints
2108 the old and new modes if the <option>-v</option> option is
2109 specified more than once.</para>
2111 <para role="historic">&man.chown.8; now correctly follows symbolic links named as
2112 command line arguments if run without
2113 <option>-R</option>. &merged;</para>
2115 <para>&man.chown.8; no longer takes <literal>.</literal> as a
2116 user/group delimeter. This change was made to support usernames
2117 containing a <literal>.</literal>.</para>
2119 <para>Use of the <literal>CSMG_*</literal> macros no longer
2120 require inclusion of
2121 <filename><sys/param.h></filename></para>
2123 <para role="historic">&man.col.1; now takes a <option>-p</option> flag to force
2124 unknown control sequences to be passed through
2125 unchanged. &merged;</para>
2127 <para role="historic">The <filename>compat3x</filename> distribution has been
2128 updated to include libraries present in &os;
2129 3.5.1-RELEASE. &merged;</para>
2131 <para>A <filename>compat4x</filename> distribution has been added
2132 for compatibility with &os; 4-STABLE.</para>
2134 <para role="historic">&man.config.8; is now better about converting various
2135 warnings that should have been errors into actual fatal errors
2136 with an exit code. This ensures that <literal>make
2137 buildkernel</literal> doesn't quietly ignore them and build a
2138 bogus kernel without a human to read the errors. &merged;</para>
2140 <para role="historic">A number of buffer overflows in &man.config.8; have been
2141 fixed. &merged;</para>
2143 <para>&man.cp.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option>
2144 option to automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would
2145 ask to overwrite a file. &merged;</para>
2147 <para>A new &man.csplit.1; utility, which splits files based on
2148 context, has been added.</para>
2150 <para role="historic">&man.ctags.1; no longer creates a corrupt tags file if the
2151 source file used <literal>//</literal> (C++-style)
2152 comments. &merged;</para>
2154 <para>&man.ctags.1; now creates tags for typedefs, structs,
2155 unions, and enums by default (implying the <option>-t</option>
2156 option). The new <option>-T</option> reverts to the old
2159 <para>The &man.daemon.8; program, a command-line interface to
2160 &man.daemon.3;, has been added. It detaches itself from its
2161 controlling terminal and executes a program specified on the
2162 command line. This allows the user to run an arbitrary program
2163 as if it were written to be a daemon.</para>
2165 <para>&man.devinfo.8;, a simple tool to print the device tree and resource
2166 usage by devices, has been added.</para>
2168 <para role="historic">&man.df.1; now takes a <option>-l</option> option to only
2169 display information about locally-mounted
2170 filesystems. &merged;</para>
2172 <para role="historic">&man.disklabel.8; now supports partition sizes expressed in
2173 kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, in addition to
2174 sectors. &merged;</para>
2176 <para>diskpart(8) has been declared obsolete, and has been
2179 <para role="historic">&man.dmesg.8; now has a <option>-a</option> option to show
2180 the entire message buffer, including &man.syslogd.8; records and
2181 <filename>/dev/console</filename> output. &merged;</para>
2183 <para role="historic">&man.du.1; now takes a <option>-I</option> command-line flag
2184 to ignore/skip files and subdirectories matching a specified
2185 shell-glob mask. &merged;</para>
2187 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supports inheritance of the
2188 <literal>nodump</literal> flag down a hierarchy. &merged;</para>
2190 <para role="historic">The <option>-T</option> option to &man.dump.8; no longer
2191 swallows an extra argument. &merged;</para>
2193 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; has a new <option>-D</option> option, allowing
2194 the path to the <filename>/etc/dumpdates</filename> file to be
2195 changed. &merged;</para>
2197 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supplies progress information in its
2198 process title, useful for monitoring automated
2199 backups. &merged;</para>
2201 <para>&man.dump.8; now supports a new <option>-S</option> flag to allow
2202 it to just print out the dump size estimates and exit. &merged;</para>
2204 <para role="historic">&man.edquota.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
2205 allow limiting the prototype quota distribution (specified with
2206 <option>-p</option>) to a single filesystem. &merged;</para>
2208 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/rc.firewall</filename> and
2209 <filename>/etc/rc.firewall6</filename> will no longer add their own
2210 hardcoded rules in the cases of a rules file in the
2211 <varname>firewall_type</varname> variable or a non-existent
2212 firewall type. (The motivation for this change is to avoid
2213 acting on assumptions about a site's firewall policies.) In
2214 addition, the <literal>closed</literal> firewall type now works
2215 as documented in the &man.rc.firewall.8; manual page. &merged;</para>
2217 <para role="historic">The functionality of <filename>/etc/security</filename> has
2218 been been moved into a set of scripts under the &man.periodic.8;
2219 framework, to make local customization easier and more
2220 maintainable. These scripts now reside in
2221 <filename>/etc/periodic/security/</filename>. &merged;</para>
2223 <para>&man.expr.1; is now compliant with the POSIX Utility Syntax
2224 Guidelines. Some programs depend on the old, historic behavior
2225 (the <filename role="package">devel/libtool</filename>
2226 port/package was/is a notable example). In these situations,
2227 the <envar>EXPR_COMPAT</envar> environment variable can be
2228 defined, which causes &man.expr.1; to behave more like previous
2231 <para>&man.fbtab.5; now accepts glob matching patterns for target
2232 devices, not just individual devices and directories.</para>
2234 <para arch="i386">&man.fdisk.8; no longer attempts to search for a
2235 device if none has been specified on the command line, but
2236 instead tries to figure out the default device name from the
2239 <para>&man.fdread.1;, a program to read data from floppy disks,
2240 has been added. It is a counterpart to &man.fdwrite.1; and is
2241 designed to provide a means of recovering at least some data
2242 from bad media, and to obviate for a complex invocation of
2245 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-empty</option> flag,
2246 which returns true if a file or directory is
2247 empty. &merged;</para>
2249 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-iname</option> and
2250 <option>-ipath</option> primaries for case-insensitive matches,
2251 and the <option>-regexp</option> and <option>-iregexp</option>
2252 primaries for regular-expression matches. The
2253 <option>-E</option> flag now enables extended regular
2254 expressions. &merged;</para>
2256 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now has the <option>-anewer</option>,
2257 <option>-cnewer</option>, <option>-mnewer</option>,
2258 <option>-okdir</option>, and <option>-newer[acm][acmt]</option>
2259 primaries for comparisons of file timestamps. The latter
2260 primaries can be specified with various units of
2261 time. &merged;</para>
2263 <para role="historic">&man.finger.1; now has the ability to support fingering
2264 aliases, via the &man.finger.conf.5; file. &merged;</para>
2266 <para>&man.finger.1; now has support for a
2267 <filename>.pubkey</filename> file. &merged;</para>
2269 <para>&man.finger.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
2270 restrict the printing of GECOS information to the user's full
2271 name only. &merged;</para>
2273 <para>&man.finger.1; now supports the <option>-4</option> and
2274 <option>-6</option> flags to specify an address family for
2275 remote queries. &merged;</para>
2277 <para role="historic">&man.fmt.1; has been rewritten; the rewrite fixes a number
2278 of bugs compared to its prior behavior. &merged;</para>
2280 <para role="historic">&man.fmtcheck.3;, a function for checking consistency of
2281 format string arguments, has been added. &merged;</para>
2283 <para>&man.fold.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> flag to
2284 break at byte positions and a <option>-s</option> flag to break at
2285 word boundaries. &merged;</para>
2287 <para role="historic">&man.fsdb.8; now supports a <literal>blocks</literal>
2288 command to list the blocks allocated by a particular
2289 inode. &merged;</para>
2291 <para>&man.fsck.8; wrappers have been imported; this feature
2292 provides infrastructure for &man.fsck.8; to work on different
2293 types of filesystems (analogous to &man.mount.8;).</para>
2295 <para>The behavior of &man.fsck.8; when dealing with various
2296 passes (a la <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>) has been modified
2297 to accommodate multiple-disk filesystems.</para>
2299 <para>&man.fsck.8; now has support for foreground
2300 (<option>-F</option>) and background (<option>-B</option>)
2301 checks. Traditionally, &man.fsck.8; is invoked before the
2302 filesystems are mounted and all checks are done to completion at
2303 that time. If background checking is available, &man.fsck.8; is
2304 invoked twice. It is first invoked at the traditional time,
2305 before the filesystems are mounted, with the <option>-F</option>
2306 flag to do checking on all the filesystems that cannot do
2307 background checking. It is then invoked a second time, after
2308 the system has completed going multiuser, with the
2309 <option>-B</option> flag to do checking on all the filesystems
2310 that can do background checking. Unlike the foreground
2311 checking, the background checking is started asynchronously so
2312 that other system activity can proceed even on the filesystems
2313 that are being checked. Boot-time enabling of this feature is
2315 <varname>background_fsck</varname> option in &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>
2317 <para role="historic">Shortly after the receipt of a <literal>SIGINFO</literal>
2318 signal (normally control-T from the controlling tty),
2319 &man.fsck.ffs.8; will now output a line indicating the current
2320 phase number and progress information relevant to the current
2321 phase. &merged;</para>
2323 <para>&man.fsck.ffs.8; now supports background filesystem checks
2324 to mounted FFS filesystems with the <option>-B</option> option
2325 (softupdates must be enabled on these filesystems). The
2326 <option>-F</option> flag now determines whether a specified
2327 filesystem needs foreground checking.</para>
2329 <para role="historic">A new &man.fsck.msdosfs.8; utility has been added to check
2330 the consistency of MS-DOS filesystems. &merged;</para>
2332 <para role="historic">&man.ftpd.8; now supports a <option>-r</option> flag for
2333 read-only mode and a <option>-E</option> flag to disable
2334 <literal>EPSV</literal>. It also has some fixes to reduce
2335 information leakage and the ability to specify compile-time port
2336 ranges. &merged;</para>
2338 <para>&man.ftpd.8; now supports <option>-o</option> and
2339 <option>-O</option> options to disable the
2340 <literal>RETR</literal> command; the former for everybody, and
2341 the latter only for guest users. Coupled with
2342 <option>-A</option> and appropriate file permissions, these can
2343 be used to create a relatively safe anonymous FTP drop box for
2344 others to upload to.</para>
2346 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">&man.gdb.1; now supports hardware
2347 watchpoints (using the kernel's debug register + support that
2348 has been introduced in &os; 4.0). &merged;</para>
2350 <para role="historic">The &man.getprogname.3; and &man.setprogname.3; library
2351 functions have been added to manipulate the name of the current
2352 program. They are used by error-reporting routines to produce
2353 consistent output. &merged;</para>
2355 <para>gifconfig(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2356 functionality is now handled by the <option>tunnel</option> and
2357 <option>deletetunnel</option> commands of
2358 &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2360 <para>&man.gprof.1; now has a <option>-K</option> option to enable
2361 dynamic symbol resolution from the currently-running kernel.
2362 With this change, properly-compiled KLD modules are now able to
2365 <para arch="ia64">The gpt tool for manipulating EFI GPT
2366 partitions has been added.</para>
2368 <para role="historic">&man.growfs.8;, a utility for growing FFS filesystems, has
2369 been added. &man.ffsinfo.8;, a utility for dump all the
2370 meta-information of an existing filesystem, has also been
2371 added. &merged;</para>
2373 <para role="historic">The &man.groups.1; and &man.whoami.1; shell scripts are now
2374 unnecessary; their functionality has been completely folded into
2375 &man.id.1;. &merged;</para>
2377 <para>The ibcs(8), linux(8), osf1(8), and
2378 svr4(8) scripts, whose sole purpose was to load emulation
2379 kernel modules, have been removed. The kernel module system
2380 will automatically load them as needed to fulfill
2381 dependencies.</para>
2383 <para role="historic">&man.indent.1; has gained some new formatting
2384 options. &merged;</para>
2386 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can set the link-layer address of
2387 an interface using the <option>link</option> parameter.
2390 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now accept addresses in slash/CIDR
2391 notation. &merged;</para>
2393 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; now has support for setting parameters for
2394 IEEE 802.11 wireless network devices. &man.wi.4; and &man.an.4;
2395 devices are supported, and partial support is provided for
2396 &man.awi.4; devices. &merged;</para>
2398 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; no longer displays the list of supported
2399 media by default. Instead it displays it when the
2400 <option>-m</option> flag is given. &merged;</para>
2402 <para role="historic">The syntax of &man.inetd.8;'s support for &man.faithd.8; is
2403 now compatible with that of other BSDs. &merged;</para>
2405 <para role="historic">The <literal>ident</literal> protocol support in
2406 &man.inetd.8; has been cleaned up and updated. &merged;</para>
2408 <para role="historic">&man.inetd.8; now has the ability to manage UNIX-domain
2409 sockets. &merged;</para>
2411 <para>By default, &man.inetd.8; is no longer run by &man.rc.8; at
2412 boot-time, although &man.sysinstall.8; gives the option of
2413 enabling it during binary installations. &man.inetd.8; can also
2414 be enabled by adding the following line to
2415 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
2417 <programlisting>inetd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
2419 <para role="historic">&man.install.1; has a number of new features, including the
2420 <option>-b</option> and <option>-B</option> options for backing up
2421 existing target files and the <option>-S</option> option for
2422 <quote>safe</quote> (atomic copy) operation. The
2423 <option>-c</option> (copy) flag is now the default, and the
2424 <option>-D</option> (debugging) flag has been withdrawn.
2425 &man.install.1; now issues a warning if <option>-d</option>
2426 (create directories) and <option>-C</option> (copy changed files
2427 only) are used together. &merged;</para>
2429 <para role="historic">IP Filter is now supported by the &man.rc.conf.5; boot-time
2430 configuration and initialization. &merged;</para>
2432 <para role="historic">&man.ipfstat.8; now supports the <option>-t</option> option
2433 to turn on a &man.top.1;-like display. &merged;</para>
2435 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; will now avoid the display of dynamic firewall
2436 rules unless the <option>-d</option> flag is passed to it. The
2437 <option>-e</option> option lists expired dynamic
2438 rules. &merged;</para>
2440 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new feature (<literal>me</literal>) that
2441 allows for packet matching on interfaces with
2442 dynamically-changing IP addresses. &merged;</para>
2444 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new <literal>limit</literal> type of
2445 firewall rule, which limits the number of sessions between
2446 address pairs. &merged;</para>
2448 <para>&man.ipfw.8; filter rules can now match on the value of the
2449 IPv4 precedence field.</para>
2451 <para role="historic">&man.ip6fw.8; now has the ability to use a preprocessor and
2452 use the <option>-q</option> (quiet) flag when reading from a
2453 file. &merged;</para>
2455 <para role="historic">&man.ispppcontrol.8; has been deleted, and its functionality
2456 has been folded into &man.spppcontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
2458 <para role="historic">&man.k5su.8; is no longer installed SUID
2459 <username>root</username> by default. Users requiring this
2460 feature can either manually change the permissions on the
2461 &man.k5su.8; executable or add
2462 <literal>ENABLE_SUID_K5SU=yes</literal> to
2463 <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> before a source
2464 upgrade. &merged;</para>
2466 <para>&man.kbdmap.1; and &man.vidfont.1; have been converted from
2469 <para role="historic">&man.kenv.1;, a command to dump the kernel environment, has
2470 been added. &merged;</para>
2472 <para>&man.kenv.1; now has the ability to set or delete kernel
2473 environment variables.</para>
2475 <para role="historic">&man.keyinfo.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2476 script. &merged;</para>
2478 <para>The kget(8) utility has been removed (it was only
2479 useful for UserConfig, which is not present in &os;
2480 &release.current;).</para>
2482 <para role="historic">&man.killall.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2483 script. As a result, its <option>-m</option> option now uses
2484 the regular expression syntax of &man.regex.3;, rather than that
2485 of Perl. &merged;</para>
2487 <para>&man.killall.1; no longer tries to kill zombie processes
2488 unless the <option>-z</option> flag is specified.</para>
2490 <para role="historic">The &man.kldconfig.8; utility has been added to make it
2491 easier to manipulate the kernel module search
2492 path. &merged;</para>
2494 <para>ktrdump, a utility to dump the ktr trace buffer from
2495 userland, has been added.</para>
2497 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now implements a <option>-d</option> that
2498 provides a <quote>snapshot</quote> of who was logged in at a
2499 particular date and time. &merged;</para>
2501 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now supports a <option>-y</option> flag, which
2502 causes the year to be included in the session start time. &merged;</para>
2504 <para role="historic">The &man.lastlogin.8; utility, which prints the last login
2505 time of each user, has been imported from
2506 NetBSD. &merged;</para>
2508 <para role="historic">&man.ldconfig.8; now checks directory ownerships and
2509 permissions for greater security; these checks can be disabled
2510 with the <option>-i</option> flag. &merged;</para>
2512 <para role="historic">&man.ldd.1; can now be used on shared libraries, in addition
2513 to executables. &merged;</para>
2515 <para>&man.ldd.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag to list
2516 all the objects that are needed by each loaded object.</para>
2518 <para><filename>libc</filename> is now thread-safe by default;
2519 <filename>libc_r</filename> contains only thread
2522 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> and
2523 <filename>libdescrypt</filename> have been unified to provide a
2524 configurable password authentication hash library. Both the md5
2525 and des hash methods are provided unless the des hash is
2526 specifically compiled out. &merged;</para>
2528 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> now has support for Blowfish
2529 password hashing. &merged;</para>
2531 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>libdisk</filename> can now do
2532 install-time configuration of the <filename>boot0</filename>
2533 boot loader. &merged;</para>
2535 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2536 filesystems containing
2537 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed
2538 files. &merged;</para>
2540 <para><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2541 overwriting the contents of a file on a UFS filesystem (it
2542 cannot expand or truncate files because the filesystem may be
2543 dirty or inconsistent).</para>
2545 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for loading
2546 large kernels and modules split across several physical
2547 media. &merged;</para>
2549 <para role="historic">The default TCP port range used by
2550 <filename>libfetch</filename> for passive FTP retrievals has
2551 changed; this affects the behavior of &man.fetch.1;, which has
2552 gained the <option>-U</option> option to restore the old
2553 behavior. &merged;</para>
2555 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for an
2556 authentication callback. &merged;</para>
2558 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for a
2559 <envar>HTTP_USER_AGENT</envar> environment
2560 variable. &merged;</para>
2562 <para><filename>libgmp</filename> has been superceded by
2563 <filename>libmp</filename>.
2565 <para>The functions from <filename>libposix1e</filename> have been
2566 integrated into <filename>libc</filename>.</para>
2568 <para role="historic"><filename>libusb</filename> has been renamed as
2569 <filename>libusbhid</filename>, following NetBSD's naming
2570 conventions. &merged;</para>
2572 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes an <option>-i</option> option to
2573 request user confirmation before overwriting an existing
2574 file. &merged;</para>
2576 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> flag to avoid
2577 following a target that is a link, with a <option>-n</option>
2578 flag for compatibility with other
2579 implementations. &merged;</para>
2581 <para>&man.lock.1; now accepts a <option>-v</option> to disable
2582 switching VTYs while the current terminal is locked. This permits
2583 locking the entire console from a single terminal.</para>
2585 <para role="historic">&man.logger.1; can now send messages directly to a remote
2586 syslog. &merged;</para>
2588 <para role="historic">&man.login.1; now exports environment variables set by
2589 <application>PAM</application> modules. &merged;</para>
2591 <para role="historic">&man.lpc.8; has been improved; <command>lpc clean</command>
2592 is now somewhat safer, and a new <command>lpc tclean</command>
2593 command has been added to check to see what files would be
2594 removed by <command>lpc clean</command>. &merged;</para>
2596 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now takes two new options: <option>-c</option>
2597 will log all connection errors to &man.syslogd.8;, while
2598 <option>-W</option> will allow connections from non-reserved
2599 ports. &merged;</para>
2601 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now has some support for
2602 <literal>o</literal>-type print-file actions in its control
2603 files, which allows printing of PostScript files generated by
2604 <application>MacOS</application> 10.1. &merged;</para>
2606 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now recognizes the <option>-s</option> flag as
2607 the preferred synonym for <option>-p</option> (these flags
2608 cause &man.lpd.8; not to open a socket for network print
2609 jobs). &merged;</para>
2611 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now implements a new <literal>rc</literal>
2612 printcap option. When specified in a print queue for a remote
2613 host, boolean option causes &man.lpd.8; to resend the data file
2614 for each copy the user requested via <command>lpr
2615 -#<replaceable>n</replaceable></command>. &merged;</para>
2617 <para role="historic">Catching up with most other network utilities in the base
2618 system, &man.lpr.1;, &man.lpd.8;, &man.syslogd.8;, and
2619 &man.logger.1; are now all IPv6-capable. &merged;</para>
2621 <para role="historic"><command>lprm -</command> now works for remote printer
2622 queues. &merged;</para>
2624 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; can produce colorized listings with the
2625 <option>-G</option> flag (and appropriate terminal support).
2626 The <envar>CLICOLOR</envar> environment variable can be set to
2627 enable colorized listings by default. &merged;</para>
2629 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; now accepts a <option>-h</option> flag, which
2630 when combined with the <option>-l</option> flag, causes file
2631 sizes to be printed with unit suffixes, such that the number of
2632 digits printed is fewer than four. &merged;</para>
2634 <para>The &man.ls.1; program now supports a <option>-m</option>
2635 flag to list files across a page, a <option>-p</option> flag to
2636 force printing of a <literal>/</literal> after directories, and
2637 a <option>-x</option> flag to sort filenames across a
2638 page. &merged;</para>
2640 <para role="historic">&man.m4.1; now accepts a <option>-s</option> flag to cause
2641 it to emit <literal>#line</literal> directives for use by
2642 &man.cpp.1;. &merged;</para>
2644 <para role="historic">&man.mail.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> flag to avoid
2645 sending messages with empty bodies. &merged;</para>
2647 <para role="historic">&man.make.1; has gained the <literal>:C///</literal>
2648 (regular expression substitution), <literal>:L</literal>
2649 (lowercase), and <literal>:U</literal> (uppercase) variable
2650 modifiers. These were added to reduce the differences between
2651 the &os; and OpenBSD/NetBSD &man.make.1; programs.
2654 <para role="historic">Bugs in &man.make.1;, among which include broken null suffix
2655 behavior, bad assumptions about current directory permissions,
2656 and potential buffer overflows, have been fixed. &merged;</para>
2658 <para role="historic">The new <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
2659 <filename>make.conf</filename> variable controls the compilation
2660 of processor-specific optimizations in various pieces of code
2661 such as <application>OpenSSL</application>. &merged;</para>
2663 <para role="historic">The &os; <filename>Makefile</filename> infrastructure now
2664 supports the <varname>WARNS</varname> directive from NetBSD.
2665 This directive controls the addition of compiler warning flags
2666 to <varname>CFLAGS</varname> in a relatively compiler-neutral
2667 manner. &merged;</para>
2669 <para>&man.makewhatis.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2672 <para>&man.man.1; is no longer installed SUID
2673 <username>man</username>, in order to reduce vulnerabilities
2674 associated with generating <quote>catpages</quote> (preformatted
2675 manual pages cached for repeated viewing). As a result,
2676 &man.man.1; can no longer create system catpages on a regular
2677 user's behalf. It is still able to do so if the user has write
2678 permissions to the directory holding catpages (e.g. a user's own
2679 manpages) or if the running user is
2680 <username>root</username>.</para>
2682 <para arch="ia64">The mca utility, for decoding machine check
2683 records, has been added.</para>
2685 <para>The &man.mdmfs.8; command has been added; it is a wrapper
2686 around &man.mdconfig.8;, &man.disklabel.8;, &man.newfs.8;, and
2687 &man.mount.8; that mimics the command line option set of the
2688 deprecated &man.mount.mfs.8;.</para>
2690 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now sources an
2691 <filename>/etc/mergemaster.rc</filename> file and also prompts
2692 the user to run recommended commands (such as
2693 <command>newaliases</command>) as needed. &merged;</para>
2695 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now supports two new flags.
2696 The <option>-p</option> flag enables a
2697 <quote>pre-<literal>buildworld</literal></quote> mode to files
2698 known to be essential to the success of the
2699 <literal>buildworld</literal> and
2700 <literal>installworld</literal> system updating steps. The
2701 <option>-C</option> flag, used after a successful
2702 &man.mergemaster.8; run, compares options in
2703 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to the default options in
2704 <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2706 <para>&man.mesg.1; now conforms to SUSv3. Among other things, it
2707 now uses the first terminal associated with the standard input,
2708 standard output or standard error file descriptor, in that order.
2709 Thus, it is possible to use the redirection facilities of a shell
2710 (<command>mesg n < /dev/ttyp1</command>) to control write access
2711 for other terminals.</para>
2713 <para role="historic">mk_cmds(1) and the associated
2714 <filename>libss</filename> have been removed; they have been
2715 unused for quite some time. &merged;</para>
2717 <para>&man.mountd.8; and &man.nfsd.8; have moved from
2718 <filename>/sbin</filename> to <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>.</para>
2720 <para role="historic">&man.moused.8; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2721 control mouse acceleration. &merged;</para>
2723 <para role="historic">&man.mtree.8; now includes support for a file that lists
2724 pathnames to be excluded when creating and verifying prototypes.
2725 This makes it easier to use &man.mtree.8; as a part of an
2726 intrusion-detection system. &merged;</para>
2728 <para>&man.mv.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option> option to
2729 automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would ask to
2730 overwrite a file. &merged;</para>
2732 <para role="historic">&man.natd.8; now supports a
2733 <option>-log_ipfw_denied</option> option to log packets that
2734 cannot be re-injected because they are blocked by &man.ipfw.8;
2735 rules. &merged;</para>
2737 <para role="historic">The <quote>in use</quote> percentage metric displayed by
2738 &man.netstat.1; now really reflects the percentage of network
2739 mbufs used. &merged;</para>
2741 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-W</option> flag that
2742 tells it not to truncate addresses, even if they're too long for
2743 the column they're printed in. &merged;</para>
2745 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now keeps track of input and output packets
2746 on a per-address basis for each interface. &merged;</para>
2748 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-z</option> flag to reset
2749 statistics. &merged;</para>
2751 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-S</option> flag to print
2752 address numerically but port names symbolically. &merged;</para>
2754 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now implements write combining, which can make
2755 creation of new filesystems up to seven times
2756 faster. &merged;</para>
2758 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now takes a <option>-U</option> option to
2759 enable softupdates on a new filesystem. &merged;</para>
2761 <para role="historic">The default number of cylinders per group in &man.newfs.8;
2762 is now computed to be the maximum allowable given the current
2763 filesystem parameters. It can be overridden with the
2764 <option>-c</option> option. Formerly, the default was fixed at
2765 16. This change leads to better &man.fsck.8; performance and
2766 reduced fragmentation. &merged;</para>
2768 <para role="historic"><anchor id="newfs-block-frag-sizes">The default block and
2769 fragment sizes for new filesystems created by &man.newfs.8; are
2770 now 16384 and 2048 bytes, respectively (the old defaults were
2771 8192 and 1024 bytes). This change generally provides increased
2772 performance, at the expense of some wasted disk
2773 space. &merged;</para>
2775 <para>A number of archaic features of &man.newfs.8; have been
2776 removed; these implement tuning features that are essentially
2777 useless on modern hard disks. These features were controlled by
2778 the <option>-O</option>, <option>-d</option>,
2779 <option>-k</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>-n</option>,
2780 <option>-p</option>, <option>-r</option>, <option>-t</option>,
2781 and <option>-x</option> flags.</para>
2783 <para>&man.newfs.8; now supports a <option>-O</option> flag to
2784 select the creation of UFS1 or UFS2 filesystems.</para>
2786 <para>The &man.newgrp.1; utility to change to a new group has been
2789 <para role="historic">&man.newsyslog.8; now has the ability to compress log files
2790 using &man.bzip2.1;. &merged;</para>
2792 <para><application>NFS</application> now works over IPv6.</para>
2794 <para role="historic">&man.ngctl.8; now supports a <option>write</option> command
2795 to send a data packet down a given hook. &merged;</para>
2797 <para>&man.nice.1; now uses the <option>-n</option> option to
2798 specify the <quote>niceness</quote> of the utility being
2799 run. &merged;</para>
2801 <para role="historic">&man.nl.1;, a line numbering filter program, has been
2802 added. &merged;</para>
2804 <para><application>nsswitch</application> support has been merged
2805 from NetBSD. By creating an &man.nsswitch.conf.5; file, &os;
2806 can be configured so that various databases such as
2807 &man.passwd.5; and &man.group.5; can be looked up using flat
2808 files, NIS, or Hesiod. The old
2809 <filename>hosts.conf</filename> file is no longer used.</para>
2811 <para>&man.od.1; now supports the <option>-A</option> option to
2812 specify the input address base, the <option>-N</option> option to
2813 specify the number of bytes to dump, the <option>-j</option>
2814 option to specify the number of bytes to skip, the
2815 <option>-s</option> option to output signed decimal shorts, and
2816 the <option>-t</option> option to specify output type. &merged;</para>
2818 <para><application>PAM</application> support has been added for
2819 account management and sessions.</para>
2821 <para><application>PAM</application> configuration is now
2822 specified by files in <filename>/etc/pam.d/</filename>, rather
2823 than a single <filename>/etc/pam.conf</filename> file.
2824 <filename>/etc/pam.d/README</filename> has more details.</para>
2826 <para>A &man.pam.echo.8; echo service module has been added.</para>
2828 <para>A &man.pam.exec.8; program execution service module has been
2831 <para>A &man.pam.ftp.8; module has been added to allow
2832 authentication of anonymous FTP users.</para>
2834 <para>A &man.pam.ftpusers.8; module has been added to perform
2835 checks against the &man.ftpusers.5; file.</para>
2837 <para>A &man.pam.ksu.8; module has been added to do Kerberos 5
2838 authentication and <filename>$HOME/.k5login</filename>
2839 authorization for &man.su.1;.</para>
2841 <para>A &man.pam.lastlog.8; module has been added to record
2842 sessions in the &man.utmp.5;, &man.wtmp.5;, and &man.lastlog.5;
2845 <para>A &man.pam.login.access.8; module has been added, to allow
2846 checking against <filename>/etc/login.access</filename>.</para>
2848 <para>The &man.pam.nologin.8; module, which can disallow logins
2849 using &man.nologin.5;, has been added.</para>
2851 <para>The &man.pam.opie.8; and &man.pam.opieaccess.8; modules have
2852 been added to control authentication via &man.opie.4;. &merged;</para>
2854 <para>A &man.pam.passwdqc.8; module has been added, to check the
2855 quality of passwords submitted during password changes.</para>
2857 <para>A &man.pam.rhosts.8; module has been added to support
2858 &man.rhosts.5; authentication.</para>
2860 <para>The &man.pam.rootok.8; module, which can be used to
2861 authenticate only the superuser, has been added.</para>
2863 <para>A &man.pam.securetty.8; module has been added to check the
2864 <quote>security</quote> of a TTY, as listed in &man.ttys.5;.</para>
2866 <para>A &man.pam.self.8; module, which allows self-authentication
2867 of a user, has been added.</para>
2869 <para role="historic">A &man.pam.ssh.8; module has been added to allow the use of
2870 SSH passphrases and keypairs for authentication. This module
2871 also handles session management by invoking
2872 &man.ssh-agent.1;. &merged;</para>
2874 <para>A &man.pam.wheel.8; module has been added to permit
2875 authentication to members of a group, which defaults to
2876 <groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para>
2878 <para role="historic">&man.passwd.1; and &man.pw.8; now select the password hash
2879 algorithm at run time. See the <literal>passwd_format</literal>
2881 <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2883 <para role="historic">&man.patch.1; now accepts a <option>-i</option> command-line
2884 flag to read a patch from a file, rather than standard
2885 input. &merged;</para>
2887 <para>The &man.pathchk.1; utility, which checks pathnames for
2888 validity or portability between POSIX systems, has been
2891 <para role="historic">&man.pax.1; has received a number of enhancements, including
2892 &man.cpio.1; functionality, &man.tar.1; compatibility
2893 enhancements, <option>-z</option> and <option>-Z</option> flags
2894 for &man.gzip.1; and &man.compress.1; functionality, and a
2895 number of bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2897 <para role="historic">&man.pciconf.8; now supports a <option>-v</option> option to
2898 display the vendor/device information of configured devices, in
2899 conjunction with the <option>-l</option> option. The default
2900 vendor/device database can be found at
2901 <filename>/usr/share/misc/pci_vendors</filename>. &merged;</para>
2903 <para role="historic">The behavior of &man.periodic.8; is now controlled by
2904 <filename>/etc/defaults/periodic.conf</filename> and
2905 <filename>/etc/periodic.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2907 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option to
2908 set the TTL of outgoing packets. &merged;</para>
2910 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-A</option> option to
2911 beep when packets are lost. &merged;</para>
2913 <para role="historic">Userland &man.ppp.8; has received a number of updates and
2914 bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2916 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; has gained the <literal>tcpmssfixup</literal>
2917 option, which adjusts outgoing and incoming TCP SYN packets so
2918 that the maximum receive segment size is no larger than allowed
2919 by the interface MTU. &merged;</para>
2921 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; now supports IPv6. &merged;</para>
2923 <para role="historic">&man.pppd.8; (the control program for kernel-level PPP) is
2924 now installed mode <literal>4550</literal> and
2925 <username>root</username><literal>:</literal><groupname>dialer</groupname>,
2926 rather than mode <literal>4555</literal> (in other words, it is
2927 no longer world-executable). Users of &man.pppd.8; may need to
2928 change their group settings. &merged;</para>
2930 <para role="historic">&man.pr.1; now supports the <option>-f</option> and
2931 <option>-p</option> flags to pause output going to a
2932 terminal. &merged;</para>
2934 <para>prefix(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2935 functionality is provided by the <option>eui64</option> command
2936 to &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2938 <para role="historic">The <option>-W</option> option to &man.ps.1; (to extract
2939 information from a specified swap device) has been useless for
2940 some time; it has been removed. &merged;</para>
2942 <para>The &man.pselect.3; library function (introduced by POSIX.1
2943 as a slightly stronger version of &man.select.2;) has been
2946 <para role="historic">&man.pwd.1; can now double as &man.realpath.1;, a program to
2947 resolve pathnames to their underlying physical
2948 paths. &merged;</para>
2950 <para>&man.pwd.1; now supports the <option>-L</option> flag to
2951 print the logical current working directory. &merged;</para>
2953 <para>The pseudo-random number generator implemented by
2954 &man.rand.3; has been improved to provide less biased
2957 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now has an framework for handling dependencies
2958 between &man.rc.conf.5; variables. &merged;</para>
2960 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now deletes all non-directory files in
2961 <filename>/var/run</filename> and
2962 <filename>/var/spool/lock</filename> at boot
2963 time. &merged;</para>
2965 <para>&man.rcmd.3; now supports the use of the
2966 <envar>RSH</envar> environment variable to specify a program to
2967 use other than &man.rsh.1; for remote execution. As a result,
2968 programs such as &man.dump.8;, can use &man.ssh.1; for remote
2971 <para>&man.rdist.1; has been retired from the base system, but is
2972 still available from &os; Ports Collection as
2973 <filename role="package">net/44bsd-rdist</filename>.</para>
2975 <para role="historic">&man.reboot.8; now takes a <option>-k</option> to specify
2976 the next kernel to boot. &merged;</para>
2978 <para>The &man.renice.8; command implements a <option>-n</option>
2979 option, which specifies an increment to be applied to the
2980 priority of a process. &merged;</para>
2982 <para role="historic">The &man.resolver.3; in &os; now implements EDNS0 support,
2983 which will be necessary when working with IPv6 transport-ready
2984 resolvers/DNS servers. &merged;</para>
2986 <para role="historic">The &man.rfork.thread.3; library call has been added as a
2987 helper function to &man.rfork.2;. Using this function should
2988 avoid the need to implement complex stack swap
2989 code. &merged;</para>
2991 <para role="historic">The <option>-v</option> option to &man.rm.1; now displays
2992 the entire pathname of a file being removed. &merged;</para>
2994 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; is now more verbose when changing indirect
2995 routes, in the case of a gateway route that is the same route as
2996 the one being modified. &merged;</para>
2998 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; now uses
2999 <literal><replaceable>host</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
3001 <literal><replaceable>net</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
3002 syntax, for compatibility with &man.netstat.1;. &merged;</para>
3004 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; can now create <quote>proxy only</quote>
3005 published ARP entries. &merged;</para>
3007 <para role="historic">The &man.route.8; <option>add</option> command now supports
3008 the <option>-ifp</option> and <option>-ifa</option>
3009 modifiers. &merged;</para>
3011 <para>&man.rpcbind.8; has replaced &man.portmap.8;.</para>
3013 <para>&man.rpcgen.1; now uses <filename>/usr/bin/cpp</filename>
3015 <filename>/usr/libexec/cpp</filename>.</para>
3017 <para>&man.rpc.lockd.8; has been imported from NetBSD. This
3018 daemon provides support for servicing client NFS locks.</para>
3020 <para role="historic">The performance of the ELF dynamic linker &man.rtld.1; has
3021 been improved. &merged;</para>
3023 <para role="historic">RSA Security has waived all patent rights to the
3024 <application>RSA</application> algorithm. As a result, the
3025 native <application>OpenSSL</application> implementation of the
3026 RSA algorithm is now activated by default, and the <filename
3027 role="package">security/rsaref</filename> port and the
3028 <filename>librsaUSA</filename> and
3029 <filename>librsaINTL</filename> libraries are no longer required
3030 for USA and non-USA residents respectively. &merged;</para>
3032 <para>&man.rtld.1; will now print the names of all objects that
3033 cause each object to be loaded, if the
3034 <varname>LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_ALL</varname> environment
3035 variable is defined.</para>
3037 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now supports a <option>-k</option> option
3038 to prevent clearing a crash dump after saving it. It also
3039 attempts to avoid writing large stretches of zeros to crash dump
3040 files to save space and time. &merged;</para>
3042 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now works correctly on machines with 2 GB
3043 or more of RAM. &merged;</para>
3045 <para role="historic">&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> option for
3046 extended regular expression support. &merged;</para>
3048 <para>&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-i</option> option to enable
3049 in-place editing of files. &merged;</para>
3051 <para role="historic">&man.send-pr.1; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
3052 include a file into the <literal>Fix:</literal> section of a
3053 problem report. &merged;</para>
3055 <para>The &man.setfacl.1; and &man.getfacl.1; commands have been
3056 added to manage filesystem Access Control Lists.</para>
3058 <para role="historic">&man.setproctitle.3; has been moved from
3059 <filename>libutil</filename> to
3060 <filename>libc</filename>. &merged;</para>
3062 <para role="historic">&man.sh.1; now implements <command>test</command> as a
3063 built-in command for improved efficiency. &merged;</para>
3065 <para>&man.sh.1; no longer implements <command>printf</command> as
3066 a built-in command because it was considered less valuable
3067 compared to the other built-in commands (this functionality is,
3068 of course, still available through the &man.printf.1;
3071 <para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option to
3072 prevent existing regular files from being overwritten by output
3073 redirection, and a <option>-u</option> to give an error if an
3074 unset variable is expanded. &merged;</para>
3076 <para>The &man.sh.1; built-in <command>cd</command> command now
3077 supports <option>-L</option> and <option>-P</option> flags to
3078 invoke logical or physical modes of operation, respectively.
3079 Logical mode is the default, but the default can be changed with
3080 the <varname>physical</varname> &man.sh.1; option. &merged;</para>
3082 <para>The &man.sh.1; built-in <command>jobs</command> command now
3083 supports a <option>-s</option> flag to output PIDs only and a
3084 <option>-l</option> flag to add PIDs to the output. &merged;</para>
3086 <para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <command>bind</command> built-in
3087 command, which allows the key bindings for the shell's line editor
3088 to be changed.</para>
3090 <para>The &man.sh.1; built-in <command>export</command> and
3091 <command>readonly</command> commands now support a
3092 <option>-p</option> flag to print their output in
3093 <quote>portable</quote> format. &merged;</para>
3095 <para role="historic">&man.sockstat.1; now has <option>-c</option> and
3096 <option>-l</option> flags for listing connected and listening
3097 sockets, respectively. &merged;</para>
3099 <para>&man.spkrtest.8; is now a &man.sh.1; script, rather than a
3102 <para role="historic">&man.split.1; now has the ability to split a file longer
3103 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
3105 <para>&man.split.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> option to
3106 specify the number of letters to use for the suffix of split
3107 files. &merged;</para>
3109 <para>In preparation for meeting SUSv2/POSIX
3110 <filename><sys/select.h></filename> requirements,
3111 <literal>struct selinfo</literal> and related functions have been
3112 moved to <filename><sys/selinfo.h></filename>.</para>
3114 <para role="historic">The &man.strnstr.3; and &man.strcasestr.3; variants of
3115 &man.strstr.3; have been implemented. &merged;</para>
3117 <para role="historic">&man.stty.1; now has support for an
3118 <literal>erase2</literal> control character, so that, for
3119 example, both the <keycap>Delete</keycap> and
3120 <keycap>Backspace</keycap> keys can be used to erase
3121 characters. &merged;</para>
3123 <para>&man.su.1; now uses <application>PAM</application> for
3124 authentication.</para>
3126 <para role="historic">Boot-time &man.syscons.4; configuration was moved to a
3128 <filename>/etc/rc.syscons</filename>. &merged;</para>
3130 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-N</option> option to
3131 print out variable names only. &merged;</para>
3133 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; has replaced the <option>-A</option> and
3134 <option>-X</option> options with <option>-ao</option> and
3135 <option>-ax</option> respectively; the former options are now
3136 deprecated. The <option>-w</option> option is deprecated as
3137 well; it is not needed to determine the user's
3138 intentions. &merged;</para>
3140 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-e</option> option to
3141 separate variable names and values by <literal>=</literal>
3142 rather than <literal>:</literal>. This feature is useful for
3143 producing output that can be fed back to
3144 &man.sysctl.8;. &merged;</para>
3146 <para>&man.sysctl.8; now accepts a <option>-d</option> flag to print
3147 the descriptions of variables.</para>
3149 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now properly preserves
3150 <filename>/etc/mail</filename> during a binary
3151 upgrade. &merged;</para>
3153 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now uses some more intuitive defaults
3154 thanks to some new dialog support functions. &merged;</para>
3156 <para>The default root partition in &man.sysinstall.8; is now
3157 100MB on the i386 and pc98, 120MB on the Alpha.</para>
3159 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; now lives in
3160 <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>, which simplifies the
3161 installation process. The &man.sysinstall.8; manpage is also
3162 installed in a more consistent fashion now.</para>
3164 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has the ability to load KLDs as a
3165 part of the installation. &merged;</para>
3167 <para role="historic">When run from the installation media, &man.sysinstall.8;
3168 will automatically load any device drivers found in the
3169 <filename>/stand/modules</filename> directory of the
3170 <literal>mfsroot</literal> floppy or filesystem image. Note
3171 that any drivers so loaded will not appear in the kernel's boot
3172 messages; the &man.sysinstall.8; debugging screen will provide
3173 additional information. &merged;</para>
3175 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now enables Soft Updates by default on
3176 all filesystems it creates, except for the root
3177 filesystem. &merged;</para>
3179 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; has received updates for its
3180 <quote>auto</quote> partitioning mode which provide more
3181 reasonable defaults for the sizes of partitions that are
3182 created; auto-sized partitions can now also recover the space
3183 that becomes available when other partitions are
3184 deleted. &merged;</para>
3186 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; no longer mounts the &man.procfs.5;
3187 filesystem by default on new installs.</para>
3189 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has rudimentary support for
3190 retrieving packages from the correct volume of a multiple-volume
3191 installation (such as a multi-CD distribution). &merged;</para>
3193 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; can take a <option>-n</option> option to
3194 disable DNS queries for every request. &merged;</para>
3196 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now supports a
3197 <literal>LOG_CONSOLE</literal> facility (disabled by default),
3198 which can be used to log <filename>/dev/console</filename>
3199 output. &merged;</para>
3201 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now has the ability to bind to a specific
3202 address (as opposed to using every available one) via the
3203 <option>-b</option> option. &merged;</para>
3205 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now accepts a <option>-c</option> flag to
3206 disable repeated line compression. &merged;</para>
3208 <para>&man.tabs.1;, a utility to set terminal tab stops, has been
3211 <para role="historic">&man.tail.1; now has the ability to work on files longer
3212 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
3214 <para role="historic">&man.tar.1; now supports the <varname>TAR_RSH</varname>
3215 variable, principally to enable the use of &man.ssh.1; as a
3216 transport. &merged;</para>
3218 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does autologin and encryption by default;
3219 a new <option>-y</option> option turns off encryption. &merged;</para>
3221 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now supports a <option>-u</option> flag to
3222 allow connections to UNIX-domain (<literal>AF_UNIX</literal>)
3223 sockets. &merged;</para>
3225 <para role="historic">&man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; now support IPv6. &merged;</para>
3227 <para role="historic">&man.tftpd.8; now takes the <option>-c</option> and
3228 <option>-C</option> options, which allow the server to
3229 &man.chroot.2; based on the IP address of the connecting client.
3230 &man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; can now transfer files larger
3231 than 65535 blocks. &merged;</para>
3233 <para>&man.tftpd.8; now supports RFC 2349 (TFTP Timeout Interval
3234 and Transfer Size Options); this feature is required by some
3235 firmware like EFI boot managers (at least on HP i2000 Itanium
3236 servers) in order to boot an image using
3237 <application>TFTP</application>.</para>
3239 <para arch="alpha">&man.timed.8; now works on the alpha.</para>
3241 <para>A version of Transport Independent RPC
3242 (<application>TI-RPC</application>) has been imported.</para>
3244 <para role="historic">&man.tmpnam.3; will now use the <envar>TMPDIR</envar>
3245 environment variable, if set, to specify the location of
3246 temporary files. &merged;</para>
3248 <para>&man.tip.1; has been updated from
3249 <application>OpenBSD</application>, and has the ability to act
3250 as a &man.cu.1; substitute.</para>
3252 <para>&man.top.1; will now use the full width of its tty.</para>
3254 <para>&man.touch.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> option to
3255 operate on a symbolic link, rather than what the link points
3258 <para>&man.tr.1; now has basic support for equivalence classes
3259 for locales that support them. &merged;</para>
3261 <para>&man.tr.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> flag to
3262 complement the set of characters specified by the first string
3265 <para role="historic">The &man.truncate.1; utility, which truncates or extends the
3266 length of files, has been added. &merged;</para>
3268 <para role="historic">Ukrainian language support has been added to the &os;
3269 console. &merged;</para>
3271 <para><application>UUCP</application> has been removed from the
3272 base system. It can be found in the Ports Collection, in
3273 <filename role="package">net/freebsd-uucp</filename>.</para>
3275 <para>&man.unexpand.1; now supports a <option>-t</option> to
3276 specify tabstops analogous to &man.expand.1;. &merged;</para>
3278 <para role="historic">&man.units.1; has received some updates and
3279 bugfixes. &merged;</para>
3281 <para>&man.usbdevs.8; now supports a <option>-d</option> flag to
3282 show the device driver associated with each device.</para>
3284 <para role="historic">The &man.usbhidctl.1; utility has been added to manipulate
3285 USB Human Interface Devices. &merged;</para>
3287 <para role="historic">&man.uuencode.1; and &man.uudecode.1; now accept a <option>-o</option> option to
3288 set their output files. &man.uuencode.1; can now be made to do base64 encoding
3289 when given the <option>-m</option> flag, while &man.uudecode.1;
3290 can now automatically decode base64 files. &merged;</para>
3292 <para>The base64 capabilities of &man.uuencode.1; and
3293 &man.uudecode.1; can now be automatically enabled by invoking
3294 these utilities as &man.b64encode.1; and &man.b64decode.1;
3295 respectively.</para>
3297 <para>The &man.uuidgen.1; utility has been added. It uses the new
3298 &man.uuidgen.2; system call to generate one or more Universally
3299 Unique Identifiers compatible with OSF/DCE 1.1 version 1
3302 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-g</option>
3303 parameter to select custom text geometry in the
3304 <literal>VESA_800x600</literal> raster text mode. &merged;</para>
3306 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now allows the user to omit the font size
3307 specification when loading a font, and has some better
3308 error-handling. &merged;</para>
3310 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-p</option> option
3311 to take a snapshot of a &man.syscons.4; video buffer. These
3312 snapshots can be manipulated by the
3313 <filename role="package">graphics/scr2png</filename> utility in
3314 the Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
3316 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option
3317 to clear the history buffer for a given tty, as well as a
3318 <option>-h</option> option to set the size of the history
3319 buffer. &merged;</para>
3321 <para>&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-S</option> to
3322 allow the user to disable VTY switching.</para>
3324 <para>The default stripe size in &man.vinum.8; has been changed
3325 from 256KB to 279KB, to spread out superblocks more evenly
3326 between stripes.</para>
3328 <para role="historic">&man.wall.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
3329 write a message to all users of a given group. &merged;</para>
3331 <para role="historic">&man.watch.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
3332 specify a &man.snp.4; device to use. &merged;</para>
3334 <para>&man.wc.1; now supports a <option>-m</option> flag to
3335 count characters, rather than bytes.</para>
3337 <para>&man.whereis.1;, formerly a Perl script, has been
3338 rewritten in C. It now supports a <option>-x</option> flag to
3339 suppress the run of &man.locate.1;, and a <option>-q</option>
3340 flag suppresses the leading name of the query.</para>
3342 <para>&man.which.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
3345 <para>&man.who.1; now has a number of new options:
3346 <option>-H</option> shows column headings; <option>-T</option>
3347 shows &man.mesg.1; state; <option>-m</option> is an equivalent
3348 to <option>am i</option>; <option>-u</option> shows idle time;
3349 <option>-q</option> to list names in columns. &merged;</para>
3351 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; now directs queries for IP addresses to ARIN.
3352 If a query to ARIN references APNIC or RIPE, the appropriate
3353 server will also be queried, provided that the
3354 <option>-Q</option> option is not specified. &merged;</para>
3356 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; supports a <option>-c</option> option to
3357 specify a country code to help direct queries towards a
3358 particular whois server. &merged;</para>
3360 <para>&man.wicontrol.8; now supports a <option>-l</option> to list
3361 the stations associated in <literal>hostap</literal> mode and a
3362 <option>-L</option> to list available access points.</para>
3364 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-I</option>
3365 <replaceable>replstr</replaceable> option that allows the user
3366 to tell &man.xargs.1; to insert the data read from standard
3367 input at specific points in the command line arguments rather
3368 than at the end. (A &os;-specific <option>-J</option> option is
3369 similar, but is now deprecated in favor of the more portable
3370 <option>-I</option> option.) &merged;</para>
3372 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-L</option> option to
3373 force its utility argument to be called after some number of
3374 lines. &merged;</para>
3376 <para role="historic">The compiler chain now uses the FSF-supplied C/C++ runtime
3377 initialization code. This change brings about better
3378 compatibility with code generated from the various egcs and gcc
3379 ports, as well as the stock public FSF source. &merged;</para>
3381 <para role="historic">The threads library has gained some signal handling changes,
3382 bug fixes, and performance enhancements (including zero system
3383 call thread switching). &man.gdb.1; thread support has been
3384 updated to match these changes. &merged;</para>
3386 <para role="historic">Significant additions have been made to internationalization
3387 support; &os; now has complete locale support for the
3388 <literal>LC_MONETARY</literal>, <literal>LC_NUMERIC</literal>,
3389 and <literal>LC_MESSAGES</literal> categories. A number of
3390 applications have been updated to take advantage of this
3391 support. &merged;</para>
3393 <para role="historic">Locale names have been changed to improve compatibility with
3394 the names used by X11R6, as well as a number of other UNIX
3395 versions. As an example, the
3396 <literal>en_US.ISO_8859-1</literal> locale name has been changed
3398 <literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal>. Entries in
3399 <filename>/etc/locale.alias</filename> provide backward
3400 compatibility. &merged;</para>
3402 <para role="historic"><filename>/usr/src/share/examples/BSD_daemon/</filename> now
3403 contains a scalable Beastie graphic. &merged;</para>
3405 <para role="historic">As part of an ongoing process, many manual pages were
3406 improved, both in terms of their formatting markup and in their
3407 content. &merged;</para>
3409 <para>A number of utilities and libraries were enhanced to improve
3410 their conformance with the Single UNIX Specification (SUSv3) and
3411 IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (<quote>POSIX.1</quote>). Specific
3412 features added have been listed in the release notes for each
3413 utility. The standards conformance of each utility or library
3414 function is generally listed in its manual page.</para>
3417 <title>Contributed Software</title>
3419 <para><application>am-utils</application> has been updated to
3422 <para>A 10 February 2002 snapshot of <application>awk</application> from Bell Labs (variously
3423 known as <quote>BWK awk</quote> or <quote>The One True
3424 AWK</quote>) has been imported. It is available as
3425 <command>awk</command> or
3426 <command>nawk</command>.</para>
3428 <para role="historic"><application>bc</application> has been updated from 1.04 to
3429 1.06. &merged;</para>
3431 <para role="historic">The ISC library from the <application>BIND</application>
3432 distribution is now built as
3433 <filename>libisc</filename>. &merged;</para>
3435 <para role="historic"><application>BIND</application> is now built with the
3436 <literal>NOADDITIONAL</literal> flag, which causes
3437 &man.named.8; to operate in a more consistent fashion for
3438 certain common misconfigurations. &merged;</para>
3440 <para><application>BIND</application> has been updated to
3441 8.3.3. &merged;</para>
3443 <para><application>Binutils</application> has been updated to
3444 2.12.1 (specifically, a post-release snapshot from 22 June 2002).</para>
3446 <para role="historic"><application>bzip2</application> 1.0.2 has been imported;
3447 this brings the &man.bzip2.1; program and the
3448 <filename>libbz2</filename> library to the base
3449 system. &merged;</para>
3451 <para role="historic">The &man.ee.1; <application>Easy Editor</application> has
3452 been updated to 1.4.2. &merged;</para>
3454 <para><application>file</application> has been updated to
3457 <para><application>gcc</application> has been updated to
3458 a snapshot of <application>gcc</application> 3.1.
3460 <para>The integration of <application>gcc</application> is
3461 very new. Some applications and programs in the base
3462 system require fixes or compiler flags to build
3463 correctly. Work to address these problems is ongoing.</para>
3467 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now uses a unified <filename>libgcc</filename>
3468 rather than a separate one for threaded and non-threaded
3469 programs. <filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_r.a</filename> can be
3470 removed. &merged;</para>
3472 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now supports the environment variable
3473 <envar>GCC_OPTIONS</envar>, which can hold a set of default
3474 options for <application>GCC</application>. &merged;</para>
3476 <para><application>gdb</application> has been updated to a
3477 snapshot of <application>gdb</application> 5.2 from 27 June
3480 <para role="historic"><application>GNATS</application> has been updated to
3481 3.113. &merged;</para>
3483 <para><application>gperf</application> has been updated to
3486 <para role="historic"><application>groff</application> and its related utilities
3487 have been updated to FSF version 1.17.2. This import brings
3488 in a new &man.mdoc.7; macro package (sometimes referred to as
3489 <literal>mdocNG</literal>), which removes many of the
3490 limitations of its predecessor. &merged;</para>
3492 <para role="historic"><application>Heimdal Kerberos</application> has been updated to
3493 0.4e. &merged;</para>
3495 <para role="historic">The version of <application>IPFilter</application>
3496 provided with &os; now includes the &man.ipfs.8; program,
3497 which allows state information created for NAT entries and
3498 stateful rules to be saved to disk and restored after a
3499 reboot. Boot-time configuration of these features is
3500 supported by &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
3502 <para role="historic">The <application>ISC DHCP</application> client has been
3503 updated to 3.0.1RC8. &merged;</para>
3505 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos IV</application> has been updated to
3506 1.0.5. &merged;</para>
3508 <para>The &man.more.1; command has been replaced by
3509 &man.less.1;, although it can still be run as
3510 <command>more</command>. &merged; Version 371 of
3511 <application>less</application> has been imported.</para>
3513 <para><application>libpcap</application> has been updated to
3514 0.7.1. &merged;</para>
3516 <para><application>libreadline</application> has been updated to
3519 <para><application>libz</application> has been updated to
3522 <para><application>lint</application> has been updated to
3523 snapshot of NetBSD &man.lint.1; as of 19 July 2002.</para>
3525 <para><application>lukemftp</application> 1.6 beta 2 (the FTP client from
3526 NetBSD) has replaced the &os; &man.ftp.1; program. Among its
3527 new features are more automation methods, better standards
3528 compliance, transfer rate throttling, and a customizable
3529 command-line prompt. Some environment variables and
3530 command-line arguments have changed.</para>
3532 <para>The FTP daemon from NetBSD, otherwise known as
3533 <application>lukemftpd</application> 1.2 beta 1, has been imported and is
3534 available as &man.lukemftpd.8;. &merged;</para>
3536 <para>&man.m4.1; has been imported from OpenBSD, as of 26 April
3537 2002. &merged;</para>
3539 <para><application>ncurses</application> has been updated to
3540 5.2-20020615.</para>
3542 <para role="historic">The <application>NTP</application> suite of programs has
3543 been updated to 4.1.0. &merged;</para>
3545 <para><application>OpenPAM</application>
3546 (<quote>Citronella</quote> release) has been imported,
3548 <application>Linux-PAM</application>.</para>
3550 <para>The <application>OPIE</application> one-time-password
3551 suite has been updated to 2.4. It has completely
3552 replaced the functionality of
3553 <application>S/Key</application>. &merged;</para>
3555 <para><application>Perl</application> has been removed from the
3556 &os; base system. It can still be installed from the &os;
3557 Ports Collection or as a binary package; moving it out of the
3558 base system will make future upgrades and maintenence easier.
3559 To reduce the dependence of the base system on
3560 Perl, many utilities have been
3561 rewritten as shell scripts or C programs (specific notes are
3562 made for each affected utility).
3563 <filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename> is now a
3564 <quote>wrapper</quote> program, so that programs expecting to
3565 find a Perl interpreter there will
3566 be able to function correctly.
3569 <para>The Perl removal and
3570 package integration work is ongoing.</para>
3575 <para><application>GNU ptx</application> has been removed from
3576 the base system. It is not used anywhere in the base system,
3577 and has not been recently updated or maintained. Users
3578 requiring its functionality can install this utility as a part
3579 of the <filename role="package">textproc/textutils</filename>
3582 <para>The <literal>rc.d</literal> framework from NetBSD has been
3583 imported. It breaks down the system startup functionality
3584 into a number of small, <quote>task-oriented</quote> scripts
3585 in <filename>/etc/rc.d</filename>, with dynamic-determined
3586 ordering of startup scripts performed at boot-time.
3589 <para>This feature is currently disabled by default. It can
3590 be enabled by setting <literal>rc_ng="YES"</literal> in
3591 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>
3596 <para role="historic">&man.routed.8; has been updated to version
3597 2.22. &merged;</para>
3599 <para arch="i386,pc98">Version 1.4.5 of the
3600 <application>smbfs</application> userland utilities have been
3603 <para><application>GNU sort</application> has been updated to
3604 the version from <application>GNU textutils
3605 2.0.21</application>.</para>
3607 <para>&man.stat.1; from <application>NetBSD</application>, as of
3608 5 June 2002 has, been imported.</para>
3610 <para><application>GNU tar</application> has been updated to
3611 1.13.25. &merged;</para>
3613 <para><application>tcpdump</application> has been updated to
3614 3.7.1. &merged;</para>
3616 <para>The &man.csh.1; shell has been replaced by &man.tcsh.1;,
3617 although it can still be run as <command>csh</command>.
3618 <application>tcsh</application> has been updated to version
3619 6.12. &merged;</para>
3621 <para>The contributed version of
3622 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now includes the
3623 &man.tcpd.8; helper daemon. While not strictly necessary in a
3624 standard &os; installation (because &man.inetd.8; already
3625 incorporates this functionality), this may be useful for
3626 &man.inetd.8; replacements such as
3627 <application>xinetd</application>.</para>
3629 <para><application>texinfo</application> has been updated to
3630 4.2. &merged;</para>
3632 <para><application>top</application> has been updated to version
3633 3.5b12. &merged;</para>
3635 <para><application>traceroute</application> has been updated to
3636 LBL version 1.4a12.</para>
3638 <para role="historic">&man.traceroute.8; now takes its default maximum TTL value
3639 from the <varname>net.inet.ip.ttl</varname> sysctl
3640 variable. &merged;</para>
3642 <para role="historic">The timezone database has been updated to the
3643 <filename>tzdata2002c</filename> release. &merged;</para>
3648 <para role="historic"><application>cvs</application> has been updated to
3649 1.11.1p1. &merged;</para>
3651 <para role="historic">The default value for &man.cvs.1;'s
3652 <envar>CVS_RSH</envar> variable is now
3653 <literal>ssh</literal>, rather than
3654 <literal>rsh</literal>. &merged;</para>
3656 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; now supports a <option>-T</option> option to
3657 update a sandbox's <filename>CVS/Template</filename> file
3658 from the repository. &merged;</para>
3660 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; <literal>diff</literal> now supports the
3661 <option>-j</option> option to perform differences against a
3662 revision relative to a branch tag. &merged;</para>
3666 <title>CVSup</title>
3668 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application>, a frequently used
3669 utility in the &os; Ports Collection, was formerly
3670 installable using several ports and packages. The
3671 <filename role="package">net/cvsup-bin</filename> and
3672 <filename role="package">net/cvsupd-bin</filename>
3673 ports/packages are no longer necessary or available; the
3674 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename> port should be
3675 used instead. &merged;</para>
3677 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application> has been updated to
3678 16.1_3, which is available in the &os; Ports Collection as
3679 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename>. This update
3680 fixes a long-standing (but only recently encountered) bug
3681 which affects the timestamps on all files after Sun Sep 9
3682 01:46:40 UTC 2001 (1,000,000,000 seconds after the UNIX
3683 epoch). &merged;</para>
3686 <sect4 id="kame-userland">
3689 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
3690 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
3691 the items listed in this section are a result of this
3693 <xref linkend="kame-kernel"> lists kernel updates to the
3694 KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
3696 <para role="historic">&man.faithd.8; now supports a configuration file for
3697 access control. &merged;</para>
3699 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3700 gifconfig(8). &merged;</para>
3702 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3703 prefix(8). &merged;</para>
3705 <para role="historic">&man.ndp.8; now implements garbage collection for stale
3706 NDP entries, as described in RFC 2461 (Neighbor Discovery
3707 for IP Version 6 (IPv6)). &merged;</para>
3709 <para role="historic">pim6dd(8) and pim6sd(8) have been removed due
3710 to restrictive licensing conditions. These programs are
3711 available in the ports collection as
3712 <filename role="package">net/pim6dd</filename> and
3713 <filename role="package">net/pim6sd</filename>. &merged;</para>
3715 <para role="historic">&man.route6d.8; now supports an <option>-n</option> flag
3716 to avoid updating the kernel forwarding
3717 table. &merged;</para>
3719 <para role="historic">The <option>-R</option> (router renumbering) option to
3720 &man.rtadvd.8; is currently ignored. &merged;</para>
3724 <title>OpenSSH</title>
3726 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3727 2.9, which provides support for the SSH2 protocol (now the
3728 default) and DSA keys. &man.ssh-add.1; and
3729 &man.ssh-agent.1; can now handle DSA keys, with support for
3730 authentication forwarding.
3731 <application>OpenSSH</application> users in the USA no
3732 longer need to rely on the restrictively-licensed RSAREF
3733 toolkit which is required to handle RSA keys. Among other
3734 new features: A client and server for &man.sftp.1; has been added.
3735 &man.scp.1; can now handle files larger than 2 GBytes. A
3736 limit on the number of outstanding, unauthenticated
3737 connections in &man.sshd.8; has been added. Support has
3738 been added for the Rijndael encryption algorithm. Rekeying
3739 of existing sessions is now supported, and an experimental
3740 <application>SOCKS4</application> proxy has been added to
3741 &man.ssh.1;. &merged;</para>
3743 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3744 version 3.1. &merged; Among the changes:
3747 <para>The <filename>*2</filename> files are obsolete
3749 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts</filename> can hold the
3751 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts2</filename>).</para>
3754 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; can import and export keys using
3755 the SECSH Public Key File Format, for key exchange
3756 with several commercial SSH implementations.</para>
3759 <para>&man.ssh-add.1; now adds all three default keys.</para>
3762 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; no longer defaults to a
3763 specific key type; one must be specified with the
3764 <option>-t</option> option.</para>
3769 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3770 3.4p1. &merged; The main changes are:
3773 <para>A <quote>privilege separation</quote> feature,
3774 which uses unprivileged processes to contain and
3775 restrict the effects of future compromises or
3776 programming errors.</para>
3780 <para>Several bugfixes, including closure of a
3781 security hole that could lead to an integer overflow
3782 and undesired privilege escalation.</para>
3787 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> can now authenticate
3788 using <application>OPIE</application> passwords. &merged;</para>
3790 <para role="historic"><application>PAM</application> support for
3791 <application>OpenSSH</application> has been added. &merged;</para>
3793 <para role="historic">A long-standing bug in
3794 <application>OpenSSH</application>, which sometimes resulted
3795 in a dropped session when an X11-forwarded client was
3796 closed, was fixed. &merged;</para>
3798 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos</application> compatibility has
3800 <application>OpenSSH</application>. &merged;</para>
3802 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been modified to
3803 be more resistant to traffic analysis by requiring that
3804 <quote>non-echoed</quote> characters are still echoed back
3805 in a null packet, as well as by padding passwords sent so as
3806 not to hint at password lengths. &merged;</para>
3808 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; is now enabled by default on new
3809 installs. &merged;</para>
3811 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> is now
3812 turned on by default on the server (any risk is to the
3813 client, where it is already disabled by
3814 default). &merged;</para>
3816 <para role="historic">In <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>, the
3817 <literal>ConnectionsPerPeriod</literal> parameter has been
3818 deprecated in favor of
3819 <literal>MaxStartups</literal>. &merged;</para>
3821 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now has a
3822 <literal>VersionAddendum</literal> configuration setting for
3823 &man.sshd.8; to allow changing the part of the
3824 <application>OpenSSH</application> version string after the
3825 main version number. &merged;</para>
3829 <title>OpenSSL</title>
3831 <para><application>OpenSSL</application> has been updated to
3832 0.9.6g. &merged;</para>
3834 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSL</application> now has support for
3835 machine-dependent ASM optimizations, activated by the new
3836 <varname>MACHINE_CPU</varname> and/or
3837 <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
3838 <filename>make.conf</filename> variables. &merged;</para>
3842 <title>sendmail</title>
3844 <para><application>sendmail</application> has been updated
3845 from version 8.9.3 to version 8.12.5. Important changes
3846 include: &man.sendmail.8; is no longer installed as a
3847 set-user-ID <username>root</username> binary (now set-group-ID <groupname>smmsp</groupname>); new
3848 default file locations (see
3849 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/cf/README</filename>);
3850 &man.newaliases.1; is limited to <username>root</username>
3851 and trusted users; STARTTLS encryption; and the MSA port
3852 (587) is turned on by default. See
3853 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/RELEASE_NOTES</filename>
3854 for more information. &merged;</para>
3856 <para role="historic">&man.mail.local.8; is no longer installed as a
3857 set-user-ID binary. If you are using a
3858 <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> from the default
3859 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> included with &os; any time
3860 after 3.1.0, you are fine. If you are using a
3861 hand-configured <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> and
3862 <command>mail.local</command> for delivery, check to make sure the
3863 <literal>F=S</literal> flag is set on the
3864 <literal>Mlocal</literal> line. Those with
3865 <filename>.mc</filename> files who need to add the flag can
3866 do so by adding the following line to their
3867 <filename>.mc</filename> file and regenerating the
3868 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> file:</para>
3870 <programlisting role="historic">MODIFY_MAILER_FLAGS(`LOCAL',`+S')dnl</programlisting>
3872 <para role="historic">Note that <literal>FEATURE(`local_lmtp')</literal> already
3873 does this. &merged;</para>
3875 <para role="historic">The default <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename>
3876 disables the SMTP <literal>EXPN</literal> and
3877 <literal>VRFY</literal> commands. &merged;</para>
3879 <para role="historic">&man.vacation.1; has been updated to use the version
3880 included with <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3882 <para role="historic">The <application>sendmail</application> configuration
3883 building tools are installed in
3884 <filename>/usr/share/sendmail/cf/</filename>. &merged;</para>
3886 <para role="historic">New <filename>make.conf</filename> options:
3887 <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname> and
3888 <varname>SENDMAIL_ADDITIONAL_MC</varname>. See
3889 <filename>/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf</filename> for more
3890 information. &merged;</para>
3892 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now supports:
3893 the new <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname>
3894 <filename>make.conf</filename> option; the ability to build
3895 <filename>.cf</filename> files from
3896 <filename>.mc</filename> files; generalized map rebuilding;
3897 rebuilding the aliases file; and the ability to stop, start,
3899 <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3901 <para role="historic">The <username>smmsp</username> and
3902 <username>mailnull</username> users have been added to
3903 <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>. In the absence of a
3904 <literal>confDEF_USER_ID</literal> setting, by default,
3905 <application>sendmail</application> will use the
3906 <username>mailnull</username> user for extra security.
3907 Previously, if the <username>mailnull</username> user did
3908 not exist, the <username>daemon</username> user was used.
3909 This change may generate some permissions issues when
3910 mailing to files or to programs (such as <filename
3911 role="package">mail/majordomo</filename>). &merged; The
3912 previous behavior can be restored by adding the following
3914 <filename><replaceable>*</replaceable>.mc</filename>
3917 <programlisting>define(`confDEF_USER_ID', `daemon')</programlisting>
3920 <para role="historic">Beginning with the import of
3921 <application>sendmail</application> 8.12.2, multiple
3922 <application>sendmail</application> daemons (some required
3923 to handle outgoing mail) are started by &man.rc.8;, even if
3924 the <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> variable is set to
3925 <literal>NO</literal>. To completely disable
3926 <application>sendmail</application>,
3927 <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> must be set to
3928 <literal>NONE</literal>. Alternatively, for systems using a
3929 different MTA, the <varname>mta_start_script</varname> variable can
3930 be used to point to a different startup script (more details
3931 can be found in &man.rc.sendmail.8;). &merged;</para>
3933 <para>By default, &man.rc.8; no longer enables
3934 <application>sendmail</application> for inbound SMTP
3935 connections. Note that &man.sysinstall.8; may override this
3936 default for a binary installation, based on what security
3937 profile is selected. This functionality can also be
3938 manually enabled by adding the following line to
3939 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
3941 <programlisting>sendmail_enable="YES"</programlisting>
3943 <para>The permissions for <application>sendmail</application>
3944 alias and map databases built via
3945 <filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now default to mode
3946 0640 to protect against a file locking local denial of service.
3947 It can be changed by setting the new
3948 <varname>SENDMAIL_MAP_PERMS</varname>
3949 <filename>make.conf</filename> option. &merged;</para>
3951 <para>The permissions for the <application>sendmail</application>
3952 statistics file, <filename>/var/log/sendmail.st</filename>, have
3953 been changed from mode 0644 to mode 0640 to protect against
3954 a file locking local denial of service. &merged;</para>
3960 <title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>
3962 <para><application>BSDPAN</application>, a collection of modules
3963 that provides tighter integration of
3964 <application>Perl</application> into the &os; Ports
3965 Collection, has been added.</para>
3967 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; and &man.pkg.add.1; can now work with
3968 packages that have been compressed using
3969 &man.bzip2.1;. &man.pkg.add.1; will use the PACKAGEROOT
3970 environment variable to determine a mirror site for new
3971 packages. &merged;</para>
3973 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now records dependencies in dependency
3974 order rather than in the order specified on the command line.
3975 This improves the functioning of <command>pkg_add
3976 -r</command>. &merged;</para>
3978 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> to
3979 create a package file from a locally-installed
3980 package. &merged;</para>
3982 <para role="historic">When requested to delete multiple packages,
3983 &man.pkg.delete.1; will now attempt to remove them in
3984 dependency order rather than the order specified on the
3985 command line. &merged;</para>
3987 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now can perform glob/regexp matching of
3988 package names. In addition, it supports a <option>-a</option>
3989 option for removing all packages and a <option>-i</option>
3990 option for &man.rm.1;-style interactive
3991 confirmation. &merged;</para>
3993 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now supports a <option>-r</option>
3994 option for recursive package removal. &merged;</para>
3996 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; now supports globbing against names of
3997 installed packages. The <option>-G</option> option disables
3998 this behavior, and the <option>-x</option> option causes
3999 regular expression matching instead of shell
4000 globbing. &merged;</para>
4002 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; can now accept a <option>-g</option> flag
4003 for verifying an installed package against its recorded
4004 checksums (to see if it's been modified post-installation).
4005 Naturally, this mechanism is only as secure as the contents of
4006 <filename>/var/db/pkg</filename> if it's to be used for auditing
4007 purposes. &merged;</para>
4009 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.sign.1; and &man.pkg.check.1; have been added to
4010 digitally sign and verify the signatures on binary package
4011 files. &merged;</para>
4013 <para>For some time, &os; 5.0-CURRENT (as well as some 4.X
4014 releases) included a pkg_update(1) utility to update installed
4015 packages, as well as their dependencies. This utility has
4016 been removed; a superset of its functionality can be found in
4017 the <filename role="package">sysutils/portupgrade</filename>
4020 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now has a version number comparison
4021 routine that corresponds to the Porters Handbook. It also has
4022 a <option>-t</option> option for testing address comparisons.
4025 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now takes a <option>-s</option> flag
4026 to limit its operation to ports/packages matching a given
4027 string. &merged;</para>
4029 <para>&man.pkg.version.1;, formerly a Perl script, has been
4030 rewritten in C.</para>
4032 <para role="historic">Version numbers of installed packages have a new
4033 (backward-compatible) syntax, which supports the
4034 <varname>PORTREVISION</varname> and
4035 <varname>PORTEPOCH</varname> variables in Ports Collection
4036 <filename>Makefile</filename>s. These changes help keep track
4037 of changes in the ports collection entries such as security
4038 patches or &os;-specific updates, which aren't reflected in
4039 the original, third-party software distributions.
4040 &man.pkg.version.1; can now compare these new-style version
4041 numbers. &merged;</para>
4043 <para role="historic">To improve performance and disk utilization, the
4044 <quote>ports skeletons</quote> in the &os; Ports Collection
4045 have been restructured. Installed ports and packages should
4046 not be affected. &merged;</para>
4048 <para role="historic">All packages and ports now contain an
4049 <quote>origin</quote> directive, which makes it easier for
4050 programs such as &man.pkg.version.1; to determine the
4051 directory from which a package was built. &merged;</para>
4053 <para role="historic">The Ports Collection infrastructure now uses
4054 <application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0 as the default version
4055 of the X Window System for the purposes of satisfying
4056 dependencies. To return to using
4057 <application>XFree86</application> 3.3.6, add the following line
4058 to <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>: &merged;</para>
4060 <programlisting role="historic">XFREE86_VERSION=3</programlisting>
4062 <para>The libraries installed by the <filename
4063 role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename> port (required
4064 for Linux emulation) have been updated; they now correspond to
4065 those included with <application>Red Hat Linux</application>
4071 <title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>
4073 <para>The <filename>bin</filename> distribution has been renamed
4074 <filename>base</filename>, in order to make creation of combined
4075 install/recovery disks easier.</para>
4077 <para arch="i386">ISO images and CDROMs now use the
4078 <filename>cdboot</filename> boot loader by default. This
4079 eliminates the need for an emulated floppy disk image on
4080 a bootable CDROM and allows for a full
4081 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel to be used for CDROM
4082 installations, at the expense of compatability with some old
4085 <para arch="i386,pc98,alpha" role="historic"><application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0
4086 is now the default version of the X Window System supported by
4087 &man.sysinstall.8;. It installs
4088 <application>XFree86</application> as a set of standard binary
4089 packages, so the usual package utilities such as
4090 &man.pkg.info.1; can be used to examine/manipulate its
4091 components. &merged;</para>
4093 <para>It is now possible to make releases of &os;
4094 5-CURRENT on a &os; 4-STABLE host and vice versa. Cross-architecture
4095 (building a release for a target architecture on a host of a
4096 different architecture) releases are also possible. See
4097 &man.release.7; for details. &merged;</para>
4099 <para>A third <filename>drivers.flp</filename> floppy has been
4100 added to floppy releases. It holds loadable modules
4101 containing drivers that do not fit in the kernel on the
4102 <filename>kern.flp</filename> disk or in the
4103 <filename>mfsroot.flp</filename> image.</para>
4107 <title>Documentation</title>
4109 <para>A number of formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
4110 Programmer's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
4111 <filename>/usr/share/doc/psd</filename>. These include:</para>
4115 <para><emphasis>The UNIX Time-Sharing System</emphasis>
4116 (<filename>01.cacm</filename>)</para>
4120 <para><emphasis>UNIX Implementation</emphasis>
4121 (<filename>02.implement</filename>)</para>
4125 <para><emphasis>The UNIX I/O System</emphasis>
4126 (<filename>03.iosys</filename>)</para>
4130 <para><emphasis>UNIX Programming — Second Edition</emphasis>
4131 (<filename>04.uprog</filename>)</para>
4135 <para><emphasis>The C Programming Language — Reference Manual</emphasis>
4136 (<filename>06.Clang</filename>)</para>
4140 <para><emphasis>Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler</emphasis>
4141 (<filename>15.yacc</filename>)</para>
4145 <para><emphasis>Lex — A Lexical Analyzer Generator</emphasis>
4146 (<filename>16.lex</filename>)</para>
4150 <para><emphasis>The M4 Macro Processor</emphasis>
4151 (<filename>17.m4</filename>)</para>
4155 <para>Several formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
4156 User's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
4157 <filename>/usr/share/doc/usd</filename>. They include:</para>
4161 <para><emphasis>NROFF/TROFF User's Manual</emphasis>
4162 (<filename>21.troff</filename>)</para>
4166 <para><emphasis>A TROFF Tutorial</emphasis>
4167 (<filename>22.trofftut</filename>)</para>
4175 <title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>
4177 <para>If you're upgrading from a previous release of &os;, you
4178 generally will have three options:
4182 <para>Using the binary upgrade option of &man.sysinstall.8;.
4183 This option is perhaps the quickest, although it presumes
4184 that your installation of &os; uses no special compilation
4188 <para>Performing a complete reinstall of &os;. Technically,
4189 this is not an upgrading method, and in any case is usually less
4190 convenient than a binary upgrade, in that it requires you to
4191 manually backup and restore the contents of
4192 <filename>/etc</filename>. However, it may be useful in
4193 cases where you want (or need) to change the partitioning of
4197 <para>From source code in <filename>/usr/src</filename>. This
4198 route is more flexible, but requires more disk space, time,
4199 and technical expertise. More information can be found
4201 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html"><quote>Using
4202 <command>make world</command></quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
4203 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
4204 Handbook</ulink>. Upgrading from very old
4205 versions of &os; may be problematic; in cases like this, it
4206 is usually more effective to perform a binary upgrade or a
4207 complete reinstall.</para>
4212 <para>Please read the <filename>INSTALL.TXT</filename> file for more
4213 information, preferably <emphasis>before</emphasis> beginning an
4214 upgrade. If you are upgrading from source, please be sure to read
4215 <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> as well.</para>
4217 <para>Finally, if you want to use one of various means to track the
4218 -STABLE or -CURRENT branches of &os;, please be sure to consult
4220 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/current-stable.html"><quote>-CURRENT
4221 vs. -STABLE</quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
4222 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
4223 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
4226 <para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
4227 backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration