2 <title>&os;/&arch; &release.current; Release Notes</title>
4 <corpauthor>The FreeBSD Project</corpauthor>
6 <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
12 <holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
16 <para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
18 <![ %include.historic; [
19 the changes made to the &os; base system since &release.prev;.
21 <![ %no.include.historic; [
22 recent changes made to the &os; base system on the &release.branch;
25 Both changes for kernel and userland are listed, as well as
26 applicable security advisories that were issued since the last
27 release. Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
32 <title>Introduction</title>
34 <para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
35 &release.current; on the &arch.print; hardware platform. It
36 describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
37 It also provides some notes on upgrading
38 from previous versions of &os;.</para>
40 <![ %release.type.snapshot [
42 <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
43 apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
44 branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;. Some
45 pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
46 can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
50 <![ %release.type.release [
52 <para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
53 &release.type; distribution. It can be found at <ulink
54 url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors. More
55 information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
56 distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
57 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
58 FreeBSD</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
59 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
60 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
66 <title>What's New</title>
68 <para>This section describes
69 <![ %include.historic; [
70 the most user-visible new or changed features in &os;
72 In general, changes described here are unique to the &release.branch;
73 branch unless specifically marked as &merged; features.
75 <![ %no.include.historic; [
76 many of the user-visible new or changed features in &os;
77 since &release.prev;. It includes items that are unique to the
78 &release.branch; branch, as well as some features that may have been
80 other branches (after &os; &release.prev.historic;). The later
81 items are marked as &merged;.
85 <para>Typical release note items
86 document new drivers or hardware support, new commands or options,
87 major bugfixes, or contributed software upgrades. Applicable security
88 advisories issued after &release.prev; are also listed.</para>
90 <para>Many additional changes were made to &os; that are not listed
91 here for lack of space. For example, documentation was corrected
92 and improved, minor bugs were fixed, insecure coding practices
93 were audited and corrected, and source code was cleaned up.</para>
96 <title>Kernel Changes</title>
98 <para>&man.acct.2; has been changed to open the accounting file in
99 append mode, so that &man.accton.8; can be used to enable
100 accounting to an append-only file. &merged;</para>
102 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.amdpm.4; driver has been added to
103 provide access to the system monitoring functions of the AMD 756
104 chipset. &merged;</para>
106 <para role="historic">The &man.agp.4; driver for AGP devices has been
107 added. &merged;</para>
109 <para>A new &man.ddb.4; command <command>show pcpu</command> lists
110 some of the per-CPU data.</para>
112 <para role="historic">Two new &man.ddb.4; commands, <command>hwatch</command> and
113 <command>dhwatch</command>, have been introduced. Analogous to
114 <command>watch</command> and <command>dwatch</command>, they
115 install hardware watchpoints (as opposed to software
116 watchpoints) if supported by the architecture. &merged;</para>
118 <para>&man.devfs.5;, which allows entries in the
119 <filename>/dev</filename> directory to be built automatically
120 and supports more flexible attachment of devices, has been
121 largely reworked. &man.devfs.5; is now enabled by default and
122 can be disabled by the <literal>NODEVFS</literal> kernel
125 <para>The &man.devfs.5; <quote>rule</quote> subsystem has been introduced. DEVFS rules
126 permit the administrator to define certain properties of new device
127 nodes before they become visible to the userland. Both static (e.g.
128 <filename>/dev/speaker</filename>) and dynamic (e.g.
129 <filename>/dev/bpf*</filename>, some removable devices) nodes are
130 supported. Each &man.devfs.5; mount may have a different ruleset assigned to
131 it, permitting different policies to be implemented for things like
132 jails. Rules and rulesets are manipulated with the &man.devfs.8;
135 <para>The dgm driver has been removed in favor of the digi driver.</para>
137 <para>A new digi driver has been added to support PCI Xr-based and
138 ISA Xem Digiboard cards. A new &man.digictl.8; program is
139 (mainly) used to re-initialize cards that have external port
140 modules attached such as the PC/Xem.</para>
142 <para>An &man.eaccess.2; system call has been added, similar to
143 &man.access.2; except that the former uses effective credentials
144 rather than real credentials.</para>
146 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for EBus-based
149 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.ichsmb.4; driver for the Intel 82801AA
150 (ICH) SMBus controller and compatibles has been
151 added. &merged;</para>
153 <para>Each &man.jail.2; environment can now run under its own
156 <para>The tunable sysctl variables for &man.jail.2; have moved
157 from <varname>jail.*</varname> to the
158 <varname>security.*</varname> hierarchy. Other security-related
159 sysctl variables have moved from <varname>kern.security.*</varname> to
160 <varname>security.*</varname>.</para>
162 <para role="historic">The <varname>kern.maxvnodes</varname> limit now properly
163 limits the number of vnodes in use. Previously only vnodes with
164 no cached pages could be freed; this could allow the number of
165 vnodes to grow without limit on large-memory machines accessing
166 many small files. A <literal>vnlru</literal> kernel thread
167 helps to flush and reuse vnodes. &merged;</para>
169 <para role="historic">The kernel message buffer is now accessible by the
170 (machine-independent) <varname>kern.msgbuf</varname> sysctl
171 variable; &man.dmesg.8; no longer needs to be SGID
172 <groupname>kmem</groupname>. &merged;</para>
174 <para>The kernel environment is now dynamic, and can be changed
175 via the new &man.kenv.2; system call.</para>
177 <para role="historic">The &man.kqueue.2; event notification facility was added to
178 the &os; kernel. This is a new interface which is able to
179 replace &man.poll.2;/&man.select.2;, offering improved
180 performance, as well as the ability to report many different
181 types of events. Support for monitoring changes in sockets,
182 pipes, fifos, and files are present, as well as for signals and
183 processes. &merged;</para>
185 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A new <varname>KVA_SPACE</varname> kernel option
186 can be used to reconfigure the size of the kernel virtual
187 address space. &merged;</para>
189 <para>The labpc(4) driver has been removed due to
190 <quote>bitrot</quote>.</para>
192 <para>The loader and kernel linker now look for files named
193 <filename>linker.hints</filename> in each directory with KLDs
194 for a module name and version to KLD filename mapping. The new
195 &man.kldxref.8; utility is used to generate these files.</para>
197 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now supports the kernel functionality
199 <filename role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename>
200 (RedHat 7.X emulation) port. &merged;</para>
202 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now requires <literal>options
203 SYSVSEM</literal> in the kernel configuration. &merged;</para>
205 <para>&man.lomac.4;, a Low-Watermark Mandatory Access Control
206 security facility, has been added as a kernel module. It
207 provides a drop-in security mechanism in addition to the
208 traditional UID-based security facilities, requiring no
209 additional configuration from the administrator. Work on this
210 feature was sponsored by DARPA and NAI Labs.</para>
212 <para arch="ia64">Machine Check Architecture (MCA) records are now
213 collected at boot time and made available through the
214 <varname>hw.mca.*</varname> sysctl variables.</para>
216 <para role="historic">The <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration
217 parameter is now a boot-time tunable variable. The kernel
218 parameters derived from <varname>maxusers</varname> are now also
219 tunables and can be overridden at boot-time. The
220 <varname>hz</varname> parameter is also now a
221 tunable. &merged;</para>
223 <para role="historic">Specifying a value of <literal>0</literal> for the
224 <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration parameter will
225 now cause an appropriate value to be calculated at boot-time
226 (between 32 and 384, depending on the amount of memory present).
227 This value is now the default for all
228 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernels. &merged;</para>
230 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A <varname>MAXMEM</varname> kernel option,
231 along with the <varname>hw.physmem</varname> loader tunable, can
232 be used to artificially reduce the memory size of a machine for
233 testing (or other purposes). &merged;</para>
235 <para role="historic">The kernel configuration parameters
236 <varname>MAXTSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLDSIZ</varname>,
237 <varname>MAXDSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLSSIZ</varname>,
238 <varname>MAXSSIZ</varname>, and <varname>SGROWSIZ</varname> are
239 all loader tunables (<varname>kern.maxtsiz</varname>,
240 <varname>kern.maxdfldsiz</varname>, etc.). &merged;</para>
242 <para>&man.mutex.9; profiling code has been added, enabled by the
243 <literal>MUTEX_PROFILING</literal> kernel configuration option.
244 It enables the <varname>debug.mutex.prof.*</varname> hierarchy
245 of sysctl variables.</para>
247 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The <literal>NCPU</literal>,
248 <literal>NAPIC</literal>, <literal>NBUS</literal>, and
249 <literal>NINTR</literal> kernel configuration options,
250 for configuring SMP kernels, have been removed.
251 <literal>NCPU</literal> is now set to a maximum of 16,
252 and the other, aforementioned options are now
253 dynamic. &merged;</para>
255 <para role="historic">A &man.nmdm.4; null-modem terminal driver has been added.
258 <para role="historic">The <literal>O_DIRECT</literal> flag has been added to
259 &man.open.2; and &man.fcntl.2;. Specifying this flag for open
260 files will attempt to minimize the cache effects of reading and
261 writing. &merged;</para>
263 <para role="historic">An &man.orm.4; device has been added to claim the option
264 ROMs in the ISA memory I/O space, to prevent other drivers from
265 mistakenly assigning addresses that conflict with these
266 ROMs. &merged;</para>
268 <para arch="i386,pc98">PECOFF (Win32 Execution file format) support has
271 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The pmc driver, which supports the power
272 management controller of the NEC PC-98NOTE, has been
273 added. &merged;</para>
275 <para role="historic">POSIX.1b Shared Memory Objects are now supported. The
276 implementation uses regular files, but automatically enables the
277 MAP_NOSYNC flag when they are &man.mmap.2;-ed. &merged;</para>
279 <para role="historic">Replaced the <literal>PQ_*CACHE</literal> options with a
280 single <literal>PQ_CACHESIZE</literal> option to be set to the
281 cache size in kilobytes. The old options are still supported
282 for backwards compatibility. &merged;</para>
284 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.puc.4; (PCI <quote>Universal</quote>
285 Communications) driver has been added, to help connect PCI-based
286 serial ports to the &man.sio.4; driver. &merged;</para>
288 <para>The &man.random.4; device has been rewritten to use the
289 <application>Yarrow</application> algorithm. It harvests
290 entropy from a variety of interrupt sources, including the
291 console devices, Ethernet and point-to-point network interfaces,
292 and mass-storage devices. Entropy from the &man.random.4;
293 device is now periodically saved to files in
294 <filename>/var/db/entropy</filename>, as well as at shutdown
295 time. The semantics of <filename>/dev/random</filename> have
296 changed; it never blocks waiting for entropy bits but generates
297 a stream of pseudo-random data and now behaves exactly as
298 <filename>/dev/urandom</filename>.</para>
300 <para>A new kernel option, <literal>options REGRESSION</literal>,
301 enables interfaces and functionality intended for use during
302 correctness and regression testing.</para>
304 <para><literal>RLIMIT_VMEM</literal> support has been added. This
305 feature defines a new resource limit that covers a process's
306 entire virtual memory space, including &man.mmap.2; space. This
307 limit can be configured in &man.login.conf.5; via the new
308 <varname>vmemoryuse</varname> variable. &merged;</para>
310 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for SBus-based
313 <para arch="sparc64">The se driver, which supports the Siemens
314 SAB82532 serial chip found on many newer Sparc Ultra machines,
315 has been added.</para>
317 <para role="historic">The &man.snp.4; device is no longer static and can now be
318 compiled as a module. &merged;</para>
320 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.spic.4; driver, which provides access
321 to the Jog Dial device on some Sony laptops, has been
322 added. &man.moused.8; support for this device has also been
323 added. &merged;</para>
325 <para>The &man.syscons.4; driver now supports keyboard-controlled
326 pasting, by default bound to
327 <keycap>Shift</keycap>-<keycap>Insert</keycap>.</para>
329 <para role="historic">Support for USB devices was added to the
330 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel and to the installation
331 programs to support USB devices out of the box. Note that SRM
332 does not support USB devices at the moment, so you must still
333 use an AT keyboard if you are not using a serial
334 console. &merged;</para>
336 <para>The uaudio driver, for USB audio devices, has been
339 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.umodem.4; driver for USB modems
340 has been added. Support is provided for the 3Com 5605 and
341 Metricom Ricochet GS wireless USB modems. &merged;</para>
343 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.uscanner.4; driver for basic USB
344 scanner support using SANE has been added. See <ulink
345 url="http://www.mostang.com/sane/">the SANE home page</ulink>
346 for supported scanners. The HP ScanJet 4100C, 5200C and 6300C
347 are known to be working. &merged;</para>
349 <para>The &man.ucom.4; device driver has been added, to support USB
350 modems, serial devices, and other programs that need to look
351 like a tty. The related &man.uplcom.4; and &man.uvscom.4; drivers provide specific
352 support for the Prolific PL-2303 serial adapter and the SUNTAC
353 Slipper U VS-10U, respectively.</para>
355 <para>To increase security, the <literal>UCONSOLE</literal> kernel
356 configuration option has been removed.</para>
358 <para arch="i386,pc98">The UserConfig boot-time kernel configuration
359 feature, usually used to enable, disable, or configure ISA
360 devices, has been removed. Its functionality has been replaced
361 by the kernel hints file in
362 <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.</para>
364 <para>The <literal>USER_LDT</literal> kernel option is now
365 activated by default.</para>
367 <para>The uvisor driver for connecting Handspring Visors via USB
368 has been added.</para>
370 <para>A VESA S3 linear framebuffer driver has been added.</para>
372 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.viapm.4; driver for VIA SMBus
373 power management controllers has been added. &merged;</para>
375 <!-- Above this line, sort kernel changes by manpage/keyword-->
377 <para role="historic">Write combining for crashdumps has been implemented. This
378 feature is useful when write caching is disabled on both SCSI
379 and IDE disks, where large memory dumps could take up to an hour
380 to complete. &merged;</para>
382 <para>The kernel crashdump infrastructure has been revised, to
383 support new platforms and in general clean up the logic in the
384 code. One implication of this change is that the on-disk format
385 for kernel dumps has changed, and is now
386 byte-order-agnostic.</para>
388 <para>Extremely large swap areas (>67 GB) no longer panic the
391 <para arch="alpha">Support for threads under Linux emulation has
394 <para role="historic">The <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget> target now gets the
395 name of the configuration(s) to build from the
396 <varname>KERNCONF</varname> variable, not
397 <varname>KERNEL</varname>. It is no longer required, in some
398 cases, for a <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> to precede a
399 <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget>. (The
400 <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> is still required when
401 upgrading across major releases, across
402 <application>binutil</application> updates and when
403 &man.config.8; changes version.) &merged;</para>
405 <para role="historic">The out-of-swap process termination code now begins killing
406 processes earlier to avoid deadlocks; it now also takes into
407 account the swap space used by processes when computing the
408 process sizes. &merged;</para>
410 <para>Linker sets are now self-contained; gensetdefs(8) is
411 unnecessary and has been removed.</para>
413 <para role="historic">Network device cloning has been implemented, and the
414 &man.gif.4; device has been modified to take advantage of it.
415 Thus, instead of specifying how many &man.gif.4; interfaces are
416 available in kernel configuration files, &man.ifconfig.8;'s
417 <option>create</option> option should be used when another device
418 instance is desired. &merged;</para>
420 <para>It is now possible to hardwire kernel environment variables
421 (such as tuneables) at compile-time using &man.config.8;'s
422 <literal>ENV</literal> directive.</para>
424 <para>Idle zeroing of pages can be enabled with the
425 <varname>vm.idlezero_enable</varname> sysctl variable.</para>
427 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The load addresses of kernels are now exported
428 to the symbol table and various hard-coded constants have been
429 removed so that utilities such as &man.ps.1; can work with
430 kernels compiled at different addresses. &merged;</para>
432 <para role="historic">Coredumps of large processes (or of a large number of
433 processes) no longer lock up the machine for long periods of
434 time. &merged;</para>
436 <para>The &os; kernel scheduler now supports Kernel-Scheduled
437 Entities (KSEs), which provides support for multiple threads of
438 execution per process similar to Schedular Activations. At this
439 point, the kernel has most of the changes needed to support
440 threading. The kernel scheduler can schedule multiple threads per
441 process, but only on a single CPU at a time. Support for
442 userland programs to create and utilize multiple threads is not
446 <para>KSE is a work in progress.</para>
451 <para>The kernel now has support for multiple low-level console
452 devices. The new &man.conscontrol.8; utility helps to manage
453 the different consoles.</para>
455 <para arch="alpha">The console driver has gained support for
456 TGA-based display adapters.</para>
458 <para role="historic">The kernel on the installation CDs is now separated from the
459 <filename>mfsroot</filename> image. This permits the use of a
460 full kernel when installing from CD on machines that support CD
461 booting (instead of the stripped-down kernel used on
462 floppies). &merged;</para>
464 <para role="historic">The system load average computation now adds some jitter to
465 the timing of samples, in order to avoid synchronization with
466 processes that run periodically. &merged;</para>
468 <para role="historic">If a debugging kernel with modules is being built
469 (i.e. using <literal>makeoptions DEBUG=-g</literal>), the
470 modules will now be built with debugging support as well, for
471 completeness. A side effect of this change is that modules
472 built and installed with debugging kernels will now occupy more
473 space on disk than they did previously. &merged;</para>
475 <para role="historic">The kernel dump device can now be set via the
476 <varname>dumpdev</varname> loader tunable. As a result, it is
477 now possible to obtain crash dumps from panics during the late
478 stages of kernel initialization (before the system enters into
479 single-user mode). &merged;</para>
481 <para>The kernel memory allocator is now a slab memory allocator,
482 similar to that used in Solaris. This is a SMP-safe memory
483 allocator that has near-linear performance as the number of CPUs
484 increases. It also allows for reduced memory
485 fragmentation.</para>
488 <title>Processor/Motherboard Support</title>
490 <para>SMP support has been largely reworked, incorporating code
491 from BSD/OS 5.0. One of the main features of SMPng
492 (<quote>SMP Next Generation</quote>) is to allow more
493 processes to run in kernel, without the need for spin locks
494 that can dramatically reduce the efficiency of multiple
495 processors. Interrupt handlers now have contexts associated
496 with them that allow them to be blocked, which reduces the
497 need to lock out interrupts.</para>
499 <para arch="i386,pc98">Support for the 80386 processor has been
500 removed from the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel, as this
501 code seriously pessimizes performance on other IA32
503 The <literal>I386_CPU</literal> kernel option
504 to support the 80386 processor is now mutually exclusive with
505 support for other IA32 processors; this should slightly
506 improve performance on the 80386 due to the elimination of
507 runtime processor type checks.
508 Custom kernels that will run on the 80386 can
509 still be built by changing the cpu options in the kernel
510 configuration file to only include
511 <literal>I386_CPU</literal>.</para>
513 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">AlphaServer 1200 (<quote>Tincup</quote>) has
514 been tested and works OK. Currently it does not want to boot
515 from CD or floppy but a transplanted disk that was installed
516 on another Alpha works well. &merged;</para>
518 <para arch="alpha">The API UP1100 mainboard has been verified to
521 <para arch="alpha">The API CS20 1U high server has been verified
524 <para arch="alpha">The DEC3000 series support has been removed
525 from the mfsroot floppy image so that it fits on a 1.44 Mbyte
526 floppy again. As the DEC3000 is currently only usable diskless
527 this should not cause any problems.</para>
529 <para arch="alpha">Support for AlphaServer 2100A
530 (<quote>Lynx</quote>) has been added.</para>
532 <para arch="alpha">Kernel code has been added that allows older
533 generation Alpha CPUs (EV4 and EV5) to emulate instructions of
534 the newer Alpha CPU generations. This enables the use of
535 binary-only programs like <application>Adobe Acrobat
536 4</application> on EV4 and EV5.</para>
538 <para arch="alpha">SMP support for the Alpha is now operational.</para>
540 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Detection for new processors, such as the
541 FC-PGA2 Pentium III (Tualatin), Transmeta Crusoe, and
542 Transmeta Crusoe LongRun, has been added. &merged;</para>
544 <para arch="alpha">Support for the following hardware has been
545 removed from the installation kernel to make it fit on a
546 1.44MB floppy again: Multia, NoName, PC64, EB64, Aspen Alpine,
547 sa (SCSI tape), amr, parallel port support, vx (3c590, 3c595),
548 pcn (AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100), sf (Adaptec AIC-6915), sis (SiS
549 900/SiS 7016), ste (Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)), wb
550 (Winbond W89C840F).</para>
552 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Streaming <acronym>SIMD</acronym>
553 Extensions (<acronym>SSE</acronym>) has been introduced. The
554 <literal>CPU_ENABLE_SSE</literal> kernel option controls
555 whether support is compiled into the kernel. &merged;</para>
557 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The <literal>CPU_ATHLON_SSE_HACK</literal>
558 kernel option has been added, which attempts to enable the SSE
559 feature bit on newer Athlon CPUs if the BIOS has forgotten to
560 enable it. &merged;</para>
562 <para arch="sparc64">The UltraSPARC platform is now supported by
563 &os;. The following machines are supported to at least some
564 degree: Ultra 1/2/5/10/30/60, Enterprise 220R/420R, Netra T1 AC200/DC200, Netra T 105, and Blade
565 100. SMP is supported, and has been tested on the
566 Ultra 2, Ultra 60, Enterprise 220R, and
567 Enterprise 420R.</para>
569 <para arch="i386">On some systems, the BIOS does not activate
570 the I/O ports and memory of PC devices, thus making them
571 unusable. The <varname>hw.pci.enable_io_modes</varname>
572 sysctl/boot loader variable (which defaults to
573 <literal>1</literal>, for <quote>enabled</quote>)
574 forces &os; to enable these devices so that they can be
580 <title>Bootloader Changes</title>
582 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>boot2</filename> now supports a
583 <option>-n</option> option to disallow boot interruption by
584 keypresses. &merged;</para>
586 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A new <filename>cdboot</filename> bootstrap
587 utility for CDROMs provides better compatability with some
588 BIOS implementations that do not completely implement the El
589 Torito bootable CDROM standard. This boot loader supports
590 <quote>no emulation</quote> mode booting, thus eliminating the
591 need for an emulated floppy disk image on a bootable
592 CDROM. &merged;</para>
594 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The i386 boot loader now has support for a
595 <literal>nullconsole</literal> console type, for use on
596 systems with neither a video console nor a serial
597 port. &merged;</para>
599 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.loader.8; now has optional support
600 (enabled at compile-time, off by default) for loading
601 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed kernels and
602 modules. &merged;</para>
604 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Intel's Wired for Management 2.0
605 (PXE) was added to the &os; boot loader. Due to API
606 differences, the older PXE versions are not supported. This
607 allow network booting using DHCP. &merged;</para>
609 <!-- Above this line, order bootloader changes by keyword-->
611 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now contains a workaround
612 to support CDROM booting on certain IBM BIOSs that expect the
613 first sector of the emulated floppy to contain a valid MS-DOS
614 BPB that they can modify. &merged;</para>
616 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now supports a
617 <option>-p</option> flag to force the kernel to pause after
618 each line of output during the probing phase. &merged;</para>
620 <para arch="alpha,i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader is now capable of
621 booting from filesystems with block sizes larger than
624 <para>The kernel and modules have been moved to the directory
625 <filename>/boot/kernel</filename>, so they can be easily
626 manipulated together. The boot loader has been updated to
627 make this change as seamless as possible.</para>
631 <title>Network Interface Support</title>
633 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver for Cisco Aironet cards now supports
634 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption, settable via
635 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
637 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports the Cisco Aironet 350
638 series of adaptors. &merged;</para>
640 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports <quote>monitor</quote>
641 mode, settable via the <option>-M</option> option to
642 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
644 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports Cisco LEAP, as well as
645 the <quote>Home</quote> WEP key. The Linux Aironet utilities
646 are now supported under emulation. &merged;</para>
648 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Generic support for ARCNET token-based
649 networks has been added. &merged;</para>
651 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.bge.4; driver has been added to
652 support the Broadcom BCM570x family of Gigabit Ethernet
653 controllers, including the 3Com 3c996-T, the SysKonnect
654 SK-9D21 and SK-9D41, and the built-in Gigabit Ethernet NICs on
655 Dell PowerEdge 2550 servers. Output TCP/IP checksum offload,
656 jumbo frames and VLAN tag insertion/stripping are supported,
657 as well as interrupt moderation. &merged;</para>
659 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The cm driver has been added to support SMC
660 COM90cx6 ARCNET network adapters. &merged;</para>
662 <para>The &man.dc.4; driver now supports NICs based on the Xircom
663 3201 and Conexant LANfinity RS7112 chips.</para>
665 <para role="historic">The &man.dc.4; driver now has support for
666 VLANs. &merged;</para>
668 <para role="historic">The &man.de.4; driver now performs round-robin arbitration
669 between the transmit and receive units of the 21143, instead
670 of giving priority to the receive unit. This gives a
671 10–15% performance improvement in the forwarding rate
672 under heavy load. &merged;</para>
674 <para arch="alpha">The &man.ed.4; driver is now supported.</para>
676 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Linksys Fast Ethernet PCCARD cards supported
677 by the &man.ed.4; driver now require the addition of flag
678 <literal>0x80000</literal> to their config line in
679 &man.pccard.conf.5;. This flag is not optional. These
680 Linksys cards will not be recognized without
683 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.ed.4; driver that could cause panics
684 with very short packets and BPF or bridging active has been
685 fixed. &merged;</para>
687 <para role="historic">The &man.ed.4; driver now has support for D-Link DL10022
688 chips, necessary for the NetGear FA-410TX and other cards. As
689 a result, <literal>device miibus</literal> is required in
690 kernel configurations using the &man.ed.4;
691 driver. &merged;</para>
693 <para arch="i386">The &man.el.4; driver can now be loaded as a
696 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.em.4; driver has been added to
697 support NICs based on the Intel 82542, 82543, 82544, 82545EM,
699 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips. The driver has VLAN
700 support, and also supports
701 transmit/receive checksum offload and jumbo frames on 82543
702 and 82544-based adapters. &merged;</para>
704 <para role="historic">The &man.faith.4; device is now loadable, unloadable, and
705 clonable. &merged;</para>
707 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Support for Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based
708 Ethernet PC-Cards has been added back in the &man.fe.4;
709 driver. &merged;</para>
711 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">The &man.fpa.4; driver now supports Digital's
712 DEFPA FDDI adaptors on the Alpha. &merged;</para>
714 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now requires a <literal>device
715 miibus</literal> entry in the kernel configuration
716 file. &merged;</para>
718 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now contains a workaround for PCI
719 protocol violations caused by defects in some systems based on
720 the Intel ICH2/ICH2-M chip. The workaround is to rewrite the
721 EEPROM on the interface to disable Dynamic Standby Mode; once
722 the EEPROM is rewritten, the system needs to be rebooted for
723 the new settings to take effect. &merged;</para>
725 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now supports Intel's loadable
726 microcode to implement receive-side interrupt coalescing and
727 packet bundling, on NICs that support these features. This
728 support can be activated by the use of the
729 <option>link0</option> option to
730 &man.ifconfig.8;. &merged;</para>
732 <para arch="sparc64">The gem driver has been added to support
733 the Sun GEM Gigabit Ethernet and ERI Fast Ethernet
736 <para role="historic">The &man.gx.4; driver has been added to support NICs based
737 on the Intel 82542 and 82543 Gigabit Ethernet controller
738 chips. Both fiber and copper variants of the cards are
739 supported. Both boards support VLAN tagging/insertion, and
740 the 82543 additionally supports TCP/IP checksum
741 offload. &merged;</para>
743 <para arch="sparc64">The hme driver has been added to support
744 the Sun HME Fast Ethernet adapter, onboard on many Sun Ultra
745 series machines.</para>
747 <para role="historic">The &man.lge.4; driver has been added to support the Level
748 1 LXT1001 NetCellerator Gigabit Ethernet controller chip. This
749 device is used on some fiber optic GigE cards from SMC, D-Link
750 and Addtron. Jumbograms and TCP/IP checksum offload on
751 receive are supported, although hardware VLAN filtering is
754 <para role="historic">The my driver, which supports the Myson Fast Ethernet and
755 Gigabit Ethernet adapters, has been added. &merged;</para>
757 <para role="historic">Added the &man.nge.4; driver, which supports PCI Gigabit
758 Ethernet adapters based on the National Semiconductor DP83820
759 and DP83821 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips, including the
760 D-Link DGE-500T, SMC EZ Card 1000 (SMC9462TX), Asante
761 FriendlyNet GigaNIC 1000TA and 1000TPC and Addtron AEG320T.
762 This driver supports transmit and receive checksum
763 offloading. &merged;</para>
765 <para role="historic">The &man.pcn.4; driver, which supports the AMD PCnet/FAST,
766 PCnet/FAST+, PCnet/FAST III, PCnet/PRO, PCnet/Home, and
767 HomePNA adapters, has been added. Although these cards are
768 already supported by the &man.lnc.4; driver, the &man.pcn.4;
769 driver runs these chips in 32-bit mode and uses the RX
770 alignment feature to achieve zero-copy receive. This driver
771 is also machine-independent, so it will work on the i386,
772 pc98 and Alpha platforms. The &man.lnc.4; driver is still needed
773 to support non-PCI cards. &merged;</para>
775 <para role="historic">The &man.ray.4; driver, which supports the Webgear Aviator
776 wireless network cards, has been committed. The operation of
777 &man.ray.4; interfaces can be modified by
778 &man.raycontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
780 <para arch="i386,pc98">The &man.rp.4; driver has been updated to
781 version 3.02 and can now be built as a module. &merged;</para>
783 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The sbni driver, for supporting the Granch
784 SBNI12 series of ISA and PCI point-to-point communications
785 interfaces, has been added. The <filename
786 role="package">sysutils/sbniconfig</filename> port in the &os;
787 Ports Collection can be used for configuring these
788 devices. &merged;</para>
790 <para role="historic">Added support for PCI Ethernet adapters based on the SiS
791 900 and SiS 7016 Fast Ethernet controller chips (for example,
792 as seen on the SiS 635 and 735 motherboard chipsets), as well
793 as the National Semiconductor DP83815 chipset (including the
794 NetGear FA311-TX and FA312-TX) in the form of the &man.sis.4;
795 driver. This device has support for VLANs. &merged;</para>
797 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The snc driver for the National Semiconductor
798 DP8393X (SONIC) Ethernet controller has been added.
799 Currently, this driver is only used on the PC-98
800 architecture. &merged;</para>
802 <para>The &man.stf.4; device is now clonable.</para>
804 <para role="historic">The &man.tap.4; driver, a virtual Ethernet device driver
805 for bridged configurations, has been added. This device is
806 clonable. &merged;</para>
808 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver now supports the Alteon AceNIC
809 1000baseT Gigabit Ethernet and Netgear GA620T 1000baseT
810 Gigabit cards. &merged;</para>
812 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver correctly masks VLAN tags. &merged;</para>
814 <para>The &man.tx.4; driver now supports true multicast
817 <para role="historic">The &man.txp.4; driver has been added to support NICs
818 based on the 3Com 3XP Typhoon/Sidewinder (3CR990)
819 chipset. &merged;</para>
821 <para role="historic">&man.vlan.4; devices are now loadable, unloadable, and
822 clonable. &merged;</para>
824 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for Prism II and
825 Prism 2.5-based NICs. 104/128-bit WEP now works on Prism
826 cards. &merged;</para>
828 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now supports using a &os; host as
829 a wireless access point. This functionality can be enabled
830 using the <literal>mediaopt hostap</literal> option of
831 &man.ifconfig.8;. This feature requires a wireless
832 adapter based on the Prism II chipset. &merged;</para>
834 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for
835 <application>bsd-airtools</application>. &merged;</para>
837 <para role="historic">The xe driver can now be built as a
838 module. &merged;</para>
840 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports the 3Com 3C556 and
841 3C556B MiniPCI adapters used on some laptops. &merged;</para>
843 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports reception of VLAN
844 tagged frames (on the <quote>Cyclone</quote> or newer
845 chipsets). &merged;</para>
847 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports send- and receive-side
848 TCP/IP checksum offloading for NICs implementing this feature,
849 such as the 3C905B, 3C905C, and 3C980C. &merged;</para>
851 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.xl.4; driver, related to statistics
852 overflow interrupt handling, was causing slowdowns at medium
853 to high packet rates; this has been fixed. &merged;</para>
855 <para role="historic">The per-interface <varname>ifnet</varname> structure now
856 has the ability to indicate a set of capabilities supported by
857 a network interface, and which ones are enabled.
858 &man.ifconfig.8; has support for querying these
859 capabilities. &merged;</para>
861 <para role="historic">Performance with hosts having a large number of IP aliases
862 has been improved, by replacing the per-interface
863 <varname>if_inaddr</varname> linear list with a hash table. &merged;</para>
865 <para>Network devices now automatically appear as special files in
866 <filename>/dev/net</filename>. Interface hardware ioctls (not
867 protocol or routing) can be performed on these devices. The
868 <varname>SIOCGIFCONF</varname> ioctl may be performed on the
869 special <filename>/dev/network</filename> node.</para>
871 <para role="historic">Selected network drivers now implement a semi-polling
872 mode, which makes systems much more resilient to attacks and
873 overloads. To enable polling, the following options are
874 required in a kernel configuration file:
876 <programlisting>options DEVICE_POLLING
877 options HZ=1000 # not compulsory but strongly recommended</programlisting>
879 The <varname>kern.polling.enable</varname> sysctl variable
880 will then activate polling mode; with the
881 <varname>kern.polling.user_frac</varname> sysctl indicating
882 the percentage of CPU time to be reserved for userland. The
883 devices initially supporting polling are &man.dc.4;,
884 &man.fxp.4;, &man.rl.4;, and &man.sis.4;. More details can be found in
885 the &man.polling.4; manual page. &merged;</para>
887 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The packet-forwarding performance of certain
888 network drivers (specifically &man.dc.4; and &man.sis.4;) has
889 been enhanced by the elimination of unnecessary buffer
890 copies. &merged;</para>
892 <para><quote>Zero copy</quote> support has been added to the
893 networking stack. This feature can eliminate a copy of
894 network data between the kernel and userland, which is one of
895 the more significant bottlenecks in network throughput.
896 The send-side code should work with almost any network
897 adapter, while the receive-side code requires a network
898 adapter with an MTU of at least one memory page size (for
899 example, jumbo frames on Gigabit Ethernet). For more
900 information, see &man.zero.copy.9;.</para>
904 <title>Network Protocols</title>
906 <para role="historic">&man.accept.filter.9;, a kernel feature to reduce
907 overheads when accepting and reading new connections on
908 listening sockets, has been added. &merged;</para>
910 <para role="historic">The <literal>proxy</literal> modifier to &man.arp.8;'s
911 <option>-d</option> option has been renamed to
912 <literal>pub</literal>, for consistency with the
913 <option>-s</option> option. The <literal>only</literal> keyword
914 has been added to the <option>-s</option> and
915 <option>-S</option> flags, to be used in creating
916 <quote>proxy-only</quote> published entries. &merged;</para>
918 <para role="historic">The read timeout feature of &man.bpf.4; now works more
919 correctly with &man.select.2;/&man.poll.2;, and therefore with
920 pthreads. &merged;</para>
922 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; and &man.dummynet.4; have received some
923 enhancements and bug fixes, and are now loadable
924 modules. &merged;</para>
926 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; now has better support for multiple,
927 fully-independent bridging clusters, and is much more stable
928 in the presence of dynamic attachments and detatchments. Full
929 support for VLANs is also supported. &merged;</para>
931 <para>ICMP ECHO and TSTAMP replies are now rate limited. TCP
932 RSTs generated due to packets sent to open and unopen ports
933 are now limited by separate counters. Each rate limiting
934 queue now has its own description.</para>
936 <para role="historic">ICMP <literal>UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB</literal> messages can
937 now RST TCP connections in the <literal>SYN_SENT</literal>
938 state if the correct sequence numbers are sent back, as
940 <varname>net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst</varname> sysctl. &merged;</para>
942 <para>IP multicast now works on VLAN devices. Several other
943 bugs in the VLAN code have also been fixed.</para>
945 <para role="historic">A bug in the IPsec processing for IPv4, which caused the
946 inbound SPD checks to be ignored, has been fixed. &merged;</para>
948 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.4; now filters correctly in the presence of ECN
949 bits in TCP segments. &merged;</para>
951 <para>&man.ipfw.4 has been re-implemented. It now uses
952 variable-sized representation of rules in the kernel, similar
953 to &man.bpf.4; instructions. Most of the externally-visible
954 behavior (i.e. through &man.ipfw.8;) should be unchanged.,
955 although &man.ipfw.8; now supports <literal>or</literal>
956 connectives between match fields.</para>
958 <para role="historic">A new ng_eiface netgraph module has been added, which
959 appears as an Ethernet interface but delivers its Ethernet
960 frames to a Netgraph hook. &merged;</para>
962 <para>A new &man.ng.device.4; netgraph node type has been added,
963 which creates a device entry in <filename>/dev</filename>, to
964 be used as the entry point to a networking graph.</para>
966 <para role="historic">A new &man.ng.etf.4; netgraph node allows Ethernet type
967 packets to be filtered to different hooks depending on
968 ethertype. &merged;</para>
970 <para>The &man.ng.gif.4; and &man.ng.gif.demux.4; netgraph
971 nodes, for operating on &man.gif.4; devices, have been
974 <para>The &man.ng.ip.input.4; netgraph node, for queueing IP
975 packets into the main IP input processing code, has been
978 <para role="historic">The &man.ng.mppc.4; and &man.ng.bridge.4; node types have
979 been added to the &man.netgraph.4; subsystem. The
980 &man.ng.ether.4; node is now dynamically loadable.
981 Miscellaneous bug fixes and enhancements have also been
982 made. &merged;</para>
984 <para role="historic">A new netgraph node type &man.ng.one2many.4; for
985 multiplexing and demultiplexing packets over multiple links
986 has been added. &merged;</para>
988 <para>A new ng_split node type has been added for splitting a
989 bidirectional packet flow into two unidirectional flows.</para>
991 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
992 <varname>net.inet.ip.check_interface</varname>, which is on by
993 default, causes IP to verify that an incoming packet arrives
994 on an interface that has an address matching the packet's
995 destination address. &merged;</para>
997 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
998 <varname>net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface</varname> has
999 been added to control the suppression of logging when ARP
1000 replies arrive on the wrong interface. &merged;</para>
1002 <para role="historic">A new <literal>options RANDOM_IP_ID</literal> kernel
1003 option causes the ID field of IP packets to be randomized.
1004 This closes a minor information leak which allows a remote
1005 observer to determine the rate at which the machine is
1006 generating packets, since the default behavior is to increment
1007 a counter for each packet sent. &merged;</para>
1009 <para arch="alpha">SLIP has been removed from the
1010 <filename>mfsroot</filename> floppy image.</para>
1012 <para role="historic">TCP has received some bug fixes for its delayed ACK
1013 behavior. &merged;</para>
1015 <para role="historic">TCP now supports the NewReno modification to the TCP Fast
1016 Recovery algorithm. This behavior can be controlled via the
1017 <varname>net.inet.tcp.newreno</varname> sysctl
1018 variable. &merged;</para>
1020 <para role="historic">TCP now uses a more aggressive timeout for initial SYN
1021 segments; this allows initial connection attempts to be
1022 dropped much faster. &merged;</para>
1024 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_COMPAT_42</literal> kernel option has
1025 been removed. &merged;</para>
1027 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_RESTRICT_RST</literal> kernel option has
1028 been removed. Similar functionality can be achieved with the
1029 <varname>net.inet.tcp.blackhole</varname> sysctl
1030 variable. &merged;</para>
1032 <para role="historic">TCP now has RFC 1323 extensions enabled by default in
1033 &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
1035 <para role="historic">RFC 1323 and RFC 1644 TCP extensions are now disabled for
1036 a connection in progress if no response has been received by
1037 the third SYN segment sent. This behavior tries to work
1038 around (very old) terminal servers with buggy VJ header
1039 compression implementations. &merged;</para>
1041 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation no longer requires the allocation
1042 of a TCP template structure for each connection; this should
1043 reduce the buffer usage on large systems handling many
1044 connections. &merged;</para>
1046 <para role="historic">TCP's default buffer sizes, controlled by the
1047 <varname>net.inet.tcp.sendspace</varname> and
1048 <varname>net.inet.tcp.recvspace</varname> sysctl variables,
1049 have been increased to 32K and 64K respectively. Previously,
1050 the default for both buffer sizes was 16K. To try to avoid
1051 increasing congestion, the default value for
1052 <varname>net.inet.tcp.local_slowstart_flightsize</varname> has
1053 been changed from infinity to 4. &merged;
1056 <para>On busy hosts, the new larger buffer sizes may require
1057 manually increasing the
1058 <varname>NMBCLUSTERS</varname> parameter, either in the
1059 kernel configuration file or via the
1060 <varname>kern.ipc.nmbclusters</varname> loader tunable.
1061 <command>netstat -mb</command> can be used to monitor the
1062 state of mbuf clusters.</para>
1066 <para role="historic">TCP now supports RFC 1948 (Defending Against Sequence
1067 Number Attacks). The
1068 <varname>net.inet.tcp.isn_reseed_interval</varname> sysctl
1069 variable controls the reseeding of the secret data used in
1070 the RFC 1948 initial sequence number calculations. &merged;</para>
1072 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation in &os; now implements a cache of
1073 outstanding, received SYN segments. Incoming SYN segments now
1074 cause entries to be placed in the cache until the TCP
1075 three-way handshake is complete, at which point, memory is
1076 allocated for the connection as usual. In addition, all TCP
1077 Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs) are used as cookies, allowing
1078 entries in the cache to be dropped, but still have their
1079 corresponding ACKs accepted later. The combination of the
1081 <quote>syncache</quote> and <quote>syncookies</quote> features
1082 makes a host much more resistant to TCP-based Denial of
1083 Service attacks. Work on this feature was sponsored by DARPA
1084 and NAI Labs. &merged;</para>
1086 <para role="historic">A bug in the TCP implementation, which could cause
1087 connections to stall if a sender saw a zero-sized window, has
1088 been corrected. &merged;</para>
1090 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation now properly ignores packets
1091 addressed to IP-layer broadcast addresses. &merged;</para>
1093 <para>The ephemeral port range used for TCP and UDP has been
1094 changed to 49152–65535 (the old default was
1095 1024–5000). This increases the number of concurrent
1096 outgoing connections/streams.</para>
1100 <title>Disks and Storage</title>
1102 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for the Adaptec FSA family of PCI-SCSI
1103 RAID controllers has been added, in the form of the
1104 &man.aac.4; driver. This driver includes proper handling of
1105 commands initiated by the adapter, addition/removal of disk
1106 devices, crashdump functionality, and &man.ioctl.2; commands
1107 necessary for the management CLI, and is fully qualified and
1108 sanctioned by Adaptec. &merged;</para>
1110 <para role="historic">The &man.ahc.4; driver has received numerous updates,
1111 bugfixes, and enhancements. Among various improvements are
1112 improved compatibility with chips in <quote>RAID Port</quote>
1113 mode and systems with AAA and/or ARO cards installed, as well
1114 as performance improvements. Some bugs were also fixed,
1115 including a rare hang on Ultra2/U160
1116 controllers. &merged;</para>
1118 <para arch="i386">The ahd driver, which supports the Adaptec
1119 AIC7902 Ultra320 PCI-X SCSI Controller chip, has been
1122 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver, which provides support
1123 for the Adaptec SCSI RAID controller family, as well as the
1124 DPT SmartRAID V and VI families, has been
1125 added. &merged;</para>
1127 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver now supports the
1128 Adaptec 2000S and 2005S Zero-Channel RAID
1129 controllers. &merged;</para>
1131 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA100
1132 controllers. In addition, it now supports the ServerWorks
1133 ROSB4 ATA33 chipset, the CMD 648 ATA66 and CMD 649 ATA100
1134 chipsets, and the Cyrix 5530. &merged;</para>
1136 <para role="historic">To provide more flexible configuration, the various
1137 options for the &man.ata.4; driver are now boot loader
1138 tunables, rather than kernel configure-time
1139 options. &merged;</para>
1141 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for tagged queuing,
1142 which is enabled by the <varname>hw.ata.tags</varname> loader
1143 tunable. &merged;</para>
1145 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA
1146 <quote>pseudo</quote> RAID controllers as the Promise Fasttrak
1147 and HighPoint HPT370 controllers. &merged;</para>
1149 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports a wider variety of SiS
1150 chipsets, as listed in the Hardware Notes. &merged;</para>
1152 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for creating,
1153 deleting, querying, and rebuilding ATA RAIDs under control of
1154 &man.atacontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
1156 <para role="historic">The BurnProof(TM) feature, for applicable ATAPI CD-ROM
1157 burners, is now supported. &merged;</para>
1159 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for 48-bit
1160 addressing. Devices larger than 137GB are now
1161 supported. &merged;</para>
1163 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now contains fixes for some data
1164 corruption problems on systems using the VIA 82C686B
1165 Southbridge chip. &merged;</para>
1167 <para role="historic">The &man.cd.4; driver now has support for write
1168 operations. This allows writing to DVD-RAM, PD and similar
1169 drives that probe as CD devices. Note that change affects
1170 only random-access writeable devices, not sequential-only
1171 writeable devices such as CD-R drives, which are supported by
1172 &man.cdrecord.1; (a part of
1173 <filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename> in the
1174 Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
1176 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ciss driver, for devices utilizing the
1177 Common Interface for SCSI-3 Support, has been added. This
1178 driver supports the Compaq SmartRAID 5* family of RAID
1179 controllers (5300, 532, 5i). &merged;</para>
1181 <para>The &man.fdc.4; floppy disk has undergone a number of
1182 enhancements. Density selection for common settings is now
1183 automatic; the driver is also much more flexible in setting
1184 the densities of various subdevices.</para>
1186 <para>The &man.geom.4; disk I/O request transformation framework
1187 has been added; this extensible framework is designed to
1188 support a wide variety of operations on I/O requests on their
1189 way from the upper kernel to the device drivers.</para>
1191 <para role="historic">The ida disk driver now has crashdump
1192 support. &merged;</para>
1194 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The iir driver has been added to support the
1195 Intel Integrated RAID controllers, as well as prior ICP Vortex
1198 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A bug that made certain CDROM drives fail to
1199 attach when connected to a SCSI card driven by &man.isp.4; has
1200 been fixed. &merged;</para>
1202 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver is now proactive about discovering
1203 Fibre Channel topology changes.</para>
1205 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver now supports target mode for Qlogic
1206 SCSI cards, including Ultra2 and Ultra3 and dual bus
1209 <para role="historic">The &man.isp.4; driver now supports the Qlogic 2300 and
1210 2312 Optical Fibre Channel PCI cards. &merged;</para>
1212 <para>&man.md.4;, the memory disk device, has had the
1213 functionality of &man.vn.4; incorporated into it. &man.md.4;
1214 devices can now be configured by &man.mdconfig.8;. &man.vn.4;
1215 has been removed. The Memory Filesystem (MFS) has also been
1218 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.mly.4; driver, for Mylex PCI to SCSI
1219 AccelRAID and eXtremeRAID controllers with firmware 6.X and
1220 later, has been added. &merged;</para>
1222 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ncv, nsp, and stg drivers have been ported
1223 from NetBSD/pc98. They support the NCR 53C50 / Workbit Ninja
1224 SCSI-3 / TMC 18C30, 18C50 based PC-Card/ISA SCSI controllers.
1225 All three drivers can be built and loaded as
1226 modules. &merged;</para>
1228 <para arch="powerpc">The ofw driver, a basic OpenFirmware disk
1229 driver, has been added.</para>
1231 <para>Some problems in &man.sa.4; error handling have been
1232 fixed, including the <quote>tape drive spinning indefinitely
1233 upon &man.mt.1; <option>stat</option></quote> problem.</para>
1235 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.twe.4; 3ware ATA RAID driver has
1236 added. &merged;</para>
1238 <para role="historic">The &man.wd.4; compatibility devices were removed from the
1239 &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1243 <title>Filesystems</title>
1245 <para>Support for named extended attributes was added to the
1246 &os; kernel. This allows the kernel, and appropriately
1247 privileged userland processes, to tag files and directories
1248 with attribute data. Extended attributes were added to
1249 support the TrustedBSD Project, in particular ACLs, capability
1250 data, and mandatory access control labels (see
1251 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.extattr</filename> for
1254 <para role="historic">Due to a licensing change, softupdates have been
1255 integrated into the main portion of the kernel source tree.
1256 As a consequence, softupdates are now available with the
1257 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel. &merged;</para>
1259 <para>A filesystem snapshot capability has been added to FFS.
1260 Details can be found in
1261 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ffs/README.snapshot</filename>.</para>
1263 <!-- The following note needs to be made more specific or eliminated. -->
1264 <para>Softupdates for FFS have received some bug fixes and
1265 enhancements.</para>
1267 <para>When running with softupdates, &man.statfs.2; and
1268 &man.df.1; will track the number of blocks and files that are
1269 committed to being freed.</para>
1271 <para role="historic">A bug in FFS that could cause superblock corruption on
1272 very large filesystems has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1274 <para role="historic">The ISO-9660 filesystem now has a hook that supports a
1275 loadable character conversion routine. The
1276 <filename role="package">sysutils/cd9660_unicode</filename>
1277 port contains a set of common conversions. &merged;</para>
1279 <para>&man.kernfs.5; is obsolete and has been retired.</para>
1281 <para role="historic">A bug in the NFS client that caused bogus access times with
1282 <literal>O_EXCL|O_CREAT</literal> opens was
1283 fixed. &merged;</para>
1285 <para role="historic">A new NFS hash function (based on the Fowler/Noll/Vo hash
1286 algorithm) has been implemented to improve NFS performance by
1287 increasing the efficiency of the <varname>nfsnode</varname>
1288 hash tables. &merged;</para>
1290 <para>Client-side NFS locks have been implemented.</para>
1292 <para>The client-side and server-side of the NFS code in the
1293 kernel used to be intertwined in various complex ways. They
1294 have been split apart for ease of maintenance and further
1297 <para>Support for filesystem Access Control Lists (ACLs) has
1298 been introduced, allowing more fine-grained control of
1299 discretionary access control on files and directories. This
1300 support was integrated from the TrustedBSD Project. More
1301 details can be found in
1302 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.acls</filename>.</para>
1304 <para role="historic">The directory layout preference algorithm for FFS
1305 (<literal>dirprefs</literal>) has been changed. Rather than
1306 scattering directory blocks across a disk, it attempts to
1307 group related directory blocks together. Operations
1308 traversing large directory hierarchies, such as the &os; Ports
1309 tree, have shown marked speedups. This change is transparent
1310 and automatic for new directories. &merged;</para>
1312 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">smbfs (CIFS) support in kernel has been added.
1313 The userland programs &man.smbutil.1; and &man.mount.smbfs.8;
1314 can be used to work with SMB shares. Note that
1315 &man.mount.smbfs.8; will automatically load the
1316 <filename>smbfs.ko</filename> module into the kernel, even if
1317 <literal>LIBMCHAIN</literal> and
1318 <literal>LIBICONV</literal> were not compiled into the kernel.
1321 <para>For consistency, the fdesc, fifo, null, msdos, portal,
1322 umap, and union filesystems have been renamed to fdescfs,
1323 fifofs, msdosfs, nullfs, portalfs, umapfs, and unionfs. Where
1324 applicable, modules and mount_* programs have been renamed.
1325 Compatibility <quote>glue</quote> has been added to
1326 &man.mount.8; so that <literal>msdos</literal> filesystem
1327 entries in &man.fstab.5; will work without changes.</para>
1329 <para>pseudofs, a pseudo-filesystem framework, has been added.
1330 &man.linprocfs.5; and &man.procfs.5; have been modified to use
1333 <para role="historic">A simple hash-based lookup optimization for large
1334 directories called <literal>dirhash</literal> has been added.
1336 <literal>UFS_DIRHASH</literal> kernel option (enabled by
1337 default in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel), it
1338 improves the speed of operations on very large directories at
1339 the expense of some memory. &merged;</para>
1341 <para role="historic">The virtual memory subsystem now backs UFS directory
1342 memory requirements by default (this behavior is controlled
1343 via the <varname>vfs.vmiodirenable</varname> sysctl
1344 variable). &merged;</para>
1346 <para role="historic">A bug that prevented the root filesystem from being
1347 mounted from a SCSI CDROM has been fixed (ATAPI CDROMs were
1348 always supported). &merged;</para>
1350 <para role="historic">A number of bugs in the filesystem code, discovered
1351 through the use of the <application>fsx</application>
1352 filesystem test tool, have been fixed. Under certain
1353 circumstances (primarily related to use of NFS), these bugs
1354 could cause data corruption or kernel panics. &merged;</para>
1356 <para>Network filesystems (such as NFS and smbfs filesystems)
1357 listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> can now be properly
1358 mounted during startup initialization; their mounts are
1359 deferred until after the network is initialized.</para>
1361 <para>Read-only support for the Universal Disk Format (UDF) has
1362 been added. This format is used on packet-written CD-RWs and
1363 most commercial DVD-Video disks. The &man.mount.udf.8;
1364 command can be used to mount these disks.</para>
1366 <para>Basic support has been added for the UFS2 filesystem.
1371 <para>The inode has been expanded to 256 bytes to make
1372 space for 64-bit block pointers.</para>
1376 <para>A file-creation time field has been added.</para>
1380 <para>Space has been provided for extended attributes, up
1381 to twice the filesystem block size.</para>
1390 <title>PCCARD Support</title>
1392 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The pccard driver and &man.pccardc.8; now
1393 support multiple <quote>beep types</quote> upon card insertion
1394 and removal. &merged;</para>
1396 <para role="historic">On many modern hosts, PCCARD devices can be configured to
1397 route their interrupts via either the ISA or PCI interrupt
1398 paths. The &man.pcic.4; driver has been updated to support
1399 both interrupt paths (formerly, only routing via ISA was
1400 supported). &merged; In most cases, configuration of PCMCIA
1401 devices in laptops is simpler and more flexible. In addition,
1402 various Cardbus bridge PCI cards (such as those used by
1403 Orinoco PCI NICs) are now supported. Some hosts may
1404 experience problems, such as hangs or panics, with PCI
1405 interrupt routing; they can frequently be made to work by
1406 forcing the older-style ISA interrupt routing. The following
1407 lines, placed in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>, may
1408 fix the problem:</para>
1410 <programlisting role="historic">hw.pcic.intr_path="1"
1411 hw.pcic.irq="0"</programlisting>
1413 <para role="historic">When installing &os; on such a system, typing the
1414 following lines to the boot loader may be helpful in starting
1415 up &os; for the first time:<para>
1417 <screen role="historic"><prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.intr_path="1"</userinput>
1418 <prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.irq="0"</userinput></screen>
1420 <para arch="i386">Preliminary Cardbus support under NEWCARD has
1421 been added. This code supports the TI113X, TI12XX, TI125X,
1422 Ricoh 5C46/5C47, Topic 95/97/100 and Cirrus Logic PD683X
1423 bridges. 16-bit PC Card support is not yet functional.</para>
1425 <para arch="i386">NEWCARD is now the default pccard/cardbus
1426 system in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel.</para>
1431 <title>Multimedia Support</title>
1433 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.pcm.4; driver now supports the ESS
1434 Solo 1, Maestro-1, Maestro-2, and Maestro-2e; Forte Media
1435 fm801, ESS Maestro-2e, and VIA Technologies VT82C686A sound
1436 card/chipsets, and has received some other updates. Separate
1437 drivers for the SoundBlaster 8 and SoundBlaster 16 now replace
1438 an older, unified driver. A driver for the CMedia
1439 CMI8338/CMI8738 sound chips has been added. A driver for the
1440 CS4281 sound chip has been added. A driver for the S3
1441 SonicVibes chipset has been added. &merged;</para>
1443 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Avance Logic ALS4000 has been
1444 added. &merged;</para>
1446 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the ESS Maestro-3/Allegro has
1447 been added, however due to licensing restrictions, it cannot
1448 be compiled into the kernel. &merged; To use this driver, add
1449 the following line to
1450 <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
1452 <programlisting role="historic">snd_maestro3_load="YES"</programlisting>
1454 <para role="historic">The &man.bktr.4; driver has been updated to 2.18. This
1455 update provides a number of new features. New tuner types
1456 have been added, and improvements to the KLD module and to
1457 memory allocation have been made. Bugs in &man.devfs.5; when
1458 unloading and reloading have been fixed. Support for new
1459 Hauppauge Model 44xxx WinTV Cards (the ones with no audio mux)
1460 has been added. &merged;</para>
1462 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ufm driver, supporting the D-Link DSB-R100
1463 USB Radio, has been added. &merged;</para>
1465 <para role="historic">When sound modules are built, one can now load all the
1466 drivers and infrastructure by <command>kldload
1467 snd</command>. &merged;</para>
1469 <para>A new API has been added for sound cards with hardware
1470 volume control.</para>
1472 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Intel 443MX, 810, 815, and
1473 815E integrated sound devices has been added. &merged;</para>
1475 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The via82c686 sound driver now supports the VIA
1476 VT8233. &merged;</para>
1478 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ich sound driver now support the SiS
1479 7012 chipset. &merged;</para>
1481 <para arch="i386">Drivers have been added to support the Direct
1482 Rendering Infrastructure, which can used to provide 3D
1483 acceleration within <application>XFree86</application>. Video
1484 cards supported include the 3Dlabs Oxygen GMX 2000 (gammadrm),
1485 AGP Matrox G200/G400/G450/G550 (mgadrm), 3dfx Voodoo
1486 3/4/5/Banshee (tdfxdrm), AGI ATI Rage 128 (r128drm), and AGP
1487 ATI Radeon (radeondrm).</para>
1492 <title>Contributed Software</title>
1494 <para>The Forth Inspired Command Language
1495 (<application>FICL</application>) used in the boot loader has
1496 been updated to 3.02.</para>
1498 <para>Support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
1499 (ACPI), a multi-vendor standard for configuration and power
1500 management, has been added. This functionality has been
1501 provided by the <application>Intel ACPI Component
1502 Architecture</application> project, as of the ACPI CA 20020725
1503 snapshot. Some backward compatability for applications using
1504 the older APM standard has been provided.</para>
1507 <title>IPFilter</title>
1509 <para><application>IPFilter</application> has been updated to
1512 <para role="historic"><application>IPFilter</application> now supports
1513 IPv6. &merged;</para>
1518 <title>isdn4bsd</title>
1520 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> has been updated to
1521 version 1.0.2.</para>
1523 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1524 Fritz!Card PCI controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1526 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi2.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1527 Fritz!Card PCI version 2 controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1529 <para role="historic">The &man.ihfc.4; driver for supporting Cologne Chip
1530 Designs HFC devices under
1531 <application>isdn4bsd</application> has been
1532 added. &merged;</para>
1534 <para role="historic">The &man.itjc.4; driver for supporting NETjet-S / Teles
1535 PCI-TJ devices under <application>isdn4bsd</application> has
1536 been added. &merged;</para>
1538 <para role="historic">Experimental support for the Eicon.Diehl DIVA 2.0 and
1539 2.02 ISA PnP ISDN cards has been added to the &man.isic.4;
1540 <application>isdn4bsd</application> driver. &merged;</para>
1542 <para role="historic">The &man.isic.4; driver now supports the Compaq Microcom
1543 610 ISDN ISA PnP card. &merged;</para>
1545 <para role="historic">Active CAPI-based ISDN cards manufactured by AVM are now
1546 supported using the &man.i4bcapi.4; and the &man.iavc.4;
1547 driver. The supported cards are the AVM B1 PCI and AVM B1
1548 ISA Basic Rate cards and the AVM T1 Primary Rate
1549 cards. &merged;</para>
1551 <para role="historic">A new <literal>maxconnecttime</literal> keyword is now
1552 accepted in &man.isdnd.rc.5; files to limit the time a
1553 connection may remain open. &merged;</para>
1555 <para role="historic">&man.isdnphone.8; now supports a <option>-k</option>
1556 option for sending messages via the keypad facility to a PBX
1557 or exchange office. &merged;</para>
1559 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> now supports Q.931
1560 subaddressing.</para>
1564 <sect4 id="kame-kernel">
1567 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
1568 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
1569 the items listed in this section are a result of this
1570 import. <xref linkend="kame-userland"> lists userland
1571 updates to the KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
1573 <para role="historic">&man.gif.4; is now based on RFC 2893, rather than RFC
1574 1933. The <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can
1575 be used to control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1577 <para role="historic"><application>IPsec</application> has received some
1578 enhancements, including the ability to use the Rijndael and
1579 SHA2 algorithms. IPsec RC5 support has been removed due to
1580 patent issues. &merged;</para>
1582 <para role="historic">&man.stf.4; now conforms to RFC 3056; the
1583 <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can be used to
1584 control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1586 <para role="historic">IPv6 has better checking of illegal addresses (such as
1587 loopback addresses) on physical networks. &merged;</para>
1589 <para role="historic">The <varname>IPV6_V6ONLY</varname> socket option is now
1590 completely supported. The kernel's default behavior with
1591 respect to this option is controlled by the
1592 <varname>net.inet6.ip6.v6only</varname> sysctl
1593 variable. &merged;</para>
1595 <para role="historic">RFC 3041 (Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address
1596 Autoconfiguration) is now supported. It can be enabled via
1597 the <varname>net.inet6.ip6.use_tempaddr</varname> sysctl
1598 variable. &merged;</para>
1603 <sect2 id="security">
1604 <title>Security-Related Changes</title>
1606 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now allows the user to select one of two
1607 <quote>security profiles</quote> at install-time. These
1608 profiles enable different levels of system security by enabling
1609 or disabling various system services in &man.rc.conf.5; on new
1610 installs. &merged;</para>
1612 <para>A bug in which malformed ELF executable images can hang the
1613 system has been fixed (see security advisory
1614 FreeBSD-SA-00:41). &merged;</para>
1616 <para>A security hole in Linux emulation was fixed (see security
1617 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:42). &merged;</para>
1619 <para role="historic">String-handling library calls in many programs were fixed to
1620 reduce the possibility of buffer overflow-related exploits.
1623 <para>TCP now uses stronger randomness in choosing its initial
1624 sequence numbers (see security advisory
1625 FreeBSD-SA-00:52). &merged;</para>
1627 <para>Several buffer overflows in &man.tcpdump.1; were corrected
1628 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:61). &merged;</para>
1630 <para>A security hole in &man.top.1; was corrected (see security
1631 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:62). &merged;</para>
1633 <para>A potential security hole caused by an off-by-one-error in
1634 &man.gethostbyname.3; has been fixed (see security advisory
1635 FreeBSD-SA-00:63). &merged;</para>
1637 <para>A potential buffer overflow in the &man.ncurses.3; library,
1638 which could cause arbitrary code to be run from within
1639 &man.systat.1;, has been corrected (see security advisory
1640 FreeBSD-SA-00:68). &merged;</para>
1642 <para>A vulnerability in &man.telnetd.8; that could cause it to
1643 consume large amounts of server resources has been fixed (see
1644 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:69). &merged;</para>
1646 <para>The <literal>nat deny_incoming</literal> command in
1647 &man.ppp.8; now works correctly (see security advisory
1648 FreeBSD-SA-00:70). &merged;</para>
1650 <para>A vulnerability in &man.csh.1;/&man.tcsh.1; temporary files
1651 that could allow overwriting of arbitrary user-writable files
1652 has been closed (see security advisory
1653 FreeBSD-SA-00:76). &merged;</para>
1655 <para role="historic">The &man.ssh.1; binary is no longer SUID root by
1656 default. &merged;</para>
1658 <para role="historic">Some fixes were applied to the Kerberos IV implementation
1659 related to environment variables, a possible buffer overrun, and
1660 overwriting ticket files. &merged;</para>
1662 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does a better job of sanitizing its
1663 environment. &merged;</para>
1665 <para>Several vulnerabilities in &man.procfs.5; were fixed (see
1666 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:77). &merged;</para>
1668 <para>A bug in <application>OpenSSH</application> in which a
1669 server was unable to disable &man.ssh-agent.1; or
1670 <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> was fixed (see security
1671 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:01). &merged;</para>
1673 <para>A bug in &man.ipfw.8; and &man.ip6fw.8; in which inbound TCP
1674 segments could incorrectly be treated as being part of an
1675 <literal>established</literal> connection has been fixed (see
1676 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:08). &merged;</para>
1678 <para>A bug in &man.crontab.1; that could allow users to read any
1679 file on the system in valid &man.crontab.5; syntax has been
1680 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:09). &merged;</para>
1682 <para>A vulnerability in &man.inetd.8; that could allow
1683 read-access to the initial 16 bytes of
1684 <groupname>wheel</groupname>-accessible files has been fixed
1685 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:11). &merged;</para>
1687 <para>A bug in &man.periodic.8; that used insecure temporary files
1688 has been corrected (see security advisory
1689 FreeBSD-SA-01:12). &merged;</para>
1691 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> now has code to prevent
1692 (instead of just mitigating through connection limits) an attack
1693 that can lead to guessing the server key (not host key) by
1694 regenerating the server key when an RSA failure is detected (see
1695 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:24). &merged;</para>
1697 <para role="historic">A number of programs have had output formatting strings
1698 corrected so as to reduce the risk of
1699 vulnerabilities. &merged;</para>
1701 <para role="historic">A number of programs that use temporary files now do so more
1702 securely. &merged;</para>
1704 <para role="historic">A bug in ICMP that could cause an attacker to disrupt TCP and UDP
1705 <quote>sessions</quote> has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1707 <para>A bug in &man.timed.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1708 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1709 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:28). &merged;</para>
1711 <para>A bug in &man.rwhod.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1712 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1713 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:29). &merged;</para>
1715 <para>A security hole in &os;'s FFS and EXT2FS implementations,
1716 which allowed a race condition that could cause users to have
1717 unauthorized access to data, has been fixed (see security
1718 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:30). &merged;</para>
1720 <para>A remotely-exploitable vulnerability in &man.ntpd.8; has
1721 been closed (see security advisory
1722 FreeBSD-SA-01:31). &merged;</para>
1724 <para>A security hole in <application>IPFilter</application>'s
1725 fragment cache has been closed (see security advisory
1726 FreeBSD-SA-01:32). &merged;</para>
1728 <para>Buffer overflows in &man.glob.3;, which could cause
1729 arbitrary code to be run on an FTP server, have been closed. In
1730 addition, to prevent some forms of DOS attacks, &man.glob.3;
1731 allows specification of a limit on the number of pathname
1732 matches it will return. &man.ftpd.8; now uses this feature (see
1733 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:33). &merged;</para>
1735 <para>Initial sequence numbers in TCP are more thoroughly
1736 randomized (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:39). Due to
1737 some possible compatibility issues, the behavior of this
1738 security fix can be enabled or disabled via the
1739 <varname>net.inet.tcp.tcp_seq_genscheme</varname> sysctl
1740 variable.&merged;</para>
1742 <para>A vulnerability in the &man.fts.3; routines (used by
1743 applications for recursively traversing a filesystem) could
1744 allow a program to operate on files outside the intended
1745 directory hierarchy. This bug has been fixed (see security
1746 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:40). &merged;</para>
1748 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now switches to the
1749 user's UID before attempting to unlink the authentication
1750 forwarding file, nullifying the effects of a race.</para>
1752 <para>A flaw allowed some signal handlers to remain in effect in a
1753 child process after being exec-ed from its parent. This allowed
1754 an attacker to execute arbitrary code in the context of a setuid
1755 binary. This flaw has been corrected (see security advisory
1756 FreeBSD-SA-01:42). &merged;</para>
1758 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1; has been fixed
1759 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:48). &merged;</para>
1761 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.telnetd.8; has been fixed
1762 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:49). &merged;</para>
1764 <para>The new <varname>net.inet.ip.maxfragpackets</varname> and
1765 <varname>net.inet.ip6.maxfragpackets</varname> sysctl variables
1766 limit the amount of memory that can be consumed by IPv4 and IPv6
1767 packet fragments, which defends against some denial of service
1768 attacks (see security advisory
1769 FreeBSD-SA-01:52). &merged;</para>
1771 <para role="historic">All services in <filename>inetd.conf</filename> are now
1772 disabled by default for new installations. &man.sysinstall.8;
1773 gives the option of enabling or disabling &man.inetd.8; on new
1774 installations, as well as editing
1775 <filename>inetd.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
1777 <para>A flaw in the implementation of the &man.ipfw.8;
1778 <literal>me</literal> rules on point-to-point links has been
1779 corrected. Formerly, <literal>me</literal> filter rules would
1780 match the remote IP address of a point-to-point interface in
1781 addition to the intended local IP address (see security advisory
1782 FreeBSD-SA-01:53). &merged;</para>
1784 <para>A vulnerability in &man.procfs.5;, which could allow a
1785 process to read sensitive information from another process's
1786 memory space, has been closed (see security advisory
1787 FreeBSD-SA-01:55). &merged;</para>
1789 <para>The <literal>PARANOID</literal> hostname checking in
1790 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now works as advertised
1791 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:56). &merged;</para>
1793 <para>A local root exploit in &man.sendmail.8; has been closed
1794 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:57). &merged;</para>
1796 <para>A remote root vulnerability in &man.lpd.8; has been closed
1797 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:58). &merged;</para>
1799 <para>A race condition in &man.rmuser.8; that briefly exposed a
1800 world-readable <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename> has been
1801 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:59). &merged;</para>
1803 <para>A vulnerability in <application>UUCP</application> has been
1804 closed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:62). All
1805 non-<username>root</username>-owned binaries in standard system
1806 paths now have the <literal>schg</literal> flag set to prevent
1807 exploit vectors when run by &man.cron.8;, by
1808 <username>root</username>, or by a user other then the one owning
1809 the binary. In addition, &man.uustat.1; is now run via
1810 <filename>/etc/periodic/daily/410.status-uucp</filename> as
1811 <username>uucp</username>, not <username>root</username>. In
1812 &os; -CURRENT, <application>UUCP</application> has since been
1813 moved to the Ports Collection and no longer a part of the base
1814 system. &merged;</para>
1816 <para role="historic">A security hole in the form of a buffer overflow in the
1817 &man.semop.2; system call has been closed. &merged;</para>
1819 <para>A security hole in <application>OpenSSH</application>, which
1820 could allow users to execute code with arbitrary privileges if
1821 <literal>UseLogin yes</literal> was set, has been closed. Note
1822 that the default value of this setting is
1823 <literal>UseLogin no</literal>. (See security advisory
1824 FreeBSD-SA-01:63.) &merged;</para>
1826 <para>The use of an insecure temporary directory by
1827 &man.pkg.add.1; could permit a local attacker to modify the
1828 contents of binary packages while they were being installed.
1829 This hole has been closed. (See security advisory
1830 FreeBSD-SA-02:01.) &merged;</para>
1832 <para>A race condition in &man.pw.8;, which could expose the
1833 contents of <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>, has been
1834 eliminated. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:02.)
1837 <para>A bug in &man.k5su.8; could have allowed a process that had
1838 given up superuser privileges to regain them. This bug has been
1839 fixed. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:07.)
1842 <para>An <quote>off-by-one</quote> bug has been fixed in
1843 <application>OpenSSH</application>'s multiplexing code. This bug
1844 could have allowed an authenticated remote user to cause
1845 &man.sshd.8; to execute arbitrary code with superuser
1846 privileges, or allowed a malicious SSH server to execute arbitrary
1847 code on the client system with the privileges of the client user. (See security
1849 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:13.openssh.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:13</ulink>.)
1852 <para>A programming error in <application>zlib</application> could
1853 result in attempts to free memory multiple times. The
1854 &man.malloc.3;/&man.free.3; routines used in &os; are not
1855 vulnerable to this error, but applications receiving
1856 specially-crafted blocks of invalid compressed data could
1857 be made to function incorrectly or abort. This
1858 <application>zlib</application> bug has been fixed. For a
1859 workaround and solutions, see security advisory <ulink
1860 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:18.zlib.v1.2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:18</ulink>.
1863 <para>Bugs in the TCP SYN cache (<quote>syncache</quote>) and SYN
1864 cookie (<quote>syncookie</quote>) implementations, which could
1865 cause legitimate TCP/IP traffic to crash a machine, have been
1866 fixed. For a workaround and patches, see security advisory
1868 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:20.syncache.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:20</ulink>.
1871 <para>A routing table memory leak, which could allow a remote
1872 attacker to exhaust the memory of a target machine, has been
1873 fixed. A workaround and patches can be found in security
1875 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:21.tcpip.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:21</ulink>.
1878 <para>A bug with memory-mapped I/O, which could cause a system
1879 crash, has been fixed. For more information about a solution,
1880 see security advisory <ulink
1881 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:22.mmap.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:22</ulink>.
1884 <para>A security hole, in which SUID programs could be made to
1885 read from or write to inappropriate files through manipulation
1886 of their standard I/O file descriptors, has been fixed.
1887 Information regarding a solution can be found in security
1889 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:23.stdio.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:23</ulink>.
1892 <para>Some unexpected behavior could be allowed with &man.k5su.8;
1893 because it does not require that an invoking user be a member of
1894 the <groupname>wheel</groupname> group when attempting to become
1895 the superuser (this is the case with &man.su.1;). To avoid this
1896 situation, &man.k5su.8; is now installed non-SUID by default
1897 (effectively disabling it). More information can be found in
1898 security advisory <ulink
1899 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:24.k5su.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:24</ulink>.
1902 <para>Multiple vulnerabilities were found in the &man.bzip2.1;
1903 utility, which could allow files to be overwritten without
1904 warning or allow local users unintended access to files. These
1905 problems have been corrected with a new import of
1906 <application>bzip2</application>. For more information, see
1907 security advisory <ulink
1908 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:25.bzip2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:25</ulink>.
1911 <para>A bug has been fixed in the implementation of the TCP SYN
1912 cache (<quote>syncache</quote>), which could allow a remote
1913 attacker to deny access to a service when accept filters
1914 (see &man.accept.filter.9;) were in use. This bug has been
1915 fixed; for more information, see security advisory <ulink
1916 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:26.accept.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:26</ulink>.
1919 <para>Due to a bug in &man.rc.8;'s use of shell globbing, users
1920 may be able to remove the contents of arbitrary files if
1921 <filename>/tmp/.X11-unix</filename> does not exist and the
1922 system can be made to reboot. This bug has been corrected (see
1923 security advisory <ulink
1924 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:27.rc.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:27</ulink>).
1927 <para>A buffer overflow in the resolver, which could be exploited
1928 by a malicious domain name server or an attacker forging DNS
1929 messages, has been fixed. See security advisory <ulink
1930 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:28.resolv.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:28</ulink>
1931 for more details. &merged;</para>
1933 <para>A buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1;, which could be triggered by
1934 badly-formed NFS packets, has been fixed. See security advisory
1936 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:29.tcpdump.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:29</ulink>
1937 for more details. &merged;</para>
1939 <para>&man.ktrace.1; can no longer trace the operation of formerly
1940 privileged processes; this prevents the leakage of sensitive
1941 information that the process could have obtained before
1942 abandoning its privileges. For a discussion of this issue, see
1945 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:30.ktrace.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:30</ulink>
1946 for more details. &merged;</para>
1948 <para>A race condition in &man.pppd.8;, which could be used to
1949 change the permissions of an arbitrary file, has been corrected.
1950 For more information, see security advisory <ulink
1951 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:32.pppd.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:32</ulink>.
1954 <para>Multiple buffer overflows in
1955 <application>OpenSSL</application> have been corrected, by way
1956 of an upgrade to the base system version of
1957 <application>OpenSSL</application>. More details can be found
1958 in security advisory <ulink
1959 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:33.openssl.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:33</ulink>.
1962 <para>A heap buffer overflow in the XDR decoder has been fixed.
1963 For more details, see security advisory <ulink
1964 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:34.rpc.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:34</ulink>.
1969 <sect2 id="userland">
1970 <title>Userland Changes</title>
1972 <para role="historic">If the first argument to &man.ancontrol.8; or
1973 &man.wicontrol.8; doesn't start with a <literal>-</literal>, it
1974 is assumed to be an interface. &merged;</para>
1976 <para role="historic">&man.apmd.8; now has the ability to monitor battery levels
1977 and execute commands based on percentage or minutes of battery
1978 life remaining via the <literal>apm_battery</literal>
1979 configuration directive. See the commented-out examples in
1980 <filename>/etc/apmd.conf</filename> for the
1981 syntax. &merged;</para>
1983 <para role="historic">&man.arp.8; now prints the applicable interface name for
1984 each ARP entry. &merged;</para>
1986 <para>&man.arp.8; now prints <literal>[fddi]</literal> or
1987 <literal>[atm]</literal> tags for addresses on interfaces of
1990 <para>The &man.asa.1; utility, to interpret FORTRAN
1991 carriage-control characters, has been added.</para>
1993 <para>&man.at.1; now supports the <option>-r</option> command-line
1994 option to remove jobs and the <option>-t</option> option to
1995 specify times in POSIX time format.</para>
1997 <para role="historic">&man.atacontrol.8; has been added to control various aspects
1998 of the &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
2000 <para>The system &man.awk.1; now refers to
2001 <application>BWK awk</application>.</para>
2003 <para>&man.basename.1; now accept <option>-a</option> and
2004 <option>-s</option> flags, which allow it to perform the
2005 &man.basename.3; function on multiple files.</para>
2007 <para>&man.biff.1; now accepts a <option>b</option> argument to
2008 enable <quote>bell notification</quote> of new mail (which does
2009 not disturb the terminal contents as <command>biff y</command>
2012 <para>&man.biff.1; now uses the first terminal associated with the
2013 standard input, standard output or standard error file
2014 descriptor, in that order. Thus, it is possible to use the
2015 redirection facilities of a shell (<command>biff n <
2016 /dev/ttyp1</command>) to toggle the notification for other
2019 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">&man.boot98cfg.8;, a PC-98 boot manager
2020 installation and configuration utility, has been
2021 added. &merged;</para>
2023 <para role="historic">&man.burncd.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option for
2024 multisession mode (the default behavior now is to close disks as
2025 single-session). A <option>-l</option> option to take a list of
2026 image files from a filename was also added;
2027 <filename>-</filename> can be used as a filename for
2028 <literal>stdin</literal>. &merged;</para>
2030 <para>&man.burncd.8; now supports Disk At Once (DAO) mode,
2031 selectable via the <option>-d</option> flag.</para>
2033 <para>&man.burncd.8; now has the ability to write VCDs/SVCDs.</para>
2035 <para role="historic">&man.c89.1; has been converted from a shell script to a
2036 binary executable, fixing some minor bugs. &merged;</para>
2038 <para>&man.calendar.1; now takes a <option>-W</option> option,
2039 which operates similar to <option>-A</option> but without
2040 special treatment at weekends, and a <option>-F</option>option
2041 to change the notion of <quote>Friday</quote>.</para>
2043 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A minimalized version of &man.camcontrol.8; is
2044 now available on the installation floppy. This allows it to
2045 rescan for devices that have been connected after booting, or to
2046 show the devices attached to SCSI busses (e. g. from within the
2047 <quote>emergency holographic shell</quote>). &merged;</para>
2049 <para role="historic">&man.cat.1; now has the ability to read from UNIX-domain
2050 sockets. &merged;</para>
2052 <para>&man.catman.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2055 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a <literal>cdid</literal>
2056 command, which calculates and displays the CD serial number,
2057 using the same algorithm used by the CDDB
2058 database. &merged;</para>
2060 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now uses the <envar>CDROM</envar>
2061 environment variable to pick a default device. &merged;</para>
2063 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports <literal>next</literal> and
2064 <literal>prev</literal> commands to skip forwards or backwards a
2065 specified number of tracks while playing an audio
2068 <para>On ATAPI CDROM drives, &man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a
2069 <literal>speed</literal> command to set the maximum speed to be
2070 used by the drive. &merged;</para>
2072 <para>&man.chflags.1; has moved from <filename>/usr/bin</filename>
2073 to <filename>/bin</filename>.</para>
2075 <para role="historic">&man.chio.1; now has the ability to specify elements by
2076 volume tag instead of by their physical location as well as the
2077 ability to return an element to its previous
2078 location. &merged;</para>
2080 <para>&man.chmod.1; now supports a <option>-h</option> for
2081 changing the mode of a symbolic link.</para>
2083 <para role="historic">&man.chown.8; now correctly follows symbolic links named as
2084 command line arguments if run without
2085 <option>-R</option>. &merged;</para>
2087 <para>&man.chown.8; no longer takes <literal>.</literal> as a
2088 user/group delimeter. This change was made to support usernames
2089 containing a <literal>.</literal>.</para>
2091 <para>Use of the <literal>CSMG_*</literal> macros no longer
2092 require inclusion of
2093 <filename><sys/param.h></filename></para>
2095 <para role="historic">&man.col.1; now takes a <option>-p</option> flag to force
2096 unknown control sequences to be passed through
2097 unchanged. &merged;</para>
2099 <para role="historic">The <filename>compat3x</filename> distribution has been
2100 updated to include libraries present in &os;
2101 3.5.1-RELEASE. &merged;</para>
2103 <para>A <filename>compat4x</filename> distribution has been added
2104 for compatibility with &os; 4-STABLE.</para>
2106 <para role="historic">&man.config.8; is now better about converting various
2107 warnings that should have been errors into actual fatal errors
2108 with an exit code. This ensures that <literal>make
2109 buildkernel</literal> doesn't quietly ignore them and build a
2110 bogus kernel without a human to read the errors. &merged;</para>
2112 <para role="historic">A number of buffer overflows in &man.config.8; have been
2113 fixed. &merged;</para>
2115 <para>&man.cp.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option>
2116 option to automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would
2117 ask to overwrite a file.</para>
2119 <para>A new &man.csplit.1; utility, which splits files based on
2120 context, has been added.</para>
2122 <para role="historic">&man.ctags.1; no longer creates a corrupt tags file if the
2123 source file used <literal>//</literal> (C++-style)
2124 comments. &merged;</para>
2126 <para>&man.ctags.1; now creates tags for typedefs, structs,
2127 unions, and enums by default (implying the <option>-t</option>
2128 option). The new <option>-T</option> reverts to the old
2131 <para>The &man.daemon.8; program, a command-line interface to
2132 &man.daemon.3;, has been added. It detaches itself from its
2133 controlling terminal and executes a program specified on the
2134 command line. This allows the user to run an arbitrary program
2135 as if it were written to be a daemon.</para>
2137 <para>&man.devinfo.8;, a simple tool to print the device tree and resource
2138 usage by devices, has been added.</para>
2140 <para role="historic">&man.df.1; now takes a <option>-l</option> option to only
2141 display information about locally-mounted
2142 filesystems. &merged;</para>
2144 <para role="historic">&man.disklabel.8; now supports partition sizes expressed in
2145 kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, in addition to
2146 sectors. &merged;</para>
2148 <para>diskpart(8) has been declared obsolete, and has been
2151 <para role="historic">&man.dmesg.8; now has a <option>-a</option> option to show
2152 the entire message buffer, including &man.syslogd.8; records and
2153 <filename>/dev/console</filename> output. &merged;</para>
2155 <para role="historic">&man.du.1; now takes a <option>-I</option> command-line flag
2156 to ignore/skip files and subdirectories matching a specified
2157 shell-glob mask. &merged;</para>
2159 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supports inheritance of the
2160 <literal>nodump</literal> flag down a hierarchy. &merged;</para>
2162 <para role="historic">The <option>-T</option> option to &man.dump.8; no longer
2163 swallows an extra argument. &merged;</para>
2165 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; has a new <option>-D</option> option, allowing
2166 the path to the <filename>/etc/dumpdates</filename> file to be
2167 changed. &merged;</para>
2169 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supplies progress information in its
2170 process title, useful for monitoring automated
2171 backups. &merged;</para>
2173 <para>&man.dump.8; now supports a new <option>-S</option> flag to allow
2174 it to just print out the dump size estimates and exit. &merged;</para>
2176 <para role="historic">&man.edquota.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
2177 allow limiting the prototype quota distribution (specified with
2178 <option>-p</option>) to a single filesystem. &merged;</para>
2180 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/rc.firewall</filename> and
2181 <filename>/etc/rc.firewall6</filename> will no longer add their own
2182 hardcoded rules in the cases of a rules file in the
2183 <varname>firewall_type</varname> variable or a non-existent
2184 firewall type. (The motivation for this change is to avoid
2185 acting on assumptions about a site's firewall policies.) In
2186 addition, the <literal>closed</literal> firewall type now works
2187 as documented in the &man.rc.firewall.8; manual page. &merged;</para>
2189 <para role="historic">The functionality of <filename>/etc/security</filename> has
2190 been been moved into a set of scripts under the &man.periodic.8;
2191 framework, to make local customization easier and more
2192 maintainable. These scripts now reside in
2193 <filename>/etc/periodic/security/</filename>. &merged;</para>
2195 <para>&man.expr.1; is now compliant with the POSIX Utility Syntax
2196 Guidelines. Some programs depend on the old, historic behavior
2197 (the <filename role="package">devel/libtool</filename>
2198 port/package was/is a notable example). In these situations,
2199 the <envar>EXPR_COMPAT</envar> environment variable can be
2200 defined, which causes &man.expr.1; to behave more like previous
2203 <para>&man.fbtab.5; now accepts glob matching patterns for target
2204 devices, not just individual devices and directories.</para>
2206 <para arch="i386">&man.fdisk.8; no longer attempts to search for a
2207 device if none has been specified on the command line, but
2208 instead tries to figure out the default device name from the
2211 <para>&man.fdread.1;, a program to read data from floppy disks,
2212 has been added. It is a counterpart to &man.fdwrite.1; and is
2213 designed to provide a means of recovering at least some data
2214 from bad media, and to obviate for a complex invocation of
2217 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-empty</option> flag,
2218 which returns true if a file or directory is
2219 empty. &merged;</para>
2221 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-iname</option> and
2222 <option>-ipath</option> primaries for case-insensitive matches,
2223 and the <option>-regexp</option> and <option>-iregexp</option>
2224 primaries for regular-expression matches. The
2225 <option>-E</option> flag now enables extended regular
2226 expressions. &merged;</para>
2228 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now has the <option>-anewer</option>,
2229 <option>-cnewer</option>, <option>-mnewer</option>,
2230 <option>-okdir</option>, and <option>-newer[acm][acmt]</option>
2231 primaries for comparisons of file timestamps. The latter
2232 primaries can be specified with various units of
2233 time. &merged;</para>
2235 <para role="historic">&man.finger.1; now has the ability to support fingering
2236 aliases, via the &man.finger.conf.5; file. &merged;</para>
2238 <para>&man.finger.1; now has support for a
2239 <filename>.pubkey</filename> file. &merged;</para>
2241 <para>&man.finger.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
2242 restrict the printing of GECOS information to the user's full
2243 name only. &merged;</para>
2245 <para>&man.finger.1; now supports the <option>-4</option> and
2246 <option>-6</option> flags to specify an address family for
2247 remote queries. &merged;</para>
2249 <para role="historic">&man.fmt.1; has been rewritten; the rewrite fixes a number
2250 of bugs compared to its prior behavior. &merged;</para>
2252 <para role="historic">&man.fmtcheck.3;, a function for checking consistency of
2253 format string arguments, has been added. &merged;</para>
2255 <para>&man.fold.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> flag to
2256 break at byte positions and a <option>-s</option> flag to break at
2257 word boundaries. &merged;</para>
2259 <para role="historic">&man.fsdb.8; now supports a <literal>blocks</literal>
2260 command to list the blocks allocated by a particular
2261 inode. &merged;</para>
2263 <para>&man.fsck.8; wrappers have been imported; this feature
2264 provides infrastructure for &man.fsck.8; to work on different
2265 types of filesystems (analogous to &man.mount.8;).</para>
2267 <para>The behavior of &man.fsck.8; when dealing with various
2268 passes (a la <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>) has been modified
2269 to accommodate multiple-disk filesystems.</para>
2271 <para>&man.fsck.8; now has support for foreground
2272 (<option>-F</option>) and background (<option>-B</option>)
2273 checks. Traditionally, &man.fsck.8; is invoked before the
2274 filesystems are mounted and all checks are done to completion at
2275 that time. If background checking is available, &man.fsck.8; is
2276 invoked twice. It is first invoked at the traditional time,
2277 before the filesystems are mounted, with the <option>-F</option>
2278 flag to do checking on all the filesystems that cannot do
2279 background checking. It is then invoked a second time, after
2280 the system has completed going multiuser, with the
2281 <option>-B</option> flag to do checking on all the filesystems
2282 that can do background checking. Unlike the foreground
2283 checking, the background checking is started asynchronously so
2284 that other system activity can proceed even on the filesystems
2285 that are being checked. Boot-time enabling of this feature is
2287 <varname>background_fsck</varname> option in &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>
2289 <para role="historic">Shortly after the receipt of a <literal>SIGINFO</literal>
2290 signal (normally control-T from the controlling tty),
2291 &man.fsck.ffs.8; will now output a line indicating the current
2292 phase number and progress information relevant to the current
2293 phase. &merged;</para>
2295 <para>&man.fsck.ffs.8; now supports background filesystem checks
2296 to mounted FFS filesystems with the <option>-B</option> option
2297 (softupdates must be enabled on these filesystems). The
2298 <option>-F</option> flag now determines whether a specified
2299 filesystem needs foreground checking.</para>
2301 <para role="historic">A new &man.fsck.msdosfs.8; utility has been added to check
2302 the consistency of MS-DOS filesystems. &merged;</para>
2304 <para role="historic">&man.ftpd.8; now supports a <option>-r</option> flag for
2305 read-only mode and a <option>-E</option> flag to disable
2306 <literal>EPSV</literal>. It also has some fixes to reduce
2307 information leakage and the ability to specify compile-time port
2308 ranges. &merged;</para>
2310 <para>&man.ftpd.8; now supports <option>-o</option> and
2311 <option>-O</option> options to disable the
2312 <literal>RETR</literal> command; the former for everybody, and
2313 the latter only for guest users. Coupled with
2314 <option>-A</option> and appropriate file permissions, these can
2315 be used to create a relatively safe anonymous FTP drop box for
2316 others to upload to.</para>
2318 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">&man.gdb.1; now supports hardware
2319 watchpoints (using the kernel's debug register + support that
2320 has been introduced in &os; 4.0). &merged;</para>
2322 <para role="historic">The &man.getprogname.3; and &man.setprogname.3; library
2323 functions have been added to manipulate the name of the current
2324 program. They are used by error-reporting routines to produce
2325 consistent output. &merged;</para>
2327 <para>gifconfig(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2328 functionality is now handled by the <option>tunnel</option> and
2329 <option>deletetunnel</option> commands of
2330 &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2332 <para>&man.gprof.1; now has a <option>-K</option> option to enable
2333 dynamic symbol resolution from the currently-running kernel.
2334 With this change, properly-compiled KLD modules are now able to
2337 <para arch="ia64">The gpt tool for manipulating EFI GPT
2338 partitions has been added.</para>
2340 <para role="historic">&man.growfs.8;, a utility for growing FFS filesystems, has
2341 been added. &man.ffsinfo.8;, a utility for dump all the
2342 meta-information of an existing filesystem, has also been
2343 added. &merged;</para>
2345 <para role="historic">The &man.groups.1; and &man.whoami.1; shell scripts are now
2346 unnecessary; their functionality has been completely folded into
2347 &man.id.1;. &merged;</para>
2349 <para>The ibcs(8), linux(8), osf1(8), and
2350 svr4(8) scripts, whose sole purpose was to load emulation
2351 kernel modules, have been removed. The kernel module system
2352 will automatically load them as needed to fulfill
2353 dependencies.</para>
2355 <para role="historic">&man.indent.1; has gained some new formatting
2356 options. &merged;</para>
2358 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can set the link-layer address of
2359 an interface using the <option>link</option> parameter.
2362 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now accept addresses in slash/CIDR
2363 notation. &merged;</para>
2365 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; now has support for setting parameters for
2366 IEEE 802.11 wireless network devices. &man.wi.4; and &man.an.4;
2367 devices are supported, and partial support is provided for
2368 &man.awi.4; devices. &merged;</para>
2370 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; no longer displays the list of supported
2371 media by default. Instead it displays it when the
2372 <option>-m</option> flag is given. &merged;</para>
2374 <para role="historic">The syntax of &man.inetd.8;'s support for &man.faithd.8; is
2375 now compatible with that of other BSDs. &merged;</para>
2377 <para role="historic">The <literal>ident</literal> protocol support in
2378 &man.inetd.8; has been cleaned up and updated. &merged;</para>
2380 <para role="historic">&man.inetd.8; now has the ability to manage UNIX-domain
2381 sockets. &merged;</para>
2383 <para>By default, &man.inetd.8; is no longer run by &man.rc.8; at
2384 boot-time, although &man.sysinstall.8; gives the option of
2385 enabling it during binary installations. &man.inetd.8; can also
2386 be enabled by adding the following line to
2387 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
2389 <programlisting>inetd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
2391 <para role="historic">&man.install.1; has a number of new features, including the
2392 <option>-b</option> and <option>-B</option> options for backing up
2393 existing target files and the <option>-S</option> option for
2394 <quote>safe</quote> (atomic copy) operation. The
2395 <option>-c</option> (copy) flag is now the default, and the
2396 <option>-D</option> (debugging) flag has been withdrawn.
2397 &man.install.1; now issues a warning if <option>-d</option>
2398 (create directories) and <option>-C</option> (copy changed files
2399 only) are used together. &merged;</para>
2401 <para role="historic">IP Filter is now supported by the &man.rc.conf.5; boot-time
2402 configuration and initialization. &merged;</para>
2404 <para role="historic">&man.ipfstat.8; now supports the <option>-t</option> option
2405 to turn on a &man.top.1;-like display. &merged;</para>
2407 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; will now avoid the display of dynamic firewall
2408 rules unless the <option>-d</option> flag is passed to it. The
2409 <option>-e</option> option lists expired dynamic
2410 rules. &merged;</para>
2412 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new feature (<literal>me</literal>) that
2413 allows for packet matching on interfaces with
2414 dynamically-changing IP addresses. &merged;</para>
2416 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new <literal>limit</literal> type of
2417 firewall rule, which limits the number of sessions between
2418 address pairs. &merged;</para>
2420 <para>&man.ipfw.8; filter rules can now match on the value of the
2421 IPv4 precedence field.</para>
2423 <para role="historic">&man.ip6fw.8; now has the ability to use a preprocessor and
2424 use the <option>-q</option> (quiet) flag when reading from a
2425 file. &merged;</para>
2427 <para role="historic">&man.ispppcontrol.8; has been deleted, and its functionality
2428 has been folded into &man.spppcontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
2430 <para role="historic">&man.k5su.8; is no longer installed SUID
2431 <username>root</username> by default. Users requiring this
2432 feature can either manually change the permissions on the
2433 &man.k5su.8; executable or add
2434 <literal>ENABLE_SUID_K5SU=yes</literal> to
2435 <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> before a source
2436 upgrade. &merged;</para>
2438 <para>&man.kbdmap.1; and &man.vidfont.1; have been converted from
2441 <para role="historic">&man.kenv.1;, a command to dump the kernel environment, has
2442 been added. &merged;</para>
2444 <para>&man.kenv.1; now has the ability to set or delete kernel
2445 environment variables.</para>
2447 <para role="historic">&man.keyinfo.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2448 script. &merged;</para>
2450 <para>The kget(8) utility has been removed (it was only
2451 useful for UserConfig, which is not present in &os;
2452 &release.current;).</para>
2454 <para role="historic">&man.killall.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2455 script. As a result, its <option>-m</option> option now uses
2456 the regular expression syntax of &man.regex.3;, rather than that
2457 of Perl. &merged;</para>
2459 <para>&man.killall.1; no longer tries to kill zombie processes
2460 unless the <option>-z</option> flag is specified.</para>
2462 <para role="historic">The &man.kldconfig.8; utility has been added to make it
2463 easier to manipulate the kernel module search
2464 path. &merged;</para>
2466 <para>ktrdump, a utility to dump the ktr trace buffer from
2467 userland, has been added.</para>
2469 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now implements a <option>-d</option> that
2470 provides a <quote>snapshot</quote> of who was logged in at a
2471 particular date and time. &merged;</para>
2473 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now supports a <option>-y</option> flag, which
2474 causes the year to be included in the session start time. &merged;</para>
2476 <para role="historic">The &man.lastlogin.8; utility, which prints the last login
2477 time of each user, has been imported from
2478 NetBSD. &merged;</para>
2480 <para role="historic">&man.ldconfig.8; now checks directory ownerships and
2481 permissions for greater security; these checks can be disabled
2482 with the <option>-i</option> flag. &merged;</para>
2484 <para role="historic">&man.ldd.1; can now be used on shared libraries, in addition
2485 to executables. &merged;</para>
2487 <para>&man.ldd.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag to list
2488 all the objects that are needed by each loaded object.</para>
2490 <para><filename>libc</filename> is now thread-safe by default;
2491 <filename>libc_r</filename> contains only thread
2494 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> and
2495 <filename>libdescrypt</filename> have been unified to provide a
2496 configurable password authentication hash library. Both the md5
2497 and des hash methods are provided unless the des hash is
2498 specifically compiled out. &merged;</para>
2500 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> now has support for Blowfish
2501 password hashing. &merged;</para>
2503 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>libdisk</filename> can now do
2504 install-time configuration of the <filename>boot0</filename>
2505 boot loader. &merged;</para>
2507 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2508 filesystems containing
2509 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed
2510 files. &merged;</para>
2512 <para><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2513 overwriting the contents of a file on a UFS filesystem (it
2514 cannot expand or truncate files because the filesystem may be
2515 dirty or inconsistent).</para>
2517 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for loading
2518 large kernels and modules split across several physical
2519 media. &merged;</para>
2521 <para role="historic">The default TCP port range used by
2522 <filename>libfetch</filename> for passive FTP retrievals has
2523 changed; this affects the behavior of &man.fetch.1;, which has
2524 gained the <option>-U</option> option to restore the old
2525 behavior. &merged;</para>
2527 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for an
2528 authentication callback. &merged;</para>
2530 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for a
2531 <envar>HTTP_USER_AGENT</envar> environment
2532 variable. &merged;</para>
2534 <para><filename>libgmp</filename> has been superceded by
2535 <filename>libmp</filename>.
2537 <para>The functions from <filename>libposix1e</filename> have been
2538 integrated into <filename>libc</filename>.</para>
2540 <para role="historic"><filename>libusb</filename> has been renamed as
2541 <filename>libusbhid</filename>, following NetBSD's naming
2542 conventions. &merged;</para>
2544 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes an <option>-i</option> option to
2545 request user confirmation before overwriting an existing
2546 file. &merged;</para>
2548 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> flag to avoid
2549 following a target that is a link, with a <option>-n</option>
2550 flag for compatibility with other
2551 implementations. &merged;</para>
2553 <para>&man.lock.1; now accepts a <option>-v</option> to disable
2554 switching VTYs while the current terminal is locked. This permits
2555 locking the entire console from a single terminal.</para>
2557 <para role="historic">&man.logger.1; can now send messages directly to a remote
2558 syslog. &merged;</para>
2560 <para role="historic">&man.login.1; now exports environment variables set by
2561 <application>PAM</application> modules. &merged;</para>
2563 <para role="historic">&man.lpc.8; has been improved; <command>lpc clean</command>
2564 is now somewhat safer, and a new <command>lpc tclean</command>
2565 command has been added to check to see what files would be
2566 removed by <command>lpc clean</command>. &merged;</para>
2568 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now takes two new options: <option>-c</option>
2569 will log all connection errors to &man.syslogd.8;, while
2570 <option>-W</option> will allow connections from non-reserved
2571 ports. &merged;</para>
2573 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now has some support for
2574 <literal>o</literal>-type print-file actions in its control
2575 files, which allows printing of PostScript files generated by
2576 <application>MacOS</application> 10.1. &merged;</para>
2578 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now recognizes the <option>-s</option> flag as
2579 the preferred synonym for <option>-p</option> (these flags
2580 cause &man.lpd.8; not to open a socket for network print
2581 jobs). &merged;</para>
2583 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now implements a new <literal>rc</literal>
2584 printcap option. When specified in a print queue for a remote
2585 host, boolean option causes &man.lpd.8; to resend the data file
2586 for each copy the user requested via <command>lpr
2587 -#<replaceable>n</replaceable></command>. &merged;</para>
2589 <para role="historic">Catching up with most other network utilities in the base
2590 system, &man.lpr.1;, &man.lpd.8;, &man.syslogd.8;, and
2591 &man.logger.1; are now all IPv6-capable. &merged;</para>
2593 <para role="historic"><command>lprm -</command> now works for remote printer
2594 queues. &merged;</para>
2596 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; can produce colorized listings with the
2597 <option>-G</option> flag (and appropriate terminal support).
2598 The <envar>CLICOLOR</envar> environment variable can be set to
2599 enable colorized listings by default. &merged;</para>
2601 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; now accepts a <option>-h</option> flag, which
2602 when combined with the <option>-l</option> flag, causes file
2603 sizes to be printed with unit suffixes, such that the number of
2604 digits printed is fewer than four. &merged;</para>
2606 <para>The &man.ls.1; program now supports a <option>-m</option>
2607 flag to list files across a page, a <option>-p</option> flag to
2608 force printing of a <literal>/</literal> after directories, and
2609 a <option>-x</option> flag to sort filenames across a
2610 page. &merged;</para>
2612 <para role="historic">&man.m4.1; now accepts a <option>-s</option> flag to cause
2613 it to emit <literal>#line</literal> directives for use by
2614 &man.cpp.1;. &merged;</para>
2616 <para role="historic">&man.mail.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> flag to avoid
2617 sending messages with empty bodies. &merged;</para>
2619 <para role="historic">&man.make.1; has gained the <literal>:C///</literal>
2620 (regular expression substitution), <literal>:L</literal>
2621 (lowercase), and <literal>:U</literal> (uppercase) variable
2622 modifiers. These were added to reduce the differences between
2623 the &os; and OpenBSD/NetBSD &man.make.1; programs.
2626 <para role="historic">Bugs in &man.make.1;, among which include broken null suffix
2627 behavior, bad assumptions about current directory permissions,
2628 and potential buffer overflows, have been fixed. &merged;</para>
2630 <para role="historic">The new <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
2631 <filename>make.conf</filename> variable controls the compilation
2632 of processor-specific optimizations in various pieces of code
2633 such as <application>OpenSSL</application>. &merged;</para>
2635 <para role="historic">The &os; <filename>Makefile</filename> infrastructure now
2636 supports the <varname>WARNS</varname> directive from NetBSD.
2637 This directive controls the addition of compiler warning flags
2638 to <varname>CFLAGS</varname> in a relatively compiler-neutral
2639 manner. &merged;</para>
2641 <para>&man.makewhatis.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2644 <para>&man.man.1; is no longer installed SUID
2645 <username>man</username>, in order to reduce vulnerabilities
2646 associated with generating <quote>catpages</quote> (preformatted
2647 manual pages cached for repeated viewing). As a result,
2648 &man.man.1; can no longer create system catpages on a regular
2649 user's behalf. It is still able to do so if the user has write
2650 permissions to the directory holding catpages (e.g. a user's own
2651 manpages) or if the running user is
2652 <username>root</username>.</para>
2654 <para arch="ia64">The mca utility, for decoding machine check
2655 records, has been added.</para>
2657 <para>The &man.mdmfs.8; command has been added; it is a wrapper
2658 around &man.mdconfig.8;, &man.disklabel.8;, &man.newfs.8;, and
2659 &man.mount.8; that mimics the command line option set of the
2660 deprecated &man.mount.mfs.8;.</para>
2662 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now sources an
2663 <filename>/etc/mergemaster.rc</filename> file and also prompts
2664 the user to run recommended commands (such as
2665 <command>newaliases</command>) as needed. &merged;</para>
2667 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now supports two new flags.
2668 The <option>-p</option> flag enables a
2669 <quote>pre-<literal>buildworld</literal></quote> mode to files
2670 known to be essential to the success of the
2671 <literal>buildworld</literal> and
2672 <literal>installworld</literal> system updating steps. The
2673 <option>-C</option> flag, used after a successful
2674 &man.mergemaster.8; run, compares options in
2675 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to the default options in
2676 <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2678 <para>&man.mesg.1; now conforms to SUSv3. Among other things, it
2679 now uses the first terminal associated with the standard input,
2680 standard output or standard error file descriptor, in that order.
2681 Thus, it is possible to use the redirection facilities of a shell
2682 (<command>mesg n < /dev/ttyp1</command>) to control write access
2683 for other terminals.</para>
2685 <para role="historic">mk_cmds(1) and the associated
2686 <filename>libss</filename> have been removed; they have been
2687 unused for quite some time. &merged;</para>
2689 <para>&man.mountd.8; and &man.nfsd.8; have moved from
2690 <filename>/sbin</filename> to <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>.</para>
2692 <para role="historic">&man.moused.8; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2693 control mouse acceleration. &merged;</para>
2695 <para role="historic">&man.mtree.8; now includes support for a file that lists
2696 pathnames to be excluded when creating and verifying prototypes.
2697 This makes it easier to use &man.mtree.8; as a part of an
2698 intrusion-detection system. &merged;</para>
2700 <para>&man.mv.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option> to
2701 automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would ask to
2702 overwrite a file.</para>
2704 <para role="historic">&man.natd.8; now supports a
2705 <option>-log_ipfw_denied</option> option to log packets that
2706 cannot be re-injected because they are blocked by &man.ipfw.8;
2707 rules. &merged;</para>
2709 <para role="historic">The <quote>in use</quote> percentage metric displayed by
2710 &man.netstat.1; now really reflects the percentage of network
2711 mbufs used. &merged;</para>
2713 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-W</option> flag that
2714 tells it not to truncate addresses, even if they're too long for
2715 the column they're printed in. &merged;</para>
2717 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now keeps track of input and output packets
2718 on a per-address basis for each interface. &merged;</para>
2720 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-z</option> flag to reset
2721 statistics. &merged;</para>
2723 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-S</option> flag to print
2724 address numerically but port names symbolically. &merged;</para>
2726 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now implements write combining, which can make
2727 creation of new filesystems up to seven times
2728 faster. &merged;</para>
2730 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now takes a <option>-U</option> option to
2731 enable softupdates on a new filesystem. &merged;</para>
2733 <para role="historic">The default number of cylinders per group in &man.newfs.8;
2734 is now computed to be the maximum allowable given the current
2735 filesystem parameters. It can be overridden with the
2736 <option>-c</option> option. Formerly, the default was fixed at
2737 16. This change leads to better &man.fsck.8; performance and
2738 reduced fragmentation. &merged;</para>
2740 <para role="historic"><anchor id="newfs-block-frag-sizes">The default block and
2741 fragment sizes for new filesystems created by &man.newfs.8; are
2742 now 16384 and 2048 bytes, respectively (the old defaults were
2743 8192 and 1024 bytes). This change generally provides increased
2744 performance, at the expense of some wasted disk
2745 space. &merged;</para>
2747 <para>A number of archaic features of &man.newfs.8; have been
2748 removed; these implement tuning features that are essentially
2749 useless on modern hard disks. These features were controlled by
2750 the <option>-O</option>, <option>-d</option>,
2751 <option>-k</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>-n</option>,
2752 <option>-p</option>, <option>-r</option>, <option>-t</option>,
2753 and <option>-x</option> flags.</para>
2755 <para>&man.newfs.8; now supports a <option>-O</option> flag to
2756 select the creation of UFS1 or UFS2 filesystems.</para>
2758 <para>The &man.newgrp.1; utility to change to a new group has been
2761 <para role="historic">&man.newsyslog.8; now has the ability to compress log files
2762 using &man.bzip2.1;. &merged;</para>
2764 <para><application>NFS</application> now works over IPv6.</para>
2766 <para role="historic">&man.ngctl.8; now supports a <option>write</option> command
2767 to send a data packet down a given hook. &merged;</para>
2769 <para>&man.nice.1; now uses the <option>-n</option> option to
2770 specify the <quote>niceness</quote> of the utility being
2771 run. &merged;</para>
2773 <para role="historic">&man.nl.1;, a line numbering filter program, has been
2774 added. &merged;</para>
2776 <para><application>nsswitch</application> support has been merged
2777 from NetBSD. By creating an &man.nsswitch.conf.5; file, &os;
2778 can be configured so that various databases such as
2779 &man.passwd.5; and &man.group.5; can be looked up using flat
2780 files, NIS, or Hesiod. The old
2781 <filename>hosts.conf</filename> file is no longer used.</para>
2783 <para><application>PAM</application> support has been added for
2784 account management and sessions.</para>
2786 <para><application>PAM</application> configuration is now
2787 specified by files in <filename>/etc/pam.d/</filename>, rather
2788 than a single <filename>/etc/pam.conf</filename> file.
2789 <filename>/etc/pam.d/README</filename> has more details.</para>
2791 <para>A &man.pam.echo.8; echo service module has been added.</para>
2793 <para>A &man.pam.exec.8; program execution service module has been
2796 <para>A &man.pam.ftp.8; module has been added to allow
2797 authentication of anonymous FTP users.</para>
2799 <para>A &man.pam.ftpusers.8; module has been added to perform
2800 checks against the &man.ftpusers.5; file.</para>
2802 <para>A &man.pam.ksu.8; module has been added to do Kerberos 5
2803 authentication and <filename>$HOME/.k5login</filename>
2804 authorization for &man.su.1;.</para>
2806 <para>A &man.pam.lastlog.8; module has been added to record
2807 sessions in the &man.utmp.5;, &man.wtmp.5;, and &man.lastlog.5;
2810 <para>A &man.pam.login.access.8; module has been added, to allow
2811 checking against <filename>/etc/login.access</filename>.</para>
2813 <para>The &man.pam.nologin.8; module, which can disallow logins
2814 using &man.nologin.5;, has been added.</para>
2816 <para>The &man.pam.opie.8; and &man.pam.opieaccess.8; modules have
2817 been added to control authentication via &man.opie.4;. &merged;</para>
2819 <para>A &man.pam.passwdqc.8; module has been added, to check the
2820 quality of passwords submitted during password changes.</para>
2822 <para>A &man.pam.rhosts.8; module has been added to support
2823 &man.rhosts.5; authentication.</para>
2825 <para>The &man.pam.rootok.8; module, which can be used to
2826 authenticate only the superuser, has been added.</para>
2828 <para>A &man.pam.securetty.8; module has been added to check the
2829 <quote>security</quote> of a TTY, as listed in &man.ttys.5;.</para>
2831 <para>A &man.pam.self.8; module, which allows self-authentication
2832 of a user, has been added.</para>
2834 <para role="historic">A &man.pam.ssh.8; module has been added to allow the use of
2835 SSH passphrases and keypairs for authentication. This module
2836 also handles session management by invoking
2837 &man.ssh-agent.1;. &merged;</para>
2839 <para>A &man.pam.wheel.8; module has been added to permit
2840 authentication to members of a group, which defaults to
2841 <groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para>
2843 <para role="historic">&man.passwd.1; and &man.pw.8; now select the password hash
2844 algorithm at run time. See the <literal>passwd_format</literal>
2846 <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2848 <para role="historic">&man.patch.1; now accepts a <option>-i</option> command-line
2849 flag to read a patch from a file, rather than standard
2850 input. &merged;</para>
2852 <para>The &man.pathchk.1; utility, which checks pathnames for
2853 validity or portability between POSIX systems, has been
2856 <para role="historic">&man.pax.1; has received a number of enhancements, including
2857 &man.cpio.1; functionality, &man.tar.1; compatibility
2858 enhancements, <option>-z</option> and <option>-Z</option> flags
2859 for &man.gzip.1; and &man.compress.1; functionality, and a
2860 number of bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2862 <para role="historic">&man.pciconf.8; now supports a <option>-v</option> option to
2863 display the vendor/device information of configured devices, in
2864 conjunction with the <option>-l</option> option. The default
2865 vendor/device database can be found at
2866 <filename>/usr/share/misc/pci_vendors</filename>. &merged;</para>
2868 <para role="historic">The behavior of &man.periodic.8; is now controlled by
2869 <filename>/etc/defaults/periodic.conf</filename> and
2870 <filename>/etc/periodic.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2872 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option to
2873 set the TTL of outgoing packets. &merged;</para>
2875 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-A</option> option to
2876 beep when packets are lost. &merged;</para>
2878 <para role="historic">Userland &man.ppp.8; has received a number of updates and
2879 bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2881 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; has gained the <literal>tcpmssfixup</literal>
2882 option, which adjusts outgoing and incoming TCP SYN packets so
2883 that the maximum receive segment size is no larger than allowed
2884 by the interface MTU. &merged;</para>
2886 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; now supports IPv6. &merged;</para>
2888 <para role="historic">&man.pppd.8; (the control program for kernel-level PPP) is
2889 now installed mode <literal>4550</literal> and
2890 <username>root</username><literal>:</literal><groupname>dialer</groupname>,
2891 rather than mode <literal>4555</literal> (in other words, it is
2892 no longer world-executable). Users of &man.pppd.8; may need to
2893 change their group settings. &merged;</para>
2895 <para role="historic">&man.pr.1; now supports the <option>-f</option> and
2896 <option>-p</option> flags to pause output going to a
2897 terminal. &merged;</para>
2899 <para>prefix(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2900 functionality is provided by the <option>eui64</option> command
2901 to &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2903 <para role="historic">The <option>-W</option> option to &man.ps.1; (to extract
2904 information from a specified swap device) has been useless for
2905 some time; it has been removed. &merged;</para>
2907 <para>The &man.pselect.3; library function (introduced by POSIX.1
2908 as a slightly stronger version of &man.select.2;) has been
2911 <para role="historic">&man.pwd.1; can now double as &man.realpath.1;, a program to
2912 resolve pathnames to their underlying physical
2913 paths. &merged;</para>
2915 <para>&man.pwd.1; now supports the <option>-L</option> flag to
2916 print the logical current working directory. &merged;</para>
2918 <para>The pseudo-random number generator implemented by
2919 &man.rand.3; has been improved to provide less biased
2922 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now has an framework for handling dependencies
2923 between &man.rc.conf.5; variables. &merged;</para>
2925 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now deletes all non-directory files in
2926 <filename>/var/run</filename> and
2927 <filename>/var/spool/lock</filename> at boot
2928 time. &merged;</para>
2930 <para>&man.rcmd.3; now supports the use of the
2931 <envar>RSH</envar> environment variable to specify a program to
2932 use other than &man.rsh.1; for remote execution. As a result,
2933 programs such as &man.dump.8;, can use &man.ssh.1; for remote
2936 <para>&man.rdist.1; has been retired from the base system, but is
2937 still available from &os; Ports Collection as
2938 <filename role="package">net/44bsd-rdist</filename>.</para>
2940 <para role="historic">&man.reboot.8; now takes a <option>-k</option> to specify
2941 the next kernel to boot. &merged;</para>
2943 <para>The &man.renice.8; command implements a <option>-n</option>
2944 option, which specifies an increment to be applied to the
2945 priority of a process. &merged;</para>
2947 <para role="historic">The &man.resolver.3; in &os; now implements EDNS0 support,
2948 which will be necessary when working with IPv6 transport-ready
2949 resolvers/DNS servers. &merged;</para>
2951 <para role="historic">The &man.rfork.thread.3; library call has been added as a
2952 helper function to &man.rfork.2;. Using this function should
2953 avoid the need to implement complex stack swap
2954 code. &merged;</para>
2956 <para role="historic">The <option>-v</option> option to &man.rm.1; now displays
2957 the entire pathname of a file being removed. &merged;</para>
2959 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; is now more verbose when changing indirect
2960 routes, in the case of a gateway route that is the same route as
2961 the one being modified. &merged;</para>
2963 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; now uses
2964 <literal><replaceable>host</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
2966 <literal><replaceable>net</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
2967 syntax, for compatibility with &man.netstat.1;. &merged;</para>
2969 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; can now create <quote>proxy only</quote>
2970 published ARP entries. &merged;</para>
2972 <para role="historic">The &man.route.8; <option>add</option> command now supports
2973 the <option>-ifp</option> and <option>-ifa</option>
2974 modifiers. &merged;</para>
2976 <para>&man.rpcbind.8; has replaced &man.portmap.8;.</para>
2978 <para>&man.rpcgen.1; now uses <filename>/usr/bin/cpp</filename>
2980 <filename>/usr/libexec/cpp</filename>.</para>
2982 <para>&man.rpc.lockd.8; has been imported from NetBSD. This
2983 daemon provides support for servicing client NFS locks.</para>
2985 <para role="historic">The performance of the ELF dynamic linker &man.rtld.1; has
2986 been improved. &merged;</para>
2988 <para role="historic">RSA Security has waived all patent rights to the
2989 <application>RSA</application> algorithm. As a result, the
2990 native <application>OpenSSL</application> implementation of the
2991 RSA algorithm is now activated by default, and the <filename
2992 role="package">security/rsaref</filename> port and the
2993 <filename>librsaUSA</filename> and
2994 <filename>librsaINTL</filename> libraries are no longer required
2995 for USA and non-USA residents respectively. &merged;</para>
2997 <para>&man.rtld.1; will now print the names of all objects that
2998 cause each object to be loaded, if the
2999 <varname>LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_ALL</varname> environment
3000 variable is defined.</para>
3002 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now supports a <option>-k</option> option
3003 to prevent clearing a crash dump after saving it. It also
3004 attempts to avoid writing large stretches of zeros to crash dump
3005 files to save space and time. &merged;</para>
3007 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now works correctly on machines with 2 GB
3008 or more of RAM. &merged;</para>
3010 <para role="historic">&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> option for
3011 extended regular expression support. &merged;</para>
3013 <para>&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-i</option> option to enable
3014 in-place editing of files. &merged;</para>
3016 <para role="historic">&man.send-pr.1; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
3017 include a file into the <literal>Fix:</literal> section of a
3018 problem report. &merged;</para>
3020 <para>The &man.setfacl.1; and &man.getfacl.1; commands have been
3021 added to manage filesystem Access Control Lists.</para>
3023 <para role="historic">&man.setproctitle.3; has been moved from
3024 <filename>libutil</filename> to
3025 <filename>libc</filename>. &merged;</para>
3027 <para role="historic">&man.sh.1; now implements <command>test</command> as a
3028 built-in command for improved efficiency. &merged;</para>
3030 <para>&man.sh.1; no longer implements <command>printf</command> as
3031 a built-in command because it was considered less valuable
3032 compared to the other built-in commands (this functionality is,
3033 of course, still available through the &man.printf.1;
3036 <para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option to
3037 prevent existing regular files from being overwritten by output
3038 redirection, and a <option>-u</option> to give an error if an
3039 unset variable is expanded. &merged;</para>
3041 <para>The &man.sh.1; built-in <command>cd</command> command now
3042 supports <option>-L</option> and <option>-P</option> flags to
3043 invoke logical or physical modes of operation, respectively.
3044 Logical mode is the default, but the default can be changed with
3045 the <varname>physical</varname> &man.sh.1; option. &merged;</para>
3047 <para>The &man.sh.1; built-in <command>jobs</command> command now
3048 supports a <option>-s</option> flag to output PIDs only and a
3049 <option>-l</option> flag to add PIDs to the output. &merged;</para>
3051 <para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <command>bind</command> built-in
3052 command, which allows the key bindings for the shell's line editor
3053 to be changed.</para>
3055 <para>The &man.sh.1; built-in <command>export</command> and
3056 <command>readonly</command> commands now support a
3057 <option>-p</option> flag to print their output in
3058 <quote>portable</quote> format. &merged;</para>
3060 <para role="historic">&man.sockstat.1; now has <option>-c</option> and
3061 <option>-l</option> flags for listing connected and listening
3062 sockets, respectively. &merged;</para>
3064 <para>&man.spkrtest.8; is now a &man.sh.1; script, rather than a
3067 <para role="historic">&man.split.1; now has the ability to split a file longer
3068 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
3070 <para>&man.split.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> option to
3071 specify the number of letters to use for the suffix of split
3072 files. &merged;</para>
3074 <para>In preparation for meeting SUSv2/POSIX
3075 <filename><sys/select.h></filename> requirements,
3076 <literal>struct selinfo</literal> and related functions have been
3077 moved to <filename><sys/selinfo.h></filename>.</para>
3079 <para role="historic">The &man.strnstr.3; and &man.strcasestr.3; variants of
3080 &man.strstr.3; have been implemented. &merged;</para>
3082 <para role="historic">&man.stty.1; now has support for an
3083 <literal>erase2</literal> control character, so that, for
3084 example, both the <keycap>Delete</keycap> and
3085 <keycap>Backspace</keycap> keys can be used to erase
3086 characters. &merged;</para>
3088 <para>&man.su.1; now uses <application>PAM</application> for
3089 authentication.</para>
3091 <para role="historic">Boot-time &man.syscons.4; configuration was moved to a
3093 <filename>/etc/rc.syscons</filename>. &merged;</para>
3095 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-N</option> option to
3096 print out variable names only. &merged;</para>
3098 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; has replaced the <option>-A</option> and
3099 <option>-X</option> options with <option>-ao</option> and
3100 <option>-ax</option> respectively; the former options are now
3101 deprecated. The <option>-w</option> option is deprecated as
3102 well; it is not needed to determine the user's
3103 intentions. &merged;</para>
3105 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-e</option> option to
3106 separate variable names and values by <literal>=</literal>
3107 rather than <literal>:</literal>. This feature is useful for
3108 producing output that can be fed back to
3109 &man.sysctl.8;. &merged;</para>
3111 <para>&man.sysctl.8; now accepts a <option>-d</option> flag to print
3112 the descriptions of variables.</para>
3114 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now properly preserves
3115 <filename>/etc/mail</filename> during a binary
3116 upgrade. &merged;</para>
3118 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now uses some more intuitive defaults
3119 thanks to some new dialog support functions. &merged;</para>
3121 <para>The default root partition in &man.sysinstall.8; is now
3122 100MB on the i386 and pc98, 120MB on the Alpha.</para>
3124 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; now lives in
3125 <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>, which simplifies the
3126 installation process. The &man.sysinstall.8; manpage is also
3127 installed in a more consistent fashion now.</para>
3129 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has the ability to load KLDs as a
3130 part of the installation. &merged;</para>
3132 <para role="historic">When run from the installation media, &man.sysinstall.8;
3133 will automatically load any device drivers found in the
3134 <filename>/stand/modules</filename> directory of the
3135 <literal>mfsroot</literal> floppy or filesystem image. Note
3136 that any drivers so loaded will not appear in the kernel's boot
3137 messages; the &man.sysinstall.8; debugging screen will provide
3138 additional information. &merged;</para>
3140 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now enables Soft Updates by default on
3141 all filesystems it creates, except for the root
3142 filesystem. &merged;</para>
3144 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; has received updates for its
3145 <quote>auto</quote> partitioning mode which provide more
3146 reasonable defaults for the sizes of partitions that are
3147 created; auto-sized partitions can now also recover the space
3148 that becomes available when other partitions are
3149 deleted. &merged;</para>
3151 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; no longer mounts the &man.procfs.5;
3152 filesystem by default on new installs.</para>
3154 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has rudimentary support for
3155 retrieving packages from the correct volume of a multiple-volume
3156 installation (such as a multi-CD distribution). &merged;</para>
3158 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; can take a <option>-n</option> option to
3159 disable DNS queries for every request. &merged;</para>
3161 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now supports a
3162 <literal>LOG_CONSOLE</literal> facility (disabled by default),
3163 which can be used to log <filename>/dev/console</filename>
3164 output. &merged;</para>
3166 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now has the ability to bind to a specific
3167 address (as opposed to using every available one) via the
3168 <option>-b</option> option. &merged;</para>
3170 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now accepts a <option>-c</option> flag to
3171 disable repeated line compression. &merged;</para>
3173 <para>&man.tabs.1;, a utility to set terminal tab stops, has been
3176 <para role="historic">&man.tail.1; now has the ability to work on files longer
3177 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
3179 <para role="historic">&man.tar.1; now supports the <varname>TAR_RSH</varname>
3180 variable, principally to enable the use of &man.ssh.1; as a
3181 transport. &merged;</para>
3183 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does autologin and encryption by default;
3184 a new <option>-y</option> option turns off encryption. &merged;</para>
3186 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now supports a <option>-u</option> flag to
3187 allow connections to UNIX-domain (<literal>AF_UNIX</literal>)
3188 sockets. &merged;</para>
3190 <para role="historic">&man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; now support IPv6. &merged;</para>
3192 <para role="historic">&man.tftpd.8; now takes the <option>-c</option> and
3193 <option>-C</option> options, which allow the server to
3194 &man.chroot.2; based on the IP address of the connecting client.
3195 &man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; can now transfer files larger
3196 than 65535 blocks. &merged;</para>
3198 <para>&man.tftpd.8; now supports RFC 2349 (TFTP Timeout Interval
3199 and Transfer Size Options); this feature is required by some
3200 firmware like EFI boot managers (at least on HP i2000 Itanium
3201 servers) in order to boot an image using
3202 <application>TFTP</application>.</para>
3204 <para arch="alpha">&man.timed.8; now works on the alpha.</para>
3206 <para>A version of Transport Independent RPC
3207 (<application>TI-RPC</application>) has been imported.</para>
3209 <para role="historic">&man.tmpnam.3; will now use the <envar>TMPDIR</envar>
3210 environment variable, if set, to specify the location of
3211 temporary files. &merged;</para>
3213 <para>&man.tip.1; has been updated from
3214 <application>OpenBSD</application>, and has the ability to act
3215 as a &man.cu.1; substitute.</para>
3217 <para>&man.top.1; will now use the full width of its tty.</para>
3219 <para>&man.touch.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> option to
3220 operate on a symbolic link, rather than what the link points
3223 <para>&man.tr.1; now has basic support for equivalence classes
3224 for locales that support them. &merged;</para>
3226 <para>&man.tr.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> flag to
3227 complement the set of characters specified by the first string
3230 <para role="historic">The &man.truncate.1; utility, which truncates or extends the
3231 length of files, has been added. &merged;</para>
3233 <para role="historic">Ukrainian language support has been added to the &os;
3234 console. &merged;</para>
3236 <para><application>UUCP</application> has been removed from the
3237 base system. It can be found in the Ports Collection, in
3238 <filename role="package">net/freebsd-uucp</filename>.</para>
3240 <para>&man.unexpand.1; now supports a <option>-t</option> to
3241 specify tabstops analogous to &man.expand.1;. &merged;</para>
3243 <para role="historic">&man.units.1; has received some updates and
3244 bugfixes. &merged;</para>
3246 <para>&man.usbdevs.8; now supports a <option>-d</option> flag to
3247 show the device driver associated with each device.</para>
3249 <para role="historic">The &man.usbhidctl.1; utility has been added to manipulate
3250 USB Human Interface Devices. &merged;</para>
3252 <para role="historic">&man.uuencode.1; and &man.uudecode.1; now accept a <option>-o</option> option to
3253 set their output files. &man.uuencode.1; can now be made to do base64 encoding
3254 when given the <option>-m</option> flag, while &man.uudecode.1;
3255 can now automatically decode base64 files. &merged;</para>
3257 <para>The base64 capabilities of &man.uuencode.1; and
3258 &man.uudecode.1; can now be automatically enabled by invoking
3259 these utilities as &man.b64encode.1; and &man.b64decode.1;
3260 respectively.</para>
3262 <para>The &man.uuidgen.1; utility has been added. It uses the new
3263 &man.uuidgen.2; system call to generate one or more Universally
3264 Unique Identifiers compatible with OSF/DCE 1.1 version 1
3267 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-g</option>
3268 parameter to select custom text geometry in the
3269 <literal>VESA_800x600</literal> raster text mode. &merged;</para>
3271 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now allows the user to omit the font size
3272 specification when loading a font, and has some better
3273 error-handling. &merged;</para>
3275 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-p</option> option
3276 to take a snapshot of a &man.syscons.4; video buffer. These
3277 snapshots can be manipulated by the
3278 <filename role="package">graphics/scr2png</filename> utility in
3279 the Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
3281 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option
3282 to clear the history buffer for a given tty, as well as a
3283 <option>-h</option> option to set the size of the history
3284 buffer. &merged;</para>
3286 <para>&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-S</option> to
3287 allow the user to disable VTY switching.</para>
3289 <para>The default stripe size in &man.vinum.8; has been changed
3290 from 256KB to 279KB, to spread out superblocks more evenly
3291 between stripes.</para>
3293 <para role="historic">&man.wall.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
3294 write a message to all users of a given group. &merged;</para>
3296 <para role="historic">&man.watch.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
3297 specify a &man.snp.4; device to use. &merged;</para>
3299 <para>&man.wc.1; now supports a <option>-m</option> flag to
3300 count characters, rather than bytes.</para>
3302 <para>&man.whereis.1;, formerly a Perl script, has been
3303 rewritten in C. It now supports a <option>-x</option> flag to
3304 suppress the run of &man.locate.1;, and a <option>-q</option>
3305 flag suppresses the leading name of the query.</para>
3307 <para>&man.which.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
3310 <para>&man.who.1; now has a number of new options:
3311 <option>-H</option> shows column headings; <option>-T</option>
3312 shows &man.mesg.1; state; <option>-m</option> is an equivalent
3313 to <option>am i</option>; <option>-u</option> shows idle time;
3314 <option>-q</option> to list names in columns. &merged;</para>
3316 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; now directs queries for IP addresses to ARIN.
3317 If a query to ARIN references APNIC or RIPE, the appropriate
3318 server will also be queried, provided that the
3319 <option>-Q</option> option is not specified. &merged;</para>
3321 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; supports a <option>-c</option> option to
3322 specify a country code to help direct queries towards a
3323 particular whois server. &merged;</para>
3325 <para>&man.wicontrol.8; now supports a <option>-l</option> to list
3326 the stations associated in <literal>hostap</literal> mode and a
3327 <option>-L</option> to list available access points.</para>
3329 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-I</option>
3330 <replaceable>replstr</replaceable> option that allows the user
3331 to tell &man.xargs.1; to insert the data read from standard
3332 input at specific points in the command line arguments rather
3333 than at the end. (A &os;-specific <option>-J</option> option is
3334 similar, but is now deprecated in favor of the more portable
3335 <option>-I</option> option.) &merged;</para>
3337 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-L</option> option to
3338 force its utility argument to be called after some number of
3339 lines. &merged;</para>
3341 <para role="historic">The compiler chain now uses the FSF-supplied C/C++ runtime
3342 initialization code. This change brings about better
3343 compatibility with code generated from the various egcs and gcc
3344 ports, as well as the stock public FSF source. &merged;</para>
3346 <para role="historic">The threads library has gained some signal handling changes,
3347 bug fixes, and performance enhancements (including zero system
3348 call thread switching). &man.gdb.1; thread support has been
3349 updated to match these changes. &merged;</para>
3351 <para role="historic">Significant additions have been made to internationalization
3352 support; &os; now has complete locale support for the
3353 <literal>LC_MONETARY</literal>, <literal>LC_NUMERIC</literal>,
3354 and <literal>LC_MESSAGES</literal> categories. A number of
3355 applications have been updated to take advantage of this
3356 support. &merged;</para>
3358 <para role="historic">Locale names have been changed to improve compatibility with
3359 the names used by X11R6, as well as a number of other UNIX
3360 versions. As an example, the
3361 <literal>en_US.ISO_8859-1</literal> locale name has been changed
3363 <literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal>. Entries in
3364 <filename>/etc/locale.alias</filename> provide backward
3365 compatibility. &merged;</para>
3367 <para role="historic"><filename>/usr/src/share/examples/BSD_daemon/</filename> now
3368 contains a scalable Beastie graphic. &merged;</para>
3370 <para role="historic">As part of an ongoing process, many manual pages were
3371 improved, both in terms of their formatting markup and in their
3372 content. &merged;</para>
3374 <para>A number of utilities and libraries were enhanced to improve
3375 their conformance with the Single UNIX Specification (SUSv3) and
3376 IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (<quote>POSIX.1</quote>). Specific
3377 features added have been listed in the release notes for each
3378 utility. The standards conformance of each utility or library
3379 function is generally listed in its manual page.</para>
3382 <title>Contributed Software</title>
3384 <para><application>am-utils</application> has been updated to
3387 <para>A 10 February 2002 snapshot of <application>awk</application> from Bell Labs (variously
3388 known as <quote>BWK awk</quote> or <quote>The One True
3389 AWK</quote>) has been imported. It is available as
3390 <command>awk</command> or
3391 <command>nawk</command>.</para>
3393 <para role="historic"><application>bc</application> has been updated from 1.04 to
3394 1.06. &merged;</para>
3396 <para role="historic">The ISC library from the <application>BIND</application>
3397 distribution is now built as
3398 <filename>libisc</filename>. &merged;</para>
3400 <para role="historic"><application>BIND</application> is now built with the
3401 <literal>NOADDITIONAL</literal> flag, which causes
3402 &man.named.8; to operate in a more consistent fashion for
3403 certain common misconfigurations. &merged;</para>
3405 <para><application>BIND</application> has been updated to
3406 8.3.3. &merged;</para>
3408 <para><application>Binutils</application> has been updated to
3409 2.12.1 (specifically, a post-release snapshot from 22 June 2002).</para>
3411 <para role="historic"><application>bzip2</application> 1.0.2 has been imported;
3412 this brings the &man.bzip2.1; program and the
3413 <filename>libbz2</filename> library to the base
3414 system. &merged;</para>
3416 <para role="historic">The &man.ee.1; <application>Easy Editor</application> has
3417 been updated to 1.4.2. &merged;</para>
3419 <para><application>file</application> has been updated to
3422 <para><application>gcc</application> has been updated to
3423 a snapshot of <application>gcc</application> 3.1.
3425 <para>The integration of <application>gcc</application> is
3426 very new. Some applications and programs in the base
3427 system require fixes or compiler flags to build
3428 correctly. Work to address these problems is ongoing.</para>
3432 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now uses a unified <filename>libgcc</filename>
3433 rather than a separate one for threaded and non-threaded
3434 programs. <filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_r.a</filename> can be
3435 removed. &merged;</para>
3437 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now supports the environment variable
3438 <envar>GCC_OPTIONS</envar>, which can hold a set of default
3439 options for <application>GCC</application>. &merged;</para>
3441 <para><application>gdb</application> has been updated to a
3442 snapshot of <application>gdb</application> 5.2 from 27 June
3445 <para role="historic"><application>GNATS</application> has been updated to
3446 3.113. &merged;</para>
3448 <para><application>gperf</application> has been updated to
3451 <para role="historic"><application>groff</application> and its related utilities
3452 have been updated to FSF version 1.17.2. This import brings
3453 in a new &man.mdoc.7; macro package (sometimes referred to as
3454 <literal>mdocNG</literal>), which removes many of the
3455 limitations of its predecessor. &merged;</para>
3457 <para role="historic"><application>Heimdal Kerberos</application> has been updated to
3458 0.4e. &merged;</para>
3460 <para role="historic">The version of <application>IPFilter</application>
3461 provided with &os; now includes the &man.ipfs.8; program,
3462 which allows state information created for NAT entries and
3463 stateful rules to be saved to disk and restored after a
3464 reboot. Boot-time configuration of these features is
3465 supported by &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
3467 <para role="historic">The <application>ISC DHCP</application> client has been
3468 updated to 3.0.1RC8. &merged;</para>
3470 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos IV</application> has been updated to
3471 1.0.5. &merged;</para>
3473 <para>The &man.more.1; command has been replaced by
3474 &man.less.1;, although it can still be run as
3475 <command>more</command>. &merged; Version 371 of
3476 <application>less</application> has been imported.</para>
3478 <para><application>libpcap</application> has been updated to
3479 0.7.1. &merged;</para>
3481 <para><application>libreadline</application> has been updated to
3484 <para><application>libz</application> has been updated to
3487 <para><application>lint</application> has been updated to
3488 snapshot of NetBSD &man.lint.1; as of 19 July 2002.</para>
3490 <para><application>lukemftp</application> 1.6 beta 2 (the FTP client from
3491 NetBSD) has replaced the &os; &man.ftp.1; program. Among its
3492 new features are more automation methods, better standards
3493 compliance, transfer rate throttling, and a customizable
3494 command-line prompt. Some environment variables and
3495 command-line arguments have changed.</para>
3497 <para>The FTP daemon from NetBSD, otherwise known as
3498 <application>lukemftpd</application> 1.2 beta 1, has been imported and is
3499 available as &man.lukemftpd.8;. &merged;</para>
3501 <para>&man.m4.1; has been imported from OpenBSD, as of 26 April
3502 2002. &merged;</para>
3504 <para><application>ncurses</application> has been updated to
3505 5.2-20020615.</para>
3507 <para role="historic">The <application>NTP</application> suite of programs has
3508 been updated to 4.1.0. &merged;</para>
3510 <para><application>OpenPAM</application>
3511 (<quote>Citronella</quote> release) has been imported,
3513 <application>Linux-PAM</application>.</para>
3515 <para>The <application>OPIE</application> one-time-password
3516 suite has been updated to 2.4. It has completely
3517 replaced the functionality of
3518 <application>S/Key</application>. &merged;</para>
3520 <para><application>Perl</application> has been removed from the
3521 &os; base system. It can still be installed from the &os;
3522 Ports Collection or as a binary package; moving it out of the
3523 base system will make future upgrades and maintenence easier.
3524 To reduce the dependence of the base system on
3525 Perl, many utilities have been
3526 rewritten as shell scripts or C programs (specific notes are
3527 made for each affected utility).
3528 <filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename> is now a
3529 <quote>wrapper</quote> program, so that programs expecting to
3530 find a Perl interpreter there will
3531 be able to function correctly.
3534 <para>The Perl removal and
3535 package integration work is ongoing.</para>
3540 <para><application>GNU ptx</application> has been removed from
3541 the base system. It is not used anywhere in the base system,
3542 and has not been recently updated or maintained. Users
3543 requiring its functionality can install this utility as a part
3544 of the <filename role="package">textproc/textutils</filename>
3547 <para>The <literal>rc.d</literal> framework from NetBSD has been
3548 imported. It breaks down the system startup functionality
3549 into a number of small, <quote>task-oriented</quote> scripts
3550 in <filename>/etc/rc.d</filename>, with dynamic-determined
3551 ordering of startup scripts performed at boot-time.
3554 <para>This feature is currently disabled by default. It can
3555 be enabled by setting <literal>rc_ng="YES"</literal> in
3556 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>
3561 <para role="historic">&man.routed.8; has been updated to version
3562 2.22. &merged;</para>
3564 <para arch="i386,pc98">Version 1.4.5 of the
3565 <application>smbfs</application> userland utilities have been
3568 <para><application>GNU sort</application> has been updated to
3569 the version from <application>GNU textutils
3570 2.0.21</application>.</para>
3572 <para>&man.stat.1; from <application>NetBSD</application>, as of
3573 5 June 2002 has, been imported.</para>
3575 <para><application>GNU tar</application> has been updated to
3576 1.13.25. &merged;</para>
3578 <para><application>tcpdump</application> has been updated to
3579 3.7.1. &merged;</para>
3581 <para>The &man.csh.1; shell has been replaced by &man.tcsh.1;,
3582 although it can still be run as <command>csh</command>.
3583 <application>tcsh</application> has been updated to version
3586 <para>The contributed version of
3587 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now includes the
3588 &man.tcpd.8; helper daemon. While not strictly necessary in a
3589 standard &os; installation (because &man.inetd.8; already
3590 incorporates this functionality), this may be useful for
3591 &man.inetd.8; replacements such as
3592 <application>xinetd</application>.</para>
3594 <para><application>texinfo</application> has been updated to
3597 <para><application>top</application> has been updated to version
3600 <para><application>traceroute</application> has been updated to
3601 LBL version 1.4a12.</para>
3603 <para role="historic">&man.traceroute.8; now takes its default maximum TTL value
3604 from the <varname>net.inet.ip.ttl</varname> sysctl
3605 variable. &merged;</para>
3607 <para role="historic">The timezone database has been updated to the
3608 <filename>tzdata2002c</filename> release. &merged;</para>
3613 <para role="historic"><application>cvs</application> has been updated to
3614 1.11.1p1. &merged;</para>
3616 <para role="historic">The default value for &man.cvs.1;'s
3617 <envar>CVS_RSH</envar> variable is now
3618 <literal>ssh</literal>, rather than
3619 <literal>rsh</literal>. &merged;</para>
3621 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; now supports a <option>-T</option> option to
3622 update a sandbox's <filename>CVS/Template</filename> file
3623 from the repository. &merged;</para>
3625 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; <literal>diff</literal> now supports the
3626 <option>-j</option> option to perform differences against a
3627 revision relative to a branch tag. &merged;</para>
3631 <title>CVSup</title>
3633 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application>, a frequently used
3634 utility in the &os; Ports Collection, was formerly
3635 installable using several ports and packages. The
3636 <filename role="package">net/cvsup-bin</filename> and
3637 <filename role="package">net/cvsupd-bin</filename>
3638 ports/packages are no longer necessary or available; the
3639 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename> port should be
3640 used instead. &merged;</para>
3642 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application> has been updated to
3643 16.1_3, which is available in the &os; Ports Collection as
3644 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename>. This update
3645 fixes a long-standing (but only recently encountered) bug
3646 which affects the timestamps on all files after Sun Sep 9
3647 01:46:40 UTC 2001 (1,000,000,000 seconds after the UNIX
3648 epoch). &merged;</para>
3651 <sect4 id="kame-userland">
3654 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
3655 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
3656 the items listed in this section are a result of this
3658 <xref linkend="kame-kernel"> lists kernel updates to the
3659 KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
3661 <para role="historic">&man.faithd.8; now supports a configuration file for
3662 access control. &merged;</para>
3664 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3665 gifconfig(8). &merged;</para>
3667 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3668 prefix(8). &merged;</para>
3670 <para role="historic">&man.ndp.8; now implements garbage collection for stale
3671 NDP entries, as described in RFC 2461 (Neighbor Discovery
3672 for IP Version 6 (IPv6)). &merged;</para>
3674 <para role="historic">pim6dd(8) and pim6sd(8) have been removed due
3675 to restrictive licensing conditions. These programs are
3676 available in the ports collection as
3677 <filename role="package">net/pim6dd</filename> and
3678 <filename role="package">net/pim6sd</filename>. &merged;</para>
3680 <para role="historic">&man.route6d.8; now supports an <option>-n</option> flag
3681 to avoid updating the kernel forwarding
3682 table. &merged;</para>
3684 <para role="historic">The <option>-R</option> (router renumbering) option to
3685 &man.rtadvd.8; is currently ignored. &merged;</para>
3689 <title>OpenSSH</title>
3691 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3692 2.9, which provides support for the SSH2 protocol (now the
3693 default) and DSA keys. &man.ssh-add.1; and
3694 &man.ssh-agent.1; can now handle DSA keys, with support for
3695 authentication forwarding.
3696 <application>OpenSSH</application> users in the USA no
3697 longer need to rely on the restrictively-licensed RSAREF
3698 toolkit which is required to handle RSA keys. Among other
3699 new features: A client and server for &man.sftp.1; has been added.
3700 &man.scp.1; can now handle files larger than 2 GBytes. A
3701 limit on the number of outstanding, unauthenticated
3702 connections in &man.sshd.8; has been added. Support has
3703 been added for the Rijndael encryption algorithm. Rekeying
3704 of existing sessions is now supported, and an experimental
3705 <application>SOCKS4</application> proxy has been added to
3706 &man.ssh.1;. &merged;</para>
3708 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3709 version 3.1. &merged; Among the changes:
3712 <para>The <filename>*2</filename> files are obsolete
3714 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts</filename> can hold the
3716 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts2</filename>).</para>
3719 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; can import and export keys using
3720 the SECSH Public Key File Format, for key exchange
3721 with several commercial SSH implementations.</para>
3724 <para>&man.ssh-add.1; now adds all three default keys.</para>
3727 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; no longer defaults to a
3728 specific key type; one must be specified with the
3729 <option>-t</option> option.</para>
3734 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3735 3.4p1. &merged; The main changes are:
3738 <para>A <quote>privilege separation</quote> feature,
3739 which uses unprivileged processes to contain and
3740 restrict the effects of future compromises or
3741 programming errors.</para>
3745 <para>Several bugfixes, including closure of a
3746 security hole that could lead to an integer overflow
3747 and undesired privilege escalation.</para>
3752 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> can now authenticate
3753 using <application>OPIE</application> passwords. &merged;</para>
3755 <para role="historic"><application>PAM</application> support for
3756 <application>OpenSSH</application> has been added. &merged;</para>
3758 <para role="historic">A long-standing bug in
3759 <application>OpenSSH</application>, which sometimes resulted
3760 in a dropped session when an X11-forwarded client was
3761 closed, was fixed. &merged;</para>
3763 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos</application> compatibility has
3765 <application>OpenSSH</application>. &merged;</para>
3767 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been modified to
3768 be more resistant to traffic analysis by requiring that
3769 <quote>non-echoed</quote> characters are still echoed back
3770 in a null packet, as well as by padding passwords sent so as
3771 not to hint at password lengths. &merged;</para>
3773 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; is now enabled by default on new
3774 installs. &merged;</para>
3776 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> is now
3777 turned on by default on the server (any risk is to the
3778 client, where it is already disabled by
3779 default). &merged;</para>
3781 <para role="historic">In <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>, the
3782 <literal>ConnectionsPerPeriod</literal> parameter has been
3783 deprecated in favor of
3784 <literal>MaxStartups</literal>. &merged;</para>
3786 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now has a
3787 <literal>VersionAddendum</literal> configuration setting for
3788 &man.sshd.8; to allow changing the part of the
3789 <application>OpenSSH</application> version string after the
3790 main version number. &merged;</para>
3794 <title>OpenSSL</title>
3796 <para><application>OpenSSL</application> has been updated to
3797 0.9.6e. &merged;</para>
3799 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSL</application> now has support for
3800 machine-dependent ASM optimizations, activated by the new
3801 <varname>MACHINE_CPU</varname> and/or
3802 <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
3803 <filename>make.conf</filename> variables. &merged;</para>
3807 <title>sendmail</title>
3809 <para><application>sendmail</application> has been updated
3810 from version 8.9.3 to version 8.12.5. Important changes
3811 include: &man.sendmail.8; is no longer installed as a
3812 set-user-ID <username>root</username> binary (now set-group-ID <groupname>smmsp</groupname>); new
3813 default file locations (see
3814 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/cf/README</filename>);
3815 &man.newaliases.1; is limited to <username>root</username>
3816 and trusted users; STARTTLS encryption; and the MSA port
3817 (587) is turned on by default. See
3818 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/RELEASE_NOTES</filename>
3819 for more information. &merged;</para>
3821 <para role="historic">&man.mail.local.8; is no longer installed as a
3822 set-user-ID binary. If you are using a
3823 <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> from the default
3824 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> included with &os; any time
3825 after 3.1.0, you are fine. If you are using a
3826 hand-configured <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> and
3827 <command>mail.local</command> for delivery, check to make sure the
3828 <literal>F=S</literal> flag is set on the
3829 <literal>Mlocal</literal> line. Those with
3830 <filename>.mc</filename> files who need to add the flag can
3831 do so by adding the following line to their
3832 <filename>.mc</filename> file and regenerating the
3833 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> file:</para>
3835 <programlisting role="historic">MODIFY_MAILER_FLAGS(`LOCAL',`+S')dnl</programlisting>
3837 <para role="historic">Note that <literal>FEATURE(`local_lmtp')</literal> already
3838 does this. &merged;</para>
3840 <para role="historic">The default <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename>
3841 disables the SMTP <literal>EXPN</literal> and
3842 <literal>VRFY</literal> commands. &merged;</para>
3844 <para role="historic">&man.vacation.1; has been updated to use the version
3845 included with <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3847 <para role="historic">The <application>sendmail</application> configuration
3848 building tools are installed in
3849 <filename>/usr/share/sendmail/cf/</filename>. &merged;</para>
3851 <para role="historic">New <filename>make.conf</filename> options:
3852 <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname> and
3853 <varname>SENDMAIL_ADDITIONAL_MC</varname>. See
3854 <filename>/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf</filename> for more
3855 information. &merged;</para>
3857 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now supports:
3858 the new <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname>
3859 <filename>make.conf</filename> option; the ability to build
3860 <filename>.cf</filename> files from
3861 <filename>.mc</filename> files; generalized map rebuilding;
3862 rebuilding the aliases file; and the ability to stop, start,
3864 <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3866 <para role="historic">The <username>smmsp</username> and
3867 <username>mailnull</username> users have been added to
3868 <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>. In the absence of a
3869 <literal>confDEF_USER_ID</literal> setting, by default,
3870 <application>sendmail</application> will use the
3871 <username>mailnull</username> user for extra security.
3872 Previously, if the <username>mailnull</username> user did
3873 not exist, the <username>daemon</username> user was used.
3874 This change may generate some permissions issues when
3875 mailing to files or to programs (such as <filename
3876 role="package">mail/majordomo</filename>). &merged; The
3877 previous behavior can be restored by adding the following
3879 <filename><replaceable>*</replaceable>.mc</filename>
3882 <programlisting>define(`confDEF_USER_ID', `daemon')</programlisting>
3885 <para role="historic">Beginning with the import of
3886 <application>sendmail</application> 8.12.2, multiple
3887 <application>sendmail</application> daemons (some required
3888 to handle outgoing mail) are started by &man.rc.8;, even if
3889 the <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> variable is set to
3890 <literal>NO</literal>. To completely disable
3891 <application>sendmail</application>,
3892 <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> must be set to
3893 <literal>NONE</literal>. Alternatively, for systems using a
3894 different MTA, the <varname>mta_start_script</varname> variable can
3895 be used to point to a different startup script (more details
3896 can be found in &man.rc.sendmail.8;). &merged;</para>
3898 <para>By default, &man.rc.8; no longer enables
3899 <application>sendmail</application> for inbound SMTP
3900 connections. Note that &man.sysinstall.8; may override this
3901 default for a binary installation, based on what security
3902 profile is selected. This functionality can also be
3903 manually enabled by adding the following line to
3904 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
3906 <programlisting>sendmail_enable="YES"</programlisting>
3908 <para>The permissions for <application>sendmail</application>
3909 alias and map databases built via
3910 <filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now default to mode
3911 0640 to protect against a file locking local denial of service.
3912 It can be changed by setting the new
3913 <varname>SENDMAIL_MAP_PERMS</varname>
3914 <filename>make.conf</filename> option. &merged;</para>
3916 <para>The permissions for the <application>sendmail</application>
3917 statistics file, <filename>/var/log/sendmail.st</filename>, have
3918 been changed from mode 0644 to mode 0640 to protect against
3919 a file locking local denial of service. &merged;</para>
3925 <title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>
3927 <para><application>BSDPAN</application>, a collection of modules
3928 that provides tighter integration of
3929 <application>Perl</application> into the &os; Ports
3930 Collection, has been added.</para>
3932 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; and &man.pkg.add.1; can now work with
3933 packages that have been compressed using
3934 &man.bzip2.1;. &man.pkg.add.1; will use the PACKAGEROOT
3935 environment variable to determine a mirror site for new
3936 packages. &merged;</para>
3938 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now records dependencies in dependency
3939 order rather than in the order specified on the command line.
3940 This improves the functioning of <command>pkg_add
3941 -r</command>. &merged;</para>
3943 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> to
3944 create a package file from a locally-installed
3945 package. &merged;</para>
3947 <para role="historic">When requested to delete multiple packages,
3948 &man.pkg.delete.1; will now attempt to remove them in
3949 dependency order rather than the order specified on the
3950 command line. &merged;</para>
3952 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now can perform glob/regexp matching of
3953 package names. In addition, it supports a <option>-a</option>
3954 option for removing all packages and a <option>-i</option>
3955 option for &man.rm.1;-style interactive
3956 confirmation. &merged;</para>
3958 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now supports a <option>-r</option>
3959 option for recursive package removal. &merged;</para>
3961 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; now supports globbing against names of
3962 installed packages. The <option>-G</option> option disables
3963 this behavior, and the <option>-x</option> option causes
3964 regular expression matching instead of shell
3965 globbing. &merged;</para>
3967 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; can now accept a <option>-g</option> flag
3968 for verifying an installed package against its recorded
3969 checksums (to see if it's been modified post-installation).
3970 Naturally, this mechanism is only as secure as the contents of
3971 <filename>/var/db/pkg</filename> if it's to be used for auditing
3972 purposes. &merged;</para>
3974 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.sign.1; and &man.pkg.check.1; have been added to
3975 digitally sign and verify the signatures on binary package
3976 files. &merged;</para>
3978 <para>For some time, &os; 5.0-CURRENT (as well as some 4.X
3979 releases) included a pkg_update(1) utility to update installed
3980 packages, as well as their dependencies. This utility has
3981 been removed; a superset of its functionality can be found in
3982 the <filename role="package">sysutils/portupgrade</filename>
3985 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now has a version number comparison
3986 routine that corresponds to the Porters Handbook. It also has
3987 a <option>-t</option> option for testing address comparisons.
3990 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now takes a <option>-s</option> flag
3991 to limit its operation to ports/packages matching a given
3992 string. &merged;</para>
3994 <para>&man.pkg.version.1;, formerly a Perl script, has been
3995 rewritten in C.</para>
3997 <para role="historic">Version numbers of installed packages have a new
3998 (backward-compatible) syntax, which supports the
3999 <varname>PORTREVISION</varname> and
4000 <varname>PORTEPOCH</varname> variables in Ports Collection
4001 <filename>Makefile</filename>s. These changes help keep track
4002 of changes in the ports collection entries such as security
4003 patches or &os;-specific updates, which aren't reflected in
4004 the original, third-party software distributions.
4005 &man.pkg.version.1; can now compare these new-style version
4006 numbers. &merged;</para>
4008 <para role="historic">To improve performance and disk utilization, the
4009 <quote>ports skeletons</quote> in the &os; Ports Collection
4010 have been restructured. Installed ports and packages should
4011 not be affected. &merged;</para>
4013 <para role="historic">All packages and ports now contain an
4014 <quote>origin</quote> directive, which makes it easier for
4015 programs such as &man.pkg.version.1; to determine the
4016 directory from which a package was built. &merged;</para>
4018 <para role="historic">The Ports Collection infrastructure now uses
4019 <application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0 as the default version
4020 of the X Window System for the purposes of satisfying
4021 dependencies. To return to using
4022 <application>XFree86</application> 3.3.6, add the following line
4023 to <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>: &merged;</para>
4025 <programlisting role="historic">XFREE86_VERSION=3</programlisting>
4027 <para>The libraries installed by the <filename
4028 role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename> port (required
4029 for Linux emulation) have been updated; they now correspond to
4030 those included with <application>Red Hat Linux</application>
4036 <title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>
4038 <para>The <filename>bin</filename> distribution has been renamed
4039 <filename>base</filename>, in order to make creation of combined
4040 install/recovery disks easier.</para>
4042 <para arch="i386">ISO images and CDROMs now use the
4043 <filename>cdboot</filename> boot loader by default. This
4044 eliminates the need for an emulated floppy disk image on
4045 a bootable CDROM and allows for a full
4046 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel to be used for CDROM
4047 installations, at the expense of compatability with some old
4050 <para arch="i386,pc98,alpha" role="historic"><application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0
4051 is now the default version of the X Window System supported by
4052 &man.sysinstall.8;. It installs
4053 <application>XFree86</application> as a set of standard binary
4054 packages, so the usual package utilities such as
4055 &man.pkg.info.1; can be used to examine/manipulate its
4056 components. &merged;</para>
4058 <para>It is now possible to make releases of &os;
4059 &release.current; on a &os; 4-STABLE host. Cross-architecture
4060 (building a release for a target architecture on a host of a
4061 different architecture) releases are also possible. See
4062 &man.release.7; for details.</para>
4067 <title>Documentation</title>
4069 <para>A number of formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
4070 Programmer's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
4071 <filename>/usr/share/doc/psd</filename>. These include:</para>
4075 <para><emphasis>The UNIX Time-Sharing System</emphasis>
4076 (<filename>01.cacm</filename>)</para>
4080 <para><emphasis>UNIX Implementation</emphasis>
4081 (<filename>02.implement</filename>)</para>
4085 <para><emphasis>The UNIX I/O System</emphasis>
4086 (<filename>03.iosys</filename>)</para>
4090 <para><emphasis>UNIX Programming — Second Edition</emphasis>
4091 (<filename>04.uprog</filename>)</para>
4095 <para><emphasis>The C Programming Language — Reference Manual</emphasis>
4096 (<filename>06.Clang</filename>)</para>
4100 <para><emphasis>Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler</emphasis>
4101 (<filename>15.yacc</filename>)</para>
4105 <para><emphasis>Lex — A Lexical Analyzer Generator</emphasis>
4106 (<filename>16.lex</filename>)</para>
4110 <para><emphasis>The M4 Macro Processor</emphasis>
4111 (<filename>17.m4</filename>)</para>
4115 <para>Several formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
4116 User's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
4117 <filename>/usr/share/doc/usd</filename>. They include:</para>
4121 <para><emphasis>NROFF/TROFF User's Manual</emphasis>
4122 (<filename>21.troff</filename>)</para>
4126 <para><emphasis>A TROFF Tutorial</emphasis>
4127 (<filename>22.trofftut</filename>)</para>
4135 <title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>
4137 <para>If you're upgrading from a previous release of &os;, you
4138 generally will have three options:
4142 <para>Using the binary upgrade option of &man.sysinstall.8;.
4143 This option is perhaps the quickest, although it presumes
4144 that your installation of &os; uses no special compilation
4148 <para>Performing a complete reinstall of &os;. Technically,
4149 this is not an upgrading method, and in any case is usually less
4150 convenient than a binary upgrade, in that it requires you to
4151 manually backup and restore the contents of
4152 <filename>/etc</filename>. However, it may be useful in
4153 cases where you want (or need) to change the partitioning of
4157 <para>From source code in <filename>/usr/src</filename>. This
4158 route is more flexible, but requires more disk space, time,
4159 and technical expertise. More information can be found
4161 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html"><quote>Using
4162 <command>make world</command></quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
4163 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
4164 Handbook</ulink>. Upgrading from very old
4165 versions of &os; may be problematic; in cases like this, it
4166 is usually more effective to perform a binary upgrade or a
4167 complete reinstall.</para>
4172 <para>Please read the <filename>INSTALL.TXT</filename> file for more
4173 information, preferably <emphasis>before</emphasis> beginning an
4174 upgrade. If you are upgrading from source, please be sure to read
4175 <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> as well.</para>
4177 <para>Finally, if you want to use one of various means to track the
4178 -STABLE or -CURRENT branches of &os;, please be sure to consult
4180 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/current-stable.html"><quote>-CURRENT
4181 vs. -STABLE</quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
4182 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
4183 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
4186 <para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
4187 backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration