2 <title>&os;/&arch; &release.current; Release Notes</title>
4 <corpauthor>The FreeBSD Project</corpauthor>
6 <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
12 <holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
16 <para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
18 <![ %include.historic; [
19 the changes made in the &os; base system since &release.prev;.
21 <![ %no.include.historic; [
22 recent changes made to the &os; base system on the &release.branch;
25 Both changes for kernel and userland are listed, as well as
26 applicable security advisories that were issued since the last
27 release. Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
32 <title>Introduction</title>
34 <para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
35 &release.current; on the &arch.print; hardware platform. It
36 describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
37 It also provides some notes on upgrading
38 from previous versions of &os;.</para>
40 <![ %release.type.snapshot [
42 <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
43 apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
44 branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;. Some
45 pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
46 can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
50 <![ %release.type.release [
52 <para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
53 &release.type; distribution. It can be found at <ulink
54 url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors. More
55 information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
56 distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
57 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
58 FreeBSD</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
59 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
60 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
66 <title>What's New</title>
68 <para>This section describes
69 <![ %include.historic; [
70 the most user-visible new or changed features in &os;
72 In general, changes described here are unique to the &release.branch;
73 branch unless specifically marked as &merged; features.
75 <![ %no.include.historic; [
76 many of the user-visible new or changed features in &os;
77 since &release.prev;. It includes items that are unique to the
78 &release.branch; branch, as well as some features that may have been
80 other branches (after &os; &release.prev.historic;). The later
81 items are marked as &merged;.
85 <para>Typical release note items
86 document new drivers or hardware support, new commands or options,
87 major bugfixes, or contributed software upgrades. Applicable security
88 advisories issued after &release.prev; are also listed.</para>
90 <para>Many additional changes were made to &os; that are not listed
91 here for lack of space. For example, documentation was corrected
92 and improved, minor bugs were fixed, insecure coding practices
93 were audited and corrected, and source code was cleaned up.</para>
96 <title>Kernel Changes</title>
98 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.amdpm.4; driver has been added to
99 provide access to the system monitoring functions of the AMD 756
100 chipset. &merged;</para>
102 <para role="historic">The &man.agp.4; driver for AGP devices has been
103 added. &merged;</para>
105 <para>A new &man.ddb.4; command <command>show pcpu</command> lists
106 some of the per-CPU data.</para>
108 <para role="historic">Two new &man.ddb.4; commands, <command>hwatch</command> and
109 <command>dhwatch</command>, have been introduced. Analogous to
110 <command>watch</command> and <command>dwatch</command>, they
111 install hardware watchpoints (as opposed to software
112 watchpoints) if supported by the architecture. &merged;</para>
114 <para>&man.devfs.5;, which allows entries in the
115 <filename>/dev</filename> directory to be built automatically
116 and supports more flexible attachment of devices, has been
117 largely reworked. &man.devfs.5; is now enabled by default and
118 can be disabled by the <literal>NODEVFS</literal> kernel
121 <para>The dgm driver has been removed in favor of the digi driver.</para>
123 <para>A new digi driver has been added to support PCI Xr-based and
124 ISA Xem Digiboard cards. A new &man.digictl.8; program is
125 (mainly) used to re-initialize cards that have external port
126 modules attached such as the PC/Xem.</para>
128 <para>An &man.eaccess.2; system call has been added, similar to
129 &man.access.2; except that the former uses effective credentials
130 rather than real credentials.</para>
132 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for EBus-based
135 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.ichsmb.4; driver for the Intel 82801AA
136 (ICH) SMBus controller and compatibles has been
137 added. &merged;</para>
139 <para>Each &man.jail.2; environment can now run under its own
142 <para>The tunable sysctl variables for &man.jail.2; have moved
143 from <varname>jail.*</varname> to the
144 <varname>security.*</varname> hierarchy. Other security-related
145 sysctl variables have moved from <varname>kern.security.*</varname> to
146 <varname>security.*</varname>.</para>
148 <para role="historic">The <varname>kern.maxvnodes</varname> limit now properly
149 limits the number of vnodes in use. Previously only vnodes with
150 no cached pages could be freed; this could allow the number of
151 vnodes to grow without limit on large-memory machines accessing
152 many small files. A <literal>vnlru</literal> kernel thread
153 helps to flush and reuse vnodes. &merged;</para>
155 <para role="historic">The kernel message buffer is now accessible by the
156 (machine-independent) <varname>kern.msgbuf</varname> sysctl
157 variable; &man.dmesg.8; no longer needs to be SGID
158 <groupname>kmem</groupname>. &merged;</para>
160 <para>The kernel environment is now dynamic, and can be changed
161 via the new &man.kenv.2; system call.</para>
163 <para role="historic">The &man.kqueue.2; event notification facility was added to
164 the &os; kernel. This is a new interface which is able to
165 replace &man.poll.2;/&man.select.2;, offering improved
166 performance, as well as the ability to report many different
167 types of events. Support for monitoring changes in sockets,
168 pipes, fifos, and files are present, as well as for signals and
169 processes. &merged;</para>
171 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A new <varname>KVA_SPACE</varname> kernel option
172 can be used to reconfigure the size of the kernel virtual
173 address space. &merged;</para>
175 <para>The labpc(4) driver has been removed due to
176 <quote>bitrot</quote>.</para>
178 <para>The loader and kernel linker now look for files named
179 <filename>linker.hints</filename> in each directory with KLDs
180 for a module name and version to KLD filename mapping. The new
181 &man.kldxref.8; utility is used to generate these files.</para>
183 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now supports the kernel functionality
185 <filename role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename>
186 (RedHat 7.X emulation) port. &merged;</para>
188 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now requires <literal>options
189 SYSVSEM</literal> in the kernel configuration. &merged;</para>
191 <para>&man.lomac.4;, a Low-Watermark Mandatory Access Control
192 security facility, has been added as a kernel module. It
193 provides a drop-in security mechanism in addition to the
194 traditional UID-based security facilities, requiring no
195 additional configuration from the administrator. Work on this
196 feature was sponsored by DARPA and NAI Labs.</para>
198 <para arch="ia64">Machine Check Architecture (MCA) records are now
199 collected at boot time and made available through the
200 <varname>hw.mca.*</varname> sysctl variables.</para>
202 <para role="historic">The <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration
203 parameter is now a boot-time tunable variable. The kernel
204 parameters derived from <varname>maxusers</varname> are now also
205 tunables and can be overridden at boot-time. The
206 <varname>hz</varname> parameter is also now a
207 tunable. &merged;</para>
209 <para role="historic">Specifying a value of <literal>0</literal> for the
210 <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration parameter will
211 now cause an appropriate value to be calculated at boot-time
212 (between 32 and 384, depending on the amount of memory present).
213 This value is now the default for all
214 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernels. &merged;</para>
216 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A <varname>MAXMEM</varname> kernel option,
217 along with the <varname>hw.physmem</varname> loader tunable, can
218 be used to artificially reduce the memory size of a machine for
219 testing (or other purposes). &merged;</para>
221 <para role="historic">The kernel configuration parameters
222 <varname>MAXTSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLDSIZ</varname>,
223 <varname>MAXDSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLSSIZ</varname>,
224 <varname>MAXSSIZ</varname>, and <varname>SGROWSIZ</varname> are
225 all loader tunables (<varname>kern.maxtsiz</varname>,
226 <varname>kern.maxdfldsiz</varname>, etc.). &merged;</para>
228 <para>&man.mutex.9; profiling code has been added, enabled by the
229 <literal>MUTEX_PROFILING</literal> kernel configuration option.
230 It enables the <varname>debug.mutex.prof.*</varname> hierarchy
231 of sysctl variables.</para>
233 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The <literal>NCPU</literal>,
234 <literal>NAPIC</literal>, <literal>NBUS</literal>, and
235 <literal>NINTR</literal> kernel configuration options,
236 for configuring SMP kernels, have been removed.
237 <literal>NCPU</literal> is now set to a maximum of 16,
238 and the other, aforementioned options are now
239 dynamic. &merged;</para>
241 <para role="historic">A &man.nmdm.4; null-modem terminal driver has been added.
244 <para role="historic">The <literal>O_DIRECT</literal> flag has been added to
245 &man.open.2; and &man.fcntl.2;. Specifying this flag for open
246 files will attempt to minimize the cache effects of reading and
247 writing. &merged;</para>
249 <para role="historic">An &man.orm.4; device has been added to claim the option
250 ROMs in the ISA memory I/O space, to prevent other drivers from
251 mistakenly assigning addresses that conflict with these
252 ROMs. &merged;</para>
254 <para arch="i386,pc98">PECOFF (Win32 Execution file format) support has
257 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The pmc driver, which supports the power
258 management controller of the NEC PC-98NOTE, has been
259 added. &merged;</para>
261 <para role="historic">POSIX.1b Shared Memory Objects are now supported. The
262 implementation uses regular files, but automatically enables the
263 MAP_NOSYNC flag when they are &man.mmap.2;-ed. &merged;</para>
265 <para role="historic">Replaced the <literal>PQ_*CACHE</literal> options with a
266 single <literal>PQ_CACHESIZE</literal> option to be set to the
267 cache size in kilobytes. The old options are still supported
268 for backwards compatibility. &merged;</para>
270 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.puc.4; (PCI <quote>Universal</quote>
271 Communications) driver has been added, to help connect PCI-based
272 serial ports to the &man.sio.4; driver. &merged;</para>
274 <para>The &man.random.4; device has been rewritten to use the
275 <application>Yarrow</application> algorithm. It harvests
276 entropy from a variety of interrupt sources, including the
277 console devices, Ethernet and point-to-point network interfaces,
278 and mass-storage devices. Entropy from the &man.random.4;
279 device is now periodically saved to files in
280 <filename>/var/db/entropy</filename>, as well as at shutdown
281 time. The semantics of <filename>/dev/random</filename> have
282 changed; it never blocks waiting for entropy bits but generates
283 a stream of pseudo-random data and now behaves exactly as
284 <filename>/dev/urandom</filename>.</para>
286 <para>A new kernel option, <literal>options REGRESSION</literal>,
287 enables interfaces and functionality intended for use during
288 correctness and regression testing.</para>
290 <para><literal>RLIMIT_VMEM</literal> support has been added. This
291 feature defines a new resource limit that covers a process's
292 entire virtual memory space, including &man.mmap.2; space. This
293 limit can be configured in &man.login.conf.5; via the new
294 <varname>vmemoryuse</varname> variable.</para>
296 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for SBus-based
299 <para arch="sparc64">The se driver, which supports the Siemens
300 SAB82532 serial chip found on many newer Sparc Ultra machines,
301 has been added.</para>
303 <para role="historic">The &man.snp.4; device is no longer static and can now be
304 compiled as a module. &merged;</para>
306 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.spic.4; driver, which provides access
307 to the Jog Dial device on some Sony laptops, has been
308 added. &man.moused.8; support for this device has also been
309 added. &merged;</para>
311 <para>The &man.syscons.4; driver now supports keyboard-controlled
312 pasting, by default bound to
313 <keycap>Shift</keycap>-<keycap>Insert</keycap>.</para>
315 <para role="historic">Support for USB devices was added to the
316 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel and to the installation
317 programs to support USB devices out of the box. Note that SRM
318 does not support USB devices at the moment, so you must still
319 use an AT keyboard if you are not using a serial
320 console. &merged;</para>
322 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.umodem.4; driver for USB modems
323 has been added. Support is provided for the 3Com 5605 and
324 Metricom Ricochet GS wireless USB modems. &merged;</para>
326 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.uscanner.4; driver for basic USB
327 scanner support using SANE has been added. See <ulink
328 url="http://www.mostang.com/sane/">the SANE home page</ulink>
329 for supported scanners. The HP ScanJet 4100C, 5200C and 6300C
330 are known to be working. &merged;</para>
332 <para>The &man.ucom.4; device driver has been added, to support USB
333 modems, serial devices, and other programs that need to look
334 like a tty. The related &man.uplcom.4; and &man.uvscom.4; drivers provide specific
335 support for the Prolific PL-2303 serial adapter and the SUNTAC
336 Slipper U VS-10U, respectively.</para>
338 <para>To increase security, the <literal>UCONSOLE</literal> kernel
339 configuration option has been removed.</para>
341 <para arch="i386,pc98">The UserConfig boot-time kernel configuration
342 feature, usually used to enable, disable, or configure ISA
343 devices, has been removed. Its functionality has been replaced
344 by the kernel hints file in
345 <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.</para>
347 <para>The <literal>USER_LDT</literal> kernel option is now
348 activated by default.</para>
350 <para>A VESA S3 linear framebuffer driver has been added.</para>
352 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.viapm.4; driver for VIA SMBus
353 power management controllers has been added. &merged;</para>
355 <!-- Above this line, sort kernel changes by manpage/keyword-->
357 <para role="historic">Write combining for crashdumps has been implemented. This
358 feature is useful when write caching is disabled on both SCSI
359 and IDE disks, where large memory dumps could take up to an hour
360 to complete. &merged;</para>
362 <para>The kernel crashdump infrastructure has been revised, to
363 support new platforms and in general clean up the logic in the
364 code. One implication of this change is that the on-disk format
365 for kernel dumps has changed, and is now
366 byte-order-agnostic.</para>
368 <para>Extremely large swap areas (>67 GB) no longer panic the
371 <para arch="alpha">Support for threads under Linux emulation has
374 <para role="historic">The <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget> target now gets the
375 name of the configuration(s) to build from the
376 <varname>KERNCONF</varname> variable, not
377 <varname>KERNEL</varname>. It is no longer required, in some
378 cases, for a <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> to precede a
379 <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget>. (The
380 <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> is still required when
381 upgrading across major releases, across
382 <application>binutil</application> updates and when
383 &man.config.8; changes version.) &merged;</para>
385 <para role="historic">The out-of-swap process termination code now begins killing
386 processes earlier to avoid deadlocks; it now also takes into
387 account the swap space used by processes when computing the
388 process sizes. &merged;</para>
390 <para>Linker sets are now self-contained; gensetdefs(8) is
391 unnecessary and has been removed.</para>
393 <para role="historic">Network device cloning has been implemented, and the
394 &man.gif.4; device has been modified to take advantage of it.
395 Thus, instead of specifying how many &man.gif.4; interfaces are
396 available in kernel configuration files, &man.ifconfig.8;'s
397 <option>create</option> option should be used when another device
398 instance is desired. &merged;</para>
400 <para>It is now possible to hardwire kernel environment variables
401 (such as tuneables) at compile-time using &man.config.8;'s
402 <literal>ENV</literal> directive.</para>
404 <para>Idle zeroing of pages can be enabled with the
405 <varname>vm.idlezero_enable</varname> sysctl variable.</para>
407 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The load addresses of kernels are now exported
408 to the symbol table and various hard-coded constants have been
409 removed so that utilities such as &man.ps.1; can work with
410 kernels compiled at different addresses. &merged;</para>
412 <para role="historic">Coredumps of large processes (or of a large number of
413 processes) no longer lock up the machine for long periods of
414 time. &merged;</para>
416 <para>The Kernel-Scheduled Entity project has made changes to the
417 kernel scheduler to more efficiently handle multi-threaded
420 <para>The kernel now has support for multiple low-level console
421 devices. The new &man.conscontrol.8; utility helps to manage
422 the different consoles.</para>
424 <para arch="alpha">The console driver has gained support for
425 TGA-based display adapters.</para>
427 <para role="historic">The kernel on the installation CDs is now separated from the
428 <filename>mfsroot</filename> image. This permits the use of a
429 full kernel when installing from CD on machines that support CD
430 booting (instead of the stripped-down kernel used on
431 floppies). &merged;</para>
433 <para role="historic">The system load average computation now adds some jitter to
434 the timing of samples, in order to avoid synchronization with
435 processes that run periodically. &merged;</para>
437 <para role="historic">If a debugging kernel with modules is being built
438 (i.e. using <literal>makeoptions DEBUG=-g</literal>), the
439 modules will now be built with debugging support as well, for
440 completeness. A side effect of this change is that modules
441 built and installed with debugging kernels will now occupy more
442 space on disk than they did previously. &merged;</para>
444 <para role="historic">The kernel dump device can now be set via the
445 <varname>dumpdev</varname> loader tunable. As a result, it is
446 now possible to obtain crash dumps from panics during the late
447 stages of kernel initialization (before the system enters into
448 single-user mode). &merged;</para>
450 <para>The kernel memory allocator is now a slab memory allocator,
451 similar to that used in Solaris. This is a SMP-safe memory
452 allocator that has near-linear performance as the number of CPUs
453 increases. It also allows for reduced memory
454 fragmentation.</para>
457 <title>Processor/Motherboard Support</title>
459 <para>SMP support has been largely reworked, incorporating code
460 from BSD/OS 5.0. One of the main features of SMPng
461 (<quote>SMP Next Generation</quote>) is to allow more
462 processes to run in kernel, without the need for spin locks
463 that can dramatically reduce the efficiency of multiple
464 processors. Interrupt handlers now have contexts associated
465 with them that allow them to be blocked, which reduces the
466 need to lock out interrupts.</para>
468 <para arch="i386,pc98">Support for the 80386 processor has been
469 removed from the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel, as this
470 code seriously pessimizes performance on other IA32
472 The <literal>I386_CPU</literal> kernel option
473 to support the 80386 processor is now mutually exclusive with
474 support for other IA32 processors; this should slightly
475 improve performance on the 80386 due to the elimination of
476 runtime processor type checks.
477 Custom kernels that will run on the 80386 can
478 still be built by changing the cpu options in the kernel
479 configuration file to only include
480 <literal>I386_CPU</literal>.</para>
482 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">AlphaServer 1200 (<quote>Tincup</quote>) has
483 been tested and works OK. Currently it does not want to boot
484 from CD or floppy but a transplanted disk that was installed
485 on another Alpha works well. &merged;</para>
487 <para arch="alpha">The API UP1100 mainboard has been verified to
490 <para arch="alpha">The API CS20 1U high server has been verified
493 <para arch="alpha">The DEC3000 series support has been removed
494 from the mfsroot floppy image so that it fits on a 1.44 Mbyte
495 floppy again. As the DEC3000 is currently only usable diskless
496 this should not cause any problems.</para>
498 <para arch="alpha">Support for AlphaServer 2100A
499 (<quote>Lynx</quote>) has been added.</para>
501 <para arch="alpha">Kernel code has been added that allows older
502 generation Alpha CPUs (EV4 and EV5) to emulate instructions of
503 the newer Alpha CPU generations. This enables the use of
504 binary-only programs like <application>Adobe Acrobat
505 4</application> on EV4 and EV5.</para>
507 <para arch="alpha">SMP support for the Alpha is now operational.</para>
509 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Detection for new processors, such as the
510 FC-PGA2 Pentium III (Tualatin), Transmeta Crusoe, and
511 Transmeta Crusoe LongRun, has been added. &merged;</para>
513 <para arch="alpha">Support for the following hardware has been
514 removed from the installation kernel to make it fit on a
515 1.44MB floppy again: Multia, NoName, PC64, EB64, Aspen Alpine,
516 sa (SCSI tape), amr, parallel port support, vx (3c590, 3c595),
517 pcn (AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100), sf (Adaptec AIC-6915), sis (SiS
518 900/SiS 7016), ste (Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)), wb
519 (Winbond W89C840F).</para>
521 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Streaming <acronym>SIMD</acronym>
522 Extensions (<acronym>SSE</acronym>) has been introduced. The
523 <literal>CPU_ENABLE_SSE</literal> kernel option controls
524 whether support is compiled into the kernel. &merged;</para>
526 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The <literal>CPU_ATHLON_SSE_HACK</literal>
527 kernel option has been added, which attempts to enable the SSE
528 feature bit on newer Athlon CPUs if the BIOS has forgotten to
529 enable it. &merged;</para>
531 <para arch="sparc64">The UltraSPARC platform is now supported by
532 &os;. The following machines are supported to at least some
533 degree: Ultra 1/2/5/10/30/60, Enterprise 220R/420R, Netra T1 AC200/DC200, Netra T 105, and Blade
534 100. SMP is supported, and has been tested on the
535 Ultra 2, Ultra 60, Enterprise 220R, and
536 Enterprise 420R.</para>
538 <para arch="i386" role="historic">On some systems, the BIOS does not activate
539 the I/O ports and memory of PC devices, thus making them
540 unusable. The <literal>PCI_ENABLE_IO_MODES</literal> kernel
541 option forces &os; to enable these devices so that they can be
542 used. &merged;</para>
547 <title>Bootloader Changes</title>
549 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>boot2</filename> now supports a
550 <option>-n</option> option to disallow boot interruption by
551 keypresses. &merged;</para>
553 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A new <filename>cdboot</filename> bootstrap
554 utility for CDROMs provides better compatability with some
555 BIOS implementations that do not completely implement the El
556 Torito bootable CDROM standard. This boot loader supports
557 <quote>no emulation</quote> mode booting, thus eliminating the
558 need for an emulated floppy disk image on a bootable
559 CDROM. &merged;</para>
561 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The i386 boot loader now has support for a
562 <literal>nullconsole</literal> console type, for use on
563 systems with neither a video console nor a serial
564 port. &merged;</para>
566 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.loader.8; now has optional support
567 (enabled at compile-time, off by default) for loading
568 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed kernels and
569 modules. &merged;</para>
571 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Intel's Wired for Management 2.0
572 (PXE) was added to the &os; boot loader. Due to API
573 differences, the older PXE versions are not supported. This
574 allow network booting using DHCP. &merged;</para>
576 <!-- Above this line, order bootloader changes by keyword-->
578 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now contains a workaround
579 to support CDROM booting on certain IBM BIOSs that expect the
580 first sector of the emulated floppy to contain a valid MS-DOS
581 BPB that they can modify. &merged;</para>
583 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now supports a
584 <option>-p</option> flag to force the kernel to pause after
585 each line of output during the probing phase. &merged;</para>
587 <para arch="alpha,i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader is now capable of
588 booting from filesystems with block sizes larger than
591 <para>The kernel and modules have been moved to the directory
592 <filename>/boot/kernel</filename>, so they can be easily
593 manipulated together. The boot loader has been updated to
594 make this change as seamless as possible.</para>
598 <title>Network Interface Support</title>
600 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver for Cisco Aironet cards now supports
601 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption, settable via
602 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
604 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports the Cisco Aironet 350
605 series of adaptors. &merged;</para>
607 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports <quote>monitor</quote>
608 mode, settable via the <option>-M</option> option to
609 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
611 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports Cisco LEAP, as well as
612 the <quote>Home</quote> WEP key. The Linux Aironet utilities
613 are now supported under emulation. &merged;</para>
615 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Generic support for ARCNET token-based
616 networks has been added. &merged;</para>
618 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.bge.4; driver has been added to
619 support the Broadcom BCM570x family of Gigabit Ethernet
620 controllers, including the 3Com 3c996-T, the SysKonnect
621 SK-9D21 and SK-9D41, and the built-in Gigabit Ethernet NICs on
622 Dell PowerEdge 2550 servers. Output TCP/IP checksum offload,
623 jumbo frames and VLAN tag insertion/stripping are supported,
624 as well as interrupt moderation. &merged;</para>
626 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The cm driver has been added to support SMC
627 COM90cx6 ARCNET network adapters. &merged;</para>
629 <para>The &man.dc.4; driver now supports NICs based on the Xircom
630 3201 and Conexant LANfinity RS7112 chips.</para>
632 <para role="historic">The &man.dc.4; driver now has support for
633 VLANs. &merged;</para>
635 <para role="historic">The &man.de.4; driver now performs round-robin arbitration
636 between the transmit and receive units of the 21143, instead
637 of giving priority to the receive unit. This gives a
638 10–15% performance improvement in the forwarding rate
639 under heavy load. &merged;</para>
641 <para arch="alpha">The &man.ed.4; driver is now supported.</para>
643 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Linksys Fast Ethernet PCCARD cards supported
644 by the &man.ed.4; driver now require the addition of flag
645 <literal>0x80000</literal> to their config line in
646 &man.pccard.conf.5;. This flag is not optional. These
647 Linksys cards will not be recognized without
650 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.ed.4; driver that could cause panics
651 with very short packets and BPF or bridging active has been
652 fixed. &merged;</para>
654 <para role="historic">The &man.ed.4; driver now has support for D-Link DL10022
655 chips, necessary for the NetGear FA-410TX and other cards. As
656 a result, <literal>device miibus</literal> is required in
657 kernel configurations using the &man.ed.4;
658 driver. &merged;</para>
660 <para arch="i386">The &man.el.4; driver can now be loaded as a
663 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.em.4; driver has been added to
664 support NICs based on the Intel 82542, 82543, and 82544
665 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips. The driver supports
666 transmit/receive checksum offload and jumbo frames on 82543
667 and 82544-based adapters. &merged;</para>
669 <para role="historic">The &man.faith.4; device is now loadable, unloadable, and
670 clonable. &merged;</para>
672 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Support for Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based
673 Ethernet PC-Cards has been added back in the &man.fe.4;
674 driver. &merged;</para>
676 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">The &man.fpa.4; driver now supports Digital's
677 DEFPA FDDI adaptors on the Alpha. &merged;</para>
679 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now requires a <literal>device
680 miibus</literal> entry in the kernel configuration
681 file. &merged;</para>
683 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now contains a workaround for PCI
684 protocol violations caused by defects in some systems based on
685 the Intel ICH2/ICH2-M chip. The workaround is to rewrite the
686 EEPROM on the interface to disable Dynamic Standby Mode; once
687 the EEPROM is rewritten, the system needs to be rebooted for
688 the new settings to take effect. &merged;</para>
690 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now supports Intel's loadable
691 microcode to implement receive-side interrupt coalescing and
692 packet bundling, on NICs that support these features. This
693 support can be activated by the use of the
694 <option>link0</option> option to
695 &man.ifconfig.8;. &merged;</para>
697 <para arch="sparc64">The gem driver has been added to support
698 the Sun GEM Gigabit Ethernet and ERI Fast Ethernet
701 <para role="historic">The &man.gx.4; driver has been added to support NICs based
702 on the Intel 82542 and 82543 Gigabit Ethernet controller
703 chips. Both fiber and copper variants of the cards are
704 supported. Both boards support VLAN tagging/insertion, and
705 the 82543 additionally supports TCP/IP checksum
706 offload. &merged;</para>
708 <para arch="sparc64">The hme driver has been added to support
709 the Sun HME Fast Ethernet adapter, onboard on many Sun Ultra
710 series machines.</para>
712 <para role="historic">The &man.lge.4; driver has been added to support the Level
713 1 LXT1001 NetCellerator Gigabit Ethernet controller chip. This
714 device is used on some fiber optic GigE cards from SMC, D-Link
715 and Addtron. Jumbograms and TCP/IP checksum offload on
716 receive are supported, although hardware VLAN filtering is
719 <para role="historic">The my driver, which supports the Myson Fast Ethernet and
720 Gigabit Ethernet adapters, has been added. &merged;</para>
722 <para role="historic">Added the &man.nge.4; driver, which supports PCI Gigabit
723 Ethernet adapters based on the National Semiconductor DP83820
724 and DP83821 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips, including the
725 D-Link DGE-500T, SMC EZ Card 1000 (SMC9462TX), Asante
726 FriendlyNet GigaNIC 1000TA and 1000TPC and Addtron AEG320T.
727 This driver supports transmit and receive checksum
728 offloading. &merged;</para>
730 <para role="historic">The &man.pcn.4; driver, which supports the AMD PCnet/FAST,
731 PCnet/FAST+, PCnet/FAST III, PCnet/PRO, PCnet/Home, and
732 HomePNA adapters, has been added. Although these cards are
733 already supported by the &man.lnc.4; driver, the &man.pcn.4;
734 driver runs these chips in 32-bit mode and uses the RX
735 alignment feature to achieve zero-copy receive. This driver
736 is also machine-independent, so it will work on the i386,
737 pc98 and Alpha platforms. The &man.lnc.4; driver is still needed
738 to support non-PCI cards. &merged;</para>
740 <para role="historic">The &man.ray.4; driver, which supports the Webgear Aviator
741 wireless network cards, has been committed. The operation of
742 &man.ray.4; interfaces can be modified by
743 &man.raycontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
745 <para arch="i386,pc98">The &man.rp.4; driver has been updated to
746 version 3.02 and can now be built as a module. &merged;</para>
748 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The sbni driver, for supporting the Granch
749 SBNI12 series of ISA and PCI point-to-point communications
750 interfaces, has been added. The <filename
751 role="package">sysutils/sbniconfig</filename> port in the &os;
752 Ports Collection can be used for configuring these
753 devices. &merged;</para>
755 <para role="historic">Added support for PCI Ethernet adapters based on the SiS
756 900 and SiS 7016 Fast Ethernet controller chips (for example,
757 as seen on the SiS 635 and 735 motherboard chipsets), as well
758 as the National Semiconductor DP83815 chipset (including the
759 NetGear FA311-TX and FA312-TX) in the form of the &man.sis.4;
760 driver. This device has support for VLANs. &merged;</para>
762 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The snc driver for the National Semiconductor
763 DP8393X (SONIC) Ethernet controller has been added.
764 Currently, this driver is only used on the PC-98
765 architecture. &merged;</para>
767 <para>The &man.stf.4; device is now clonable.</para>
769 <para role="historic">The &man.tap.4; driver, a virtual Ethernet device driver
770 for bridged configurations, has been added. This device is
771 clonable. &merged;</para>
773 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver now supports the Alteon AceNIC
774 1000baseT Gigabit Ethernet and Netgear GA620T 1000baseT
775 Gigabit cards. &merged;</para>
777 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver correctly masks VLAN tags. &merged;</para>
779 <para>The &man.tx.4; driver now supports true multicast
782 <para role="historic">The &man.txp.4; driver has been added to support NICs
783 based on the 3Com 3XP Typhoon/Sidewinder (3CR990)
784 chipset. &merged;</para>
786 <para role="historic">&man.vlan.4; devices are now loadable, unloadable, and
787 clonable. &merged;</para>
789 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for Prism II and
790 Prism 2.5-based NICs. 104/128-bit WEP now works on Prism
791 cards. &merged;</para>
793 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now supports using a &os; host as
794 a wireless access point. This functionality can be enabled
795 using the <literal>mediaopt hostap</literal> option of
796 &man.ifconfig.8;. This feature requires a wireless
797 adapter based on the Prism II chipset. &merged;</para>
799 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for
800 <application>bsd-airtools</application>. &merged;</para>
802 <para role="historic">The xe driver can now be built as a
803 module. &merged;</para>
805 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports the 3Com 3C556 and
806 3C556B MiniPCI adapters used on some laptops. &merged;</para>
808 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports reception of VLAN
809 tagged frames (on the <quote>Cyclone</quote> or newer
810 chipsets). &merged;</para>
812 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports send- and receive-side
813 TCP/IP checksum offloading for NICs implementing this feature,
814 such as the 3C905B, 3C905C, and 3C980C. &merged;</para>
816 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.xl.4; driver, related to statistics
817 overflow interrupt handling, was causing slowdowns at medium
818 to high packet rates; this has been fixed. &merged;</para>
820 <para role="historic">The per-interface <varname>ifnet</varname> structure now
821 has the ability to indicate a set of capabilities supported by
822 a network interface, and which ones are enabled.
823 &man.ifconfig.8; has support for querying these
824 capabilities. &merged;</para>
826 <para role="historic">Performance with hosts having a large number of IP aliases
827 has been improved, by replacing the per-interface
828 <varname>if_inaddr</varname> linear list with a hash table. &merged;</para>
830 <para>Network devices now automatically appear as special files in
831 <filename>/dev/net</filename>. Interface hardware ioctls (not
832 protocol or routing) can be performed on these devices. The
833 <varname>SIOCGIFCONF</varname> ioctl may be performed on the
834 special <filename>/dev/network</filename> node.</para>
836 <para role="historic">Selected network drivers now implement a semi-polling
837 mode, which makes systems much more resilient to attacks and
838 overloads. To enable polling, the following options are
839 required in a kernel configuration file:
841 <programlisting>options DEVICE_POLLING
842 options HZ=1000 # not compulsory but strongly recommended</programlisting>
844 The <varname>kern.polling.enable</varname> sysctl variable
845 will then activate polling mode; with the
846 <varname>kern.polling.user_frac</varname> sysctl indicating
847 the percentage of CPU time to be reserved for userland. The
848 devices initially supporting polling are &man.dc.4;,
849 &man.fxp.4;, &man.rl.4;, and &man.sis.4;. More details can be found in
850 the &man.polling.4; manual page. &merged;</para>
852 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The packet-forwarding performance of certain
853 network drivers (specifically &man.dc.4; and &man.sis.4;) has
854 been enhanced by the elimination of unnecessary buffer
855 copies. &merged;</para>
857 <para><quote>Zero copy</quote> support has been added to the
858 networking stack. This feature can eliminate a copy of
859 network data between the kernel and userland, which is one of
860 the more significant bottlenecks in network throughput.
861 The send-side code should work with almost any network
862 adapter, while the receive-side code requires a network
863 adapter with an MTU of at least one memory page size (for
864 example, jumbo frames on Gigabit Ethernet). For more
865 information, see &man.zero.copy.9;.</para>
869 <title>Network Protocols</title>
871 <para role="historic">&man.accept.filter.9;, a kernel feature to reduce
872 overheads when accepting and reading new connections on
873 listening sockets, has been added. &merged;</para>
875 <para role="historic">The <literal>proxy</literal> modifier to &man.arp.8;'s
876 <option>-d</option> option has been renamed to
877 <literal>pub</literal>, for consistency with the
878 <option>-s</option> option. The <literal>only</literal> keyword
879 has been added to the <option>-s</option> and
880 <option>-S</option> flags, to be used in creating
881 <quote>proxy-only</quote> published entries. &merged;</para>
883 <para role="historic">The read timeout feature of &man.bpf.4; now works more
884 correctly with &man.select.2;/&man.poll.2;, and therefore with
885 pthreads. &merged;</para>
887 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; and &man.dummynet.4; have received some
888 enhancements and bug fixes, and are now loadable
889 modules. &merged;</para>
891 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; now has better support for multiple,
892 fully-independent bridging clusters, and is much more stable
893 in the presence of dynamic attachments and detatchments. Full
894 support for VLANs is also supported. &merged;</para>
896 <para>ICMP ECHO and TSTAMP replies are now rate limited. TCP
897 RSTs generated due to packets sent to open and unopen ports
898 are now limited by separate counters. Each rate limiting
899 queue now has its own description.</para>
901 <para role="historic">ICMP <literal>UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB</literal> messages can
902 now RST TCP connections in the <literal>SYN_SENT</literal>
903 state if the correct sequence numbers are sent back, as
905 <varname>net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst</varname> sysctl. &merged;</para>
907 <para>IP multicast now works on VLAN devices. Several other
908 bugs in the VLAN code have also been fixed.</para>
910 <para role="historic">A bug in the IPsec processing for IPv4, which caused the
911 inbound SPD checks to be ignored, has been fixed. &merged;</para>
913 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.4; now filters correctly in the presence of ECN
914 bits in TCP segments. &merged;</para>
916 <para>&man.ipfw.4 has been re-implemented. It now uses
917 variable-sized representation of rules in the kernel, similar
918 to &man.bpf.4; instructions. Most of the externally-visible
919 behavior (i.e. through &man.ipfw.8;) should be unchanged.,
920 although &man.ipfw.8; now supports <literal>or</literal>
921 connectives between match fields.</para>
923 <para role="historic">A new ng_eiface netgraph module has been added, which
924 appears as an Ethernet interface but delivers its Ethernet
925 frames to a Netgraph hook. &merged;</para>
927 <para>A new &man.ng.device.4; netgraph node type has been added,
928 which creates a device entry in <filename>/dev</filename>, to
929 be used as the entry point to a networking graph.</para>
931 <para role="historic">A new &man.ng.etf.4; netgraph node allows Ethernet type
932 packets to be filtered to different hooks depending on
933 ethertype. &merged;</para>
935 <para>The &man.ng.gif.4; and &man.ng.gif.demux.4; netgraph
936 nodes, for operating on &man.gif.4; devices, have been
939 <para>The &man.ng.ip.input.4; netgraph node, for queueing IP
940 packets into the main IP input processing code, has been
943 <para role="historic">The &man.ng.mppc.4; and &man.ng.bridge.4; node types have
944 been added to the &man.netgraph.4; subsystem. The
945 &man.ng.ether.4; node is now dynamically loadable.
946 Miscellaneous bug fixes and enhancements have also been
947 made. &merged;</para>
949 <para role="historic">A new netgraph node type &man.ng.one2many.4; for
950 multiplexing and demultiplexing packets over multiple links
951 has been added. &merged;</para>
953 <para>A new ng_split node type has been added for splitting a
954 bidirectional packet flow into two unidirectional flows.</para>
956 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
957 <varname>net.inet.ip.check_interface</varname>, which is on by
958 default, causes IP to verify that an incoming packet arrives
959 on an interface that has an address matching the packet's
960 destination address. &merged;</para>
962 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
963 <varname>net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface</varname> has
964 been added to control the suppression of logging when ARP
965 replies arrive on the wrong interface. &merged;</para>
967 <para role="historic">A new <literal>options RANDOM_IP_ID</literal> kernel
968 option causes the ID field of IP packets to be randomized.
969 This closes a minor information leak which allows a remote
970 observer to determine the rate at which the machine is
971 generating packets, since the default behavior is to increment
972 a counter for each packet sent. &merged;</para>
974 <para arch="alpha">SLIP has been removed from the
975 <filename>mfsroot</filename> floppy image.</para>
977 <para role="historic">TCP has received some bug fixes for its delayed ACK
978 behavior. &merged;</para>
980 <para role="historic">TCP now supports the NewReno modification to the TCP Fast
981 Recovery algorithm. This behavior can be controlled via the
982 <varname>net.inet.tcp.newreno</varname> sysctl
983 variable. &merged;</para>
985 <para role="historic">TCP now uses a more aggressive timeout for initial SYN
986 segments; this allows initial connection attempts to be
987 dropped much faster. &merged;</para>
989 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_COMPAT_42</literal> kernel option has
990 been removed. &merged;</para>
992 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_RESTRICT_RST</literal> kernel option has
993 been removed. Similar functionality can be achieved with the
994 <varname>net.inet.tcp.blackhole</varname> sysctl
995 variable. &merged;</para>
997 <para role="historic">TCP now has RFC 1323 extensions enabled by default in
998 &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
1000 <para role="historic">RFC 1323 and RFC 1644 TCP extensions are now disabled for
1001 a connection in progress if no response has been received by
1002 the third SYN segment sent. This behavior tries to work
1003 around (very old) terminal servers with buggy VJ header
1004 compression implementations. &merged;</para>
1006 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation no longer requires the allocation
1007 of a TCP template structure for each connection; this should
1008 reduce the buffer usage on large systems handling many
1009 connections. &merged;</para>
1011 <para role="historic">TCP's default buffer sizes, controlled by the
1012 <varname>net.inet.tcp.sendspace</varname> and
1013 <varname>net.inet.tcp.recvspace</varname> sysctl variables,
1014 have been increased to 32K and 64K respectively. Previously,
1015 the default for both buffer sizes was 16K. To try to avoid
1016 increasing congestion, the default value for
1017 <varname>net.inet.tcp.local_slowstart_flightsize</varname> has
1018 been changed from infinity to 4. &merged;
1021 <para>On busy hosts, the new larger buffer sizes may require
1022 manually increasing the
1023 <varname>NMBCLUSTERS</varname> parameter, either in the
1024 kernel configuration file or via the
1025 <varname>kern.ipc.nmbclusters</varname> loader tunable.
1026 <command>netstat -mb</command> can be used to monitor the
1027 state of mbuf clusters.</para>
1031 <para role="historic">TCP now supports RFC 1948 (Defending Against Sequence
1032 Number Attacks). The
1033 <varname>net.inet.tcp.isn_reseed_interval</varname> sysctl
1034 variable controls the reseeding of the secret data used in
1035 the RFC 1948 initial sequence number calculations. &merged;</para>
1037 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation in &os; now implements a cache of
1038 outstanding, received SYN segments. Incoming SYN segments now
1039 cause entries to be placed in the cache until the TCP
1040 three-way handshake is complete, at which point, memory is
1041 allocated for the connection as usual. In addition, all TCP
1042 Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs) are used as cookies, allowing
1043 entries in the cache to be dropped, but still have their
1044 corresponding ACKs accepted later. The combination of the
1046 <quote>syncache</quote> and <quote>syncookies</quote> features
1047 makes a host much more resistant to TCP-based Denial of
1048 Service attacks. Work on this feature was sponsored by DARPA
1049 and NAI Labs. &merged;</para>
1051 <para role="historic">A bug in the TCP implementation, which could cause
1052 connections to stall if a sender saw a zero-sized window, has
1053 been corrected. &merged;</para>
1055 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation now properly ignores packets
1056 addressed to IP-layer broadcast addresses. &merged;</para>
1058 <para>The ephemeral port range used for TCP and UDP has been
1059 changed to 49152–65535 (the old default was
1060 1024–5000). This increases the number of concurrent
1061 outgoing connections/streams.</para>
1065 <title>Disks and Storage</title>
1067 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for the Adaptec FSA family of PCI-SCSI
1068 RAID controllers has been added, in the form of the
1069 &man.aac.4; driver. This driver includes proper handling of
1070 commands initiated by the adapter, addition/removal of disk
1071 devices, crashdump functionality, and &man.ioctl.2; commands
1072 necessary for the management CLI, and is fully qualified and
1073 sanctioned by Adaptec. &merged;</para>
1075 <para role="historic">The &man.ahc.4; driver has received numerous updates,
1076 bugfixes, and enhancements. Among various improvements are
1077 improved compatibility with chips in <quote>RAID Port</quote>
1078 mode and systems with AAA and/or ARO cards installed, as well
1079 as performance improvements. Some bugs were also fixed,
1080 including a rare hang on Ultra2/U160
1081 controllers. &merged;</para>
1083 <para arch="i386">The ahd driver, which supports the Adaptec
1084 AIC7902 Ultra320 PCI-X SCSI Controller chip, has been
1087 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver, which provides support
1088 for the Adaptec SCSI RAID controller family, as well as the
1089 DPT SmartRAID V and VI families, has been
1090 added. &merged;</para>
1092 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver now supports the
1093 Adaptec 2000S and 2005S Zero-Channel RAID
1094 controllers. &merged;</para>
1096 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA100
1097 controllers. In addition, it now supports the ServerWorks
1098 ROSB4 ATA33 chipset, the CMD 648 ATA66 and CMD 649 ATA100
1099 chipsets, and the Cyrix 5530. &merged;</para>
1101 <para role="historic">To provide more flexible configuration, the various
1102 options for the &man.ata.4; driver are now boot loader
1103 tunables, rather than kernel configure-time
1104 options. &merged;</para>
1106 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for tagged queuing,
1107 which is enabled by the <varname>hw.ata.tags</varname> loader
1108 tunable. &merged;</para>
1110 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA
1111 <quote>pseudo</quote> RAID controllers as the Promise Fasttrak
1112 and HighPoint HPT370 controllers. &merged;</para>
1114 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports a wider variety of SiS
1115 chipsets, as listed in the Hardware Notes. &merged;</para>
1117 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for creating,
1118 deleting, querying, and rebuilding ATA RAIDs under control of
1119 &man.atacontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
1121 <para role="historic">The BurnProof(TM) feature, for applicable ATAPI CD-ROM
1122 burners, is now supported. &merged;</para>
1124 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for 48-bit
1125 addressing. Devices larger than 137GB are now
1126 supported. &merged;</para>
1128 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now contains fixes for some data
1129 corruption problems on systems using the VIA 82C686B
1130 Southbridge chip. &merged;</para>
1132 <para role="historic">The &man.cd.4; driver now has support for write
1133 operations. This allows writing to DVD-RAM, PD and similar
1134 drives that probe as CD devices. Note that change affects
1135 only random-access writeable devices, not sequential-only
1136 writeable devices such as CD-R drives, which are supported by
1137 &man.cdrecord.1; (a part of
1138 <filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename> in the
1139 Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
1141 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ciss driver, for devices utilizing the
1142 Common Interface for SCSI-3 Support, has been added. This
1143 driver supports the Compaq SmartRAID 5* family of RAID
1144 controllers (5300, 532, 5i). &merged;</para>
1146 <para>The &man.fdc.4; floppy disk has undergone a number of
1147 enhancements. Density selection for common settings is now
1148 automatic; the driver is also much more flexible in setting
1149 the densities of various subdevices.</para>
1151 <para>The &man.geom.4; disk I/O request transformation framework
1152 has been added; this extensible framework is designed to
1153 support a wide variety of operations on I/O requests on their
1154 way from the upper kernel to the device drivers.</para>
1156 <para role="historic">The ida disk driver now has crashdump
1157 support. &merged;</para>
1159 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The iir driver has been added to support the
1160 Intel Integrated RAID controllers, as well as prior ICP Vortex
1163 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A bug that made certain CDROM drives fail to
1164 attach when connected to a SCSI card driven by &man.isp.4; has
1165 been fixed. &merged;</para>
1167 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver is now proactive about discovering
1168 Fibre Channel topology changes.</para>
1170 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver now supports target mode for Qlogic
1171 SCSI cards, including Ultra2 and Ultra3 and dual bus
1174 <para role="historic">The &man.isp.4; driver now supports the Qlogic 2300 and
1175 2312 Optical Fibre Channel PCI cards. &merged;</para>
1177 <para>&man.md.4;, the memory disk device, has had the
1178 functionality of &man.vn.4; incorporated into it. &man.md.4;
1179 devices can now be configured by &man.mdconfig.8;. &man.vn.4;
1180 has been removed. The Memory Filesystem (MFS) has also been
1183 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.mly.4; driver, for Mylex PCI to SCSI
1184 AccelRAID and eXtremeRAID controllers with firmware 6.X and
1185 later, has been added. &merged;</para>
1187 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ncv, nsp, and stg drivers have been ported
1188 from NetBSD/pc98. They support the NCR 53C50 / Workbit Ninja
1189 SCSI-3 / TMC 18C30, 18C50 based PC-Card/ISA SCSI controllers.
1190 All three drivers can be built and loaded as
1191 modules. &merged;</para>
1193 <para arch="powerpc">The ofw driver, a basic OpenFirmware disk
1194 driver, has been added.</para>
1196 <para>Some problems in &man.sa.4; error handling have been
1197 fixed, including the <quote>tape drive spinning indefinitely
1198 upon &man.mt.1; <option>stat</option></quote> problem.</para>
1200 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.twe.4; 3ware ATA RAID driver has
1201 added. &merged;</para>
1203 <para role="historic">The &man.wd.4; compatibility devices were removed from the
1204 &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1208 <title>Filesystems</title>
1210 <para>Support for named extended attributes was added to the
1211 &os; kernel. This allows the kernel, and appropriately
1212 privileged userland processes, to tag files and directories
1213 with attribute data. Extended attributes were added to
1214 support the TrustedBSD Project, in particular ACLs, capability
1215 data, and mandatory access control labels (see
1216 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.extattr</filename> for
1219 <para role="historic">Due to a licensing change, softupdates have been
1220 integrated into the main portion of the kernel source tree.
1221 As a consequence, softupdates are now available with the
1222 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel. &merged;</para>
1224 <para>A filesystem snapshot capability has been added to FFS.
1225 Details can be found in
1226 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ffs/README.snapshot</filename>.</para>
1228 <!-- The following note needs to be made more specific or eliminated. -->
1229 <para>Softupdates for FFS have received some bug fixes and
1230 enhancements.</para>
1232 <para>When running with softupdates, &man.statfs.2; and
1233 &man.df.1; will track the number of blocks and files that are
1234 committed to being freed.</para>
1236 <para role="historic">A bug in FFS that could cause superblock corruption on
1237 very large filesystems has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1239 <para role="historic">The ISO-9660 filesystem now has a hook that supports a
1240 loadable character conversion routine. The
1241 <filename role="package">sysutils/cd9660_unicode</filename>
1242 port contains a set of common conversions. &merged;</para>
1244 <para>&man.kernfs.5; is obsolete and has been retired.</para>
1246 <para role="historic">A bug in the NFS client that caused bogus access times with
1247 <literal>O_EXCL|O_CREAT</literal> opens was
1248 fixed. &merged;</para>
1250 <para role="historic">A new NFS hash function (based on the Fowler/Noll/Vo hash
1251 algorithm) has been implemented to improve NFS performance by
1252 increasing the efficiency of the <varname>nfsnode</varname>
1253 hash tables. &merged;</para>
1255 <para>Client-side NFS locks have been implemented.</para>
1257 <para>The client-side and server-side of the NFS code in the
1258 kernel used to be intertwined in various complex ways. They
1259 have been split apart for ease of maintenance and further
1262 <para>Support for filesystem Access Control Lists (ACLs) has
1263 been introduced, allowing more fine-grained control of
1264 discretionary access control on files and directories. This
1265 support was integrated from the TrustedBSD Project. More
1266 details can be found in
1267 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.acls</filename>.</para>
1269 <para role="historic">The directory layout preference algorithm for FFS
1270 (<literal>dirprefs</literal>) has been changed. Rather than
1271 scattering directory blocks across a disk, it attempts to
1272 group related directory blocks together. Operations
1273 traversing large directory hierarchies, such as the &os; Ports
1274 tree, have shown marked speedups. This change is transparent
1275 and automatic for new directories. &merged;</para>
1277 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">smbfs (CIFS) support in kernel has been added.
1278 The userland programs &man.smbutil.1; and &man.mount.smbfs.8;
1279 can be used to work with SMB shares. Note that
1280 &man.mount.smbfs.8; will automatically load the
1281 <filename>smbfs.ko</filename> module into the kernel, even if
1282 <literal>LIBMCHAIN</literal> and
1283 <literal>LIBICONV</literal> were not compiled into the kernel.
1286 <para>For consistency, the fdesc, fifo, null, msdos, portal,
1287 umap, and union filesystems have been renamed to fdescfs,
1288 fifofs, msdosfs, nullfs, portalfs, umapfs, and unionfs. Where
1289 applicable, modules and mount_* programs have been renamed.
1290 Compatibility <quote>glue</quote> has been added to
1291 &man.mount.8; so that <literal>msdos</literal> filesystem
1292 entries in &man.fstab.5; will work without changes.</para>
1294 <para>pseudofs, a pseudo-filesystem framework, has been added.
1295 &man.linprocfs.5; and &man.procfs.5; have been modified to use
1298 <para role="historic">A simple hash-based lookup optimization for large
1299 directories called <literal>dirhash</literal> has been added.
1301 <literal>UFS_DIRHASH</literal> kernel option (enabled by
1302 default in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel), it
1303 improves the speed of operations on very large directories at
1304 the expense of some memory. &merged;</para>
1306 <para role="historic">The virtual memory subsystem now backs UFS directory
1307 memory requirements by default (this behavior is controlled
1308 via the <varname>vfs.vmiodirenable</varname> sysctl
1309 variable). &merged;</para>
1311 <para role="historic">A bug that prevented the root filesystem from being
1312 mounted from a SCSI CDROM has been fixed (ATAPI CDROMs were
1313 always supported). &merged;</para>
1315 <para role="historic">A number of bugs in the filesystem code, discovered
1316 through the use of the <application>fsx</application>
1317 filesystem test tool, have been fixed. Under certain
1318 circumstances (primarily related to use of NFS), these bugs
1319 could cause data corruption or kernel panics. &merged;</para>
1321 <para>Network filesystems (such as NFS and smbfs filesystems)
1322 listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> can now be properly
1323 mounted during startup initialization; their mounts are
1324 deferred until after the network is initialized.</para>
1326 <para>Read-only support for the Universal Disk Format (UDF) has
1327 been added. This format is used on packet-written CD-RWs and
1328 most commercial DVD-Video disks. The &man.mount.udf.8;
1329 command can be used to mount these disks.</para>
1331 <para>Basic support has been added for the UFS2 filesystem.
1336 <para>The inode has been expanded to 256 bytes to make
1337 space for 64-bit block pointers.</para>
1341 <para>A file-creation time field has been added.</para>
1345 <para>Space has been provided for extended attributes, up
1346 to twice the filesystem block size.</para>
1355 <title>PCCARD Support</title>
1357 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The pccard driver and &man.pccardc.8; now
1358 support multiple <quote>beep types</quote> upon card insertion
1359 and removal. &merged;</para>
1361 <para role="historic">On many modern hosts, PCCARD devices can be configured to
1362 route their interrupts via either the ISA or PCI interrupt
1363 paths. The &man.pcic.4; driver has been updated to support
1364 both interrupt paths (formerly, only routing via ISA was
1365 supported). &merged; In most cases, configuration of PCMCIA
1366 devices in laptops is simpler and more flexible. In addition,
1367 various Cardbus bridge PCI cards (such as those used by
1368 Orinoco PCI NICs) are now supported. Some hosts may
1369 experience problems, such as hangs or panics, with PCI
1370 interrupt routing; they can frequently be made to work by
1371 forcing the older-style ISA interrupt routing. The following
1372 lines, placed in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>, may
1373 fix the problem:</para>
1375 <programlisting role="historic">hw.pcic.intr_path="1"
1376 hw.pcic.irq="0"</programlisting>
1378 <para role="historic">When installing &os; on such a system, typing the
1379 following lines to the boot loader may be helpful in starting
1380 up &os; for the first time:<para>
1382 <screen role="historic"><prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.intr_path="1"</userinput>
1383 <prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.irq="0"</userinput></screen>
1385 <para arch="i386">Preliminary Cardbus support under NEWCARD has
1386 been added. This code supports the TI113X, TI12XX, TI125X,
1387 Ricoh 5C46/5C47, Topic 95/97/100 and Cirrus Logic PD683X
1388 bridges. 16-bit PC Card support is not yet functional.</para>
1392 <title>Multimedia Support</title>
1394 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.pcm.4; driver now supports the ESS
1395 Solo 1, Maestro-1, Maestro-2, and Maestro-2e; Forte Media
1396 fm801, ESS Maestro-2e, and VIA Technologies VT82C686A sound
1397 card/chipsets, and has received some other updates. Separate
1398 drivers for the SoundBlaster 8 and SoundBlaster 16 now replace
1399 an older, unified driver. A driver for the CMedia
1400 CMI8338/CMI8738 sound chips has been added. A driver for the
1401 CS4281 sound chip has been added. A driver for the S3
1402 SonicVibes chipset has been added. &merged;</para>
1404 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Avance Logic ALS4000 has been
1405 added. &merged;</para>
1407 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the ESS Maestro-3/Allegro has
1408 been added, however due to licensing restrictions, it cannot
1409 be compiled into the kernel. &merged; To use this driver, add
1410 the following line to
1411 <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
1413 <programlisting role="historic">snd_maestro3_load="YES"</programlisting>
1415 <para role="historic">The &man.bktr.4; driver has been updated to 2.18. This
1416 update provides a number of new features. New tuner types
1417 have been added, and improvements to the KLD module and to
1418 memory allocation have been made. Bugs in &man.devfs.5; when
1419 unloading and reloading have been fixed. Support for new
1420 Hauppauge Model 44xxx WinTV Cards (the ones with no audio mux)
1421 has been added. &merged;</para>
1423 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ufm driver, supporting the D-Link DSB-R100
1424 USB Radio, has been added. &merged;</para>
1426 <para role="historic">When sound modules are built, one can now load all the
1427 drivers and infrastructure by <command>kldload
1428 snd</command>. &merged;</para>
1430 <para>A new API has been added for sound cards with hardware
1431 volume control.</para>
1433 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Intel 443MX, 810, 815, and
1434 815E integrated sound devices has been added. &merged;</para>
1436 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The via82c686 sound driver now supports the VIA
1437 VT8233. &merged;</para>
1439 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ich sound driver now support the SiS
1440 7012 chipset. &merged;</para>
1442 <para arch="i386">Drivers have been added to support the Direct
1443 Rendering Infrastructure, which can used to provide 3D
1444 acceleration within <application>XFree86</application>. Video
1445 cards supported include the 3Dlabs Oxygen GMX 2000 (gammadrm),
1446 AGP Matrox G200/G400/G450/G550 (mgadrm), 3dfx Voodoo
1447 3/4/5/Banshee (tdfxdrm), AGI ATI Rage 128 (r128drm), and AGP
1448 ATI Radeon (radeondrm).</para>
1453 <title>Contributed Software</title>
1455 <para>The Forth Inspired Command Language
1456 (<application>FICL</application>) used in the boot loader has
1457 been updated to 3.02.</para>
1459 <para>Support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
1460 (ACPI), a multi-vendor standard for configuration and power
1461 management, has been added. This functionality has been
1462 provided by the <application>Intel ACPI Component
1463 Architecture</application> project, as of the ACPI CA 20020404
1464 snapshot. Some backward compatability for applications using
1465 the older APM standard has been provided.</para>
1468 <title>IPFilter</title>
1470 <para><application>IPFilter</application> has been updated to
1473 <para role="historic"><application>IPFilter</application> now supports
1474 IPv6. &merged;</para>
1479 <title>isdn4bsd</title>
1481 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> has been updated to
1482 version 1.0.2.</para>
1484 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1485 Fritz!Card PCI controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1487 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi2.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1488 Fritz!Card PCI version 2 controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1490 <para role="historic">The &man.ihfc.4; driver for supporting Cologne Chip
1491 Designs HFC devices under
1492 <application>isdn4bsd</application> has been
1493 added. &merged;</para>
1495 <para role="historic">The &man.itjc.4; driver for supporting NETjet-S / Teles
1496 PCI-TJ devices under <application>isdn4bsd</application> has
1497 been added. &merged;</para>
1499 <para role="historic">Experimental support for the Eicon.Diehl DIVA 2.0 and
1500 2.02 ISA PnP ISDN cards has been added to the &man.isic.4;
1501 <application>isdn4bsd</application> driver. &merged;</para>
1503 <para role="historic">The &man.isic.4; driver now supports the Compaq Microcom
1504 610 ISDN ISA PnP card. &merged;</para>
1506 <para role="historic">Active CAPI-based ISDN cards manufactured by AVM are now
1507 supported using the &man.i4bcapi.4; and the &man.iavc.4;
1508 driver. The supported cards are the AVM B1 PCI and AVM B1
1509 ISA Basic Rate cards and the AVM T1 Primary Rate
1510 cards. &merged;</para>
1512 <para role="historic">A new <literal>maxconnecttime</literal> keyword is now
1513 accepted in &man.isdnd.rc.5; files to limit the time a
1514 connection may remain open. &merged;</para>
1516 <para role="historic">&man.isdnphone.8; now supports a <option>-k</option>
1517 option for sending messages via the keypad facility to a PBX
1518 or exchange office. &merged;</para>
1520 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> now supports Q.931
1521 subaddressing.</para>
1525 <sect4 id="kame-kernel">
1528 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
1529 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
1530 the items listed in this section are a result of this
1531 import. <xref linkend="kame-userland"> lists userland
1532 updates to the KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
1534 <para role="historic">&man.gif.4; is now based on RFC 2893, rather than RFC
1535 1933. The <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can
1536 be used to control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1538 <para role="historic"><application>IPsec</application> has received some
1539 enhancements, including the ability to use the Rijndael and
1540 SHA2 algorithms. IPsec RC5 support has been removed due to
1541 patent issues. &merged;</para>
1543 <para role="historic">&man.stf.4; now conforms to RFC 3056; the
1544 <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can be used to
1545 control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1547 <para role="historic">IPv6 has better checking of illegal addresses (such as
1548 loopback addresses) on physical networks. &merged;</para>
1550 <para role="historic">The <varname>IPV6_V6ONLY</varname> socket option is now
1551 completely supported. The kernel's default behavior with
1552 respect to this option is controlled by the
1553 <varname>net.inet6.ip6.v6only</varname> sysctl
1554 variable. &merged;</para>
1556 <para role="historic">RFC 3041 (Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address
1557 Autoconfiguration) is now supported. It can be enabled via
1558 the <varname>net.inet6.ip6.use_tempaddr</varname> sysctl
1559 variable. &merged;</para>
1564 <sect2 id="security">
1565 <title>Security-Related Changes</title>
1567 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now allows the user to select one of two
1568 <quote>security profiles</quote> at install-time. These
1569 profiles enable different levels of system security by enabling
1570 or disabling various system services in &man.rc.conf.5; on new
1571 installs. &merged;</para>
1573 <para>A bug in which malformed ELF executable images can hang the
1574 system has been fixed (see security advisory
1575 FreeBSD-SA-00:41). &merged;</para>
1577 <para>A security hole in Linux emulation was fixed (see security
1578 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:42). &merged;</para>
1580 <para role="historic">String-handling library calls in many programs were fixed to
1581 reduce the possibility of buffer overflow-related exploits.
1584 <para>TCP now uses stronger randomness in choosing its initial
1585 sequence numbers (see security advisory
1586 FreeBSD-SA-00:52). &merged;</para>
1588 <para>Several buffer overflows in &man.tcpdump.1; were corrected
1589 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:61). &merged;</para>
1591 <para>A security hole in &man.top.1; was corrected (see security
1592 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:62). &merged;</para>
1594 <para>A potential security hole caused by an off-by-one-error in
1595 &man.gethostbyname.3; has been fixed (see security advisory
1596 FreeBSD-SA-00:63). &merged;</para>
1598 <para>A potential buffer overflow in the &man.ncurses.3; library,
1599 which could cause arbitrary code to be run from within
1600 &man.systat.1;, has been corrected (see security advisory
1601 FreeBSD-SA-00:68). &merged;</para>
1603 <para>A vulnerability in &man.telnetd.8; that could cause it to
1604 consume large amounts of server resources has been fixed (see
1605 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:69). &merged;</para>
1607 <para>The <literal>nat deny_incoming</literal> command in
1608 &man.ppp.8; now works correctly (see security advisory
1609 FreeBSD-SA-00:70). &merged;</para>
1611 <para>A vulnerability in &man.csh.1;/&man.tcsh.1; temporary files
1612 that could allow overwriting of arbitrary user-writable files
1613 has been closed (see security advisory
1614 FreeBSD-SA-00:76). &merged;</para>
1616 <para role="historic">The &man.ssh.1; binary is no longer SUID root by
1617 default. &merged;</para>
1619 <para role="historic">Some fixes were applied to the Kerberos IV implementation
1620 related to environment variables, a possible buffer overrun, and
1621 overwriting ticket files. &merged;</para>
1623 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does a better job of sanitizing its
1624 environment. &merged;</para>
1626 <para>Several vulnerabilities in &man.procfs.5; were fixed (see
1627 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:77). &merged;</para>
1629 <para>A bug in <application>OpenSSH</application> in which a
1630 server was unable to disable &man.ssh-agent.1; or
1631 <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> was fixed (see security
1632 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:01). &merged;</para>
1634 <para>A bug in &man.ipfw.8; and &man.ip6fw.8; in which inbound TCP
1635 segments could incorrectly be treated as being part of an
1636 <literal>established</literal> connection has been fixed (see
1637 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:08). &merged;</para>
1639 <para>A bug in &man.crontab.1; that could allow users to read any
1640 file on the system in valid &man.crontab.5; syntax has been
1641 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:09). &merged;</para>
1643 <para>A vulnerability in &man.inetd.8; that could allow
1644 read-access to the initial 16 bytes of
1645 <groupname>wheel</groupname>-accessible files has been fixed
1646 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:11). &merged;</para>
1648 <para>A bug in &man.periodic.8; that used insecure temporary files
1649 has been corrected (see security advisory
1650 FreeBSD-SA-01:12). &merged;</para>
1652 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> now has code to prevent
1653 (instead of just mitigating through connection limits) an attack
1654 that can lead to guessing the server key (not host key) by
1655 regenerating the server key when an RSA failure is detected (see
1656 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:24). &merged;</para>
1658 <para role="historic">A number of programs have had output formatting strings
1659 corrected so as to reduce the risk of
1660 vulnerabilities. &merged;</para>
1662 <para role="historic">A number of programs that use temporary files now do so more
1663 securely. &merged;</para>
1665 <para role="historic">A bug in ICMP that could cause an attacker to disrupt TCP and UDP
1666 <quote>sessions</quote> has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1668 <para>A bug in &man.timed.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1669 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1670 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:28). &merged;</para>
1672 <para>A bug in &man.rwhod.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1673 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1674 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:29). &merged;</para>
1676 <para>A security hole in &os;'s FFS and EXT2FS implementations,
1677 which allowed a race condition that could cause users to have
1678 unauthorized access to data, has been fixed (see security
1679 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:30). &merged;</para>
1681 <para>A remotely-exploitable vulnerability in &man.ntpd.8; has
1682 been closed (see security advisory
1683 FreeBSD-SA-01:31). &merged;</para>
1685 <para>A security hole in <application>IPFilter</application>'s
1686 fragment cache has been closed (see security advisory
1687 FreeBSD-SA-01:32). &merged;</para>
1689 <para>Buffer overflows in &man.glob.3;, which could cause
1690 arbitrary code to be run on an FTP server, have been closed. In
1691 addition, to prevent some forms of DOS attacks, &man.glob.3;
1692 allows specification of a limit on the number of pathname
1693 matches it will return. &man.ftpd.8; now uses this feature (see
1694 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:33). &merged;</para>
1696 <para>Initial sequence numbers in TCP are more thoroughly
1697 randomized (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:39). Due to
1698 some possible compatibility issues, the behavior of this
1699 security fix can be enabled or disabled via the
1700 <varname>net.inet.tcp.tcp_seq_genscheme</varname> sysctl
1701 variable.&merged;</para>
1703 <para>A vulnerability in the &man.fts.3; routines (used by
1704 applications for recursively traversing a filesystem) could
1705 allow a program to operate on files outside the intended
1706 directory hierarchy. This bug has been fixed (see security
1707 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:40). &merged;</para>
1709 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now switches to the
1710 user's UID before attempting to unlink the authentication
1711 forwarding file, nullifying the effects of a race.</para>
1713 <para>A flaw allowed some signal handlers to remain in effect in a
1714 child process after being exec-ed from its parent. This allowed
1715 an attacker to execute arbitrary code in the context of a setuid
1716 binary. This flaw has been corrected (see security advisory
1717 FreeBSD-SA-01:42). &merged;</para>
1719 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1; has been fixed
1720 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:48). &merged;</para>
1722 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.telnetd.8; has been fixed
1723 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:49). &merged;</para>
1725 <para>The new <varname>net.inet.ip.maxfragpackets</varname> and
1726 <varname>net.inet.ip6.maxfragpackets</varname> sysctl variables
1727 limit the amount of memory that can be consumed by IPv4 and IPv6
1728 packet fragments, which defends against some denial of service
1729 attacks (see security advisory
1730 FreeBSD-SA-01:52). &merged;</para>
1732 <para role="historic">All services in <filename>inetd.conf</filename> are now
1733 disabled by default for new installations. &man.sysinstall.8;
1734 gives the option of enabling or disabling &man.inetd.8; on new
1735 installations, as well as editing
1736 <filename>inetd.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
1738 <para>A flaw in the implementation of the &man.ipfw.8;
1739 <literal>me</literal> rules on point-to-point links has been
1740 corrected. Formerly, <literal>me</literal> filter rules would
1741 match the remote IP address of a point-to-point interface in
1742 addition to the intended local IP address (see security advisory
1743 FreeBSD-SA-01:53). &merged;</para>
1745 <para>A vulnerability in &man.procfs.5;, which could allow a
1746 process to read sensitive information from another process's
1747 memory space, has been closed (see security advisory
1748 FreeBSD-SA-01:55). &merged;</para>
1750 <para>The <literal>PARANOID</literal> hostname checking in
1751 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now works as advertised
1752 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:56). &merged;</para>
1754 <para>A local root exploit in &man.sendmail.8; has been closed
1755 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:57). &merged;</para>
1757 <para>A remote root vulnerability in &man.lpd.8; has been closed
1758 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:58). &merged;</para>
1760 <para>A race condition in &man.rmuser.8; that briefly exposed a
1761 world-readable <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename> has been
1762 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:59). &merged;</para>
1764 <para>A vulnerability in <application>UUCP</application> has been
1765 closed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:62). All
1766 non-<username>root</username>-owned binaries in standard system
1767 paths now have the <literal>schg</literal> flag set to prevent
1768 exploit vectors when run by &man.cron.8;, by
1769 <username>root</username>, or by a user other then the one owning
1770 the binary. In addition, &man.uustat.1; is now run via
1771 <filename>/etc/periodic/daily/410.status-uucp</filename> as
1772 <username>uucp</username>, not <username>root</username>. In
1773 &os; -CURRENT, <application>UUCP</application> has since been
1774 moved to the Ports Collection and no longer a part of the base
1775 system. &merged;</para>
1777 <para role="historic">A security hole in the form of a buffer overflow in the
1778 &man.semop.2; system call has been closed. &merged;</para>
1780 <para>A security hole in <application>OpenSSH</application>, which
1781 could allow users to execute code with arbitrary privileges if
1782 <literal>UseLogin yes</literal> was set, has been closed. Note
1783 that the default value of this setting is
1784 <literal>UseLogin no</literal>. (See security advisory
1785 FreeBSD-SA-01:63.) &merged;</para>
1787 <para>The use of an insecure temporary directory by
1788 &man.pkg.add.1; could permit a local attacker to modify the
1789 contents of binary packages while they were being installed.
1790 This hole has been closed. (See security advisory
1791 FreeBSD-SA-02:01.) &merged;</para>
1793 <para>A race condition in &man.pw.8;, which could expose the
1794 contents of <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>, has been
1795 eliminated. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:02.)
1798 <para>A bug in &man.k5su.8; could have allowed a process that had
1799 given up superuser privileges to regain them. This bug has been
1800 fixed. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:07.)
1803 <para>An <quote>off-by-one</quote> bug has been fixed in
1804 <application>OpenSSH</application>'s multiplexing code. This bug
1805 could have allowed an authenticated remote user to cause
1806 &man.sshd.8; to execute arbitrary code with superuser
1807 privileges, or allowed a malicious SSH server to execute arbitrary
1808 code on the client system with the privileges of the client user. (See security
1810 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:13.openssh.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:13</ulink>.)
1813 <para>A programming error in <application>zlib</application> could
1814 result in attempts to free memory multiple times. The
1815 &man.malloc.3;/&man.free.3; routines used in &os; are not
1816 vulnerable to this error, but applications receiving
1817 specially-crafted blocks of invalid compressed data could
1818 be made to function incorrectly or abort. This
1819 <application>zlib</application> bug has been fixed. For a
1820 workaround and solutions, see security advisory <ulink
1821 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:18.zlib.v1.2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:18</ulink>.
1824 <para>Bugs in the TCP SYN cache (<quote>syncache</quote>) and SYN
1825 cookie (<quote>syncookie</quote>) implementations, which could
1826 cause legitimate TCP/IP traffic to crash a machine, have been
1827 fixed. For a workaround and patches, see security advisory
1829 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:20.syncache.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:20</ulink>.
1832 <para>A routing table memory leak, which could allow a remote
1833 attacker to exhaust the memory of a target machine, has been
1834 fixed. A workaround and patches can be found in security
1836 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:21.tcpip.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:21</ulink>.
1839 <para>A bug with memory-mapped I/O, which could cause a system
1840 crash, has been fixed. For more information about a solution,
1841 see security advisory <ulink
1842 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:22.mmap.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:22</ulink>.
1845 <para>A security hole, in which SUID programs could be made to
1846 read from or write to inappropriate files through manipulation
1847 of their standard I/O file descriptors, has been fixed.
1848 Information regarding a solution can be found in security
1850 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:23.stdio.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:23</ulink>.
1853 <para>Some unexpected behavior could be allowed with &man.k5su.8;
1854 because it does not require that an invoking user be a member of
1855 the <groupname>wheel</groupname> group when attempting to become
1856 the superuser (this is the case with &man.su.1;). To avoid this
1857 situation, &man.k5su.8; is now installed non-SUID by default
1858 (effectively disabling it). More information can be found in
1859 security advisory <ulink
1860 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:24.k5su.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:24</ulink>.
1863 <para>Multiple vulnerabilities were found in the &man.bzip2.1;
1864 utility, which could allow files to be overwritten without
1865 warning or allow local users unintended access to files. These
1866 problems have been corrected with a new import of
1867 <application>bzip2</application>. For more information, see
1868 security advisory <ulink
1869 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:25.bzip2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:25</ulink>.
1872 <para>A bug has been fixed in the implementation of the TCP SYN
1873 cache (<quote>syncache</quote>), which could allow a remote
1874 attacker to deny access to a service when accept filters
1875 (see &man.accept.filter.9;) were in use. This bug has been
1876 fixed; for more information, see security advisory <ulink
1877 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:26.accept.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:26</ulink>.
1880 <para>Due to a bug in &man.rc.8;'s use of shell globbing, users
1881 may be able to remove the contents of arbitrary files if
1882 <filename>/tmp/.X11-unix</filename> does not exist and the
1883 system can be made to reboot. This bug has been corrected (see
1884 security advisory <ulink
1885 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:27.rc.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:27</ulink>).
1888 <para>A buffer overflow in the resolver, which could be exploited
1889 by a malicious domain name server or an attacker forging DNS
1890 messages, has been fixed. See security advisory <ulink
1891 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:28.resolv.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:28</ulink>
1892 for more details. &merged;</para>
1895 <sect2 id="userland">
1896 <title>Userland Changes</title>
1898 <para role="historic">If the first argument to &man.ancontrol.8; or
1899 &man.wicontrol.8; doesn't start with a <literal>-</literal>, it
1900 is assumed to be an interface. &merged;</para>
1902 <para role="historic">&man.apmd.8; now has the ability to monitor battery levels
1903 and execute commands based on percentage or minutes of battery
1904 life remaining via the <literal>apm_battery</literal>
1905 configuration directive. See the commented-out examples in
1906 <filename>/etc/apmd.conf</filename> for the
1907 syntax. &merged;</para>
1909 <para role="historic">&man.arp.8; now prints the applicable interface name for
1910 each ARP entry. &merged;</para>
1912 <para>&man.arp.8; now prints <literal>[fddi]</literal> or
1913 <literal>[atm]</literal> tags for addresses on interfaces of
1916 <para>The &man.asa.1; utility, to interpret FORTRAN
1917 carriage-control characters, has been added.</para>
1919 <para>&man.at.1; now supports the <option>-r</option> command-line
1920 option to remove jobs and the <option>-t</option> option to
1921 specify times in POSIX time format.</para>
1923 <para role="historic">&man.atacontrol.8; has been added to control various aspects
1924 of the &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1926 <para>The system &man.awk.1; now refers to
1927 <application>BWK awk</application>.</para>
1929 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">&man.boot98cfg.8;, a PC-98 boot manager
1930 installation and configuration utility, has been
1931 added. &merged;</para>
1933 <para role="historic">&man.burncd.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option for
1934 multisession mode (the default behavior now is to close disks as
1935 single-session). A <option>-l</option> option to take a list of
1936 image files from a filename was also added;
1937 <filename>-</filename> can be used as a filename for
1938 <literal>stdin</literal>. &merged;</para>
1940 <para>&man.burncd.8; now supports Disk At Once (DAO) mode,
1941 selectable via the <option>-d</option> flag.</para>
1943 <para>&man.burncd.8; now has the ability to write VCDs/SVCDs.</para>
1945 <para role="historic">&man.c89.1; has been converted from a shell script to a
1946 binary executable, fixing some minor bugs. &merged;</para>
1948 <para>&man.calendar.1; now takes a <option>-W</option> option,
1949 which operates similar to <option>-A</option> but without
1950 special treatment at weekends, and a <option>-F</option>option
1951 to change the notion of <quote>Friday</quote>.</para>
1953 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A minimalized version of &man.camcontrol.8; is
1954 now available on the installation floppy. This allows it to
1955 rescan for devices that have been connected after booting, or to
1956 show the devices attached to SCSI busses (e. g. from within the
1957 <quote>emergency holographic shell</quote>). &merged;</para>
1959 <para role="historic">&man.cat.1; now has the ability to read from UNIX-domain
1960 sockets. &merged;</para>
1962 <para>&man.catman.1; is now a C program, instead of a
1965 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a <literal>cdid</literal>
1966 command, which calculates and displays the CD serial number,
1967 using the same algorithm used by the CDDB
1968 database. &merged;</para>
1970 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now uses the <envar>CDROM</envar>
1971 environment variable to pick a default device. &merged;</para>
1973 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports <literal>next</literal> and
1974 <literal>prev</literal> commands to skip forwards or backwards a
1975 specified number of tracks while playing an audio
1978 <para>On ATAPI CDROM drives, &man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a
1979 <literal>speed</literal> command to set the maximum speed to be
1980 used by the drive. &merged;</para>
1982 <para>&man.chflags.1; has moved from <filename>/usr/bin</filename>
1983 to <filename>/bin</filename>.</para>
1985 <para role="historic">&man.chio.1; now has the ability to specify elements by
1986 volume tag instead of by their physical location as well as the
1987 ability to return an element to its previous
1988 location. &merged;</para>
1990 <para>&man.chmod.1; now supports a <option>-h</option> for
1991 changing the mode of a symbolic link.</para>
1993 <para role="historic">&man.chown.8; now correctly follows symbolic links named as
1994 command line arguments if run without
1995 <option>-R</option>. &merged;</para>
1997 <para>&man.chown.8; no longer takes <literal>.</literal> as a
1998 user/group delimeter. This change was made to support usernames
1999 containing a <literal>.</literal>.</para>
2001 <para>Use of the <literal>CSMG_*</literal> macros no longer
2002 require inclusion of
2003 <filename><sys/param.h></filename></para>
2005 <para role="historic">&man.col.1; now takes a <option>-p</option> flag to force
2006 unknown control sequences to be passed through
2007 unchanged. &merged;</para>
2009 <para role="historic">The <filename>compat3x</filename> distribution has been
2010 updated to include libraries present in &os;
2011 3.5.1-RELEASE. &merged;</para>
2013 <para>A <filename>compat4x</filename> distribution has been added
2014 for compatibility with &os; 4-STABLE.</para>
2016 <para role="historic">&man.config.8; is now better about converting various
2017 warnings that should have been errors into actual fatal errors
2018 with an exit code. This ensures that <literal>make
2019 buildkernel</literal> doesn't quietly ignore them and build a
2020 bogus kernel without a human to read the errors. &merged;</para>
2022 <para role="historic">A number of buffer overflows in &man.config.8; have been
2023 fixed. &merged;</para>
2025 <para>A new &man.csplit.1; utility, which splits files based on
2026 context, has been added.</para>
2028 <para role="historic">&man.ctags.1; no longer creates a corrupt tags file if the
2029 source file used <literal>//</literal> (C++-style)
2030 comments. &merged;</para>
2032 <para>The &man.daemon.8; program, a command-line interface to
2033 &man.daemon.3;, has been added. It detaches itself from its
2034 controlling terminal and executes a program specified on the
2035 command line. This allows the user to run an arbitrary program
2036 as if it were written to be a daemon.</para>
2038 <para>&man.devinfo.8;, a simple tool to print the device tree and resource
2039 usage by devices, has been added.</para>
2041 <para role="historic">&man.df.1; now takes a <option>-l</option> option to only
2042 display information about locally-mounted
2043 filesystems. &merged;</para>
2045 <para role="historic">&man.disklabel.8; now supports partition sizes expressed in
2046 kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, in addition to
2047 sectors. &merged;</para>
2049 <para>diskpart(8) has been declared obsolete, and has been
2052 <para role="historic">&man.dmesg.8; now has a <option>-a</option> option to show
2053 the entire message buffer, including &man.syslogd.8; records and
2054 <filename>/dev/console</filename> output. &merged;</para>
2056 <para role="historic">&man.du.1; now takes a <option>-I</option> command-line flag
2057 to ignore/skip files and subdirectories matching a specified
2058 shell-glob mask. &merged;</para>
2060 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supports inheritance of the
2061 <literal>nodump</literal> flag down a hierarchy. &merged;</para>
2063 <para role="historic">The <option>-T</option> option to &man.dump.8; no longer
2064 swallows an extra argument. &merged;</para>
2066 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; has a new <option>-D</option> option, allowing
2067 the path to the <filename>/etc/dumpdates</filename> file to be
2068 changed. &merged;</para>
2070 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supplies progress information in its
2071 process title, useful for monitoring automated
2072 backups. &merged;</para>
2074 <para>&man.dump.8; now supports a new <option>-S</option> flag to allow
2075 it to just print out the dump size estimates and exit.</para>
2077 <para role="historic">&man.edquota.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
2078 allow limiting the prototype quota distribution (specified with
2079 <option>-p</option>) to a single filesystem. &merged;</para>
2081 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/rc.firewall</filename> and
2082 <filename>/etc/rc.firewall6</filename> will no longer add their own
2083 hardcoded rules in the cases of a rules file in the
2084 <varname>firewall_type</varname> variable or a non-existent
2085 firewall type. (The motivation for this change is to avoid
2086 acting on assumptions about a site's firewall policies.) In
2087 addition, the <literal>closed</literal> firewall type now works
2088 as documented in the &man.rc.firewall.8; manual page. &merged;</para>
2090 <para role="historic">The functionality of <filename>/etc/security</filename> has
2091 been been moved into a set of scripts under the &man.periodic.8;
2092 framework, to make local customization easier and more
2093 maintainable. These scripts now reside in
2094 <filename>/etc/periodic/security/</filename>. &merged;</para>
2096 <para>&man.expr.1; is now compliant with the POSIX Utility Syntax
2097 Guidelines. Some programs depend on the old, historic behavior
2098 (the <filename role="package">devel/libtool</filename>
2099 port/package was/is a notable example). In these situations,
2100 the <envar>EXPR_COMPAT</envar> environment variable can be
2101 defined, which causes &man.expr.1; to behave more like previous
2104 <para>&man.fbtab.5; now accepts glob matching patterns for target
2105 devices, not just individual devices and directories.</para>
2107 <para arch="i386">&man.fdisk.8; no longer attempts to search for a
2108 device if none has been specified on the command line, but
2109 instead tries to figure out the default device name from the
2112 <para>&man.fdread.1;, a program to read data from floppy disks,
2113 has been added. It is a counterpart to &man.fdwrite.1; and is
2114 designed to provide a means of recovering at least some data
2115 from bad media, and to obviate for a complex invocation of
2118 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-empty</option> flag,
2119 which returns true if a file or directory is
2120 empty. &merged;</para>
2122 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-iname</option> and
2123 <option>-ipath</option> primaries for case-insensitive matches,
2124 and the <option>-regexp</option> and <option>-iregexp</option>
2125 primaries for regular-expression matches. The
2126 <option>-E</option> flag now enables extended regular
2127 expressions. &merged;</para>
2129 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now has the <option>-anewer</option>,
2130 <option>-cnewer</option>, <option>-mnewer</option>,
2131 <option>-okdir</option>, and <option>-newer[acm][acmt]</option>
2132 primaries for comparisons of file timestamps. The latter
2133 primaries can be specified with various units of
2134 time. &merged;</para>
2136 <para role="historic">&man.finger.1; now has the ability to support fingering
2137 aliases, via the &man.finger.conf.5; file. &merged;</para>
2139 <para>&man.finger.1; now has support for a
2140 <filename>.pubkey</filename> file.</para>
2142 <para role="historic">&man.fmt.1; has been rewritten; the rewrite fixes a number
2143 of bugs compared to its prior behavior. &merged;</para>
2145 <para role="historic">&man.fmtcheck.3;, a function for checking consistency of
2146 format string arguments, has been added. &merged;</para>
2148 <para>&man.fold.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> flag to
2149 break at byte positions and a <option>-s</option> flag to break at
2150 word boundaries. &merged;</para>
2152 <para role="historic">&man.fsdb.8; now supports a <literal>blocks</literal>
2153 command to list the blocks allocated by a particular
2154 inode. &merged;</para>
2156 <para>&man.fsck.8; wrappers have been imported; this feature
2157 provides infrastructure for &man.fsck.8; to work on different
2158 types of filesystems (analogous to &man.mount.8;).</para>
2160 <para>The behavior of &man.fsck.8; when dealing with various
2161 passes (a la <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>) has been modified
2162 to accommodate multiple-disk filesystems.</para>
2164 <para>&man.fsck.8; now has support for foreground
2165 (<option>-F</option>) and background (<option>-B</option>)
2166 checks. Traditionally, &man.fsck.8; is invoked before the
2167 filesystems are mounted and all checks are done to completion at
2168 that time. If background checking is available, &man.fsck.8; is
2169 invoked twice. It is first invoked at the traditional time,
2170 before the filesystems are mounted, with the <option>-F</option>
2171 flag to do checking on all the filesystems that cannot do
2172 background checking. It is then invoked a second time, after
2173 the system has completed going multiuser, with the
2174 <option>-B</option> flag to do checking on all the filesystems
2175 that can do background checking. Unlike the foreground
2176 checking, the background checking is started asynchronously so
2177 that other system activity can proceed even on the filesystems
2178 that are being checked. Boot-time enabling of this feature is
2180 <varname>background_fsck</varname> option in &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>
2182 <para role="historic">Shortly after the receipt of a <literal>SIGINFO</literal>
2183 signal (normally control-T from the controlling tty),
2184 &man.fsck.ffs.8; will now output a line indicating the current
2185 phase number and progress information relevant to the current
2186 phase. &merged;</para>
2188 <para>&man.fsck.ffs.8; now supports background filesystem checks
2189 to mounted FFS filesystems with the <option>-B</option> option
2190 (softupdates must be enabled on these filesystems). The
2191 <option>-F</option> flag now determines whether a specified
2192 filesystem needs foreground checking.</para>
2194 <para role="historic">A new &man.fsck.msdosfs.8; utility has been added to check
2195 the consistency of MS-DOS filesystems. &merged;</para>
2197 <para role="historic">&man.ftpd.8; now supports a <option>-r</option> flag for
2198 read-only mode and a <option>-E</option> flag to disable
2199 <literal>EPSV</literal>. It also has some fixes to reduce
2200 information leakage and the ability to specify compile-time port
2201 ranges. &merged;</para>
2203 <para>&man.ftpd.8; now supports <option>-o</option> and
2204 <option>-O</option> options to disable the
2205 <literal>RETR</literal> command; the former for everybody, and
2206 the latter only for guest users. Coupled with
2207 <option>-A</option> and appropriate file permissions, these can
2208 be used to create a relatively safe anonymous FTP drop box for
2209 others to upload to.</para>
2211 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">&man.gdb.1; now supports hardware
2212 watchpoints (using the kernel's debug register + support that
2213 has been introduced in &os; 4.0). &merged;</para>
2215 <para role="historic">The &man.getprogname.3; and &man.setprogname.3; library
2216 functions have been added to manipulate the name of the current
2217 program. They are used by error-reporting routines to produce
2218 consistent output. &merged;</para>
2220 <para>gifconfig(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2221 functionality is now handled by the <option>tunnel</option> and
2222 <option>deletetunnel</option> commands of
2223 &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2225 <para>&man.gprof.1; now has a <option>-K</option> option to enable
2226 dynamic symbol resolution from the currently-running kernel.
2227 With this change, properly-compiled KLD modules are now able to
2230 <para role="historic">&man.growfs.8;, a utility for growing FFS filesystems, has
2231 been added. &man.ffsinfo.8;, a utility for dump all the
2232 meta-information of an existing filesystem, has also been
2233 added. &merged;</para>
2235 <para role="historic">The &man.groups.1; and &man.whoami.1; shell scripts are now
2236 unnecessary; their functionality has been completely folded into
2237 &man.id.1;. &merged;</para>
2239 <para>The ibcs(8), linux(8), osf1(8), and
2240 svr4(8) scripts, whose sole purpose was to load emulation
2241 kernel modules, have been removed. The kernel module system
2242 will automatically load them as needed to fulfill
2243 dependencies.</para>
2245 <para role="historic">&man.indent.1; has gained some new formatting
2246 options. &merged;</para>
2248 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can set the link-layer address of
2249 an interface using the <option>link</option> parameter.
2252 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now accept addresses in slash/CIDR
2253 notation. &merged;</para>
2255 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; now has support for setting parameters for
2256 IEEE 802.11 wireless network devices. &man.wi.4; and &man.an.4;
2257 devices are supported, and partial support is provided for
2258 &man.awi.4; devices. &merged;</para>
2260 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; no longer displays the list of supported
2261 media by default. Instead it displays it when the
2262 <option>-m</option> flag is given. &merged;</para>
2264 <para role="historic">The syntax of &man.inetd.8;'s support for &man.faithd.8; is
2265 now compatible with that of other BSDs. &merged;</para>
2267 <para role="historic">The <literal>ident</literal> protocol support in
2268 &man.inetd.8; has been cleaned up and updated. &merged;</para>
2270 <para role="historic">&man.inetd.8; now has the ability to manage UNIX-domain
2271 sockets. &merged;</para>
2273 <para>By default, &man.inetd.8; is no longer run by &man.rc.8; at
2274 boot-time, although &man.sysinstall.8; gives the option of
2275 enabling it during binary installations. &man.inetd.8; can also
2276 be enabled by adding the following line to
2277 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
2279 <programlisting>inetd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
2281 <para role="historic">&man.install.1; has a number of new features, including the
2282 <option>-b</option> and <option>-B</option> options for backing up
2283 existing target files and the <option>-S</option> option for
2284 <quote>safe</quote> (atomic copy) operation. The
2285 <option>-c</option> (copy) flag is now the default, and the
2286 <option>-D</option> (debugging) flag has been withdrawn.
2287 &man.install.1; now issues a warning if <option>-d</option>
2288 (create directories) and <option>-C</option> (copy changed files
2289 only) are used together. &merged;</para>
2291 <para role="historic">IP Filter is now supported by the &man.rc.conf.5; boot-time
2292 configuration and initialization. &merged;</para>
2294 <para role="historic">&man.ipfstat.8; now supports the <option>-t</option> option
2295 to turn on a &man.top.1;-like display. &merged;</para>
2297 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; will now avoid the display of dynamic firewall
2298 rules unless the <option>-d</option> flag is passed to it. The
2299 <option>-e</option> option lists expired dynamic
2300 rules. &merged;</para>
2302 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new feature (<literal>me</literal>) that
2303 allows for packet matching on interfaces with
2304 dynamically-changing IP addresses. &merged;</para>
2306 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new <literal>limit</literal> type of
2307 firewall rule, which limits the number of sessions between
2308 address pairs. &merged;</para>
2310 <para>&man.ipfw.8; filter rules can now match on the value of the
2311 IPv4 precedence field.</para>
2313 <para role="historic">&man.ip6fw.8; now has the ability to use a preprocessor and
2314 use the <option>-q</option> (quiet) flag when reading from a
2315 file. &merged;</para>
2317 <para role="historic">&man.ispppcontrol.8; has been deleted, and its functionality
2318 has been folded into &man.spppcontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
2320 <para role="historic">&man.k5su.8; is no longer installed SUID
2321 <username>root</username> by default. Users requiring this
2322 feature can either manually change the permissions on the
2323 &man.k5su.8; executable or add
2324 <literal>ENABLE_SUID_K5SU=yes</literal> to
2325 <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> before a source
2326 upgrade. &merged;</para>
2328 <para role="historic">&man.kenv.1;, a command to dump the kernel environment, has
2329 been added. &merged;</para>
2331 <para>&man.kenv.1; now has the ability to set or delete kernel
2332 environment variables.</para>
2334 <para role="historic">&man.keyinfo.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2335 script. &merged;</para>
2337 <para>The kget(8) utility has been removed (it was only
2338 useful for UserConfig, which is not present in &os;
2339 &release.current;).</para>
2341 <para role="historic">&man.killall.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2342 script. As a result, its <option>-m</option> option now uses
2343 the regular expression syntax of &man.regex.3;, rather than that
2344 of Perl. &merged;</para>
2346 <para>&man.killall.1; no longer tries to kill zombie processes
2347 unless the <option>-z</option> flag is specified.</para>
2349 <para role="historic">The &man.kldconfig.8; utility has been added to make it
2350 easier to manipulate the kernel module search
2351 path. &merged;</para>
2353 <para>ktrdump, a utility to dump the ktr trace buffer from
2354 userland, has been added.</para>
2356 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now implements a <option>-d</option> that
2357 provides a <quote>snapshot</quote> of who was logged in at a
2358 particular date and time. &merged;</para>
2360 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now supports a <option>-y</option> flag, which
2361 causes the year to be included in the session start time. &merged;</para>
2363 <para role="historic">The &man.lastlogin.8; utility, which prints the last login
2364 time of each user, has been imported from
2365 NetBSD. &merged;</para>
2367 <para role="historic">&man.ldconfig.8; now checks directory ownerships and
2368 permissions for greater security; these checks can be disabled
2369 with the <option>-i</option> flag. &merged;</para>
2371 <para role="historic">&man.ldd.1; can now be used on shared libraries, in addition
2372 to executables. &merged;</para>
2374 <para>&man.ldd.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag to list
2375 all the objects that are needed by each loaded object.</para>
2377 <para><filename>libc</filename> is now thread-safe by default;
2378 <filename>libc_r</filename> contains only thread
2381 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> and
2382 <filename>libdescrypt</filename> have been unified to provide a
2383 configurable password authentication hash library. Both the md5
2384 and des hash methods are provided unless the des hash is
2385 specifically compiled out. &merged;</para>
2387 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> now has support for Blowfish
2388 password hashing. &merged;</para>
2390 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>libdisk</filename> can now do
2391 install-time configuration of the <filename>boot0</filename>
2392 boot loader. &merged;</para>
2394 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2395 filesystems containing
2396 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed
2397 files. &merged;</para>
2399 <para><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2400 overwriting the contents of a file on a UFS filesystem (it
2401 cannot expand or truncate files because the filesystem may be
2402 dirty or inconsistent).</para>
2404 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for loading
2405 large kernels and modules split across several physical
2406 media. &merged;</para>
2408 <para role="historic">The default TCP port range used by
2409 <filename>libfetch</filename> for passive FTP retrievals has
2410 changed; this affects the behavior of &man.fetch.1;, which has
2411 gained the <option>-U</option> option to restore the old
2412 behavior. &merged;</para>
2414 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for an
2415 authentication callback. &merged;</para>
2417 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for a
2418 <envar>HTTP_USER_AGENT</envar> environment
2419 variable. &merged;</para>
2421 <para><filename>libgmp</filename> has been superceded by
2422 <filename>libmp</filename>.
2424 <para>The functions from <filename>libposix1e</filename> have been
2425 integrated into <filename>libc</filename>.</para>
2427 <para role="historic"><filename>libusb</filename> has been renamed as
2428 <filename>libusbhid</filename>, following NetBSD's naming
2429 conventions. &merged;</para>
2431 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes an <option>-i</option> option to
2432 request user confirmation before overwriting an existing
2433 file. &merged;</para>
2435 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> flag to avoid
2436 following a target that is a link, with a <option>-n</option>
2437 flag for compatibility with other
2438 implementations. &merged;</para>
2440 <para role="historic">&man.logger.1; can now send messages directly to a remote
2441 syslog. &merged;</para>
2443 <para role="historic">&man.login.1; now exports environment variables set by
2444 <application>PAM</application> modules. &merged;</para>
2446 <para role="historic">&man.lpc.8; has been improved; <command>lpc clean</command>
2447 is now somewhat safer, and a new <command>lpc tclean</command>
2448 command has been added to check to see what files would be
2449 removed by <command>lpc clean</command>. &merged;</para>
2451 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now takes two new options: <option>-c</option>
2452 will log all connection errors to &man.syslogd.8;, while
2453 <option>-W</option> will allow connections from non-reserved
2454 ports. &merged;</para>
2456 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now has some support for
2457 <literal>o</literal>-type print-file actions in its control
2458 files, which allows printing of PostScript files generated by
2459 <application>MacOS</application> 10.1. &merged;</para>
2461 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now recognizes the <option>-s</option> flag as
2462 the preferred synonym for <option>-p</option> (these flags
2463 cause &man.lpd.8; not to open a socket for network print
2464 jobs). &merged;</para>
2466 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now implements a new <literal>rc</literal>
2467 printcap option. When specified in a print queue for a remote
2468 host, boolean option causes &man.lpd.8; to resend the data file
2469 for each copy the user requested via <command>lpr
2470 -#<replaceable>n</replaceable></command>. &merged;</para>
2472 <para role="historic">Catching up with most other network utilities in the base
2473 system, &man.lpr.1;, &man.lpd.8;, &man.syslogd.8;, and
2474 &man.logger.1; are now all IPv6-capable. &merged;</para>
2476 <para role="historic"><command>lprm -</command> now works for remote printer
2477 queues. &merged;</para>
2479 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; can produce colorized listings with the
2480 <option>-G</option> flag (and appropriate terminal support).
2481 The <envar>CLICOLOR</envar> environment variable can be set to
2482 enable colorized listings by default. &merged;</para>
2484 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; now accepts a <option>-h</option> flag, which
2485 when combined with the <option>-l</option> flag, causes file
2486 sizes to be printed with unit suffixes, such that the number of
2487 digits printed is fewer than four. &merged;</para>
2489 <para>The &man.ls.1; program now supports a <option>-m</option>
2490 flag to list files across a page, a <option>-p</option> flag to
2491 force printing of a <literal>/</literal> after directories, and
2492 a <option>-x</option> flag to sort filenames across a
2495 <para role="historic">&man.m4.1; now accepts a <option>-s</option> flag to cause
2496 it to emit <literal>#line</literal> directives for use by
2497 &man.cpp.1;. &merged;</para>
2499 <para role="historic">&man.mail.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> flag to avoid
2500 sending messages with empty bodies. &merged;</para>
2502 <para role="historic">&man.make.1; has gained the <literal>:C///</literal>
2503 (regular expression substitution), <literal>:L</literal>
2504 (lowercase), and <literal>:U</literal> (uppercase) variable
2505 modifiers. These were added to reduce the differences between
2506 the &os; and OpenBSD/NetBSD &man.make.1; programs.
2509 <para role="historic">Bugs in &man.make.1;, among which include broken null suffix
2510 behavior, bad assumptions about current directory permissions,
2511 and potential buffer overflows, have been fixed. &merged;</para>
2513 <para role="historic">The new <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
2514 <filename>make.conf</filename> variable controls the compilation
2515 of processor-specific optimizations in various pieces of code
2516 such as <application>OpenSSL</application>. &merged;</para>
2518 <para role="historic">The &os; <filename>Makefile</filename> infrastructure now
2519 supports the <varname>WARNS</varname> directive from NetBSD.
2520 This directive controls the addition of compiler warning flags
2521 to <varname>CFLAGS</varname> in a relatively compiler-neutral
2522 manner. &merged;</para>
2524 <para>&man.makewhatis.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2527 <para>&man.man.1; is no longer installed SUID
2528 <username>man</username>, in order to reduce vulnerabilities
2529 associated with generating <quote>catpages</quote> (preformatted
2530 manual pages cached for repeated viewing). As a result,
2531 &man.man.1; can no longer create system catpages on a regular
2532 user's behalf. It is still able to do so if the user has write
2533 permissions to the directory holding catpages (e.g. a user's own
2534 manpages) or if the running user is
2535 <username>root</username>.</para>
2537 <para>The &man.mdmfs.8; command has been added; it is a wrapper
2538 around &man.mdconfig.8;, &man.disklabel.8;, &man.newfs.8;, and
2539 &man.mount.8; that mimics the command line option set of the
2540 deprecated &man.mount.mfs.8;.</para>
2542 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now sources an
2543 <filename>/etc/mergemaster.rc</filename> file and also prompts
2544 the user to run recommended commands (such as
2545 <command>newaliases</command>) as needed. &merged;</para>
2547 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now supports two new flags.
2548 The <option>-p</option> flag enables a
2549 <quote>pre-<literal>buildworld</literal></quote> mode to files
2550 known to be essential to the success of the
2551 <literal>buildworld</literal> and
2552 <literal>installworld</literal> system updating steps. The
2553 <option>-C</option> flag, used after a successful
2554 &man.mergemaster.8; run, compares options in
2555 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to the default options in
2556 <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2558 <para role="historic">mk_cmds(1) and the associated
2559 <filename>libss</filename> have been removed; they have been
2560 unused for quite some time. &merged;</para>
2562 <para role="historic">&man.moused.8; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2563 control mouse acceleration. &merged;</para>
2565 <para role="historic">&man.mtree.8; now includes support for a file that lists
2566 pathnames to be excluded when creating and verifying prototypes.
2567 This makes it easier to use &man.mtree.8; as a part of an
2568 intrusion-detection system. &merged;</para>
2570 <para>&man.mv.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option> to
2571 automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would ask to
2572 overwrite a file.</para>
2574 <para role="historic">&man.natd.8; now supports a
2575 <option>-log_ipfw_denied</option> option to log packets that
2576 cannot be re-injected because they are blocked by &man.ipfw.8;
2577 rules. &merged;</para>
2579 <para role="historic">The <quote>in use</quote> percentage metric displayed by
2580 &man.netstat.1; now really reflects the percentage of network
2581 mbufs used. &merged;</para>
2583 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-W</option> flag that
2584 tells it not to truncate addresses, even if they're too long for
2585 the column they're printed in. &merged;</para>
2587 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now keeps track of input and output packets
2588 on a per-address basis for each interface. &merged;</para>
2590 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-z</option> flag to reset
2591 statistics. &merged;</para>
2593 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-S</option> flag to print
2594 address numerically but port names symbolically. &merged;</para>
2596 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now implements write combining, which can make
2597 creation of new filesystems up to seven times
2598 faster. &merged;</para>
2600 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now takes a <option>-U</option> option to
2601 enable softupdates on a new filesystem. &merged;</para>
2603 <para role="historic">The default number of cylinders per group in &man.newfs.8;
2604 is now computed to be the maximum allowable given the current
2605 filesystem parameters. It can be overridden with the
2606 <option>-c</option> option. Formerly, the default was fixed at
2607 16. This change leads to better &man.fsck.8; performance and
2608 reduced fragmentation. &merged;</para>
2610 <para role="historic"><anchor id="newfs-block-frag-sizes">The default block and
2611 fragment sizes for new filesystems created by &man.newfs.8; are
2612 now 16384 and 2048 bytes, respectively (the old defaults were
2613 8192 and 1024 bytes). This change generally provides increased
2614 performance, at the expense of some wasted disk
2615 space. &merged;</para>
2617 <para>A number of archaic features of &man.newfs.8; have been
2618 removed; these implement tuning features that are essentially
2619 useless on modern hard disks. These features were controlled by
2620 the <option>-O</option>, <option>-d</option>,
2621 <option>-k</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>-n</option>,
2622 <option>-p</option>, <option>-r</option>, <option>-t</option>,
2623 and <option>-x</option> flags.</para>
2625 <para>&man.newfs.8; now supports a <option>-O</option> flag to
2626 select the creation of UFS1 or UFS2 filesystems.</para>
2628 <para>The &man.newgrp.1; utility to change to a new group has been
2631 <para role="historic">&man.newsyslog.8; now has the ability to compress log files
2632 using &man.bzip2.1;. &merged;</para>
2634 <para><application>NFS</application> now works over IPv6.</para>
2636 <para role="historic">&man.ngctl.8; now supports a <option>write</option> command
2637 to send a data packet down a given hook. &merged;</para>
2639 <para>&man.nice.1; now uses the <option>-n</option> option to
2640 specify the <quote>niceness</quote> of the utility being
2641 run. &merged;</para>
2643 <para role="historic">&man.nl.1;, a line numbering filter program, has been
2644 added. &merged;</para>
2646 <para><application>nsswitch</application> support has been merged
2647 from NetBSD. By creating an &man.nsswitch.conf.5; file, &os;
2648 can be configured so that various databases such as
2649 &man.passwd.5; and &man.group.5; can be looked up using flat
2650 files, NIS, or Hesiod. The old
2651 <filename>hosts.conf</filename> file is no longer used.</para>
2653 <para><application>PAM</application> support has been added for
2654 account management and sessions.</para>
2656 <para><application>PAM</application> configuration is now
2657 specified by files in <filename>/etc/pam.d/</filename>, rather
2658 than a single <filename>/etc/pam.conf</filename> file.
2659 <filename>/etc/pam.d/README</filename> has more details.</para>
2661 <para>A &man.pam.echo.8; echo service module has been added.</para>
2663 <para>A &man.pam.exec.8; program execution service module has been
2666 <para>A &man.pam.ftp.8; module has been added to allow
2667 authentication of anonymous FTP users.</para>
2669 <para>A &man.pam.ftpusers.8; module has been added to perform
2670 checks against the &man.ftpusers.5; file.</para>
2672 <para>A &man.pam.ksu.8; module has been added to do Kerberos 5
2673 authentication and <filename>$HOME/.k5login</filename>
2674 authorization for &man.su.1;.</para>
2676 <para>A &man.pam.lastlog.8; module has been added to record
2677 sessions in the &man.utmp.5;, &man.wtmp.5;, and &man.lastlog.5;
2680 <para>A &man.pam.login.access.8; module has been added, to allow
2681 checking against <filename>/etc/login.access</filename>.</para>
2683 <para>The &man.pam.nologin.8; module, which can disallow logins
2684 using &man.nologin.5;, has been added.</para>
2686 <para>The &man.pam.opie.8; and &man.pam.opieaccess.8; modules have
2687 been added to control authentication via &man.opie.4;.</para>
2689 <para>A &man.pam.passwdqc.8; module has been added, to check the
2690 quality of passwords submitted during password changes.</para>
2692 <para>A &man.pam.rhosts.8; module has been added to support
2693 &man.rhosts.5; authentication.</para>
2695 <para>The &man.pam.rootok.8; module, which can be used to
2696 authenticate only the superuser, has been added.</para>
2698 <para>A &man.pam.securetty.8; module has been added to check the
2699 <quote>security</quote> of a TTY, as listed in &man.ttys.5;.</para>
2701 <para>A &man.pam.self.8; module, which allows self-authentication
2702 of a user, has been added.</para>
2704 <para role="historic">A &man.pam.ssh.8; module has been added to allow the use of
2705 SSH passphrases and keypairs for authentication. This module
2706 also handles session management by invoking
2707 &man.ssh-agent.1;. &merged;</para>
2709 <para>A &man.pam.wheel.8; module has been added to permit
2710 authentication to members of a group, which defaults to
2711 <groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para>
2713 <para role="historic">&man.passwd.1; and &man.pw.8; now select the password hash
2714 algorithm at run time. See the <literal>passwd_format</literal>
2716 <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2718 <para role="historic">&man.patch.1; now accepts a <option>-i</option> command-line
2719 flag to read a patch from a file, rather than standard
2720 input. &merged;</para>
2722 <para>The &man.pathchk.1; utility, which checks pathnames for
2723 validity or portability between POSIX systems, has been
2726 <para role="historic">&man.pax.1; has received a number of enhancements, including
2727 &man.cpio.1; functionality, &man.tar.1; compatibility
2728 enhancements, <option>-z</option> and <option>-Z</option> flags
2729 for &man.gzip.1; and &man.compress.1; functionality, and a
2730 number of bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2732 <para role="historic">&man.pciconf.8; now supports a <option>-v</option> option to
2733 display the vendor/device information of configured devices, in
2734 conjunction with the <option>-l</option> option. The default
2735 vendor/device database can be found at
2736 <filename>/usr/share/misc/pci_vendors</filename>. &merged;</para>
2738 <para role="historic">The behavior of &man.periodic.8; is now controlled by
2739 <filename>/etc/defaults/periodic.conf</filename> and
2740 <filename>/etc/periodic.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2742 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option to
2743 set the TTL of outgoing packets. &merged;</para>
2745 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-A</option> option to
2746 beep when packets are lost. &merged;</para>
2748 <para role="historic">Userland &man.ppp.8; has received a number of updates and
2749 bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2751 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; has gained the <literal>tcpmssfixup</literal>
2752 option, which adjusts outgoing and incoming TCP SYN packets so
2753 that the maximum receive segment size is no larger than allowed
2754 by the interface MTU. &merged;</para>
2756 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; now supports IPv6. &merged;</para>
2758 <para role="historic">&man.pppd.8; (the control program for kernel-level PPP) is
2759 now installed mode <literal>4550</literal> and
2760 <username>root</username><literal>:</literal><groupname>dialer</groupname>,
2761 rather than mode <literal>4555</literal> (in other words, it is
2762 no longer world-executable). Users of &man.pppd.8; may need to
2763 change their group settings. &merged;</para>
2765 <para role="historic">&man.pr.1; now supports the <option>-f</option> and
2766 <option>-p</option> flags to pause output going to a
2767 terminal. &merged;</para>
2769 <para>prefix(8) is obsolete and has been removed. Its
2770 functionality is provided by the <option>eui64</option> command
2771 to &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>
2773 <para role="historic">The <option>-W</option> option to &man.ps.1; (to extract
2774 information from a specified swap device) has been useless for
2775 some time; it has been removed. &merged;</para>
2777 <para>The &man.pselect.3; library function (introduced by POSIX.1
2778 as a slightly stronger version of &man.select.2;) has been
2781 <para role="historic">&man.pwd.1; can now double as &man.realpath.1;, a program to
2782 resolve pathnames to their underlying physical
2783 paths. &merged;</para>
2785 <para>&man.pwd.1; now supports the <option>-L</option> flag to
2786 print the logical current working directory. &merged;</para>
2788 <para>The pseudo-random number generator implemented by
2789 &man.rand.3; has been improved to provide less biased
2792 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now has an framework for handling dependencies
2793 between &man.rc.conf.5; variables. &merged;</para>
2795 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now deletes all non-directory files in
2796 <filename>/var/run</filename> and
2797 <filename>/var/spool/lock</filename> at boot
2798 time. &merged;</para>
2800 <para>&man.rcmd.3; now supports the use of the
2801 <envar>RSH</envar> environment variable to specify a program to
2802 use other than &man.rsh.1; for remote execution. As a result,
2803 programs such as &man.dump.8;, can use &man.ssh.1; for remote
2806 <para>&man.rdist.1; has been retired from the base system, but is
2807 still available from &os; Ports Collection as
2808 <filename role="package">net/44bsd-rdist</filename>.</para>
2810 <para role="historic">&man.reboot.8; now takes a <option>-k</option> to specify
2811 the next kernel to boot. &merged;</para>
2813 <para>The &man.renice.8; command implements a <option>-n</option>
2814 option, which specifies an increment to be applied to the
2815 priority of a process. &merged;</para>
2817 <para role="historic">The &man.resolver.3; in &os; now implements EDNS0 support,
2818 which will be necessary when working with IPv6 transport-ready
2819 resolvers/DNS servers. &merged;</para>
2821 <para role="historic">The &man.rfork.thread.3; library call has been added as a
2822 helper function to &man.rfork.2;. Using this function should
2823 avoid the need to implement complex stack swap
2824 code. &merged;</para>
2826 <para>The <option>-v</option> option to &man.rm.1; now displays
2827 the entire pathname of a file being removed.</para>
2829 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; is now more verbose when changing indirect
2830 routes, in the case of a gateway route that is the same route as
2831 the one being modified. &merged;</para>
2833 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; now uses
2834 <literal><replaceable>host</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
2836 <literal><replaceable>net</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
2837 syntax, for compatibility with &man.netstat.1;. &merged;</para>
2839 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; can now create <quote>proxy only</quote>
2840 published ARP entries. &merged;</para>
2842 <para role="historic">The &man.route.8; <option>add</option> command now supports
2843 the <option>-ifp</option> and <option>-ifa</option>
2844 modifiers. &merged;</para>
2846 <para>&man.rpcbind.8; has replaced &man.portmap.8;.</para>
2848 <para>&man.rpcgen.1; now uses <filename>/usr/bin/cpp</filename>
2850 <filename>/usr/libexec/cpp</filename>.</para>
2852 <para>&man.rpc.lockd.8; has been imported from NetBSD. This
2853 daemon provides support for servicing client NFS locks.</para>
2855 <para role="historic">The performance of the ELF dynamic linker &man.rtld.1; has
2856 been improved. &merged;</para>
2858 <para role="historic">RSA Security has waived all patent rights to the
2859 <application>RSA</application> algorithm. As a result, the
2860 native <application>OpenSSL</application> implementation of the
2861 RSA algorithm is now activated by default, and the <filename
2862 role="package">security/rsaref</filename> port and the
2863 <filename>librsaUSA</filename> and
2864 <filename>librsaINTL</filename> libraries are no longer required
2865 for USA and non-USA residents respectively. &merged;</para>
2867 <para>&man.rtld.1; will now print the names of all objects that
2868 cause each object to be loaded, if the
2869 <varname>LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_ALL</varname> environment
2870 variable is defined.</para>
2872 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now supports a <option>-k</option> option
2873 to prevent clearing a crash dump after saving it. It also
2874 attempts to avoid writing large stretches of zeros to crash dump
2875 files to save space and time. &merged;</para>
2877 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now works correctly on machines with 2 GB
2878 or more of RAM. &merged;</para>
2880 <para role="historic">&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> option for
2881 extended regular expression support. &merged;</para>
2883 <para>&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-i</option> option to enable
2884 in-place editing of files. &merged;</para>
2886 <para role="historic">&man.send-pr.1; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2887 include a file into the <literal>Fix:</literal> section of a
2888 problem report. &merged;</para>
2890 <para>The &man.setfacl.1; and &man.getfacl.1; commands have been
2891 added to manage filesystem Access Control Lists.</para>
2893 <para role="historic">&man.setproctitle.3; has been moved from
2894 <filename>libutil</filename> to
2895 <filename>libc</filename>. &merged;</para>
2897 <para role="historic">&man.sh.1; now implements <command>test</command> as a
2898 built-in command for improved efficiency. &merged;</para>
2900 <para>&man.sh.1; no longer implements <command>printf</command> as
2901 a built-in command because it was considered less valuable
2902 compared to the other built-in commands (this functionality is,
2903 of course, still available through the &man.printf.1;
2906 <para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option to
2907 prevent existing regular files from being overwritten by output
2908 redirection, and a <option>-u</option> to give an error if an
2909 unset variable is expanded.</para>
2911 <para role="historic">&man.sockstat.1; now has <option>-c</option> and
2912 <option>-l</option> flags for listing connected and listening
2913 sockets, respectively. &merged;</para>
2915 <para>&man.spkrtest.8; is now a &man.sh.1; script, rather than a
2918 <para role="historic">&man.split.1; now has the ability to split a file longer
2919 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
2921 <para>&man.split.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> option to
2922 specify the number of letters to use for the suffix of split
2925 <para>In preparation for meeting SUSv2/POSIX
2926 <filename><sys/select.h></filename> requirements,
2927 <literal>struct selinfo</literal> and related functions have been
2928 moved to <filename><sys/selinfo.h></filename>.</para>
2930 <para role="historic">The &man.strnstr.3; and &man.strcasestr.3; variants of
2931 &man.strstr.3; have been implemented. &merged;</para>
2933 <para role="historic">&man.stty.1; now has support for an
2934 <literal>erase2</literal> control character, so that, for
2935 example, both the <keycap>Delete</keycap> and
2936 <keycap>Backspace</keycap> keys can be used to erase
2937 characters. &merged;</para>
2939 <para>&man.su.1; now uses <application>PAM</application> for
2940 authentication.</para>
2942 <para role="historic">Boot-time &man.syscons.4; configuration was moved to a
2944 <filename>/etc/rc.syscons</filename>. &merged;</para>
2946 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-N</option> option to
2947 print out variable names only. &merged;</para>
2949 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; has replaced the <option>-A</option> and
2950 <option>-X</option> options with <option>-ao</option> and
2951 <option>-ax</option> respectively; the former options are now
2952 deprecated. The <option>-w</option> option is deprecated as
2953 well; it is not needed to determine the user's
2954 intentions. &merged;</para>
2956 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-e</option> option to
2957 separate variable names and values by <literal>=</literal>
2958 rather than <literal>:</literal>. This feature is useful for
2959 producing output that can be fed back to
2960 &man.sysctl.8;. &merged;</para>
2962 <para>&man.sysctl.8; now accepts a <option>-d</option> flag to print
2963 the descriptions of variables.</para>
2965 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now properly preserves
2966 <filename>/etc/mail</filename> during a binary
2967 upgrade. &merged;</para>
2969 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now uses some more intuitive defaults
2970 thanks to some new dialog support functions. &merged;</para>
2972 <para>The default root partition in &man.sysinstall.8; is now
2973 100MB on the i386 and pc98, 120MB on the Alpha.</para>
2975 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; now lives in
2976 <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>, which simplifies the
2977 installation process. The &man.sysinstall.8; manpage is also
2978 installed in a more consistent fashion now.</para>
2980 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has the ability to load KLDs as a
2981 part of the installation. &merged;</para>
2983 <para role="historic">When run from the installation media, &man.sysinstall.8;
2984 will automatically load any device drivers found in the
2985 <filename>/stand/modules</filename> directory of the
2986 <literal>mfsroot</literal> floppy or filesystem image. Note
2987 that any drivers so loaded will not appear in the kernel's boot
2988 messages; the &man.sysinstall.8; debugging screen will provide
2989 additional information. &merged;</para>
2991 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now enables Soft Updates by default on
2992 all filesystems it creates, except for the root
2993 filesystem. &merged;</para>
2995 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; has received updates for its
2996 <quote>auto</quote> partitioning mode which provide more
2997 reasonable defaults for the sizes of partitions that are
2998 created; auto-sized partitions can now also recover the space
2999 that becomes available when other partitions are
3000 deleted. &merged;</para>
3002 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; no longer mounts the &man.procfs.5;
3003 filesystem by default on new installs.</para>
3005 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has rudimentary support for
3006 retrieving packages from the correct volume of a multiple-volume
3007 installation (such as a multi-CD distribution). &merged;</para>
3009 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; can take a <option>-n</option> option to
3010 disable DNS queries for every request. &merged;</para>
3012 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now supports a
3013 <literal>LOG_CONSOLE</literal> facility (disabled by default),
3014 which can be used to log <filename>/dev/console</filename>
3015 output. &merged;</para>
3017 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now has the ability to bind to a specific
3018 address (as opposed to using every available one) via the
3019 <option>-b</option> option. &merged;</para>
3021 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now accepts a <option>-c</option> flag to
3022 disable repeated line compression. &merged;</para>
3024 <para>&man.tabs.1;, a utility to set terminal tab stops, has been
3027 <para role="historic">&man.tail.1; now has the ability to work on files longer
3028 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
3030 <para role="historic">&man.tar.1; now supports the <varname>TAR_RSH</varname>
3031 variable, principally to enable the use of &man.ssh.1; as a
3032 transport. &merged;</para>
3034 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does autologin and encryption by default;
3035 a new <option>-y</option> option turns off encryption. &merged;</para>
3037 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now supports a <option>-u</option> flag to
3038 allow connections to UNIX-domain (<literal>AF_UNIX</literal>)
3039 sockets. &merged;</para>
3041 <para role="historic">&man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; now support IPv6. &merged;</para>
3043 <para role="historic">&man.tftpd.8; now takes the <option>-c</option> and
3044 <option>-C</option> options, which allow the server to
3045 &man.chroot.2; based on the IP address of the connecting client.
3046 &man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; can now transfer files larger
3047 than 65535 blocks. &merged;</para>
3049 <para>&man.tftpd.8; now supports RFC 2349 (TFTP Timeout Interval
3050 and Transfer Size Options); this feature is required by some
3051 firmware like EFI boot managers (at least on HP i2000 Itanium
3052 servers) in order to boot an image using
3053 <application>TFTP</application>.</para>
3055 <para arch="alpha">&man.timed.8; now works on the alpha.</para>
3057 <para>A version of Transport Independent RPC
3058 (<application>TI-RPC</application>) has been imported.</para>
3060 <para role="historic">&man.tmpnam.3; will now use the <envar>TMPDIR</envar>
3061 environment variable, if set, to specify the location of
3062 temporary files. &merged;</para>
3064 <para>&man.tip.1; has been updated from
3065 <application>OpenBSD</application>, and has the ability to act
3066 as a &man.cu.1; substitute.</para>
3068 <para>&man.top.1; will now use the full width of its tty.</para>
3070 <para>&man.touch.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> option to
3071 operate on a symbolic link, rather than what the link points
3074 <para role="historic">The &man.truncate.1; utility, which truncates or extends the
3075 length of files, has been added. &merged;</para>
3077 <para role="historic">Ukrainian language support has been added to the &os;
3078 console. &merged;</para>
3080 <para><application>UUCP</application> has been removed from the
3081 base system. It can be found in the Ports Collection, in
3082 <filename role="package">net/freebsd-uucp</filename>.</para>
3084 <para>&man.unexpand.1; now supports a <option>-t</option> to
3085 specify tabstabs analogous to &man.expand.1;. &merged;</para>
3087 <para role="historic">&man.units.1; has received some updates and
3088 bugfixes. &merged;</para>
3090 <para>&man.usbdevs.8; now supports a <option>-d</option> flag to
3091 show the device driver associated with each device.</para>
3093 <para role="historic">The &man.usbhidctl.1; utility has been added to manipulate
3094 USB Human Interface Devices. &merged;</para>
3096 <para role="historic">&man.uuencode.1; and &man.uudecode.1; now accept a <option>-o</option> option to
3097 set their output files. &man.uuencode.1; can now be made to do base64 encoding
3098 when given the <option>-m</option> flag, while &man.uudecode.1;
3099 can now automatically decode base64 files. &merged;</para>
3101 <para>The base64 capabilities of &man.uuencode.1; and
3102 &man.uudecode.1; can now be automatically enabled by invoking
3103 these utilities as &man.b64encode.1; and &man.b64decode.1;
3104 respectively.</para>
3106 <para>The &man.uuidgen.1; utility has been added. It uses the new
3107 &man.uuidgen.2; system call to generate one or more Universally
3108 Unique Identifiers compatible with OSF/DCE 1.1 version 1
3111 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-g</option>
3112 parameter to select custom text geometry in the
3113 <literal>VESA_800x600</literal> raster text mode. &merged;</para>
3115 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now allows the user to omit the font size
3116 specification when loading a font, and has some better
3117 error-handling. &merged;</para>
3119 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-p</option> option
3120 to take a snapshot of a &man.syscons.4; video buffer. These
3121 snapshots can be manipulated by the
3122 <filename role="package">graphics/scr2png</filename> utility in
3123 the Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
3125 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option
3126 to clear the history buffer for a given tty, as well as a
3127 <option>-h</option> option to set the size of the history
3128 buffer. &merged;</para>
3130 <para>The default stripe size in &man.vinum.8; has been changed
3131 from 256KB to 279KB, to spread out superblocks more evenly
3132 between stripes.</para>
3134 <para role="historic">&man.wall.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
3135 write a message to all users of a given group. &merged;</para>
3137 <para role="historic">&man.watch.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
3138 specify a &man.snp.4; device to use. &merged;</para>
3140 <para>&man.wc.1; now supports a <option>-m</option> flag to
3141 count characters, rather than bytes.</para>
3143 <para>&man.which.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
3146 <para>&man.who.1; now has a number of new options:
3147 <option>-H</option> shows column headings; <option>-T</option>
3148 shows &man.mesg.1; state; <option>-m</option> is an equivalent
3149 to <option>am i</option>; <option>-u</option> shows idle time;
3150 <option>-q</option> to list names in columns.</para>
3152 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; now directs queries for IP addresses to ARIN.
3153 If a query to ARIN references APNIC or RIPE, the appropriate
3154 server will also be queried, provided that the
3155 <option>-Q</option> option is not specified. &merged;</para>
3157 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; supports a <option>-c</option> option to
3158 specify a country code to help direct queries towards a
3159 particular whois server. &merged;</para>
3161 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-I</option>
3162 <replaceable>replstr</replaceable> option that allows the user
3163 to tell &man.xargs.1; to insert the data read from standard
3164 input at specific points in the command line arguments rather
3165 than at the end. (A &os;-specific <option>-J</option> option is
3166 similar, but is now deprecated in favor of the more portable
3167 <option>-I</option> option.) &merged;</para>
3169 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-L</option> option to
3170 force its utility argument to be called after some number of
3171 lines. &merged;</para>
3173 <para role="historic">The compiler chain now uses the FSF-supplied C/C++ runtime
3174 initialization code. This change brings about better
3175 compatibility with code generated from the various egcs and gcc
3176 ports, as well as the stock public FSF source. &merged;</para>
3178 <para role="historic">The threads library has gained some signal handling changes,
3179 bug fixes, and performance enhancements (including zero system
3180 call thread switching). &man.gdb.1; thread support has been
3181 updated to match these changes. &merged;</para>
3183 <para role="historic">Significant additions have been made to internationalization
3184 support; &os; now has complete locale support for the
3185 <literal>LC_MONETARY</literal>, <literal>LC_NUMERIC</literal>,
3186 and <literal>LC_MESSAGES</literal> categories. A number of
3187 applications have been updated to take advantage of this
3188 support. &merged;</para>
3190 <para role="historic">Locale names have been changed to improve compatibility with
3191 the names used by X11R6, as well as a number of other UNIX
3192 versions. As an example, the
3193 <literal>en_US.ISO_8859-1</literal> locale name has been changed
3195 <literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal>. Entries in
3196 <filename>/etc/locale.alias</filename> provide backward
3197 compatibility. &merged;</para>
3199 <para role="historic"><filename>/usr/src/share/examples/BSD_daemon/</filename> now
3200 contains a scalable Beastie graphic. &merged;</para>
3202 <para role="historic">As part of an ongoing process, many manual pages were
3203 improved, both in terms of their formatting markup and in their
3204 content. &merged;</para>
3206 <para>A number of utilities and libraries were enhanced to improve
3207 their conformance with the Single UNIX Specification (SUSv3) and
3208 IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (<quote>POSIX.1</quote>). Specific
3209 features added have been listed in the release notes for each
3210 utility. The standards conformance of each utility or library
3211 function is generally listed in its manual page.</para>
3214 <title>Contributed Software</title>
3216 <para><application>am-utils</application> has been updated to
3219 <para>A 10 February 2002 snapshot of <application>awk</application> from Bell Labs (variously
3220 known as <quote>BWK awk</quote> or <quote>The One True
3221 AWK</quote>) has been imported. It is available as
3222 <command>awk</command> or
3223 <command>nawk</command>.</para>
3225 <para role="historic"><application>bc</application> has been updated from 1.04 to
3226 1.06. &merged;</para>
3228 <para role="historic">The ISC library from the <application>BIND</application>
3229 distribution is now built as
3230 <filename>libisc</filename>. &merged;</para>
3232 <para role="historic"><application>BIND</application> is now built with the
3233 <literal>NOADDITIONAL</literal> flag, which causes
3234 &man.named.8; to operate in a more consistent fashion for
3235 certain common misconfigurations. &merged;</para>
3237 <para><application>BIND</application> has been updated to
3240 <para><application>Binutils</application> has been updated to
3243 <para role="historic"><application>bzip2</application> 1.0.2 has been imported;
3244 this brings the &man.bzip2.1; program and the
3245 <filename>libbz2</filename> library to the base
3246 system. &merged;</para>
3248 <para role="historic">The &man.ee.1; <application>Easy Editor</application> has
3249 been updated to 1.4.2. &merged;</para>
3251 <para><application>file</application> has been updated to
3254 <para><application>gcc</application> has been updated to
3255 a snapshot of <application>gcc</application> 3.1.
3257 <para>The integration of <application>gcc</application> is
3258 very new. Some applications and programs in the base
3259 system require fixes or compiler flags to build
3260 correctly. Work to address these problems is ongoing.</para>
3264 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now uses a unified <filename>libgcc</filename>
3265 rather than a separate one for threaded and non-threaded
3266 programs. <filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_r.a</filename> can be
3267 removed. &merged;</para>
3269 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now supports the environment variable
3270 <envar>GCC_OPTIONS</envar>, which can hold a set of default
3271 options for <application>GCC</application>. &merged;</para>
3273 <para role="historic"><application>GNATS</application> has been updated to
3274 3.113. &merged;</para>
3276 <para><application>gperf</application> has been updated to
3279 <para role="historic"><application>groff</application> and its related utilities
3280 have been updated to FSF version 1.17.2. This import brings
3281 in a new &man.mdoc.7; macro package (sometimes referred to as
3282 <literal>mdocNG</literal>), which removes many of the
3283 limitations of its predecessor. &merged;</para>
3285 <para role="historic"><application>Heimdal Kerberos</application> has been updated to
3286 0.4e. &merged;</para>
3288 <para role="historic">The version of <application>IPFilter</application>
3289 provided with &os; now includes the &man.ipfs.8; program,
3290 which allows state information created for NAT entries and
3291 stateful rules to be saved to disk and restored after a
3292 reboot. Boot-time configuration of these features is
3293 supported by &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
3295 <para role="historic">The <application>ISC DHCP</application> client has been
3296 updated to 3.0.1RC8. &merged;</para>
3298 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos IV</application> has been updated to
3299 1.0.5. &merged;</para>
3301 <para>The &man.more.1; command has been replaced by
3302 &man.less.1;, although it can still be run as
3303 <command>more</command>. &merged; Version 371 of
3304 <application>less</application> has been imported.</para>
3306 <para><application>libpcap</application> has been updated to
3309 <para><application>libreadline</application> has been updated to
3312 <para><application>libz</application> has been updated to
3315 <para><application>lint</application> has been updated to
3316 snapshot of NetBSD &man.lint.1; as of 3 March 2002.</para>
3318 <para><application>lukemftp</application> 1.6 beta 2 (the FTP client from
3319 NetBSD) has replaced the &os; &man.ftp.1; program. Among its
3320 new features are more automation methods, better standards
3321 compliance, transfer rate throttling, and a customizable
3322 command-line prompt. Some environment variables and
3323 command-line arguments have changed.</para>
3325 <para>The FTP daemon from NetBSD, otherwise known as
3326 <application>lukemftpd</application> 1.2 beta 1, has been imported and is
3327 available as &man.lukemftpd.8;. &merged;</para>
3329 <para>&man.m4.1; has been imported from OpenBSD, as of 26 April
3332 <para><application>ncurses</application> has been updated to
3333 5.2-20020615.</para>
3335 <para role="historic">The <application>NTP</application> suite of programs has
3336 been updated to 4.1.0. &merged;</para>
3338 <para><application>OpenPAM</application>
3339 (<quote>Citronella</quote> release) has been imported,
3341 <application>Linux-PAM</application>.</para>
3343 <para>The <application>OPIE</application> one-time-password
3344 suite has been updated to 2.4. It has completely
3345 replaced the functionality of
3346 <application>S/Key</application>.</para>
3348 <para><application>Perl</application> has been removed from the
3349 &os; base system. It can still be installed from the &os;
3350 Ports Collection or as a binary package; moving it out of the
3351 base system will make future upgrades and maintenence easier.
3352 To reduce the dependence of the base system on
3353 Perl, many utilities have been
3354 rewritten as shell scripts or C programs (specific notes are
3355 made for each affected utility).
3356 <filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename> is now a
3357 <quote>wrapper</quote> program, so that programs expecting to
3358 find a Perl interpreter there will
3359 be able to function correctly.
3362 <para>The Perl removal and
3363 package integration work is ongoing.</para>
3368 <para><application>GNU ptx</application> has been removed from
3369 the base system. It is not used anywhere in the base system,
3370 and has not been recently updated or maintained. Users
3371 requiring its functionality can install this utility as a part
3372 of the <filename role="package">textproc/textutils</filename>
3375 <para>The <literal>rc.d</literal> framework from NetBSD has been
3376 imported. It breaks down the system startup functionality
3377 into a number of small, <quote>task-oriented</quote> scripts
3378 in <filename>/etc/rc.d</filename>, with dynamic-determined
3379 ordering of startup scripts performed at boot-time.
3382 <para>This feature is currently disabled by default. It can
3383 be enabled by setting <literal>rc_ng="YES"</literal> in
3384 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>
3389 <para role="historic">&man.routed.8; has been updated to version
3390 2.22. &merged;</para>
3392 <para arch="i386,pc98">Version 1.4.4 of the
3393 <application>smbfs</application> userland utilities have been
3396 <para><application>GNU sort</application> has been updated to
3397 the version from <application>GNU textutils
3398 2.0.21</application>.</para>
3400 <para>&man.stat.1; from <application>NetBSD</application>, as of
3401 5 June 2002 has, been imported.</para>
3403 <para><application>GNU tar</application> has been updated to
3406 <para><application>tcpdump</application> has been updated to
3409 <para role="historic">The &man.csh.1; shell has been replaced by &man.tcsh.1;,
3410 although it can still be run as <command>csh</command>.
3411 <application>tcsh</application> has been updated to version
3412 6.11. &merged;</para>
3414 <para>The contributed version of
3415 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now includes the
3416 &man.tcpd.8; helper daemon. While not strictly necessary in a
3417 standard &os; installation (because &man.inetd.8; already
3418 incorporates this functionality), this may be useful for
3419 &man.inetd.8; replacements such as
3420 <application>xinetd</application>.</para>
3422 <para role="historic"><application>texinfo</application> has been updated to
3423 4.1. &merged;</para>
3425 <para><application>top</application> has been updated to version
3428 <para role="historic">&man.traceroute.8; now takes its default maximum TTL value
3429 from the <varname>net.inet.ip.ttl</varname> sysctl
3430 variable. &merged;</para>
3432 <para role="historic">The timezone database has been updated to the
3433 <filename>tzdata2002c</filename> release. &merged;</para>
3435 <para>&man.whereis.1; has been imported from NetBSD as of 1 July
3436 2002. This version, written in C, replaces the former Perl
3437 implementation.</para>
3442 <para role="historic"><application>cvs</application> has been updated to
3443 1.11.1p1. &merged;</para>
3445 <para role="historic">The default value for &man.cvs.1;'s
3446 <envar>CVS_RSH</envar> variable is now
3447 <literal>ssh</literal>, rather than
3448 <literal>rsh</literal>. &merged;</para>
3450 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; now supports a <option>-T</option> option to
3451 update a sandbox's <filename>CVS/Template</filename> file
3452 from the repository. &merged;</para>
3454 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; <literal>diff</literal> now supports the
3455 <option>-j</option> option to perform differences against a
3456 revision relative to a branch tag. &merged;</para>
3460 <title>CVSup</title>
3462 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application>, a frequently used
3463 utility in the &os; Ports Collection, was formerly
3464 installable using several ports and packages. The
3465 <filename role="package">net/cvsup-bin</filename> and
3466 <filename role="package">net/cvsupd-bin</filename>
3467 ports/packages are no longer necessary or available; the
3468 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename> port should be
3469 used instead. &merged;</para>
3471 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application> has been updated to
3472 16.1_3, which is available in the &os; Ports Collection as
3473 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename>. This update
3474 fixes a long-standing (but only recently encountered) bug
3475 which affects the timestamps on all files after Sun Sep 9
3476 01:46:40 UTC 2001 (1,000,000,000 seconds after the UNIX
3477 epoch). &merged;</para>
3480 <sect4 id="kame-userland">
3483 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
3484 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
3485 the items listed in this section are a result of this
3487 <xref linkend="kame-kernel"> lists kernel updates to the
3488 KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
3490 <para role="historic">&man.faithd.8; now supports a configuration file for
3491 access control. &merged;</para>
3493 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3494 gifconfig(8). &merged;</para>
3496 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3497 prefix(8). &merged;</para>
3499 <para role="historic">&man.ndp.8; now implements garbage collection for stale
3500 NDP entries, as described in RFC 2461 (Neighbor Discovery
3501 for IP Version 6 (IPv6)). &merged;</para>
3503 <para role="historic">pim6dd(8) and pim6sd(8) have been removed due
3504 to restrictive licensing conditions. These programs are
3505 available in the ports collection as
3506 <filename role="package">net/pim6dd</filename> and
3507 <filename role="package">net/pim6sd</filename>. &merged;</para>
3509 <para role="historic">&man.route6d.8; now supports an <option>-n</option> flag
3510 to avoid updating the kernel forwarding
3511 table. &merged;</para>
3513 <para role="historic">The <option>-R</option> (router renumbering) option to
3514 &man.rtadvd.8; is currently ignored. &merged;</para>
3518 <title>OpenSSH</title>
3520 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3521 2.9, which provides support for the SSH2 protocol (now the
3522 default) and DSA keys. &man.ssh-add.1; and
3523 &man.ssh-agent.1; can now handle DSA keys, with support for
3524 authentication forwarding.
3525 <application>OpenSSH</application> users in the USA no
3526 longer need to rely on the restrictively-licensed RSAREF
3527 toolkit which is required to handle RSA keys. Among other
3528 new features: A client and server for &man.sftp.1; has been added.
3529 &man.scp.1; can now handle files larger than 2 GBytes. A
3530 limit on the number of outstanding, unauthenticated
3531 connections in &man.sshd.8; has been added. Support has
3532 been added for the Rijndael encryption algorithm. Rekeying
3533 of existing sessions is now supported, and an experimental
3534 <application>SOCKS4</application> proxy has been added to
3535 &man.ssh.1;. &merged;</para>
3537 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3538 version 3.1. Among the changes:
3541 <para>The <filename>*2</filename> files are obsolete
3543 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts</filename> can hold the
3545 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts2</filename>).</para>
3548 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; can import and export keys using
3549 the SECSH Public Key File Format, for key exchange
3550 with several commercial SSH implementations.</para>
3553 <para>&man.ssh-add.1; now adds all three default keys.</para>
3556 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; no longer defaults to a
3557 specific key type; one must be specified with the
3558 <option>-t</option> option.</para>
3563 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3564 3.4p1. The main changes are:
3567 <para>A <quote>privilege separation</quote> feature,
3568 which uses unprivileged processes to contain and
3569 restrict the effects of future compromises or
3570 programming errors.</para>
3574 <para>Several bugfixes, including closure of a
3575 security hole that could lead to an integer overflow
3576 and undesired privilege escalation.</para>
3581 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> can now authenticate
3582 using <application>OPIE</application> passwords.</para>
3584 <para><application>PAM</application> support for
3585 <application>OpenSSH</application> has been added.</para>
3587 <para>A long-standing bug in
3588 <application>OpenSSH</application>, which sometimes resulted
3589 in a dropped session when an X11-forwarded client was
3590 closed, was fixed.</para>
3592 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos</application> compatibility has
3594 <application>OpenSSH</application>. &merged;</para>
3596 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been modified to
3597 be more resistant to traffic analysis by requiring that
3598 <quote>non-echoed</quote> characters are still echoed back
3599 in a null packet, as well as by padding passwords sent so as
3600 not to hint at password lengths. &merged;</para>
3602 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; is now enabled by default on new
3603 installs. &merged;</para>
3605 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> is now
3606 turned on by default on the server (any risk is to the
3607 client, where it is already disabled by
3608 default). &merged;</para>
3610 <para role="historic">In <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>, the
3611 <literal>ConnectionsPerPeriod</literal> parameter has been
3612 deprecated in favor of
3613 <literal>MaxStartups</literal>. &merged;</para>
3615 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now has a
3616 <literal>VersionAddendum</literal> configuration setting for
3617 &man.sshd.8; to allow changing the part of the
3618 <application>OpenSSH</application> version string after the
3619 main version number. &merged;</para>
3623 <title>OpenSSL</title>
3625 <para><application>OpenSSL</application> has been updated to
3628 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSL</application> now has support for
3629 machine-dependent ASM optimizations, activated by the new
3630 <varname>MACHINE_CPU</varname> and/or
3631 <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
3632 <filename>make.conf</filename> variables. &merged;</para>
3636 <title>sendmail</title>
3638 <para><application>sendmail</application> has been updated
3639 from version 8.9.3 to version 8.12.5. Important changes
3640 include: &man.sendmail.8; is no longer installed as a
3641 set-user-ID <username>root</username> binary (now set-group-ID <groupname>smmsp</groupname>); new
3642 default file locations (see
3643 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/cf/README</filename>);
3644 &man.newaliases.1; is limited to <username>root</username>
3645 and trusted users; STARTTLS encryption; and the MSA port
3646 (587) is turned on by default. See
3647 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/RELEASE_NOTES</filename>
3648 for more information. &merged;</para>
3650 <para role="historic">&man.mail.local.8; is no longer installed as a
3651 set-user-ID binary. If you are using a
3652 <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> from the default
3653 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> included with &os; any time
3654 after 3.1.0, you are fine. If you are using a
3655 hand-configured <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> and
3656 <command>mail.local</command> for delivery, check to make sure the
3657 <literal>F=S</literal> flag is set on the
3658 <literal>Mlocal</literal> line. Those with
3659 <filename>.mc</filename> files who need to add the flag can
3660 do so by adding the following line to their
3661 <filename>.mc</filename> file and regenerating the
3662 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> file:</para>
3664 <programlisting role="historic">MODIFY_MAILER_FLAGS(`LOCAL',`+S')dnl</programlisting>
3666 <para role="historic">Note that <literal>FEATURE(`local_lmtp')</literal> already
3667 does this. &merged;</para>
3669 <para role="historic">The default <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename>
3670 disables the SMTP <literal>EXPN</literal> and
3671 <literal>VRFY</literal> commands. &merged;</para>
3673 <para role="historic">&man.vacation.1; has been updated to use the version
3674 included with <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3676 <para role="historic">The <application>sendmail</application> configuration
3677 building tools are installed in
3678 <filename>/usr/share/sendmail/cf/</filename>. &merged;</para>
3680 <para role="historic">New <filename>make.conf</filename> options:
3681 <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname> and
3682 <varname>SENDMAIL_ADDITIONAL_MC</varname>. See
3683 <filename>/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf</filename> for more
3684 information. &merged;</para>
3686 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now supports:
3687 the new <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname>
3688 <filename>make.conf</filename> option; the ability to build
3689 <filename>.cf</filename> files from
3690 <filename>.mc</filename> files; generalized map rebuilding;
3691 rebuilding the aliases file; and the ability to stop, start,
3693 <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3695 <para role="historic">The <username>smmsp</username> and
3696 <username>mailnull</username> users have been added to
3697 <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>. In the absence of a
3698 <literal>confDEF_USER_ID</literal> setting, by default,
3699 <application>sendmail</application> will use the
3700 <username>mailnull</username> user for extra security.
3701 Previously, if the <username>mailnull</username> user did
3702 not exist, the <username>daemon</username> user was used.
3703 This change may generate some permissions issues when
3704 mailing to files or to programs (such as <filename
3705 role="package">mail/majordomo</filename>). &merged; The
3706 previous behavior can be restored by adding the following
3708 <filename><replaceable>*</replaceable>.mc</filename>
3711 <programlisting>define(`confDEF_USER_ID', `daemon')</programlisting>
3714 <para role="historic">Beginning with the import of
3715 <application>sendmail</application> 8.12.2, multiple
3716 <application>sendmail</application> daemons (some required
3717 to handle outgoing mail) are started by &man.rc.8;, even if
3718 the <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> variable is set to
3719 <literal>NO</literal>. To completely disable
3720 <application>sendmail</application>,
3721 <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> must be set to
3722 <literal>NONE</literal>. Alternatively, for systems using a
3723 different MTA, the <varname>mta_start_script</varname> variable can
3724 be used to point to a different startup script (more details
3725 can be found in &man.rc.sendmail.8;). &merged;</para>
3727 <para>By default, &man.rc.8; no longer enables
3728 <application>sendmail</application> for inbound SMTP
3729 connections. Note that &man.sysinstall.8; may override this
3730 default for a binary installation, based on what security
3731 profile is selected. This functionality can also be
3732 manually enabled by adding the following line to
3733 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
3735 <programlisting>sendmail_enable="YES"</programlisting>
3737 <para>The permissions for <application>sendmail</application>
3738 alias and map databases built via
3739 <filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now default to mode
3740 0640 to protect against a file locking local denial of service.
3741 It can be changed by setting the new
3742 <varname>SENDMAIL_MAP_PERMS</varname>
3743 <filename>make.conf</filename> option. &merged;</para>
3745 <para>The permissions for the <application>sendmail</application>
3746 statistics file, <filename>/var/log/sendmail.st</filename>, have
3747 been changed from mode 0644 to mode 0640 to protect against
3748 a file locking local denial of service. &merged;</para>
3754 <title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>
3756 <para><application>BSDPAN</application>, a collection of modules
3757 that provides tighter integration of
3758 <application>Perl</application> into the &os; Ports
3759 Collection, has been added.</para>
3761 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; and &man.pkg.add.1; can now work with
3762 packages that have been compressed using
3763 &man.bzip2.1;. &man.pkg.add.1; will use the PACKAGEROOT
3764 environment variable to determine a mirror site for new
3765 packages. &merged;</para>
3767 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now records dependencies in dependency
3768 order rather than in the order specified on the command line.
3769 This improves the functioning of <command>pkg_add
3770 -r</command>. &merged;</para>
3772 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> to
3773 create a package file from a locally-installed
3774 package. &merged;</para>
3776 <para role="historic">When requested to delete multiple packages,
3777 &man.pkg.delete.1; will now attempt to remove them in
3778 dependency order rather than the order specified on the
3779 command line. &merged;</para>
3781 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now can perform glob/regexp matching of
3782 package names. In addition, it supports a <option>-a</option>
3783 option for removing all packages and a <option>-i</option>
3784 option for &man.rm.1;-style interactive
3785 confirmation. &merged;</para>
3787 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now supports a <option>-r</option>
3788 option for recursive package removal. &merged;</para>
3790 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; now supports globbing against names of
3791 installed packages. The <option>-G</option> option disables
3792 this behavior, and the <option>-x</option> option causes
3793 regular expression matching instead of shell
3794 globbing. &merged;</para>
3796 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; can now accept a <option>-g</option> flag
3797 for verifying an installed package against its recorded
3798 checksums (to see if it's been modified post-installation).
3799 Naturally, this mechanism is only as secure as the contents of
3800 <filename>/var/db/pkg</filename> if it's to be used for auditing
3801 purposes. &merged;</para>
3803 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.sign.1; and &man.pkg.check.1; have been added to
3804 digitally sign and verify the signatures on binary package
3805 files. &merged;</para>
3807 <para>For some time, &os; 5.0-CURRENT (as well as some 4.X
3808 releases) included a pkg_update(1) utility to update installed
3809 packages, as well as their dependencies. This utility has
3810 been removed; a superset of its functionality can be found in
3811 the <filename role="package">sysutils/portupgrade</filename>
3814 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now has a version number comparison
3815 routine that corresponds to the Porters Handbook. It also has
3816 a <option>-t</option> option for testing address comparisons.
3819 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now takes a <option>-s</option> flag
3820 to limit its operation to ports/packages matching a given
3821 string. &merged;</para>
3823 <para>&man.pkg.version.1;, formerly a Perl script, has been
3824 rewritten in C.</para>
3826 <para role="historic">Version numbers of installed packages have a new
3827 (backward-compatible) syntax, which supports the
3828 <varname>PORTREVISION</varname> and
3829 <varname>PORTEPOCH</varname> variables in Ports Collection
3830 <filename>Makefile</filename>s. These changes help keep track
3831 of changes in the ports collection entries such as security
3832 patches or &os;-specific updates, which aren't reflected in
3833 the original, third-party software distributions.
3834 &man.pkg.version.1; can now compare these new-style version
3835 numbers. &merged;</para>
3837 <para role="historic">To improve performance and disk utilization, the
3838 <quote>ports skeletons</quote> in the &os; Ports Collection
3839 have been restructured. Installed ports and packages should
3840 not be affected. &merged;</para>
3842 <para role="historic">All packages and ports now contain an
3843 <quote>origin</quote> directive, which makes it easier for
3844 programs such as &man.pkg.version.1; to determine the
3845 directory from which a package was built. &merged;</para>
3847 <para role="historic">The Ports Collection infrastructure now uses
3848 <application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0 as the default version
3849 of the X Window System for the purposes of satisfying
3850 dependencies. To return to using
3851 <application>XFree86</application> 3.3.6, add the following line
3852 to <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>: &merged;</para>
3854 <programlisting role="historic">XFREE86_VERSION=3</programlisting>
3856 <para>The libraries installed by the <filename
3857 role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename> port (required
3858 for Linux emulation) have been updated; they now correspond to
3859 those included with <application>Red Hat Linux</application>
3865 <title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>
3867 <para>The <filename>bin</filename> distribution has been renamed
3868 <filename>base</filename>, in order to make creation of combined
3869 install/recovery disks easier.</para>
3871 <para arch="i386">ISO images and CDROMs now use the
3872 <filename>cdboot</filename> boot loader by default. This
3873 eliminates the need for an emulated floppy disk image on
3874 a bootable CDROM and allows for a full
3875 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel to be used for CDROM
3876 installations, at the expense of compatability with some old
3879 <para arch="i386,pc98,alpha" role="historic"><application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0
3880 is now the default version of the X Window System supported by
3881 &man.sysinstall.8;. It installs
3882 <application>XFree86</application> as a set of standard binary
3883 packages, so the usual package utilities such as
3884 &man.pkg.info.1; can be used to examine/manipulate its
3885 components. &merged;</para>
3887 <para>It is now possible to make releases of &os;
3888 &release.current; on a &os; 4-STABLE host. Cross-architecture
3889 (building a release for a target architecture on a host of a
3890 different architecture) releases are also possible. See
3891 &man.release.7; for details.</para>
3896 <title>Documentation</title>
3898 <para>A number of formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
3899 Programmer's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
3900 <filename>/usr/share/doc/psd</filename>. These include:</para>
3904 <para><emphasis>The UNIX Time-Sharing System</emphasis>
3905 (<filename>01.cacm</filename>)</para>
3909 <para><emphasis>UNIX Implementation</emphasis>
3910 (<filename>02.implement</filename>)</para>
3914 <para><emphasis>The UNIX I/O System</emphasis>
3915 (<filename>03.iosys</filename>)</para>
3919 <para><emphasis>UNIX Programming — Second Edition</emphasis>
3920 (<filename>04.uprog</filename>)</para>
3924 <para><emphasis>The C Programming Language — Reference Manual</emphasis>
3925 (<filename>06.Clang</filename>)</para>
3929 <para><emphasis>Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler</emphasis>
3930 (<filename>15.yacc</filename>)</para>
3934 <para><emphasis>Lex — A Lexical Analyzer Generator</emphasis>
3935 (<filename>16.lex</filename>)</para>
3939 <para><emphasis>The M4 Macro Processor</emphasis>
3940 (<filename>17.m4</filename>)</para>
3944 <para>Several formerly-encumbered documents from the 4.4 BSD
3945 User's Supplementary Documents have been restored to
3946 <filename>/usr/share/doc/usd</filename>. They include:</para>
3950 <para><emphasis>NROFF/TROFF User's Manual</emphasis>
3951 (<filename>21.troff</filename>)</para>
3955 <para><emphasis>A TROFF Tutorial</emphasis>
3956 (<filename>22.trofftut</filename>)</para>
3964 <title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>
3966 <para>If you're upgrading from a previous release of &os;, you
3967 generally will have three options:
3971 <para>Using the binary upgrade option of &man.sysinstall.8;.
3972 This option is perhaps the quickest, although it presumes
3973 that your installation of &os; uses no special compilation
3977 <para>Performing a complete reinstall of &os;. Technically,
3978 this is not an upgrading method, and in any case is usually less
3979 convenient than a binary upgrade, in that it requires you to
3980 manually backup and restore the contents of
3981 <filename>/etc</filename>. However, it may be useful in
3982 cases where you want (or need) to change the partitioning of
3986 <para>From source code in <filename>/usr/src</filename>. This
3987 route is more flexible, but requires more disk space, time,
3988 and more technical expertise. More information can be found
3990 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html"><quote>Using
3991 <command>make world</command></quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
3992 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
3993 Handbook</ulink>. Upgrading from very old
3994 versions of &os; may be problematic; in cases like this, it
3995 is usually more effective to perform a binary upgrade or a
3996 complete reinstall.</para>
4001 <para>Please read the <filename>INSTALL.TXT</filename> file for more
4002 information, preferably <emphasis>before</emphasis> beginning an
4003 upgrade. If you are upgrading from source, please be sure to read
4004 <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> as well.</para>
4006 <para>Finally, if you want to use one of various means to track the
4007 -STABLE or -CURRENT branches of &os;, please be sure to consult
4009 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/current-stable.html"><quote>-CURRENT
4010 vs. -STABLE</quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
4011 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">FreeBSD
4012 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
4015 <para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
4016 backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration