2 <title>&os;/&arch; &release.current; Release Notes</title>
4 <corpauthor>The FreeBSD Project</corpauthor>
6 <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
12 <holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
16 <para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
18 <![ %include.historic; [
19 the changes made in the &os; base system since &release.prev;.
21 <![ %no.include.historic; [
22 recent changes made to the &os; base system on the &release.branch;
25 Both changes for kernel and userland are listed, as well as
26 applicable security advisories that were issued since the last
27 release. Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
32 <title>Introduction</title>
34 <para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
35 &release.current; on the &arch.print; hardware platform. It
36 describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
37 It also provides some notes on upgrading
38 from previous versions of &os;.</para>
40 <![ %release.type.snapshot [
42 <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
43 apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
44 branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;. Some
45 pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
46 can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
50 <![ %release.type.release [
52 <para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
53 &release.type; distribution. It can be found at <ulink
54 url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors. More
55 information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
56 distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
57 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
58 FreeBSD</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
59 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/">FreeBSD
60 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
66 <title>What's New</title>
68 <para>This section describes
69 <![ %include.historic; [
70 the most user-visible new or changed features in &os;
72 In general, changes described here are unique to the &release.branch;
73 branch unless specifically marked as &merged; features.
75 <![ %no.include.historic; [
76 many of the user-visible new or changed features in &os;
77 since &release.prev;. It includes items that are unique to the
78 &release.branch; branch, as well as some features that may have been
80 other branches (after &os; &release.prev.historic;). The later
81 items are marked as &merged;.
85 <para>Typical release note items
86 document new drivers or hardware support, new commands or options,
87 major bugfixes, or contributed software upgrades. Applicable security
88 advisories issued after &release.prev; are also listed.</para>
90 <para>Many additional changes were made to &os; that are not listed
91 here for lack of space. For example, documentation was corrected
92 and improved, minor bugs were fixed, insecure coding practices
93 were audited and corrected, and source code was cleaned up.</para>
96 <title>Kernel Changes</title>
98 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.amdpm.4; driver has been added to
99 provide access to the system monitoring functions of the AMD 756
100 chipset. &merged;</para>
102 <para role="historic">The &man.agp.4; driver for AGP devices has been
103 added. &merged;</para>
105 <para>A new &man.ddb.4; command <command>show pcpu</command> lists
106 some of the per-CPU data.</para>
108 <para role="historic">Two new &man.ddb.4; commands, <command>hwatch</command> and
109 <command>dhwatch</command>, have been introduced. Analogous to
110 <command>watch</command> and <command>dwatch</command>, they
111 install hardware watchpoints (as opposed to software
112 watchpoints) if supported by the architecture. &merged;</para>
114 <para>&man.devfs.5;, which allows entries in the
115 <filename>/dev</filename> directory to be built automatically
116 and supports more flexible attachment of devices, has been
117 largely reworked. &man.devfs.5; is now enabled by default and
118 can be disabled by the <literal>NODEVFS</literal> kernel
121 <para>The dgm driver has been removed in favor of the digi driver.</para>
123 <para>A new digi driver has been added to support PCI Xr-based and
124 ISA Xem Digiboard cards. A new &man.digictl.8; program is
125 (mainly) used to re-initialize cards that have external port
126 modules attached such as the PC/Xem.</para>
128 <para>An &man.eaccess.2; system call has been added, similar to
129 &man.access.2; except that the former uses effective credentials
130 rather than real credentials.</para>
132 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for EBus-based
135 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.ichsmb.4; driver for the Intel 82801AA
136 (ICH) SMBus controller and compatibles has been
137 added. &merged;</para>
139 <para>Each &man.jail.2; environment can now run under its own
142 <para>The tunable sysctl variables for &man.jail.2; have moved
143 from <varname>jail.*</varname> to the
144 <varname>security.*</varname> hierarchy. Other security-related
145 sysctl variables have moved from <varname>kern.security.*</varname> to
146 <varname>security.*</varname>.</para>
148 <para role="historic">The <varname>kern.maxvnodes</varname> limit now properly
149 limits the number of vnodes in use. Previously only vnodes with
150 no cached pages could be freed; this could allow the number of
151 vnodes to grow without limit on large-memory machines accessing
152 many small files. A <literal>vnlru</literal> kernel thread
153 helps to flush and reuse vnodes. &merged;</para>
155 <para role="historic">The kernel message buffer is now accessible by the
156 (machine-independent) <varname>kern.msgbuf</varname> sysctl
157 variable; &man.dmesg.8; no longer needs to be SGID
158 <groupname>kmem</groupname>. &merged;</para>
160 <para>The kernel environment is now dynamic, and can be changed
161 via the new &man.kenv.2; system call.</para>
163 <para role="historic">The &man.kqueue.2; event notification facility was added to
164 the &os; kernel. This is a new interface which is able to
165 replace &man.poll.2;/&man.select.2;, offering improved
166 performance, as well as the ability to report many different
167 types of events. Support for monitoring changes in sockets,
168 pipes, fifos, and files are present, as well as for signals and
169 processes. &merged;</para>
171 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A new <varname>KVA_SPACE</varname> kernel option
172 can be used to reconfigure the size of the kernel virtual
173 address space. &merged;</para>
175 <para>The labpc(4) driver has been removed due to
176 <quote>bitrot</quote>.</para>
178 <para>The loader and kernel linker now look for files named
179 <filename>linker.hints</filename> in each directory with KLDs
180 for a module name and version to KLD filename mapping. The new
181 &man.kldxref.8; utility is used to generate these files.</para>
183 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now supports the kernel functionality
185 <filename role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename>
186 (RedHat 7.X emulation) port. &merged;</para>
188 <para role="historic">Linux emulation now requires <literal>options
189 SYSVSEM</literal> in the kernel configuration. &merged;</para>
191 <para>&man.lomac.4;, a Low-Watermark Mandatory Access Control
192 security facility, has been added as a kernel module. It
193 provides a drop-in security mechanism in addition to the
194 traditional UID-based security facilities, requiring no
195 additional configuration from the administrator. Work on this
196 feature was sponsored by DARPA and NAI Labs.</para>
198 <para role="historic">The <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration
199 parameter is now a boot-time tunable variable. The kernel
200 parameters derived from <varname>maxusers</varname> are now also
201 tunables and can be overridden at boot-time. The
202 <varname>hz</varname> parameter is also now a
203 tunable. &merged;</para>
205 <para role="historic">Specifying a value of <literal>0</literal> for the
206 <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration parameter will
207 now cause an appropriate value to be calculated at boot-time
208 (between 32 and 384, depending on the amount of memory present).
209 This value is now the default for all
210 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernels. &merged;</para>
212 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A <varname>MAXMEM</varname> kernel option,
213 along with the <varname>hw.physmem</varname> loader tunable, can
214 be used to artificially reduce the memory size of a machine for
215 testing (or other purposes). &merged;</para>
217 <para role="historic">The kernel configuration parameters
218 <varname>MAXTSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLDSIZ</varname>,
219 <varname>MAXDSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLSSIZ</varname>,
220 <varname>MAXSSIZ</varname>, and <varname>SGROWSIZ</varname> are
221 all loader tunables (<varname>kern.maxtsiz</varname>,
222 <varname>kern.maxdfldsiz</varname>, etc.). &merged;</para>
224 <para>&man.mutex.9; profiling code has been added, enabled by the
225 <literal>MUTEX_PROFILING</literal> kernel configuration option.
226 It enables the <varname>debug.mutex.prof.*</varname> hierarchy
227 of sysctl variables.</para>
229 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The <literal>NCPU</literal>,
230 <literal>NAPIC</literal>, <literal>NBUS</literal>, and
231 <literal>NINTR</literal> kernel configuration options,
232 for configuring SMP kernels, have been removed.
233 <literal>NCPU</literal> is now set to a maximum of 16,
234 and the other, aforementioned options are now
235 dynamic. &merged;</para>
237 <para role="historic">A &man.nmdm.4; null-modem terminal driver has been added.
240 <para role="historic">The <literal>O_DIRECT</literal> flag has been added to
241 &man.open.2; and &man.fcntl.2;. Specifying this flag for open
242 files will attempt to minimize the cache effects of reading and
243 writing. &merged;</para>
245 <para role="historic">An &man.orm.4; device has been added to claim the option
246 ROMs in the ISA memory I/O space, to prevent other drivers from
247 mistakenly assigning addresses that conflict with these
248 ROMs. &merged;</para>
250 <para arch="i386,pc98">PECOFF (Win32 Execution file format) support has
253 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The pmc driver, which supports the power
254 management controller of the NEC PC-98NOTE, has been
255 added. &merged;</para>
257 <para role="historic">POSIX.1b Shared Memory Objects are now supported. The
258 implementation uses regular files, but automatically enables the
259 MAP_NOSYNC flag when they are &man.mmap.2;-ed. &merged;</para>
261 <para role="historic">Replaced the <literal>PQ_*CACHE</literal> options with a
262 single <literal>PQ_CACHESIZE</literal> option to be set to the
263 cache size in kilobytes. The old options are still supported
264 for backwards compatibility. &merged;</para>
266 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.puc.4; (PCI <quote>Universal</quote>
267 Communications) driver has been added, to help connect PCI-based
268 serial ports to the &man.sio.4; driver. &merged;</para>
270 <para>The &man.random.4; device has been rewritten to use the
271 <application>Yarrow</application> algorithm. It harvests
272 entropy from a variety of interrupt sources, including the
273 console devices, Ethernet and point-to-point network interfaces,
274 and mass-storage devices. Entropy from the &man.random.4;
275 device is now periodically saved to files in
276 <filename>/var/db/entropy</filename>, as well as at shutdown
277 time. The semantics of <filename>/dev/random</filename> have
278 changed; it never blocks waiting for entropy bits but generates
279 a stream of pseudo-random data and now behaves exactly as
280 <filename>/dev/urandom</filename>.</para>
282 <para>A new kernel option, <literal>options REGRESSION</literal>,
283 enables interfaces and functionality intended for use during
284 correctness and regression testing.</para>
286 <para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for SBus-based
289 <para arch="sparc64">The se driver, which supports the Siemens
290 SAB82532 serial chip found on many newer Sparc Ultra machines,
291 has been added.</para>
293 <para role="historic">The &man.snp.4; device is no longer static and can now be
294 compiled as a module. &merged;</para>
296 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.spic.4; driver, which provides access
297 to the Jog Dial device on some Sony laptops, has been
298 added. &man.moused.8; support for this device has also been
299 added. &merged;</para>
301 <para>The &man.syscons.4; driver now supports keyboard-controlled
302 pasting, by default bound to
303 <keycap>Shift</keycap>-<keycap>Insert</keycap>.</para>
305 <para role="historic">Support for USB devices was added to the
306 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel and to the installation
307 programs to support USB devices out of the box. Note that SRM
308 does not support USB devices at the moment, so you must still
309 use an AT keyboard if you are not using a serial
310 console. &merged;</para>
312 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.umodem.4; driver for USB modems
313 has been added. Support is provided for the 3Com 5605 and
314 Metricom Ricochet GS wireless USB modems. &merged;</para>
316 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.uscanner.4; driver for basic USB
317 scanner support using SANE has been added. See <ulink
318 url="http://www.mostang.com/sane/">the SANE home page</ulink>
319 for supported scanners. The HP ScanJet 4100C, 5200C and 6300C
320 are known to be working. &merged;</para>
322 <para>The &man.ucom.4; device driver has been added, to support USB
323 modems, serial devices, and other programs that need to look
324 like a tty. The related &man.uplcom.4; and &man.uvscom.4; drivers provide specific
325 support for the Prolific PL-2303 serial adapter and the SUNTAC
326 Slipper U VS-10U, respectively.</para>
328 <para>To increase security, the <literal>UCONSOLE</literal> kernel
329 configuration option has been removed.</para>
331 <para arch="i386,pc98">The UserConfig boot-time kernel configuration
332 feature, usually used to enable, disable, or configure ISA
333 devices, has been removed. Its functionality has been replaced
334 by the kernel hints file in
335 <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.</para>
337 <para>The <literal>USER_LDT</literal> kernel option is now
338 activated by default.</para>
340 <para>A VESA S3 linear framebuffer driver has been added.</para>
342 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.viapm.4; driver for VIA SMBus
343 power management controllers has been added. &merged;</para>
345 <!-- Above this line, sort kernel changes by manpage/keyword-->
347 <para role="historic">Write combining for crashdumps has been implemented. This
348 feature is useful when write caching is disabled on both SCSI
349 and IDE disks, where large memory dumps could take up to an hour
350 to complete. &merged;</para>
352 <para>The kernel crashdump infrastructure has been revised, to
353 support new platforms and in general clean up the logic in the
354 code. One implication of this change is that the on-disk format
355 for kernel dumps has changed, and is now
356 byte-order-agnostic.</para>
358 <para>Extremely large swap areas (>67 GB) no longer panic the
361 <para arch="alpha">Support for threads under Linux emulation has
364 <para role="historic">The <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget> target now gets the
365 name of the configuration(s) to build from the
366 <varname>KERNCONF</varname> variable, not
367 <varname>KERNEL</varname>. It is no longer required, in some
368 cases, for a <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> to precede a
369 <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget>. (The
370 <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> is still required when
371 upgrading across major releases, across
372 <application>binutil</application> updates and when
373 &man.config.8; changes version.) &merged;</para>
375 <para role="historic">The out-of-swap process termination code now begins killing
376 processes earlier to avoid deadlocks; it now also takes into
377 account the swap space used by processes when computing the
378 process sizes. &merged;</para>
380 <para>Linker sets are now self-contained; gensetdefs(8) is
381 unnecessary and has been removed.</para>
383 <para role="historic">Network device cloning has been implemented, and the
384 &man.gif.4; device has been modified to take advantage of it.
385 Thus, instead of specifying how many &man.gif.4; interfaces are
386 available in kernel configuration files, &man.ifconfig.8;'s
387 <option>create</option> option should be used when another device
388 instance is desired. &merged;</para>
390 <para>It is now possible to hardwire kernel environment variables
391 (such as tuneables) at compile-time using &man.config.8;'s
392 <literal>ENV</literal> directive.</para>
394 <para>Idle zeroing of pages can be enabled with the
395 <varname>vm.idlezero_enable</varname> sysctl variable.</para>
397 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The load addresses of kernels are now exported
398 to the symbol table and various hard-coded constants have been
399 removed so that utilities such as &man.ps.1; can work with
400 kernels compiled at different addresses. &merged;</para>
402 <para role="historic">Coredumps of large processes (or of a large number of
403 processes) no longer lock up the machine for long periods of
404 time. &merged;</para>
406 <para>The Kernel-Scheduled Entity project has made changes to the
407 kernel scheduler to more efficiently handle multi-threaded
410 <para>The kernel now has support for multiple low-level console
411 devices. The new &man.conscontrol.8; utility helps to manage
412 the different consoles.</para>
414 <para arch="alpha">The console driver has gained support for
415 TGA-based display adapters.</para>
417 <para role="historic">The kernel on the installation CDs is now separated from the
418 <filename>mfsroot</filename> image. This permits the use of a
419 full kernel when installing from CD on machines that support CD
420 booting (instead of the stripped-down kernel used on
421 floppies). &merged;</para>
423 <para role="historic">The system load average computation now adds some jitter to
424 the timing of samples, in order to avoid synchronization with
425 processes that run periodically. &merged;</para>
427 <para role="historic">If a debugging kernel with modules is being built
428 (i.e. using <literal>makeoptions DEBUG=-g</literal>), the
429 modules will now be built with debugging support as well, for
430 completeness. A side effect of this change is that modules
431 built and installed with debugging kernels will now occupy more
432 space on disk than they did previously. &merged;</para>
434 <para role="historic">The kernel dump device can now be set via the
435 <varname>dumpdev</varname> loader tunable. As a result, it is
436 now possible to obtain crash dumps from panics during the late
437 stages of kernel initialization (before the system enters into
438 single-user mode). &merged;</para>
440 <para>The kernel memory allocator is now a slab memory allocator,
441 similar to that used in Solaris. This is a SMP-safe memory
442 allocator that has near-linear performance as the number of CPUs
443 increases. It also allows for reduced memory
444 fragmentation.</para>
447 <title>Processor/Motherboard Support</title>
449 <para>SMP support has been largely reworked, incorporating code
450 from BSD/OS 5.0. One of the main features of SMPng
451 (<quote>SMP Next Generation</quote>) is to allow more
452 processes to run in kernel, without the need for spin locks
453 that can dramatically reduce the efficiency of multiple
454 processors. Interrupt handlers now have contexts associated
455 with them that allow them to be blocked, which reduces the
456 need to lock out interrupts.</para>
458 <para arch="i386,pc98">Support for the 80386 processor has been
459 removed from the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel, as this
460 code seriously pessimizes performance on other IA32
462 The <literal>I386_CPU</literal> kernel option
463 to support the 80386 processor is now mutually exclusive with
464 support for other IA32 processors; this should slightly
465 improve performance on the 80386 due to the elimination of
466 runtime processor type checks.
467 Custom kernels that will run on the 80386 can
468 still be built by changing the cpu options in the kernel
469 configuration file to only include
470 <literal>I386_CPU</literal>.</para>
472 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">AlphaServer 1200 (<quote>Tincup</quote>) has
473 been tested and works OK. Currently it does not want to boot
474 from CD or floppy but a transplanted disk that was installed
475 on another Alpha works well. &merged;</para>
477 <para arch="alpha">The API UP1100 mainboard has been verified to
480 <para arch="alpha">The API CS20 1U high server has been verified
483 <para arch="alpha">The DEC3000 series support has been removed
484 from the mfsroot floppy image so that it fits on a 1.44 Mbyte
485 floppy again. As the DEC3000 is currently only usable diskless
486 this should not cause any problems.</para>
488 <para arch="alpha">Support for AlphaServer 2100A
489 (<quote>Lynx</quote>) has been added.</para>
491 <para arch="alpha">Kernel code has been added that allows older
492 generation Alpha CPUs (EV4 and EV5) to emulate instructions of
493 the newer Alpha CPU generations. This enables the use of
494 binary-only programs like <application>Adobe Acrobat
495 4</application> on EV4 and EV5.</para>
497 <para arch="alpha">SMP support for the Alpha is now operational.</para>
499 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Detection for new processors, such as the
500 FC-PGA2 Pentium III (Tualatin), Transmeta Crusoe, and
501 Transmeta Crusoe LongRun, has been added. &merged;</para>
503 <para arch="alpha">Support for the following hardware has been
504 removed from the installation kernel to make it fit on a
505 1.44MB floppy again: Multia, NoName, PC64, EB64, Aspen Alpine,
506 sa (SCSI tape), amr, parallel port support, vx (3c590, 3c595),
507 pcn (AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100), sf (Adaptec AIC-6915), sis (SiS
508 900/SiS 7016), ste (Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)), wb
509 (Winbond W89C840F).</para>
511 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Streaming <acronym>SIMD</acronym>
512 Extensions (<acronym>SSE</acronym>) has been introduced. The
513 <literal>CPU_ENABLE_SSE</literal> kernel option controls
514 whether support is compiled into the kernel. &merged;</para>
516 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The <literal>CPU_ATHLON_SSE_HACK</literal>
517 kernel option has been added, which attempts to enable the SSE
518 feature bit on newer Athlon CPUs if the BIOS has forgotten to
519 enable it. &merged;</para>
521 <para arch="sparc64">The UltraSPARC platform is now supported by
522 &os;. The following machines are supported to at least some
523 degree: Ultra 1/2/5/10/30/60, Enterprise 220R/420R, Netra T1 AC200/DC200, Netra T 105, and Blade
524 100. SMP is supported, and has been tested on the
525 Ultra 2, Ultra 60, Enterprise 220R, and
526 Enterprise 420R.</para>
528 <para arch="i386" role="historic">On some systems, the BIOS does not activate
529 the I/O ports and memory of PC devices, thus making them
530 unusable. The <literal>PCI_ENABLE_IO_MODES</literal> kernel
531 option forces &os; to enable these devices so that they can be
532 used. &merged;</para>
537 <title>Bootloader Changes</title>
539 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>boot2</filename> now supports a
540 <option>-n</option> option to disallow boot interruption by
541 keypresses. &merged;</para>
543 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A new <filename>cdboot</filename> bootstrap
544 utility for CDROMs provides better compatability with some
545 BIOS implementations that do not completely implement the El
546 Torito bootable CDROM standard. This boot loader supports
547 <quote>no emulation</quote> mode booting, thus eliminating the
548 need for an emulated floppy disk image on a bootable
549 CDROM. &merged;</para>
551 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The i386 boot loader now has support for a
552 <literal>nullconsole</literal> console type, for use on
553 systems with neither a video console nor a serial
554 port. &merged;</para>
556 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.loader.8; now has optional support
557 (enabled at compile-time, off by default) for loading
558 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed kernels and
559 modules. &merged;</para>
561 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Intel's Wired for Management 2.0
562 (PXE) was added to the &os; boot loader. Due to API
563 differences, the older PXE versions are not supported. This
564 allow network booting using DHCP. &merged;</para>
566 <!-- Above this line, order bootloader changes by keyword-->
568 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now contains a workaround
569 to support CDROM booting on certain IBM BIOSs that expect the
570 first sector of the emulated floppy to contain a valid MS-DOS
571 BPB that they can modify. &merged;</para>
573 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now supports a
574 <option>-p</option> flag to force the kernel to pause after
575 each line of output during the probing phase. &merged;</para>
577 <para arch="alpha,i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader is now capable of
578 booting from filesystems with block sizes larger than
581 <para>The kernel and modules have been moved to the directory
582 <filename>/boot/kernel</filename>, so they can be easily
583 manipulated together. The boot loader has been updated to
584 make this change as seamless as possible.</para>
588 <title>Network Interface Support</title>
590 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver for Cisco Aironet cards now supports
591 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption, settable via
592 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
594 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports the Cisco Aironet 350
595 series of adaptors. &merged;</para>
597 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports <quote>monitor</quote>
598 mode, settable via the <option>-M</option> option to
599 &man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
601 <para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports Cisco LEAP, as well as
602 the <quote>Home</quote> WEP key. The Linux Aironet utilities
603 are now supported under emulation. &merged;</para>
605 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Generic support for ARCNET token-based
606 networks has been added. &merged;</para>
608 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.bge.4; driver has been added to
609 support the Broadcom BCM570x family of Gigabit Ethernet
610 controllers, including the 3Com 3c996-T, the SysKonnect
611 SK-9D21 and SK-9D41, and the built-in Gigabit Ethernet NICs on
612 Dell PowerEdge 2550 servers. Output TCP/IP checksum offload,
613 jumbo frames and VLAN tag insertion/stripping are supported,
614 as well as interrupt moderation. &merged;</para>
616 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The cm driver has been added to support SMC
617 COM90cx6 ARCNET network adapters. &merged;</para>
619 <para>The &man.dc.4; driver now supports NICs based on the Xircom
620 3201 and Conexant LANfinity RS7112 chips.</para>
622 <para role="historic">The &man.dc.4; driver now has support for
623 VLANs. &merged;</para>
625 <para role="historic">The &man.de.4; driver now performs round-robin arbitration
626 between the transmit and receive units of the 21143, instead
627 of giving priority to the receive unit. This gives a
628 10–15% performance improvement in the forwarding rate
629 under heavy load. &merged;</para>
631 <para arch="alpha">The &man.ed.4; driver is now supported.</para>
633 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Linksys Fast Ethernet PCCARD cards supported
634 by the &man.ed.4; driver now require the addition of flag
635 <literal>0x80000</literal> to their config line in
636 &man.pccard.conf.5;. This flag is not optional. These
637 Linksys cards will not be recognized without
640 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.ed.4; driver that could cause panics
641 with very short packets and BPF or bridging active has been
642 fixed. &merged;</para>
644 <para role="historic">The &man.ed.4; driver now has support for D-Link DL10022
645 chips, necessary for the NetGear FA-410TX and other cards. As
646 a result, <literal>device miibus</literal> is required in
647 kernel configurations using the &man.ed.4;
648 driver. &merged;</para>
650 <para arch="i386">The &man.el.4; driver can now be loaded as a
653 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.em.4; driver has been added to
654 support NICs based on the Intel 82542, 82543, and 82544
655 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips. The driver supports
656 transmit/receive checksum offload and jumbo frames on 82543
657 and 82544-based adapters. &merged;</para>
659 <para role="historic">The &man.faith.4; device is now loadable, unloadable, and
660 clonable. &merged;</para>
662 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Support for Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based
663 Ethernet PC-Cards has been added back in the &man.fe.4;
664 driver. &merged;</para>
666 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">The &man.fpa.4; driver now supports Digital's
667 DEFPA FDDI adaptors on the Alpha. &merged;</para>
669 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now requires a <literal>device
670 miibus</literal> entry in the kernel configuration
671 file. &merged;</para>
673 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now contains a workaround for PCI
674 protocol violations caused by defects in some systems based on
675 the Intel ICH2/ICH2-M chip. The workaround is to rewrite the
676 EEPROM on the interface to disable Dynamic Standby Mode; once
677 the EEPROM is rewritten, the system needs to be rebooted for
678 the new settings to take effect. &merged;</para>
680 <para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now supports Intel's loadable
681 microcode to implement receive-side interrupt coalescing and
682 packet bundling, on NICs that support these features. This
683 support can be activated by the use of the
684 <option>link0</option> option to
685 &man.ifconfig.8;. &merged;</para>
687 <para arch="sparc64">The gem driver has been added to support
688 the Sun GEM Gigabit Ethernet and ERI Fast Ethernet
691 <para role="historic">The &man.gx.4; driver has been added to support NICs based
692 on the Intel 82542 and 82543 Gigabit Ethernet controller
693 chips. Both fiber and copper variants of the cards are
694 supported. Both boards support VLAN tagging/insertion, and
695 the 82543 additionally supports TCP/IP checksum
696 offload. &merged;</para>
698 <para arch="sparc64">The hme driver has been added to support
699 the Sun HME Fast Ethernet adapter, onboard on many Sun Ultra
700 series machines.</para>
702 <para role="historic">The &man.lge.4; driver has been added to support the Level
703 1 LXT1001 NetCellerator Gigabit Ethernet controller chip. This
704 device is used on some fiber optic GigE cards from SMC, D-Link
705 and Addtron. Jumbograms and TCP/IP checksum offload on
706 receive are supported, although hardware VLAN filtering is
709 <para role="historic">The my driver, which supports the Myson Fast Ethernet and
710 Gigabit Ethernet adapters, has been added. &merged;</para>
712 <para role="historic">Added the &man.nge.4; driver, which supports PCI Gigabit
713 Ethernet adapters based on the National Semiconductor DP83820
714 and DP83821 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips, including the
715 D-Link DGE-500T, SMC EZ Card 1000 (SMC9462TX), Asante
716 FriendlyNet GigaNIC 1000TA and 1000TPC and Addtron AEG320T.
717 This driver supports transmit and receive checksum
718 offloading. &merged;</para>
720 <para role="historic">The &man.pcn.4; driver, which supports the AMD PCnet/FAST,
721 PCnet/FAST+, PCnet/FAST III, PCnet/PRO, PCnet/Home, and
722 HomePNA adapters, has been added. Although these cards are
723 already supported by the &man.lnc.4; driver, the &man.pcn.4;
724 driver runs these chips in 32-bit mode and uses the RX
725 alignment feature to achieve zero-copy receive. This driver
726 is also machine-independent, so it will work on the i386,
727 pc98 and Alpha platforms. The &man.lnc.4; driver is still needed
728 to support non-PCI cards. &merged;</para>
730 <para role="historic">The &man.ray.4; driver, which supports the Webgear Aviator
731 wireless network cards, has been committed. The operation of
732 &man.ray.4; interfaces can be modified by
733 &man.raycontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
735 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The sbni driver, for supporting the Granch
736 SBNI12 series of ISA and PCI point-to-point communications
737 interfaces, has been added. The <filename
738 role="package">sysutils/sbniconfig</filename> port in the &os;
739 Ports Collection can be used for configuring these
740 devices. &merged;</para>
742 <para role="historic">Added support for PCI Ethernet adapters based on the SiS
743 900 and SiS 7016 Fast Ethernet controller chips (for example,
744 as seen on the SiS 635 and 735 motherboard chipsets), as well
745 as the National Semiconductor DP83815 chipset (including the
746 NetGear FA311-TX and FA312-TX) in the form of the &man.sis.4;
747 driver. This device has support for VLANs. &merged;</para>
749 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">The snc driver for the National Semiconductor
750 DP8393X (SONIC) Ethernet controller has been added.
751 Currently, this driver is only used on the PC-98
752 architecture. &merged;</para>
754 <para>The &man.stf.4; device is now clonable.</para>
756 <para role="historic">The &man.tap.4; driver, a virtual Ethernet device driver
757 for bridged configurations, has been added. This device is
758 clonable. &merged;</para>
760 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver now supports the Alteon AceNIC
761 1000baseT Gigabit Ethernet and Netgear GA620T 1000baseT
762 Gigabit cards. &merged;</para>
764 <para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver correctly masks VLAN tags. &merged;</para>
766 <para role="historic">The &man.txp.4; driver has been added to support NICs
767 based on the 3Com 3XP Typhoon/Sidewinder (3CR990)
768 chipset. &merged;</para>
770 <para role="historic">&man.vlan.4; devices are now loadable, unloadable, and
771 clonable. &merged;</para>
773 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for Prism II and
774 Prism 2.5-based NICs. 104/128-bit WEP now works on Prism
775 cards. &merged;</para>
777 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now supports using a &os; host as
778 a wireless access point. This functionality can be enabled
779 using the <literal>mediaopt hostap</literal> option of
780 &man.ifconfig.8;. This feature requires a wireless
781 adapter based on the Prism II chipset. &merged;</para>
783 <para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for
784 <application>bsd-airtools</application>. &merged;</para>
786 <para role="historic">The xe driver can now be built as a
787 module. &merged;</para>
789 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports the 3Com 3C556 and
790 3C556B MiniPCI adapters used on some laptops. &merged;</para>
792 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports reception of VLAN
793 tagged frames (on the <quote>Cyclone</quote> or newer
794 chipsets). &merged;</para>
796 <para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports send- and receive-side
797 TCP/IP checksum offloading for NICs implementing this feature,
798 such as the 3C905B, 3C905C, and 3C980C. &merged;</para>
800 <para role="historic">A bug in the &man.xl.4; driver, related to statistics
801 overflow interrupt handling, was causing slowdowns at medium
802 to high packet rates; this has been fixed. &merged;</para>
804 <para role="historic">The per-interface <varname>ifnet</varname> structure now
805 has the ability to indicate a set of capabilities supported by
806 a network interface, and which ones are enabled.
807 &man.ifconfig.8; has support for querying these
808 capabilities. &merged;</para>
810 <para role="historic">Performance with hosts having a large number of IP aliases
811 has been improved, by replacing the per-interface
812 <varname>if_inaddr</varname> linear list with a hash table. &merged;</para>
814 <para>Network devices now automatically appear as special files in
815 <filename>/dev/net</filename>. Interface hardware ioctls (not
816 protocol or routing) can be performed on these devices. The
817 <varname>SIOCGIFCONF</varname> ioctl may be performed on the
818 special <filename>/dev/network</filename> node.</para>
820 <para role="historic">Selected network drivers now implement a semi-polling
821 mode, which makes systems much more resilient to attacks and
822 overloads. To enable polling, the following options are
823 required in a kernel configuration file:
825 <programlisting>options DEVICE_POLLING
826 options HZ=1000 # not compulsory but strongly recommended</programlisting>
828 The <varname>kern.polling.enable</varname> sysctl variable
829 will then activate polling mode; with the
830 <varname>kern.polling.user_frac</varname> sysctl indicating
831 the percentage of CPU time to be reserved for userland. The
832 devices initially supporting polling are &man.dc.4;,
833 &man.fxp.4;, &man.rl.4;, and &man.sis.4;. More details can be found in
834 the &man.polling.4; manual page. &merged;</para>
836 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The packet-forwarding performance of certain
837 network drivers (specifically &man.dc.4; and &man.sis.4;) has
838 been enhanced by the elimination of unnecessary buffer
839 copies. &merged;</para>
843 <title>Network Protocols</title>
845 <para role="historic">&man.accept.filter.9;, a kernel feature to reduce
846 overheads when accepting and reading new connections on
847 listening sockets, has been added. &merged;</para>
849 <para role="historic">The <literal>proxy</literal> modifier to &man.arp.8;'s
850 <option>-d</option> option has been renamed to
851 <literal>pub</literal>, for consistency with the
852 <option>-s</option> option. The <literal>only</literal> keyword
853 has been added to the <option>-s</option> and
854 <option>-S</option> flags, to be used in creating
855 <quote>proxy-only</quote> published entries. &merged;</para>
857 <para role="historic">The read timeout feature of &man.bpf.4; now works more
858 correctly with &man.select.2;/&man.poll.2;, and therefore with
859 pthreads. &merged;</para>
861 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; and &man.dummynet.4; have received some
862 enhancements and bug fixes, and are now loadable
863 modules. &merged;</para>
865 <para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; now has better support for multiple,
866 fully-independent bridging clusters, and is much more stable
867 in the presence of dynamic attachments and detatchments. Full
868 support for VLANs is also supported. &merged;</para>
870 <para>ICMP ECHO and TSTAMP replies are now rate limited. TCP
871 RSTs generated due to packets sent to open and unopen ports
872 are now limited by separate counters. Each rate limiting
873 queue now has its own description.</para>
875 <para role="historic">ICMP <literal>UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB</literal> messages can
876 now RST TCP connections in the <literal>SYN_SENT</literal>
877 state if the correct sequence numbers are sent back, as
879 <varname>net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst</varname> sysctl. &merged;</para>
881 <para>IP multicast now works on VLAN devices. Several other
882 bugs in the VLAN code have also been fixed.</para>
884 <para role="historic">A bug in the IPsec processing for IPv4, which caused the
885 inbound SPD checks to be ignored, has been fixed. &merged;</para>
887 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.4; now filters correctly in the presence of ECN
888 bits in TCP segments. &merged;</para>
890 <para role="historic">A new ng_eiface netgraph module has been added, which
891 appears as an Ethernet interface but delivers its Ethernet
892 frames to a Netgraph hook. &merged;</para>
894 <para role="historic">A new &man.ng.etf.4; netgraph node allows Ethernet type
895 packets to be filtered to different hooks depending on
896 ethertype. &merged;</para>
898 <para>The &man.ng.gif.4; and &man.ng.gif.demux.4; netgraph
899 nodes, for operating on &man.gif.4; devices, have been
902 <para>The &man.ng.ip.input.4; netgraph node, for queueing IP
903 packets into the main IP input processing code, has been
906 <para role="historic">The &man.ng.mppc.4; and &man.ng.bridge.4; node types have
907 been added to the &man.netgraph.4; subsystem. The
908 &man.ng.ether.4; node is now dynamically loadable.
909 Miscellaneous bug fixes and enhancements have also been
910 made. &merged;</para>
912 <para role="historic">A new netgraph node type &man.ng.one2many.4; for
913 multiplexing and demultiplexing packets over multiple links
914 has been added. &merged;</para>
916 <para>A new ng_split node type has been added for splitting a
917 bidirectional packet flow into two unidirectional flows.</para>
919 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
920 <varname>net.inet.ip.check_interface</varname>, which is on by
921 default, causes IP to verify that an incoming packet arrives
922 on an interface that has an address matching the packet's
923 destination address. &merged;</para>
925 <para role="historic">A new sysctl
926 <varname>net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface</varname> has
927 been added to control the suppression of logging when ARP
928 replies arrive on the wrong interface. &merged;</para>
930 <para role="historic">A new <literal>options RANDOM_IP_ID</literal> kernel
931 option causes the ID field of IP packets to be randomized.
932 This closes a minor information leak which allows a remote
933 observer to determine the rate at which the machine is
934 generating packets, since the default behavior is to increment
935 a counter for each packet sent. &merged;</para>
937 <para arch="alpha">SLIP has been removed from the
938 <filename>mfsroot</filename> floppy image.</para>
940 <para role="historic">TCP has received some bug fixes for its delayed ACK
941 behavior. &merged;</para>
943 <para role="historic">TCP now supports the NewReno modification to the TCP Fast
944 Recovery algorithm. This behavior can be controlled via the
945 <varname>net.inet.tcp.newreno</varname> sysctl
946 variable. &merged;</para>
948 <para role="historic">TCP now uses a more aggressive timeout for initial SYN
949 segments; this allows initial connection attempts to be
950 dropped much faster. &merged;</para>
952 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_COMPAT_42</literal> kernel option has
953 been removed. &merged;</para>
955 <para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_RESTRICT_RST</literal> kernel option has
956 been removed. Similar functionality can be achieved with the
957 <varname>net.inet.tcp.blackhole</varname> sysctl
958 variable. &merged;</para>
960 <para role="historic">TCP now has RFC 1323 extensions enabled by default in
961 &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
963 <para role="historic">RFC 1323 and RFC 1644 TCP extensions are now disabled for
964 a connection in progress if no response has been received by
965 the third SYN segment sent. This behavior tries to work
966 around (very old) terminal servers with buggy VJ header
967 compression implementations. &merged;</para>
969 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation no longer requires the allocation
970 of a TCP template structure for each connection; this should
971 reduce the buffer usage on large systems handling many
972 connections. &merged;</para>
974 <para role="historic">TCP's default buffer sizes, controlled by the
975 <varname>net.inet.tcp.sendspace</varname> and
976 <varname>net.inet.tcp.recvspace</varname> sysctl variables,
977 have been increased to 32K and 64K respectively. Previously,
978 the default for both buffer sizes was 16K. To try to avoid
979 increasing congestion, the default value for
980 <varname>net.inet.tcp.local_slowstart_flightsize</varname> has
981 been changed from infinity to 4. &merged;
984 <para>On busy hosts, the new larger buffer sizes may require
985 manually increasing the
986 <varname>NMBCLUSTERS</varname> parameter, either in the
987 kernel configuration file or via the
988 <varname>kern.ipc.nmbclusters</varname> loader tunable.
989 <command>netstat -mb</command> can be used to monitor the
990 state of mbuf clusters.</para>
994 <para role="historic">TCP now supports RFC 1948 (Defending Against Sequence
996 <varname>net.inet.tcp.isn_reseed_interval</varname> sysctl
997 variable controls the reseeding of the secret data used in
998 the RFC 1948 initial sequence number calculations. &merged;</para>
1000 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation in &os; now implements a cache of
1001 outstanding, received SYN segments. Incoming SYN segments now
1002 cause entries to be placed in the cache until the TCP
1003 three-way handshake is complete, at which point, memory is
1004 allocated for the connection as usual. In addition, all TCP
1005 Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs) are used as cookies, allowing
1006 entries in the cache to be dropped, but still have their
1007 corresponding ACKs accepted later. The combination of the
1009 <quote>syncache</quote> and <quote>syncookies</quote> features
1010 makes a host much more resistant to TCP-based Denial of
1011 Service attacks. Work on this feature was sponsored by DARPA
1012 and NAI Labs. &merged;</para>
1014 <para role="historic">A bug in the TCP implementation, which could cause
1015 connections to stall if a sender saw a zero-sized window, has
1016 been corrected. &merged;</para>
1018 <para role="historic">The TCP implementation now properly ignores packets
1019 addressed to IP-layer broadcast addresses. &merged;</para>
1021 <para>The ephemeral port range used for TCP and UDP has been
1022 changed to 49152–65535 (the old default was
1023 1024–5000). This increases the number of concurrent
1024 outgoing connections/streams.</para>
1028 <title>Disks and Storage</title>
1030 <para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for the Adaptec FSA family of PCI-SCSI
1031 RAID controllers has been added, in the form of the
1032 &man.aac.4; driver. This driver includes proper handling of
1033 commands initiated by the adapter, addition/removal of disk
1034 devices, crashdump functionality, and &man.ioctl.2; commands
1035 necessary for the management CLI, and is fully qualified and
1036 sanctioned by Adaptec. &merged;</para>
1038 <para role="historic">The &man.ahc.4; driver has received numerous updates,
1039 bugfixes, and enhancements. Among various improvements are
1040 improved compatibility with chips in <quote>RAID Port</quote>
1041 mode and systems with AAA and/or ARO cards installed, as well
1042 as performance improvements. Some bugs were also fixed,
1043 including a rare hang on Ultra2/U160
1044 controllers. &merged;</para>
1046 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver, which provides support
1047 for the Adaptec SCSI RAID controller family, as well as the
1048 DPT SmartRAID V and VI families, has been
1049 added. &merged;</para>
1051 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver now supports the
1052 Adaptec 2000S and 2005S Zero-Channel RAID
1053 controllers. &merged;</para>
1055 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA100
1056 controllers. In addition, it now supports the ServerWorks
1057 ROSB4 ATA33 chipset, the CMD 648 ATA66 and CMD 649 ATA100
1058 chipsets, and the Cyrix 5530. &merged;</para>
1060 <para role="historic">To provide more flexible configuration, the various
1061 options for the &man.ata.4; driver are now boot loader
1062 tunables, rather than kernel configure-time
1063 options. &merged;</para>
1065 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for tagged queuing,
1066 which is enabled by the <varname>hw.ata.tags</varname> loader
1067 tunable. &merged;</para>
1069 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA
1070 <quote>pseudo</quote> RAID controllers as the Promise Fasttrak
1071 and HighPoint HPT370 controllers. &merged;</para>
1073 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports a wider variety of SiS
1074 chipsets, as listed in the Hardware Notes. &merged;</para>
1076 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for creating,
1077 deleting, querying, and rebuilding ATA RAIDs under control of
1078 &man.atacontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
1080 <para role="historic">The BurnProof(TM) feature, for applicable ATAPI CD-ROM
1081 burners, is now supported. &merged;</para>
1083 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for 48-bit
1084 addressing. Devices larger than 137GB are now
1085 supported. &merged;</para>
1087 <para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now contains fixes for some data
1088 corruption problems on systems using the VIA 82C686B
1089 Southbridge chip. &merged;</para>
1091 <para role="historic">The &man.cd.4; driver now has support for write
1092 operations. This allows writing to DVD-RAM, PD and similar
1093 drives that probe as CD devices. Note that change affects
1094 only random-access writeable devices, not sequential-only
1095 writeable devices such as CD-R drives, which are supported by
1096 &man.cdrecord.1; (a part of
1097 <filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename> in the
1098 Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
1100 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ciss driver, for devices utilizing the
1101 Common Interface for SCSI-3 Support, has been added. This
1102 driver supports the Compaq SmartRAID 5* family of RAID
1103 controllers (5300, 532, 5i). &merged;</para>
1105 <para>The &man.fdc.4; floppy disk has undergone a number of
1106 enhancements. Density selection for common settings is now
1107 automatic; the driver is also much more flexible in setting
1108 the densities of various subdevices.</para>
1110 <para>The &man.geom.4; disk I/O request transformation framework
1111 has been added; this extensible framework is designed to
1112 support a wide variety of operations on I/O requests on their
1113 way from the upper kernel to the device drivers.</para>
1115 <para role="historic">The ida disk driver now has crashdump
1116 support. &merged;</para>
1118 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The iir driver has been added to support the
1119 Intel Integrated RAID controllers, as well as prior ICP Vortex
1122 <para arch="alpha" role="historic">A bug that made certain CDROM drives fail to
1123 attach when connected to a SCSI card driven by &man.isp.4; has
1124 been fixed. &merged;</para>
1126 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver is now proactive about discovering
1127 Fibre Channel topology changes.</para>
1129 <para>The &man.isp.4; driver now supports target mode for Qlogic
1130 SCSI cards, including Ultra2 and Ultra3 and dual bus
1133 <para role="historic">The &man.isp.4; driver now supports the Qlogic 2300 and
1134 2312 Optical Fibre Channel PCI cards. &merged;</para>
1136 <para>&man.md.4;, the memory disk device, has had the
1137 functionality of &man.vn.4; incorporated into it. &man.md.4;
1138 devices can now be configured by &man.mdconfig.8;. &man.vn.4;
1139 has been removed. The Memory Filesystem (MFS) has also been
1142 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.mly.4; driver, for Mylex PCI to SCSI
1143 AccelRAID and eXtremeRAID controllers with firmware 6.X and
1144 later, has been added. &merged;</para>
1146 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ncv, nsp, and stg drivers have been ported
1147 from NetBSD/pc98. They support the NCR 53C50 / Workbit Ninja
1148 SCSI-3 / TMC 18C30, 18C50 based PC-Card/ISA SCSI controllers.
1149 All three drivers can be built and loaded as
1150 modules. &merged;</para>
1152 <para arch="powerpc">The ofw driver, a basic OpenFirmware disk
1153 driver, has been added.</para>
1155 <para>Some problems in &man.sa.4; error handling have been
1156 fixed, including the <quote>tape drive spinning indefinitely
1157 upon &man.mt.1; <option>stat</option></quote> problem.</para>
1159 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.twe.4; 3ware ATA RAID driver has
1160 added. &merged;</para>
1162 <para role="historic">The &man.wd.4; compatibility devices were removed from the
1163 &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1167 <title>Filesystems</title>
1169 <para>Support for named extended attributes was added to the
1170 &os; kernel. This allows the kernel, and appropriately
1171 privileged userland processes, to tag files and directories
1172 with attribute data. Extended attributes were added to
1173 support the TrustedBSD Project, in particular ACLs, capability
1174 data, and mandatory access control labels (see
1175 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.extattr</filename> for
1178 <para role="historic">Due to a licensing change, softupdates have been
1179 integrated into the main portion of the kernel source tree.
1180 As a consequence, softupdates are now available with the
1181 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel. &merged;</para>
1183 <para>A filesystem snapshot capability has been added to FFS.
1184 Details can be found in
1185 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ffs/README.snapshot</filename>.</para>
1187 <!-- The following note needs to be made more specific or eliminated. -->
1188 <para>Softupdates for FFS have received some bug fixes and
1189 enhancements.</para>
1191 <para>When running with softupdates, &man.statfs.2; and
1192 &man.df.1; will track the number of blocks and files that are
1193 committed to being freed.</para>
1195 <para role="historic">A bug in FFS that could cause superblock corruption on
1196 very large filesystems has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1198 <para role="historic">The ISO-9660 filesystem now has a hook that supports a
1199 loadable character conversion routine. The
1200 <filename role="package">sysutils/cd9660_unicode</filename>
1201 port contains a set of common conversions. &merged;</para>
1203 <para>&man.kernfs.5; is obsolete and has been retired.</para>
1205 <para role="historic">A bug in the NFS client that caused bogus access times with
1206 <literal>O_EXCL|O_CREAT</literal> opens was
1207 fixed. &merged;</para>
1209 <para role="historic">A new NFS hash function (based on the Fowler/Noll/Vo hash
1210 algorithm) has been implemented to improve NFS performance by
1211 increasing the efficiency of the <varname>nfsnode</varname>
1212 hash tables. &merged;</para>
1214 <para>Client-side NFS locks have been implemented.</para>
1216 <para>The client-side and server-side of the NFS code in the
1217 kernel used to be intertwined in various complex ways. They
1218 have been split apart for ease of maintenance and further
1221 <para>Support for filesystem Access Control Lists (ACLs) has
1222 been introduced, allowing more fine-grained control of
1223 discretionary access control on files and directories. This
1224 support was integrated from the TrustedBSD Project. More
1225 details can be found in
1226 <filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.acls</filename>.</para>
1228 <para role="historic">The directory layout preference algorithm for FFS
1229 (<literal>dirprefs</literal>) has been changed. Rather than
1230 scattering directory blocks across a disk, it attempts to
1231 group related directory blocks together. Operations
1232 traversing large directory hierarchies, such as the &os; Ports
1233 tree, have shown marked speedups. This change is transparent
1234 and automatic for new directories. &merged;</para>
1236 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">smbfs (CIFS) support in kernel has been added.
1237 The userland programs &man.smbutil.1; and &man.mount.smbfs.8;
1238 can be used to work with SMB shares. Note that
1239 &man.mount.smbfs.8; will automatically load the
1240 <filename>smbfs.ko</filename> module into the kernel, even if
1241 <literal>LIBMCHAIN</literal> and
1242 <literal>LIBICONV</literal> were not compiled into the kernel.
1245 <para>For consistency, the fdesc, fifo, null, msdos, portal,
1246 umap, and union filesystems have been renamed to fdescfs,
1247 fifofs, msdosfs, nullfs, portalfs, umapfs, and unionfs. Where
1248 applicable, modules and mount_* programs have been renamed.
1249 Compatibility <quote>glue</quote> has been added to
1250 &man.mount.8; so that <literal>msdos</literal> filesystem
1251 entries in &man.fstab.5; will work without changes.</para>
1253 <para>pseudofs, a pseudo-filesystem framework, has been added.
1254 &man.linprocfs.5; and &man.procfs.5; have been modified to use
1257 <para role="historic">A simple hash-based lookup optimization for large
1258 directories called <literal>dirhash</literal> has been added.
1260 <literal>UFS_DIRHASH</literal> kernel option (enabled by
1261 default in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel), it
1262 improves the speed of operations on very large directories at
1263 the expense of some memory. &merged;</para>
1265 <para role="historic">The virtual memory subsystem now backs UFS directory
1266 memory requirements by default (this behavior is controlled
1267 via the <varname>vfs.vmiodirenable</varname> sysctl
1268 variable). &merged;</para>
1270 <para role="historic">A bug that prevented the root filesystem from being
1271 mounted from a SCSI CDROM has been fixed (ATAPI CDROMs were
1272 always supported). &merged;</para>
1274 <para role="historic">A number of bugs in the filesystem code, discovered
1275 through the use of the <application>fsx</application>
1276 filesystem test tool, have been fixed. Under certain
1277 circumstances (primarily related to use of NFS), these bugs
1278 could cause data corruption or kernel panics. &merged;</para>
1280 <para>Network filesystems (such as NFS and smbfs filesystems)
1281 listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> can now be properly
1282 mounted during startup initialization; their mounts are
1283 deferred until after the network is initialized.</para>
1285 <para>Read-only support for the Universal Disk Format (UDF) has
1286 been added. This format is used on packet-written CD-RWs and
1287 most commercial DVD-Video disks. The &man.mount.udf.8;
1288 command can be used to mount these disks.</para>
1292 <title>PCCARD Support</title>
1294 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The pccard driver and &man.pccardc.8; now
1295 support multiple <quote>beep types</quote> upon card insertion
1296 and removal. &merged;</para>
1298 <para role="historic">On many modern hosts, PCCARD devices can be configured to
1299 route their interrupts via either the ISA or PCI interrupt
1300 paths. The &man.pcic.4; driver has been updated to support
1301 both interrupt paths (formerly, only routing via ISA was
1302 supported). &merged; In most cases, configuration of PCMCIA
1303 devices in laptops is simpler and more flexible. In addition,
1304 various Cardbus bridge PCI cards (such as those used by
1305 Orinoco PCI NICs) are now supported. Some hosts may
1306 experience problems, such as hangs or panics, with PCI
1307 interrupt routing; they can frequently be made to work by
1308 forcing the older-style ISA interrupt routing. The following
1309 lines, placed in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>, may
1310 fix the problem:</para>
1312 <programlisting role="historic">hw.pcic.intr_path="1"
1313 hw.pcic.irq="0"</programlisting>
1315 <para role="historic">When installing &os; on such a system, typing the
1316 following lines to the boot loader may be helpful in starting
1317 up &os; for the first time:<para>
1319 <screen role="historic"><prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.intr_path="1"</userinput>
1320 <prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.irq="0"</userinput></screen>
1322 <para arch="i386">Preliminary Cardbus support under NEWCARD has
1323 been added. This code supports the TI113X, TI12XX, TI125X,
1324 Ricoh 5C46/5C47, Topic 95/97/100 and Cirrus Logic PD683X
1325 bridges. 16-bit PC Card support is not yet functional.</para>
1329 <title>Multimedia Support</title>
1331 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.pcm.4; driver now supports the ESS
1332 Solo 1, Maestro-1, Maestro-2, and Maestro-2e; Forte Media
1333 fm801, ESS Maestro-2e, and VIA Technologies VT82C686A sound
1334 card/chipsets, and has received some other updates. Separate
1335 drivers for the SoundBlaster 8 and SoundBlaster 16 now replace
1336 an older, unified driver. A driver for the CMedia
1337 CMI8338/CMI8738 sound chips has been added. A driver for the
1338 CS4281 sound chip has been added. A driver for the S3
1339 SonicVibes chipset has been added. &merged;</para>
1341 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Avance Logic ALS4000 has been
1342 added. &merged;</para>
1344 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the ESS Maestro-3/Allegro has
1345 been added, however due to licensing restrictions, it cannot
1346 be compiled into the kernel. &merged; To use this driver, add
1347 the following line to
1348 <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
1350 <programlisting role="historic">snd_maestro3_load="YES"</programlisting>
1352 <para role="historic">The &man.bktr.4; driver has been updated to 2.18. This
1353 update provides a number of new features. New tuner types
1354 have been added, and improvements to the KLD module and to
1355 memory allocation have been made. Bugs in &man.devfs.5; when
1356 unloading and reloading have been fixed. Support for new
1357 Hauppauge Model 44xxx WinTV Cards (the ones with no audio mux)
1358 has been added. &merged;</para>
1360 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ufm driver, supporting the D-Link DSB-R100
1361 USB Radio, has been added. &merged;</para>
1363 <para role="historic">When sound modules are built, one can now load all the
1364 drivers and infrastructure by <command>kldload
1365 snd</command>. &merged;</para>
1367 <para>A new API has been added for sound cards with hardware
1368 volume control.</para>
1370 <para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Intel 443MX, 810, 815, and
1371 815E integrated sound devices has been added. &merged;</para>
1373 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The via82c686 sound driver now supports the VIA
1374 VT8233. &merged;</para>
1376 <para arch="i386" role="historic">The ich sound driver now support the SiS
1377 7012 chipset. &merged;</para>
1379 <para arch="i386">Drivers have been added to support the Direct
1380 Rendering Infrastructure, which can used to provide 3D
1381 acceleration within <application>XFree86</application>. Video
1382 cards supported include the 3Dlabs Oxygen GMX 2000 (gammadrm),
1383 AGP Matrox G200/G400/G450/G550 (mgadrm), 3dfx Voodoo
1384 3/4/5/Banshee (tdfxdrm), AGI ATI Rage 128 (r128drm), and AGP
1385 ATI Radeon (radeondrm).</para>
1390 <title>Contributed Software</title>
1392 <para>The Forth Inspired Command Language
1393 (<application>FICL</application>) used in the boot loader has
1394 been updated to 3.02.</para>
1396 <para>Support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
1397 (ACPI), a multi-vendor standard for configuration and power
1398 management, has been added. This functionality has been
1399 provided by the <application>Intel ACPI Component
1400 Architecture</application> project, as of the ACPI CA 20020308
1401 snapshot. Some backward compatability for applications using
1402 the older APM standard has been provided.</para>
1405 <title>IPFilter</title>
1407 <para><application>IPFilter</application> has been updated to
1410 <para role="historic"><application>IPFilter</application> now supports
1411 IPv6. &merged;</para>
1416 <title>isdn4bsd</title>
1418 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> has been updated to
1419 version 1.0.2.</para>
1421 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1422 Fritz!Card PCI controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1424 <para role="historic">The &man.ifpi2.4; driver for supporting the AVM
1425 Fritz!Card PCI version 2 controller has been added. &merged;</para>
1427 <para role="historic">The &man.ihfc.4; driver for supporting Cologne Chip
1428 Designs HFC devices under
1429 <application>isdn4bsd</application> has been
1430 added. &merged;</para>
1432 <para role="historic">The &man.itjc.4; driver for supporting NETjet-S / Teles
1433 PCI-TJ devices under <application>isdn4bsd</application> has
1434 been added. &merged;</para>
1436 <para role="historic">Experimental support for the Eicon.Diehl DIVA 2.0 and
1437 2.02 ISA PnP ISDN cards has been added to the &man.isic.4;
1438 <application>isdn4bsd</application> driver. &merged;</para>
1440 <para role="historic">The &man.isic.4; driver now supports the Compaq Microcom
1441 610 ISDN ISA PnP card. &merged;</para>
1443 <para role="historic">Active CAPI-based ISDN cards manufactured by AVM are now
1444 supported using the &man.i4bcapi.4; and the &man.iavc.4;
1445 driver. The supported cards are the AVM B1 PCI and AVM B1
1446 ISA Basic Rate cards and the AVM T1 Primary Rate
1447 cards. &merged;</para>
1449 <para role="historic">A new <literal>maxconnecttime</literal> keyword is now
1450 accepted in &man.isdnd.rc.5; files to limit the time a
1451 connection may remain open. &merged;</para>
1453 <para role="historic">&man.isdnphone.8; now supports a <option>-k</option>
1454 option for sending messages via the keypad facility to a PBX
1455 or exchange office. &merged;</para>
1457 <para><application>isdn4bsd</application> now supports Q.931
1458 subaddressing.</para>
1462 <sect4 id="kame-kernel">
1465 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
1466 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
1467 the items listed in this section are a result of this
1468 import. <xref linkend="kame-userland"> lists userland
1469 updates to the KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
1471 <para role="historic">&man.gif.4; is now based on RFC 2893, rather than RFC
1472 1933. The <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can
1473 be used to control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1475 <para role="historic"><application>IPsec</application> has received some
1476 enhancements, including the ability to use the Rijndael and
1477 SHA2 algorithms. IPsec RC5 support has been removed due to
1478 patent issues. &merged;</para>
1480 <para role="historic">&man.stf.4; now conforms to RFC 3056; the
1481 <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can be used to
1482 control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
1484 <para role="historic">IPv6 has better checking of illegal addresses (such as
1485 loopback addresses) on physical networks. &merged;</para>
1487 <para role="historic">The <varname>IPV6_V6ONLY</varname> socket option is now
1488 completely supported. The kernel's default behavior with
1489 respect to this option is controlled by the
1490 <varname>net.inet6.ip6.v6only</varname> sysctl
1491 variable. &merged;</para>
1493 <para role="historic">RFC 3041 (Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address
1494 Autoconfiguration) is now supported. It can be enabled via
1495 the <varname>net.inet6.ip6.use_tempaddr</varname> sysctl
1496 variable. &merged;</para>
1501 <sect2 id="security">
1502 <title>Security-Related Changes</title>
1504 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now allows the user to select one of two
1505 <quote>security profiles</quote> at install-time. These
1506 profiles enable different levels of system security by enabling
1507 or disabling various system services in &man.rc.conf.5; on new
1508 installs. &merged;</para>
1510 <para>A bug in which malformed ELF executable images can hang the
1511 system has been fixed (see security advisory
1512 FreeBSD-SA-00:41). &merged;</para>
1514 <para>A security hole in Linux emulation was fixed (see security
1515 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:42). &merged;</para>
1517 <para role="historic">String-handling library calls in many programs were fixed to
1518 reduce the possibility of buffer overflow-related exploits.
1521 <para>TCP now uses stronger randomness in choosing its initial
1522 sequence numbers (see security advisory
1523 FreeBSD-SA-00:52). &merged;</para>
1525 <para>Several buffer overflows in &man.tcpdump.1; were corrected
1526 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:61). &merged;</para>
1528 <para>A security hole in &man.top.1; was corrected (see security
1529 advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:62). &merged;</para>
1531 <para>A potential security hole caused by an off-by-one-error in
1532 &man.gethostbyname.3; has been fixed (see security advisory
1533 FreeBSD-SA-00:63). &merged;</para>
1535 <para>A potential buffer overflow in the &man.ncurses.3; library,
1536 which could cause arbitrary code to be run from within
1537 &man.systat.1;, has been corrected (see security advisory
1538 FreeBSD-SA-00:68). &merged;</para>
1540 <para>A vulnerability in &man.telnetd.8; that could cause it to
1541 consume large amounts of server resources has been fixed (see
1542 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:69). &merged;</para>
1544 <para>The <literal>nat deny_incoming</literal> command in
1545 &man.ppp.8; now works correctly (see security advisory
1546 FreeBSD-SA-00:70). &merged;</para>
1548 <para>A vulnerability in &man.csh.1;/&man.tcsh.1; temporary files
1549 that could allow overwriting of arbitrary user-writable files
1550 has been closed (see security advisory
1551 FreeBSD-SA-00:76). &merged;</para>
1553 <para role="historic">The &man.ssh.1; binary is no longer SUID root by
1554 default. &merged;</para>
1556 <para role="historic">Some fixes were applied to the Kerberos IV implementation
1557 related to environment variables, a possible buffer overrun, and
1558 overwriting ticket files. &merged;</para>
1560 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does a better job of sanitizing its
1561 environment. &merged;</para>
1563 <para>Several vulnerabilities in &man.procfs.5; were fixed (see
1564 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:77). &merged;</para>
1566 <para>A bug in <application>OpenSSH</application> in which a
1567 server was unable to disable &man.ssh-agent.1; or
1568 <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> was fixed (see security
1569 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:01). &merged;</para>
1571 <para>A bug in &man.ipfw.8; and &man.ip6fw.8; in which inbound TCP
1572 segments could incorrectly be treated as being part of an
1573 <literal>established</literal> connection has been fixed (see
1574 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:08). &merged;</para>
1576 <para>A bug in &man.crontab.1; that could allow users to read any
1577 file on the system in valid &man.crontab.5; syntax has been
1578 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:09). &merged;</para>
1580 <para>A vulnerability in &man.inetd.8; that could allow
1581 read-access to the initial 16 bytes of
1582 <groupname>wheel</groupname>-accessible files has been fixed
1583 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:11). &merged;</para>
1585 <para>A bug in &man.periodic.8; that used insecure temporary files
1586 has been corrected (see security advisory
1587 FreeBSD-SA-01:12). &merged;</para>
1589 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> now has code to prevent
1590 (instead of just mitigating through connection limits) an attack
1591 that can lead to guessing the server key (not host key) by
1592 regenerating the server key when an RSA failure is detected (see
1593 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:24). &merged;</para>
1595 <para role="historic">A number of programs have had output formatting strings
1596 corrected so as to reduce the risk of
1597 vulnerabilities. &merged;</para>
1599 <para role="historic">A number of programs that use temporary files now do so more
1600 securely. &merged;</para>
1602 <para role="historic">A bug in ICMP that could cause an attacker to disrupt TCP and UDP
1603 <quote>sessions</quote> has been corrected. &merged;</para>
1605 <para>A bug in &man.timed.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1606 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1607 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:28). &merged;</para>
1609 <para>A bug in &man.rwhod.8;, which caused it to crash if send
1610 certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
1611 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:29). &merged;</para>
1613 <para>A security hole in &os;'s FFS and EXT2FS implementations,
1614 which allowed a race condition that could cause users to have
1615 unauthorized access to data, has been fixed (see security
1616 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:30). &merged;</para>
1618 <para>A remotely-exploitable vulnerability in &man.ntpd.8; has
1619 been closed (see security advisory
1620 FreeBSD-SA-01:31). &merged;</para>
1622 <para>A security hole in <application>IPFilter</application>'s
1623 fragment cache has been closed (see security advisory
1624 FreeBSD-SA-01:32). &merged;</para>
1626 <para>Buffer overflows in &man.glob.3;, which could cause
1627 arbitrary code to be run on an FTP server, have been closed. In
1628 addition, to prevent some forms of DOS attacks, &man.glob.3;
1629 allows specification of a limit on the number of pathname
1630 matches it will return. &man.ftpd.8; now uses this feature (see
1631 security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:33). &merged;</para>
1633 <para>Initial sequence numbers in TCP are more thoroughly
1634 randomized (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:39). Due to
1635 some possible compatibility issues, the behavior of this
1636 security fix can be enabled or disabled via the
1637 <varname>net.inet.tcp.tcp_seq_genscheme</varname> sysctl
1638 variable.&merged;</para>
1640 <para>A vulnerability in the &man.fts.3; routines (used by
1641 applications for recursively traversing a filesystem) could
1642 allow a program to operate on files outside the intended
1643 directory hierarchy. This bug has been fixed (see security
1644 advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:40). &merged;</para>
1646 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now switches to the
1647 user's UID before attempting to unlink the authentication
1648 forwarding file, nullifying the effects of a race.</para>
1650 <para>A flaw allowed some signal handlers to remain in effect in a
1651 child process after being exec-ed from its parent. This allowed
1652 an attacker to execute arbitrary code in the context of a setuid
1653 binary. This flaw has been corrected (see security advisory
1654 FreeBSD-SA-01:42). &merged;</para>
1656 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1; has been fixed
1657 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:48). &merged;</para>
1659 <para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.telnetd.8; has been fixed
1660 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:49). &merged;</para>
1662 <para>The new <varname>net.inet.ip.maxfragpackets</varname> and
1663 <varname>net.inet.ip6.maxfragpackets</varname> sysctl variables
1664 limit the amount of memory that can be consumed by IPv4 and IPv6
1665 packet fragments, which defends against some denial of service
1666 attacks (see security advisory
1667 FreeBSD-SA-01:52). &merged;</para>
1669 <para role="historic">All services in <filename>inetd.conf</filename> are now
1670 disabled by default for new installations. &man.sysinstall.8;
1671 gives the option of enabling or disabling &man.inetd.8; on new
1672 installations, as well as editing
1673 <filename>inetd.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
1675 <para>A flaw in the implementation of the &man.ipfw.8;
1676 <literal>me</literal> rules on point-to-point links has been
1677 corrected. Formerly, <literal>me</literal> filter rules would
1678 match the remote IP address of a point-to-point interface in
1679 addition to the intended local IP address (see security advisory
1680 FreeBSD-SA-01:53). &merged;</para>
1682 <para>A vulnerability in &man.procfs.5;, which could allow a
1683 process to read sensitive information from another process's
1684 memory space, has been closed (see security advisory
1685 FreeBSD-SA-01:55). &merged;</para>
1687 <para>The <literal>PARANOID</literal> hostname checking in
1688 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now works as advertised
1689 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:56). &merged;</para>
1691 <para>A local root exploit in &man.sendmail.8; has been closed
1692 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:57). &merged;</para>
1694 <para>A remote root vulnerability in &man.lpd.8; has been closed
1695 (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:58). &merged;</para>
1697 <para>A race condition in &man.rmuser.8; that briefly exposed a
1698 world-readable <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename> has been
1699 fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:59). &merged;</para>
1701 <para>A vulnerability in <application>UUCP</application> has been
1702 closed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:62). All
1703 non-<username>root</username>-owned binaries in standard system
1704 paths now have the <literal>schg</literal> flag set to prevent
1705 exploit vectors when run by &man.cron.8;, by
1706 <username>root</username>, or by a user other then the one owning
1707 the binary. In addition, &man.uustat.1; is now run via
1708 <filename>/etc/periodic/daily/410.status-uucp</filename> as
1709 <username>uucp</username>, not <username>root</username>. In
1710 &os; -CURRENT, <application>UUCP</application> has since been
1711 moved to the Ports Collection and no longer a part of the base
1712 system. &merged;</para>
1714 <para role="historic">A security hole in the form of a buffer overflow in the
1715 &man.semop.2; system call has been closed. &merged;</para>
1717 <para>A security hole in <application>OpenSSH</application>, which
1718 could allow users to execute code with arbitrary privileges if
1719 <literal>UseLogin yes</literal> was set, has been closed. Note
1720 that the default value of this setting is
1721 <literal>UseLogin no</literal>. (See security advisory
1722 FreeBSD-SA-01:63.) &merged;</para>
1724 <para>The use of an insecure temporary directory by
1725 &man.pkg.add.1; could permit a local attacker to modify the
1726 contents of binary packages while they were being installed.
1727 This hole has been closed. (See security advisory
1728 FreeBSD-SA-02:01.) &merged;</para>
1730 <para>A race condition in &man.pw.8;, which could expose the
1731 contents of <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>, has been
1732 eliminated. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:02.)
1735 <para>A bug in &man.k5su.8; could have allowed a process that had
1736 given up superuser privileges to regain them. This bug has been
1737 fixed. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:07.)
1740 <para>An <quote>off-by-one</quote> bug has been fixed in
1741 <application>OpenSSH</application>'s multiplexing code. This bug
1742 could have allowed an authenticated remote user to cause
1743 &man.sshd.8; to execute arbitrary code with superuser
1744 privileges, or allowed a malicious SSH server to execute arbitrary
1745 code on the client system with the privileges of the client user. (See security
1747 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:13.openssh.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:13</ulink>.)
1750 <para>A programming error in <application>zlib</application> could
1751 result in attempts to free memory multiple times. The
1752 &man.malloc.3;/&man.free.3; routines used in &os; are not
1753 vulnerable to this error, but applications receiving
1754 specially-crafted blocks of invalid compressed data could
1755 be made to function incorrectly or abort. This
1756 <application>zlib</application> bug has been fixed. For a
1757 workaround and solutions, see security advisory <ulink
1758 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:18.zlib.v1.2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:18</ulink>.
1761 <para>Bugs in the TCP SYN cache (<quote>syncache</quote>) and SYN
1762 cookie (<quote>syncookie</quote>) implementations, which could
1763 cause legitimate TCP/IP traffic to crash a machine, have been
1764 fixed. For a workaround and patches, see security advisory
1766 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:20.syncache.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:20</ulink>.
1769 <para>A routing table memory leak, which could allow a remote
1770 attacker to exhaust the memory of a target machine, has been
1771 fixed. A workaround and patches can be found in security
1773 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:21.tcpip.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:21</ulink>.
1776 <para>A bug with memory-mapped I/O, which could cause a system
1777 crash, has been fixed. For more information about a solution,
1778 see security advisory <ulink
1779 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:22.mmap.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:22</ulink>.
1782 <para>A security hole, in which SUID programs could be made to
1783 read from or write to inappropriate files through manipulation
1784 of their standard I/O file descriptors, has been fixed.
1785 Information regarding a solution can be found in security
1787 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:23.stdio.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:23</ulink>.
1790 <para>Some unexpected behavior could be allowed with &man.k5su.8;
1791 because it does not require that an invoking user be a member of
1792 the <groupname>wheel</groupname> group when attempting to become
1793 the superuser (this is the case with &man.su.1;). To avoid this
1794 situation, &man.k5su.8; is now installed non-SUID by default
1795 (effectively disabling it). More information can be found in
1796 security advisory <ulink
1797 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:24.k5su.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:24</ulink>.
1800 <para>Multiple vulnerabilities were found in the &man.bzip2.1;
1801 utility, which could allow files to be overwritten without
1802 warning or allow local users unintended access to files. These
1803 problems have been corrected with a new import of
1804 <application>bzip2</application>. For more information, see
1805 security advisory <ulink
1806 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:25.bzip2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:25</ulink>.
1809 <para>A bug has been fixed in the implementation of the TCP SYN
1810 cache (<quote>syncache</quote>), which could allow a remote
1811 attacker to deny access to a service when accept filters
1812 (see &man.accept.filter.9;) were in use. This bug has been
1813 fixed; for more information, see security advisory <ulink
1814 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:26.accept.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:26</ulink>.
1817 <para>Due to a bug in &man.rc.8;'s use of shell globbing, users
1818 may be able to remove the contents of arbitrary files if
1819 <filename>/tmp/.X11-unix</filename> does not exist and the
1820 system can be made to reboot. This bug has been corrected (see
1821 security advisory <ulink
1822 url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:27.rc.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:27</ulink>).
1827 <sect2 id="userland">
1828 <title>Userland Changes</title>
1830 <para role="historic">If the first argument to &man.ancontrol.8; or
1831 &man.wicontrol.8; doesn't start with a <literal>-</literal>, it
1832 is assumed to be an interface. &merged;</para>
1834 <para role="historic">&man.apmd.8; now has the ability to monitor battery levels
1835 and execute commands based on percentage or minutes of battery
1836 life remaining via the <literal>apm_battery</literal>
1837 configuration directive. See the commented-out examples in
1838 <filename>/etc/apmd.conf</filename> for the
1839 syntax. &merged;</para>
1841 <para role="historic">&man.arp.8; now prints the applicable interface name for
1842 each ARP entry. &merged;</para>
1844 <para>&man.arp.8; now prints <literal>[fddi]</literal> or
1845 <literal>[atm]</literal> tags for addresses on interfaces of
1848 <para>The &man.asa.1; utility, to interpret FORTRAN
1849 carriage-control characters, has been added.</para>
1851 <para>&man.at.1; now supports the <option>-r</option> command-line
1852 option to remove jobs and the <option>-t</option> option to
1853 specify times in POSIX time format.</para>
1855 <para role="historic">&man.atacontrol.8; has been added to control various aspects
1856 of the &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
1858 <para>The system &man.awk.1; now refers to
1859 <application>BWK awk</application>. <application>GNU
1860 awk</application> is now available as &man.gawk.1;.</para>
1862 <para arch="pc98" role="historic">&man.boot98cfg.8;, a PC-98 boot manager
1863 installation and configuration utility, has been
1864 added. &merged;</para>
1866 <para role="historic">&man.burncd.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option for
1867 multisession mode (the default behavior now is to close disks as
1868 single-session). A <option>-l</option> option to take a list of
1869 image files from a filename was also added;
1870 <filename>-</filename> can be used as a filename for
1871 <literal>stdin</literal>. &merged;</para>
1873 <para>&man.burncd.8; now supports Disk At Once (DAO) mode,
1874 selectable via the <option>-d</option> flag.</para>
1876 <para>&man.burncd.8; now has the ability to write VCDs/SVCDs.</para>
1878 <para role="historic">&man.c89.1; has been converted from a shell script to a
1879 binary executable, fixing some minor bugs. &merged;</para>
1881 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A minimalized version of &man.camcontrol.8; is
1882 now available on the installation floppy. This allows it to
1883 rescan for devices that have been connected after booting, or to
1884 show the devices attached to SCSI busses (e. g. from within the
1885 <quote>emergency holographic shell</quote>). &merged;</para>
1887 <para role="historic">&man.cat.1; now has the ability to read from UNIX-domain
1888 sockets. &merged;</para>
1890 <para>&man.catman.1; is now a C program, instead of a
1893 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a <literal>cdid</literal>
1894 command, which calculates and displays the CD serial number,
1895 using the same algorithm used by the CDDB
1896 database. &merged;</para>
1898 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now uses the <envar>CDROM</envar>
1899 environment variable to pick a default device. &merged;</para>
1901 <para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports <literal>next</literal> and
1902 <literal>prev</literal> commands to skip forwards or backwards a
1903 specified number of tracks while playing an audio
1906 <para>On ATAPI CDROM drives, &man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a
1907 <literal>speed</literal> command to set the maximum speed to be
1908 used by the drive. &merged;</para>
1910 <para>&man.chflags.1; has moved from <filename>/usr/bin</filename>
1911 to <filename>/bin</filename>.</para>
1913 <para role="historic">&man.chio.1; now has the ability to specify elements by
1914 volume tag instead of by their physical location as well as the
1915 ability to return an element to its previous
1916 location. &merged;</para>
1918 <para>&man.chmod.1; now supports a <option>-h</option> for
1919 changing the mode of a symbolic link.</para>
1921 <para role="historic">&man.chown.8; now correctly follows symbolic links named as
1922 command line arguments if run without
1923 <option>-R</option>. &merged;</para>
1925 <para>&man.chown.8; no longer takes <literal>.</literal> as a
1926 user/group delimeter. This change was made to support usernames
1927 containing a <literal>.</literal>.</para>
1929 <para>Use of the <literal>CSMG_*</literal> macros no longer
1930 require inclusion of
1931 <filename><sys/param.h></filename></para>
1933 <para role="historic">&man.col.1; now takes a <option>-p</option> flag to force
1934 unknown control sequences to be passed through
1935 unchanged. &merged;</para>
1937 <para role="historic">The <filename>compat3x</filename> distribution has been
1938 updated to include libraries present in &os;
1939 3.5.1-RELEASE. &merged;</para>
1941 <para>A <filename>compat4x</filename> distribution has been added
1942 for compatibility with &os; 4-STABLE.</para>
1944 <para role="historic">&man.config.8; is now better about converting various
1945 warnings that should have been errors into actual fatal errors
1946 with an exit code. This ensures that <literal>make
1947 buildkernel</literal> doesn't quietly ignore them and build a
1948 bogus kernel without a human to read the errors. &merged;</para>
1950 <para role="historic">A number of buffer overflows in &man.config.8; have been
1951 fixed. &merged;</para>
1953 <para>A new &man.csplit.1; utility, which splits files based on
1954 context, has been added.</para>
1956 <para role="historic">&man.ctags.1; no longer creates a corrupt tags file if the
1957 source file used <literal>//</literal> (C++-style)
1958 comments. &merged;</para>
1960 <para>The &man.daemon.8; program, a command-line interface to
1961 &man.daemon.3;, has been added. It detaches itself from its
1962 controlling terminal and executes a program specified on the
1963 command line. This allows the user to run an arbitrary program
1964 as if it were written to be a daemon.</para>
1966 <para>&man.devinfo.8;, a simple tool to print the device tree and resource
1967 usage by devices, has been added.</para>
1969 <para role="historic">&man.df.1; now takes a <option>-l</option> option to only
1970 display information about locally-mounted
1971 filesystems. &merged;</para>
1973 <para role="historic">&man.disklabel.8; now supports partition sizes expressed in
1974 kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, in addition to
1975 sectors. &merged;</para>
1977 <para>diskpart(8) has been declared obsolete, and has been
1980 <para role="historic">&man.dmesg.8; now has a <option>-a</option> option to show
1981 the entire message buffer, including &man.syslogd.8; records and
1982 <filename>/dev/console</filename> output. &merged;</para>
1984 <para role="historic">&man.du.1; now takes a <option>-I</option> command-line flag
1985 to ignore/skip files and subdirectories matching a specified
1986 shell-glob mask. &merged;</para>
1988 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supports inheritance of the
1989 <literal>nodump</literal> flag down a hierarchy. &merged;</para>
1991 <para role="historic">The <option>-T</option> option to &man.dump.8; no longer
1992 swallows an extra argument. &merged;</para>
1994 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; has a new <option>-D</option> option, allowing
1995 the path to the <filename>/etc/dumpdates</filename> file to be
1996 changed. &merged;</para>
1998 <para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supplies progress information in its
1999 process title, useful for monitoring automated
2000 backups. &merged;</para>
2002 <para>&man.dump.8; now supports a new <option>-S</option> flag to allow
2003 it to just print out the dump size estimates and exit.</para>
2005 <para role="historic">&man.edquota.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
2006 allow limiting the prototype quota distribution (specified with
2007 <option>-p</option>) to a single filesystem. &merged;</para>
2009 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/rc.firewall</filename> and
2010 <filename>/etc/rc.firewall6</filename> will no longer add their own
2011 hardcoded rules in the cases of a rules file in the
2012 <varname>firewall_type</varname> variable or a non-existent
2013 firewall type. (The motivation for this change is to avoid
2014 acting on assumptions about a site's firewall policies.) In
2015 addition, the <literal>closed</literal> firewall type now works
2016 as documented in the &man.rc.firewall.8; manual page. &merged;</para>
2018 <para role="historic">The functionality of <filename>/etc/security</filename> has
2019 been been moved into a set of scripts under the &man.periodic.8;
2020 framework, to make local customization easier and more
2021 maintainable. These scripts now reside in
2022 <filename>/etc/periodic/security/</filename>. &merged;</para>
2024 <para>&man.expr.1; is now compliant with the POSIX Utility Syntax
2025 Guidelines. Some programs depend on the old, historic behavior
2026 (the <filename role="package">devel/libtool</filename>
2027 port/package was/is a notable example). In these situations,
2028 the <envar>EXPR_COMPAT</envar> environment variable can be
2029 defined, which causes &man.expr.1; to behave more like previous
2032 <para>&man.fbtab.5; now accepts glob matching patterns for target
2033 devices, not just individual devices and directories.</para>
2035 <para arch="i386">&man.fdisk.8; no longer attempts to search for a
2036 device if none has been specified on the command line, but
2037 instead tries to figure out the default device name from the
2040 <para>&man.fdread.1;, a program to read data from floppy disks,
2041 has been added. It is a counterpart to &man.fdwrite.1; and is
2042 designed to provide a means of recovering at least some data
2043 from bad media, and to obviate for a complex invocation of
2046 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-empty</option> flag,
2047 which returns true if a file or directory is
2048 empty. &merged;</para>
2050 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-iname</option> and
2051 <option>-ipath</option> primaries for case-insensitive matches,
2052 and the <option>-regexp</option> and <option>-iregexp</option>
2053 primaries for regular-expression matches. The
2054 <option>-E</option> flag now enables extended regular
2055 expressions. &merged;</para>
2057 <para role="historic">&man.find.1; now has the <option>-anewer</option>,
2058 <option>-cnewer</option>, <option>-mnewer</option>,
2059 <option>-okdir</option>, and <option>-newer[acm][acmt]</option>
2060 primaries for comparisons of file timestamps. The latter
2061 primaries can be specified with various units of
2062 time. &merged;</para>
2064 <para role="historic">&man.finger.1; now has the ability to support fingering
2065 aliases, via the &man.finger.conf.5; file. &merged;</para>
2067 <para>&man.finger.1; now has support for a
2068 <filename>.pubkey</filename> file.</para>
2070 <para role="historic">&man.fmt.1; has been rewritten; the rewrite fixes a number
2071 of bugs compared to its prior behavior. &merged;</para>
2073 <para role="historic">&man.fmtcheck.3;, a function for checking consistency of
2074 format string arguments, has been added. &merged;</para>
2076 <para>&man.fold.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> flag to
2077 break at byte positions and a <option>-s</option> flag to break at
2078 word boundaries.</para>
2080 <para role="historic">&man.fsdb.8; now supports a <literal>blocks</literal>
2081 command to list the blocks allocated by a particular
2082 inode. &merged;</para>
2084 <para>&man.fsck.8; wrappers have been imported; this feature
2085 provides infrastructure for &man.fsck.8; to work on different
2086 types of filesystems (analogous to &man.mount.8;).</para>
2088 <para>The behavior of &man.fsck.8; when dealing with various
2089 passes (a la <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>) has been modified
2090 to accommodate multiple-disk filesystems.</para>
2092 <para>&man.fsck.8; now has support for foreground
2093 (<option>-F</option>) and background (<option>-B</option>)
2094 checks. Traditionally, &man.fsck.8; is invoked before the
2095 filesystems are mounted and all checks are done to completion at
2096 that time. If background checking is available, &man.fsck.8; is
2097 invoked twice. It is first invoked at the traditional time,
2098 before the filesystems are mounted, with the <option>-F</option>
2099 flag to do checking on all the filesystems that cannot do
2100 background checking. It is then invoked a second time, after
2101 the system has completed going multiuser, with the
2102 <option>-B</option> flag to do checking on all the filesystems
2103 that can do background checking. Unlike the foreground
2104 checking, the background checking is started asynchronously so
2105 that other system activity can proceed even on the filesystems
2106 that are being checked. Boot-time enabling of this feature is
2108 <varname>background_fsck</varname> option in &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>
2110 <para role="historic">Shortly after the receipt of a <literal>SIGINFO</literal>
2111 signal (normally control-T from the controlling tty),
2112 &man.fsck.ffs.8; will now output a line indicating the current
2113 phase number and progress information relevant to the current
2114 phase. &merged;</para>
2116 <para>&man.fsck.ffs.8; now supports background filesystem checks
2117 to mounted FFS filesystems with the <option>-B</option> option
2118 (softupdates must be enabled on these filesystems). The
2119 <option>-F</option> flag now determines whether a specified
2120 filesystem needs foreground checking.</para>
2122 <para role="historic">A new &man.fsck.msdosfs.8; utility has been added to check
2123 the consistency of MS-DOS filesystems. &merged;</para>
2125 <para role="historic">&man.ftpd.8; now supports a <option>-r</option> flag for
2126 read-only mode and a <option>-E</option> flag to disable
2127 <literal>EPSV</literal>. It also has some fixes to reduce
2128 information leakage and the ability to specify compile-time port
2129 ranges. &merged;</para>
2131 <para>&man.ftpd.8; now supports <option>-o</option> and
2132 <option>-O</option> options to disable the
2133 <literal>RETR</literal> command; the former for everybody, and
2134 the latter only for guest users. Coupled with
2135 <option>-A</option> and appropriate file permissions, these can
2136 be used to create a relatively safe anonymous FTP drop box for
2137 others to upload to.</para>
2139 <para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">&man.gdb.1; now supports hardware
2140 watchpoints (using the kernel's debug register + support that
2141 has been introduced in &os; 4.0). &merged;</para>
2143 <para role="historic">The &man.getprogname.3; and &man.setprogname.3; library
2144 functions have been added to manipulate the name of the current
2145 program. They are used by error-reporting routines to produce
2146 consistent output. &merged;</para>
2148 <para>&man.gprof.1; now has a <option>-K</option> option to enable
2149 dynamic symbol resolution from the currently-running kernel.
2150 With this change, properly-compiled KLD modules are now able to
2153 <para role="historic">&man.growfs.8;, a utility for growing FFS filesystems, has
2154 been added. &man.ffsinfo.8;, a utility for dump all the
2155 meta-information of an existing filesystem, has also been
2156 added. &merged;</para>
2158 <para role="historic">The &man.groups.1; and &man.whoami.1; shell scripts are now
2159 unnecessary; their functionality has been completely folded into
2160 &man.id.1;. &merged;</para>
2162 <para>The ibcs(8), linux(8), osf1(8), and
2163 svr4(8) scripts, whose sole purpose was to load emulation
2164 kernel modules, have been removed. The kernel module system
2165 will automatically load them as needed to fulfill
2166 dependencies.</para>
2168 <para role="historic">&man.indent.1; has gained some new formatting
2169 options. &merged;</para>
2171 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can set the link-layer address of
2172 an interface using the <option>link</option> parameter.
2175 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now accept addresses in slash/CIDR
2176 notation. &merged;</para>
2178 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; now has support for setting parameters for
2179 IEEE 802.11 wireless network devices. &man.wi.4; and &man.an.4;
2180 devices are supported, and partial support is provided for
2181 &man.awi.4; devices. &merged;</para>
2183 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; no longer displays the list of supported
2184 media by default. Instead it displays it when the
2185 <option>-m</option> flag is given. &merged;</para>
2187 <para role="historic">The syntax of &man.inetd.8;'s support for &man.faithd.8; is
2188 now compatible with that of other BSDs. &merged;</para>
2190 <para role="historic">The <literal>ident</literal> protocol support in
2191 &man.inetd.8; has been cleaned up and updated. &merged;</para>
2193 <para role="historic">&man.inetd.8; now has the ability to manage UNIX-domain
2194 sockets. &merged;</para>
2196 <para>By default, &man.inetd.8; is no longer run by &man.rc.8; at
2197 boot-time, although &man.sysinstall.8; gives the option of
2198 enabling it during binary installations. &man.inetd.8; can also
2199 be enabled by adding the following line to
2200 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
2202 <programlisting>inetd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
2204 <para role="historic">&man.install.1; has a number of new features, including the
2205 <option>-b</option> and <option>-B</option> options for backing up
2206 existing target files and the <option>-S</option> option for
2207 <quote>safe</quote> (atomic copy) operation. The
2208 <option>-c</option> (copy) flag is now the default, and the
2209 <option>-D</option> (debugging) flag has been withdrawn.
2210 &man.install.1; now issues a warning if <option>-d</option>
2211 (create directories) and <option>-C</option> (copy changed files
2212 only) are used together. &merged;</para>
2214 <para role="historic">IP Filter is now supported by the &man.rc.conf.5; boot-time
2215 configuration and initialization. &merged;</para>
2217 <para role="historic">&man.ipfstat.8; now supports the <option>-t</option> option
2218 to turn on a &man.top.1;-like display. &merged;</para>
2220 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; will now avoid the display of dynamic firewall
2221 rules unless the <option>-d</option> flag is passed to it. The
2222 <option>-e</option> option lists expired dynamic
2223 rules. &merged;</para>
2225 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new feature (<literal>me</literal>) that
2226 allows for packet matching on interfaces with
2227 dynamically-changing IP addresses. &merged;</para>
2229 <para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new <literal>limit</literal> type of
2230 firewall rule, which limits the number of sessions between
2231 address pairs. &merged;</para>
2233 <para>&man.ipfw.8; filter rules can now match on the value of the
2234 IPv4 precedence field.</para>
2236 <para role="historic">&man.ip6fw.8; now has the ability to use a preprocessor and
2237 use the <option>-q</option> (quiet) flag when reading from a
2238 file. &merged;</para>
2240 <para role="historic">&man.ispppcontrol.8; has been deleted, and its functionality
2241 has been folded into &man.spppcontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
2243 <para role="historic">&man.k5su.8; is no longer installed SUID
2244 <username>root</username> by default. Users requiring this
2245 feature can either manually change the permissions on the
2246 &man.k5su.8; executable or add
2247 <literal>ENABLE_SUID_K5SU=yes</literal> to
2248 <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> before a source
2249 upgrade. &merged;</para>
2251 <para role="historic">&man.kenv.1;, a command to dump the kernel environment, has
2252 been added. &merged;</para>
2254 <para>&man.kenv.1; now has the ability to set or delete kernel
2255 environment variables.</para>
2257 <para role="historic">&man.keyinfo.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2258 script. &merged;</para>
2260 <para>The kget(8) utility has been removed (it was only
2261 useful for UserConfig, which is not present in &os;
2262 &release.current;).</para>
2264 <para role="historic">&man.killall.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
2265 script. As a result, its <option>-m</option> option now uses
2266 the regular expression syntax of &man.regex.3;, rather than that
2267 of Perl. &merged;</para>
2269 <para>&man.killall.1; no longer tries to kill zombie processes
2270 unless the <option>-z</option> flag is specified.</para>
2272 <para role="historic">The &man.kldconfig.8; utility has been added to make it
2273 easier to manipulate the kernel module search
2274 path. &merged;</para>
2276 <para>ktrdump, a utility to dump the ktr trace buffer from
2277 userland, has been added.</para>
2279 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now implements a <option>-d</option> that
2280 provides a <quote>snapshot</quote> of who was logged in at a
2281 particular date and time. &merged;</para>
2283 <para role="historic">&man.last.1; now supports a <option>-y</option> flag, which
2284 causes the year to be included in the session start time. &merged;</para>
2286 <para role="historic">The &man.lastlogin.8; utility, which prints the last login
2287 time of each user, has been imported from
2288 NetBSD. &merged;</para>
2290 <para role="historic">&man.ldconfig.8; now checks directory ownerships and
2291 permissions for greater security; these checks can be disabled
2292 with the <option>-i</option> flag. &merged;</para>
2294 <para role="historic">&man.ldd.1; can now be used on shared libraries, in addition
2295 to executables. &merged;</para>
2297 <para>&man.ldd.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag to list
2298 all the objects that are needed by each loaded object.</para>
2300 <para><filename>libc</filename> is now thread-safe by default;
2301 <filename>libc_r</filename> contains only thread
2304 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> and
2305 <filename>libdescrypt</filename> have been unified to provide a
2306 configurable password authentication hash library. Both the md5
2307 and des hash methods are provided unless the des hash is
2308 specifically compiled out. &merged;</para>
2310 <para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> now has support for Blowfish
2311 password hashing. &merged;</para>
2313 <para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>libdisk</filename> can now do
2314 install-time configuration of the <filename>boot0</filename>
2315 boot loader. &merged;</para>
2317 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2318 filesystems containing
2319 <application>bzip2</application>-compressed
2320 files. &merged;</para>
2322 <para><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
2323 overwriting the contents of a file on a UFS filesystem (it
2324 cannot expand or truncate files because the filesystem may be
2325 dirty or inconsistent).</para>
2327 <para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for loading
2328 large kernels and modules split across several physical
2329 media. &merged;</para>
2331 <para role="historic">The default TCP port range used by
2332 <filename>libfetch</filename> for passive FTP retrievals has
2333 changed; this affects the behavior of &man.fetch.1;, which has
2334 gained the <option>-U</option> option to restore the old
2335 behavior. &merged;</para>
2337 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for an
2338 authentication callback. &merged;</para>
2340 <para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for a
2341 <envar>HTTP_USER_AGENT</envar> environment
2342 variable. &merged;</para>
2344 <para><filename>libgmp</filename> has been superceded by
2345 <filename>libmp</filename>.
2347 <para>The functions from <filename>libposix1e</filename> have been
2348 integrated into <filename>libc</filename>.</para>
2350 <para role="historic"><filename>libusb</filename> has been renamed as
2351 <filename>libusbhid</filename>, following NetBSD's naming
2352 conventions. &merged;</para>
2354 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes an <option>-i</option> option to
2355 request user confirmation before overwriting an existing
2356 file. &merged;</para>
2358 <para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> flag to avoid
2359 following a target that is a link, with a <option>-n</option>
2360 flag for compatibility with other
2361 implementations. &merged;</para>
2363 <para role="historic">&man.logger.1; can now send messages directly to a remote
2364 syslog. &merged;</para>
2366 <para role="historic">&man.login.1; now exports environment variables set by
2367 <application>PAM</application> modules. &merged;</para>
2369 <para role="historic">&man.lpc.8; has been improved; <command>lpc clean</command>
2370 is now somewhat safer, and a new <command>lpc tclean</command>
2371 command has been added to check to see what files would be
2372 removed by <command>lpc clean</command>. &merged;</para>
2374 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now takes two new options: <option>-c</option>
2375 will log all connection errors to &man.syslogd.8;, while
2376 <option>-W</option> will allow connections from non-reserved
2377 ports. &merged;</para>
2379 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now has some support for
2380 <literal>o</literal>-type print-file actions in its control
2381 files, which allows printing of PostScript files generated by
2382 <application>MacOS</application> 10.1. &merged;</para>
2384 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now recognizes the <option>-s</option> flag as
2385 the preferred synonym for <option>-p</option> (these flags
2386 cause &man.lpd.8; not to open a socket for network print
2387 jobs). &merged;</para>
2389 <para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now implements a new <literal>rc</literal>
2390 printcap option. When specified in a print queue for a remote
2391 host, boolean option causes &man.lpd.8; to resend the data file
2392 for each copy the user requested via <command>lpr
2393 -#<replaceable>n</replaceable></command>. &merged;</para>
2395 <para role="historic">Catching up with most other network utilities in the base
2396 system, &man.lpr.1;, &man.lpd.8;, &man.syslogd.8;, and
2397 &man.logger.1; are now all IPv6-capable. &merged;</para>
2399 <para role="historic"><command>lprm -</command> now works for remote printer
2400 queues. &merged;</para>
2402 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; can produce colorized listings with the
2403 <option>-G</option> flag (and appropriate terminal support).
2404 The <envar>CLICOLOR</envar> environment variable can be set to
2405 enable colorized listings by default. &merged;</para>
2407 <para role="historic">&man.ls.1; now accepts a <option>-h</option> flag, which
2408 when combined with the <option>-l</option> flag, causes file
2409 sizes to be printed with unit suffixes, such that the number of
2410 digits printed is fewer than four. &merged;</para>
2412 <para>The &man.ls.1; program now supports a <option>-m</option>
2413 flag to list files across a page, a <option>-p</option> flag to
2414 force printing of a <literal>/</literal> after directories, and
2415 a <option>-x</option> flag to sort filenames across a
2418 <para role="historic">&man.m4.1; now accepts a <option>-s</option> flag to cause
2419 it to emit <literal>#line</literal> directives for use by
2420 &man.cpp.1;. &merged;</para>
2422 <para role="historic">&man.mail.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> flag to avoid
2423 sending messages with empty bodies. &merged;</para>
2425 <para role="historic">&man.make.1; has gained the <literal>:C///</literal>
2426 (regular expression substitution), <literal>:L</literal>
2427 (lowercase), and <literal>:U</literal> (uppercase) variable
2428 modifiers. These were added to reduce the differences between
2429 the &os; and OpenBSD/NetBSD &man.make.1; programs.
2432 <para role="historic">Bugs in &man.make.1;, among which include broken null suffix
2433 behavior, bad assumptions about current directory permissions,
2434 and potential buffer overflows, have been fixed. &merged;</para>
2436 <para role="historic">The new <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
2437 <filename>make.conf</filename> variable controls the compilation
2438 of processor-specific optimizations in various pieces of code
2439 such as <application>OpenSSL</application>. &merged;</para>
2441 <para role="historic">The &os; <filename>Makefile</filename> infrastructure now
2442 supports the <varname>WARNS</varname> directive from NetBSD.
2443 This directive controls the addition of compiler warning flags
2444 to <varname>CFLAGS</varname> in a relatively compiler-neutral
2445 manner. &merged;</para>
2447 <para>&man.makewhatis.1; is now a C program, instead of a
2450 <para>&man.man.1; is no longer installed SUID
2451 <username>man</username>, in order to reduce vulnerabilities
2452 associated with generating <quote>catpages</quote> (preformatted
2453 manual pages cached for repeated viewing). As a result,
2454 &man.man.1; can no longer create system catpages on a regular
2455 user's behalf. It is still able to do so if the user has write
2456 permissions to the directory holding catpages (e.g. a user's own
2457 manpages) or if the running user is
2458 <username>root</username>.</para>
2460 <para>The &man.mdmfs.8; command has been added; it is a wrapper
2461 around &man.mdconfig.8;, &man.disklabel.8;, &man.newfs.8;, and
2462 &man.mount.8; that mimics the command line option set of the
2463 deprecated &man.mount.mfs.8;.</para>
2465 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now sources an
2466 <filename>/etc/mergemaster.rc</filename> file and also prompts
2467 the user to run recommended commands (such as
2468 <command>newaliases</command>) as needed. &merged;</para>
2470 <para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now supports two new flags.
2471 The <option>-p</option> flag enables a
2472 <quote>pre-<literal>buildworld</literal></quote> mode to files
2473 known to be essential to the success of the
2474 <literal>buildworld</literal> and
2475 <literal>installworld</literal> system updating steps. The
2476 <option>-C</option> flag, used after a successful
2477 &man.mergemaster.8; run, compares options in
2478 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to the default options in
2479 <filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2481 <para role="historic">mk_cmds(1) and the associated
2482 <filename>libss</filename> have been removed; they have been
2483 unused for quite some time. &merged;</para>
2485 <para role="historic">&man.moused.8; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2486 control mouse acceleration. &merged;</para>
2488 <para role="historic">&man.mtree.8; now includes support for a file that lists
2489 pathnames to be excluded when creating and verifying prototypes.
2490 This makes it easier to use &man.mtree.8; as a part of an
2491 intrusion-detection system. &merged;</para>
2493 <para>&man.mv.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option> to
2494 automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would ask to
2495 overwrite a file.</para>
2497 <para role="historic">&man.natd.8; now supports a
2498 <option>-log_ipfw_denied</option> option to log packets that
2499 cannot be re-injected because they are blocked by &man.ipfw.8;
2500 rules. &merged;</para>
2502 <para role="historic">The <quote>in use</quote> percentage metric displayed by
2503 &man.netstat.1; now really reflects the percentage of network
2504 mbufs used. &merged;</para>
2506 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-W</option> flag that
2507 tells it not to truncate addresses, even if they're too long for
2508 the column they're printed in. &merged;</para>
2510 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now keeps track of input and output packets
2511 on a per-address basis for each interface. &merged;</para>
2513 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-z</option> flag to reset
2514 statistics. &merged;</para>
2516 <para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-S</option> flag to print
2517 address numerically but port names symbolically. &merged;</para>
2519 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now implements write combining, which can make
2520 creation of new filesystems up to seven times
2521 faster. &merged;</para>
2523 <para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now takes a <option>-U</option> option to
2524 enable softupdates on a new filesystem. &merged;</para>
2526 <para role="historic">The default number of cylinders per group in &man.newfs.8;
2527 is now computed to be the maximum allowable given the current
2528 filesystem parameters. It can be overridden with the
2529 <option>-c</option> option. Formerly, the default was fixed at
2530 16. This change leads to better &man.fsck.8; performance and
2531 reduced fragmentation. &merged;</para>
2533 <para role="historic"><anchor id="newfs-block-frag-sizes">The default block and
2534 fragment sizes for new filesystems created by &man.newfs.8; are
2535 now 16384 and 2048 bytes, respectively (the old defaults were
2536 8192 and 1024 bytes). This change generally provides increased
2537 performance, at the expense of some wasted disk
2538 space. &merged;</para>
2540 <para>A number of archaic features of &man.newfs.8; have been
2541 removed; these implement tuning features that are essentially
2542 useless on modern hard disks. These features were controlled by
2543 the <option>-O</option>, <option>-d</option>,
2544 <option>-k</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>-n</option>,
2545 <option>-p</option>, <option>-r</option>, <option>-t</option>,
2546 and <option>-x</option> flags.</para>
2548 <para role="historic">&man.newsyslog.8; now has the ability to compress log files
2549 using &man.bzip2.1;. &merged;</para>
2551 <para><application>NFS</application> now works over IPv6.</para>
2553 <para role="historic">&man.ngctl.8; now supports a <option>write</option> command
2554 to send a data packet down a given hook. &merged;</para>
2556 <para role="historic">&man.nl.1;, a line numbering filter program, has been
2557 added. &merged;</para>
2559 <para><application>nsswitch</application> support has been merged
2560 from NetBSD. By creating an &man.nsswitch.conf.5; file, &os;
2561 can be configured so that various databases such as
2562 &man.passwd.5; and &man.group.5; can be looked up using flat
2563 files, NIS, or Hesiod. The old
2564 <filename>hosts.conf</filename> file is no longer used.</para>
2566 <para><application>PAM</application> support has been added for
2567 account management and sessions.</para>
2569 <para><application>PAM</application> configuration is now
2570 specified by files in <filename>/etc/pam.d/</filename>, rather
2571 than a single <filename>/etc/pam.conf</filename> file.
2572 <filename>/etc/pam.d/README</filename> has more details.</para>
2574 <para>A &man.pam.ftp.8; module has been added to allow
2575 authentication of anonymous FTP users.</para>
2577 <para>A &man.pam.ftpusers.8; module has been added to perform
2578 checks against the &man.ftpusers.5; file.</para>
2580 <para>A &man.pam.lastlog.8; module has been added to record
2581 sessions in the &man.utmp.5;, &man.wtmp.5;, and &man.lastlog.5;
2584 <para>A &man.pam.login.access.8; module has been added, to allow
2585 checking against <filename>/etc/login.access</filename>.</para>
2587 <para>The &man.pam.nologin.8; module, which can disallow logins
2588 using &man.nologin.5;, has been added.</para>
2590 <para>The &man.pam.opie.8; and &man.pam.opieaccess.8; modules have
2591 been added to control authentication via &man.opie.4;.</para>
2593 <para>A &man.pam.passwdqc.8; module has been added, to check the
2594 quality of passwords submitted during password changes.</para>
2596 <para>A &man.pam.rhosts.8; module has been added to support
2597 &man.rhosts.5; authentication.</para>
2599 <para>The &man.pam.rootok.8; module, which can be used to
2600 authenticate only the superuser, has been added.</para>
2602 <para>A &man.pam.securetty.8; module has been added to check the
2603 <quote>security</quote> of a TTY, as listed in &man.ttys.5;.</para>
2605 <para>A &man.pam.self.8; module, which allows self-authentication
2606 of a user, has been added.</para>
2608 <para role="historic">A &man.pam.ssh.8; module has been added to allow the use of
2609 SSH passphrases and keypairs for authentication. This module
2610 also handles session management by invoking
2611 &man.ssh-agent.1;. &merged;</para>
2613 <para>A &man.pam.wheel.8; module has been added to permit
2614 authentication to members of a group, which defaults to
2615 <groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para>
2617 <para role="historic">&man.passwd.1; and &man.pw.8; now select the password hash
2618 algorithm at run time. See the <literal>passwd_format</literal>
2620 <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2622 <para role="historic">&man.patch.1; now accepts a <option>-i</option> command-line
2623 flag to read a patch from a file, rather than standard
2624 input. &merged;</para>
2626 <para>The &man.pathchk.1; utility, which checks pathnames for
2627 validity or portability between POSIX systems, has been
2630 <para role="historic">&man.pax.1; has received a number of enhancements, including
2631 &man.cpio.1; functionality, &man.tar.1; compatibility
2632 enhancements, <option>-z</option> and <option>-Z</option> flags
2633 for &man.gzip.1; and &man.compress.1; functionality, and a
2634 number of bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2636 <para role="historic">&man.pciconf.8; now supports a <option>-v</option> option to
2637 display the vendor/device information of configured devices, in
2638 conjunction with the <option>-l</option> option. The default
2639 vendor/device database can be found at
2640 <filename>/usr/share/misc/pci_vendors</filename>. &merged;</para>
2642 <para role="historic">The behavior of &man.periodic.8; is now controlled by
2643 <filename>/etc/defaults/periodic.conf</filename> and
2644 <filename>/etc/periodic.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
2646 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option to
2647 set the TTL of outgoing packets. &merged;</para>
2649 <para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-A</option> option to
2650 beep when packets are lost. &merged;</para>
2652 <para role="historic">Userland &man.ppp.8; has received a number of updates and
2653 bug fixes. &merged;</para>
2655 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; has gained the <literal>tcpmssfixup</literal>
2656 option, which adjusts outgoing and incoming TCP SYN packets so
2657 that the maximum receive segment size is no larger than allowed
2658 by the interface MTU. &merged;</para>
2660 <para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; now supports IPv6. &merged;</para>
2662 <para role="historic">&man.pppd.8; (the control program for kernel-level PPP) is
2663 now installed mode <literal>4550</literal> and
2664 <username>root</username><literal>:</literal><groupname>dialer</groupname>,
2665 rather than mode <literal>4555</literal> (in other words, it is
2666 no longer world-executable). Users of &man.pppd.8; may need to
2667 change their group settings. &merged;</para>
2669 <para role="historic">&man.pr.1; now supports the <option>-f</option> and
2670 <option>-p</option> flags to pause output going to a
2671 terminal. &merged;</para>
2673 <para role="historic">The <option>-W</option> option to &man.ps.1; (to extract
2674 information from a specified swap device) has been useless for
2675 some time; it has been removed. &merged;</para>
2677 <para role="historic">&man.pwd.1; can now double as &man.realpath.1;, a program to
2678 resolve pathnames to their underlying physical
2679 paths. &merged;</para>
2681 <para>&man.pwd.1; now supports the <option>-L</option> flag to
2682 print the logical current working directory.</para>
2684 <para>The pseudo-random number generator implemented by
2685 &man.rand.3; has been improved to provide less biased
2688 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now has an framework for handling dependencies
2689 between &man.rc.conf.5; variables. &merged;</para>
2691 <para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now deletes all non-directory files in
2692 <filename>/var/run</filename> and
2693 <filename>/var/spool/lock</filename> at boot
2694 time. &merged;</para>
2696 <para>&man.rcmd.3; now supports the use of the
2697 <envar>RSH</envar> environment variable to specify a program to
2698 use other than &man.rsh.1; for remote execution. As a result,
2699 programs such as &man.dump.8;, can use &man.ssh.1; for remote
2702 <para>&man.rdist.1; has been retired from the base system, but is
2703 still available from &os; Ports Collection as
2704 <filename role="package">net/44bsd-rdist</filename>.</para>
2706 <para role="historic">&man.reboot.8; now takes a <option>-k</option> to specify
2707 the next kernel to boot. &merged;</para>
2709 <para>The &man.renice.8; command implements a <option>-n</option>
2710 option, which specifies an increment to be applied to the
2711 priority of a process.</para>
2713 <para role="historic">The &man.resolver.3; in &os; now implements EDNS0 support,
2714 which will be necessary when working with IPv6 transport-ready
2715 resolvers/DNS servers. &merged;</para>
2717 <para role="historic">The &man.rfork.thread.3; library call has been added as a
2718 helper function to &man.rfork.2;. Using this function should
2719 avoid the need to implement complex stack swap
2720 code. &merged;</para>
2722 <para>The <option>-v</option> option to &man.rm.1; now displays
2723 the entire pathname of a file being removed.</para>
2725 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; is now more verbose when changing indirect
2726 routes, in the case of a gateway route that is the same route as
2727 the one being modified. &merged;</para>
2729 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; now uses
2730 <literal><replaceable>host</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
2732 <literal><replaceable>net</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
2733 syntax, for compatibility with &man.netstat.1;. &merged;</para>
2735 <para role="historic">&man.route.8; can now create <quote>proxy only</quote>
2736 published ARP entries. &merged;</para>
2738 <para role="historic">The &man.route.8; <option>add</option> command now supports
2739 the <option>-ifp</option> and <option>-ifa</option>
2740 modifiers. &merged;</para>
2742 <para>&man.rpcbind.8; has replaced &man.portmap.8;.</para>
2744 <para>&man.rpcgen.1; now uses <filename>/usr/bin/cpp</filename>
2746 <filename>/usr/libexec/cpp</filename>.</para>
2748 <para>&man.rpc.lockd.8; has been imported from NetBSD. This
2749 daemon provides support for servicing client NFS locks.</para>
2751 <para role="historic">The performance of the ELF dynamic linker &man.rtld.1; has
2752 been improved. &merged;</para>
2754 <para role="historic">RSA Security has waived all patent rights to the
2755 <application>RSA</application> algorithm. As a result, the
2756 native <application>OpenSSL</application> implementation of the
2757 RSA algorithm is now activated by default, and the <filename
2758 role="package">security/rsaref</filename> port and the
2759 <filename>librsaUSA</filename> and
2760 <filename>librsaINTL</filename> libraries are no longer required
2761 for USA and non-USA residents respectively. &merged;</para>
2763 <para>&man.rtld.1; will now print the names of all objects that
2764 cause each object to be loaded, if the
2765 <varname>LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_ALL</varname> environment
2766 variable is defined.</para>
2768 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now supports a <option>-k</option> option
2769 to prevent clearing a crash dump after saving it. It also
2770 attempts to avoid writing large stretches of zeros to crash dump
2771 files to save space and time. &merged;</para>
2773 <para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now works correctly on machines with 2 GB
2774 or more of RAM. &merged;</para>
2776 <para>The &man.sccs.1; front-end to the Source Code Control System
2777 has been revived.</para>
2779 <para role="historic">&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> option for
2780 extended regular expression support. &merged;</para>
2782 <para>&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-i</option> option to enable
2783 in-place editing of files.</para>
2785 <para role="historic">&man.send-pr.1; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
2786 include a file into the <literal>Fix:</literal> section of a
2787 problem report. &merged;</para>
2789 <para>The &man.setfacl.1; and &man.getfacl.1; commands have been
2790 added to manage filesystem Access Control Lists.</para>
2792 <para role="historic">&man.setproctitle.3; has been moved from
2793 <filename>libutil</filename> to
2794 <filename>libc</filename>. &merged;</para>
2796 <para role="historic">&man.sh.1; now implements <command>test</command> as a
2797 built-in command for improved efficiency. &merged;</para>
2799 <para>&man.sh.1; no longer implements <command>printf</command> as
2800 a built-in command because it was considered less valuable
2801 compared to the other built-in commands (this functionality is,
2802 of course, still available through the &man.printf.1;
2805 <para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option to
2806 prevent existing regular files from being overwritten by output
2807 redirection, and a <option>-u</option> to give an error if an
2808 unset variable is expanded.</para>
2810 <para role="historic">&man.sockstat.1; now has <option>-c</option> and
2811 <option>-l</option> flags for listing connected and listening
2812 sockets, respectively. &merged;</para>
2814 <para>&man.spkrtest.8; is now a &man.sh.1; script, rather than a
2817 <para role="historic">&man.split.1; now has the ability to split a file longer
2818 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
2820 <para>&man.split.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> option to
2821 specify the number of letters to use for the suffix of split
2824 <para>In preparation for meeting SUSv2/POSIX
2825 <filename><sys/select.h></filename> requirements,
2826 <literal>struct selinfo</literal> and related functions have been
2827 moved to <filename><sys/selinfo.h></filename>.</para>
2829 <para role="historic">The &man.strnstr.3; and &man.strcasestr.3; variants of
2830 &man.strstr.3; have been implemented. &merged;</para>
2832 <para role="historic">&man.stty.1; now has support for an
2833 <literal>erase2</literal> control character, so that, for
2834 example, both the <keycap>Delete</keycap> and
2835 <keycap>Backspace</keycap> keys can be used to erase
2836 characters. &merged;</para>
2838 <para>&man.su.1; now uses <application>PAM</application> for
2839 authentication.</para>
2841 <para role="historic">Boot-time &man.syscons.4; configuration was moved to a
2843 <filename>/etc/rc.syscons</filename>. &merged;</para>
2845 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-N</option> option to
2846 print out variable names only. &merged;</para>
2848 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; has replaced the <option>-A</option> and
2849 <option>-X</option> options with <option>-ao</option> and
2850 <option>-ax</option> respectively; the former options are now
2851 deprecated. The <option>-w</option> option is deprecated as
2852 well; it is not needed to determine the user's
2853 intentions. &merged;</para>
2855 <para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-e</option> option to
2856 separate variable names and values by <literal>=</literal>
2857 rather than <literal>:</literal>. This feature is useful for
2858 producing output that can be fed back to
2859 &man.sysctl.8;. &merged;</para>
2861 <para>&man.sysctl.8; now accepts a <option>-d</option> flag to print
2862 the descriptions of variables.</para>
2864 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now properly preserves
2865 <filename>/etc/mail</filename> during a binary
2866 upgrade. &merged;</para>
2868 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now uses some more intuitive defaults
2869 thanks to some new dialog support functions. &merged;</para>
2871 <para>The default root partition in &man.sysinstall.8; is now
2872 100MB on the i386 and pc98, 120MB on the Alpha.</para>
2874 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; now lives in
2875 <filename>/usr/sbin</filename>, which simplifies the
2876 installation process. The &man.sysinstall.8; manpage is also
2877 installed in a more consistent fashion now.</para>
2879 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has the ability to load KLDs as a
2880 part of the installation. &merged;</para>
2882 <para role="historic">When run from the installation media, &man.sysinstall.8;
2883 will automatically load any device drivers found in the
2884 <filename>/stand/modules</filename> directory of the
2885 <literal>mfsroot</literal> floppy or filesystem image. Note
2886 that any drivers so loaded will not appear in the kernel's boot
2887 messages; the &man.sysinstall.8; debugging screen will provide
2888 additional information. &merged;</para>
2890 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now enables Soft Updates by default on
2891 all filesystems it creates, except for the root
2892 filesystem. &merged;</para>
2894 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; has received updates for its
2895 <quote>auto</quote> partitioning mode which provide more
2896 reasonable defaults for the sizes of partitions that are
2897 created; auto-sized partitions can now also recover the space
2898 that becomes available when other partitions are
2899 deleted. &merged;</para>
2901 <para>&man.sysinstall.8; no longer mounts the &man.procfs.5;
2902 filesystem by default on new installs.</para>
2904 <para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has rudimentary support for
2905 retrieving packages from the correct volume of a multiple-volume
2906 installation (such as a multi-CD distribution). &merged;</para>
2908 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; can take a <option>-n</option> option to
2909 disable DNS queries for every request. &merged;</para>
2911 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now supports a
2912 <literal>LOG_CONSOLE</literal> facility (disabled by default),
2913 which can be used to log <filename>/dev/console</filename>
2914 output. &merged;</para>
2916 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now has the ability to bind to a specific
2917 address (as opposed to using every available one) via the
2918 <option>-b</option> option. &merged;</para>
2920 <para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now accepts a <option>-c</option> flag to
2921 disable repeated line compression. &merged;</para>
2923 <para>&man.tabs.1;, a utility to set terminal tab stops, has been
2926 <para role="historic">&man.tail.1; now has the ability to work on files longer
2927 than 2GB. &merged;</para>
2929 <para role="historic">&man.tar.1; now supports the <varname>TAR_RSH</varname>
2930 variable, principally to enable the use of &man.ssh.1; as a
2931 transport. &merged;</para>
2933 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does autologin and encryption by default;
2934 a new <option>-y</option> option turns off encryption. &merged;</para>
2936 <para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now supports a <option>-u</option> flag to
2937 allow connections to UNIX-domain (<literal>AF_UNIX</literal>)
2938 sockets. &merged;</para>
2940 <para role="historic">&man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; now support IPv6. &merged;</para>
2942 <para role="historic">&man.tftpd.8; now takes the <option>-c</option> and
2943 <option>-C</option> options, which allow the server to
2944 &man.chroot.2; based on the IP address of the connecting client.
2945 &man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; can now transfer files larger
2946 than 65535 blocks. &merged;</para>
2948 <para>&man.tftpd.8; now supports RFC 2349 (TFTP Timeout Interval
2949 and Transfer Size Options); this feature is required by some
2950 firmware like EFI boot managers (at least on HP i2000 Itanium
2951 servers) in order to boot an image using
2952 <application>TFTP</application>.</para>
2954 <para arch="alpha">&man.timed.8; now works on the alpha.</para>
2956 <para>A version of Transport Independent RPC
2957 (<application>TI-RPC</application>) has been imported.</para>
2959 <para role="historic">&man.tmpnam.3; will now use the <envar>TMPDIR</envar>
2960 environment variable, if set, to specify the location of
2961 temporary files. &merged;</para>
2963 <para>&man.tip.1; has been updated from
2964 <application>OpenBSD</application>, and has the ability to act
2965 as a &man.cu.1; substitute.</para>
2967 <para>&man.top.1; will now use the full width of its tty.</para>
2969 <para>&man.touch.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> option to
2970 operate on a symbolic link, rather than what the link points
2973 <para role="historic">The &man.truncate.1; utility, which truncates or extends the
2974 length of files, has been added. &merged;</para>
2976 <para role="historic">Ukrainian language support has been added to the &os;
2977 console. &merged;</para>
2979 <para><application>UUCP</application> has been removed from the
2980 base system. It can be found in the Ports Collection, in
2981 <filename role="package">net/freebsd-uucp</filename>.</para>
2983 <para>&man.unexpand.1; now supports a <option>-t</option> to
2984 specify tabstabs analogous to &man.expand.1;.</para>
2986 <para role="historic">&man.units.1; has received some updates and
2987 bugfixes. &merged;</para>
2989 <para>&man.usbdevs.8; now supports a <option>-d</option> flag to
2990 show the device driver associated with each device.</para>
2992 <para role="historic">The &man.usbhidctl.1; utility has been added to manipulate
2993 USB Human Interface Devices. &merged;</para>
2995 <para role="historic">&man.uuencode.1; and &man.uudecode.1; now accept a <option>-o</option> option to
2996 set their output files. &man.uuencode.1; can now be made to do base64 encoding
2997 when given the <option>-m</option> flag, while &man.uudecode.1;
2998 can now automatically decode base64 files. &merged;</para>
3000 <para>The base64 capabilities of &man.uuencode.1; and
3001 &man.uudecode.1; can now be automatically enabled by invoking
3002 these utilities as &man.b64encode.1; and &man.b64decode.1;
3003 respectively.</para>
3005 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-g</option>
3006 parameter to select custom text geometry in the
3007 <literal>VESA_800x600</literal> raster text mode. &merged;</para>
3009 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now allows the user to omit the font size
3010 specification when loading a font, and has some better
3011 error-handling. &merged;</para>
3013 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-p</option> option
3014 to take a snapshot of a &man.syscons.4; video buffer. These
3015 snapshots can be manipulated by the
3016 <filename role="package">graphics/scr2png</filename> utility in
3017 the Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
3019 <para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option
3020 to clear the history buffer for a given tty, as well as a
3021 <option>-h</option> option to set the size of the history
3022 buffer. &merged;</para>
3024 <para>The default stripe size in &man.vinum.8; has been changed
3025 from 256KB to 279KB, to spread out superblocks more evenly
3026 between stripes.</para>
3028 <para role="historic">&man.wall.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
3029 write a message to all users of a given group. &merged;</para>
3031 <para role="historic">&man.watch.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
3032 specify a &man.snp.4; device to use. &merged;</para>
3034 <para>&man.which.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
3037 <para>&man.who.1; now has a number of new options:
3038 <option>-H</option> shows column headings; <option>-T</option>
3039 shows &man.mesg.1; state; <option>-m</option> is an equivalent
3040 to <option>am i</option>; <option>-u</option> shows idle time;
3041 <option>-q</option> to list names in columns.</para>
3043 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; now directs queries for IP addresses to ARIN.
3044 If a query to ARIN references APNIC or RIPE, the appropriate
3045 server will also be queried, provided that the
3046 <option>-Q</option> option is not specified. &merged;</para>
3048 <para role="historic">&man.whois.1; supports a <option>-c</option> option to
3049 specify a country code to help direct queries towards a
3050 particular whois server. &merged;</para>
3052 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-I</option>
3053 <replaceable>replstr</replaceable> option that allows the user
3054 to tell &man.xargs.1; to insert the data read from standard
3055 input at specific points in the command line arguments rather
3056 than at the end. (A &os;-specific <option>-J</option> option is
3057 similar, but is now deprecated in favor of the more portable
3058 <option>-I</option> option.)</para>
3060 <para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-L</option> option to
3061 force its utility argument to be called after some number of
3064 <para role="historic">The compiler chain now uses the FSF-supplied C/C++ runtime
3065 initialization code. This change brings about better
3066 compatibility with code generated from the various egcs and gcc
3067 ports, as well as the stock public FSF source. &merged;</para>
3069 <para role="historic">The threads library has gained some signal handling changes,
3070 bug fixes, and performance enhancements (including zero system
3071 call thread switching). &man.gdb.1; thread support has been
3072 updated to match these changes. &merged;</para>
3074 <para role="historic">Significant additions have been made to internationalization
3075 support; &os; now has complete locale support for the
3076 <literal>LC_MONETARY</literal>, <literal>LC_NUMERIC</literal>,
3077 and <literal>LC_MESSAGES</literal> categories. A number of
3078 applications have been updated to take advantage of this
3079 support. &merged;</para>
3081 <para role="historic">Locale names have been changed to improve compatibility with
3082 the names used by X11R6, as well as a number of other UNIX
3083 versions. As an example, the
3084 <literal>en_US.ISO_8859-1</literal> locale name has been changed
3086 <literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal>. Entries in
3087 <filename>/etc/locale.alias</filename> provide backward
3088 compatibility. &merged;</para>
3090 <para role="historic"><filename>/usr/src/share/examples/BSD_daemon/</filename> now
3091 contains a scalable Beastie graphic. &merged;</para>
3093 <para role="historic">As part of an ongoing process, many manual pages were
3094 improved, both in terms of their formatting markup and in their
3095 content. &merged;</para>
3097 <para>A number of utilities and libraries were enhanced to improve
3098 their conformance with the Single UNIX Specification (SUSv3) and
3099 IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (<quote>POSIX.1</quote>). Specific
3100 features added have been listed in the release notes for each
3101 utility. The standards conformance of each utility or library
3102 function is generally listed in its manual page.</para>
3105 <title>Contributed Software</title>
3107 <para><application>am-utils</application> has been updated to
3110 <para>A 10 February 2002 snapshot of <application>awk</application> from Bell Labs (variously
3111 known as <quote>BWK awk</quote> or <quote>The One True
3112 AWK</quote>) has been imported. It is available as
3113 <command>awk</command> or
3114 <command>nawk</command>.</para>
3116 <para role="historic"><application>bc</application> has been updated from 1.04 to
3117 1.06. &merged;</para>
3119 <para role="historic">The ISC library from the <application>BIND</application>
3120 distribution is now built as
3121 <filename>libisc</filename>. &merged;</para>
3123 <para role="historic"><application>BIND</application> is now built with the
3124 <literal>NOADDITIONAL</literal> flag, which causes
3125 &man.named.8; to operate in a more consistent fashion for
3126 certain common misconfigurations. &merged;</para>
3128 <para role="historic"><application>BIND</application> has been updated to
3129 8.3.2-T1B. &merged;</para>
3131 <para><application>Binutils</application> has been updated to
3134 <para role="historic"><application>bzip2</application> 1.0.2 has been imported;
3135 this brings the &man.bzip2.1; program and the
3136 <filename>libbz2</filename> library to the base
3137 system. &merged;</para>
3139 <para role="historic">The &man.ee.1; <application>Easy Editor</application> has
3140 been updated to 1.4.2. &merged;</para>
3142 <para><application>file</application> has been updated to
3145 <para><application>gcc</application> has been updated to
3146 a snapshot of <application>gcc</application> 3.1.
3148 <para>The integration of <application>gcc</application> is
3149 very new. Some applications and programs in the base
3150 system require fixes or compiler flags to build
3151 correctly. Work to address these problems is ongoing.</para>
3155 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now uses a unified <filename>libgcc</filename>
3156 rather than a separate one for threaded and non-threaded
3157 programs. <filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_r.a</filename> can be
3158 removed. &merged;</para>
3160 <para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now supports the environment variable
3161 <envar>GCC_OPTIONS</envar>, which can hold a set of default
3162 options for <application>GCC</application>. &merged;</para>
3164 <para role="historic"><application>GNATS</application> has been updated to
3165 3.113. &merged;</para>
3167 <para><application>GNU awk</application> has been updated to
3168 3.1.0. It is now available as <command>gawk</command>.</para>
3170 <para><application>gperf</application> has been updated to
3173 <para role="historic"><application>groff</application> and its related utilities
3174 have been updated to FSF version 1.17.2. This import brings
3175 in a new &man.mdoc.7; macro package (sometimes referred to as
3176 <literal>mdocNG</literal>), which removes many of the
3177 limitations of its predecessor. &merged;</para>
3179 <para role="historic"><application>Heimdal Kerberos</application> has been updated to
3180 0.4e. &merged;</para>
3182 <para role="historic">The version of <application>IPFilter</application>
3183 provided with &os; now includes the &man.ipfs.8; program,
3184 which allows state information created for NAT entries and
3185 stateful rules to be saved to disk and restored after a
3186 reboot. Boot-time configuration of these features is
3187 supported by &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
3189 <para role="historic">The <application>ISC DHCP</application> client has been
3190 updated to 3.0.1RC8. &merged;</para>
3192 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos IV</application> has been updated to
3193 1.0.5. &merged;</para>
3195 <para>The &man.more.1; command has been replaced by
3196 &man.less.1;, although it can still be run as
3197 <command>more</command>. &merged; Version 371 of
3198 <application>less</application> has been imported.</para>
3200 <para role="historic"><application>libpcap</application> has been updated to
3201 0.6.2. &merged;</para>
3203 <para><application>libreadline</application> has been updated to
3206 <para><application>libz</application> has been updated to
3209 <para><application>lint</application> has been updated to
3210 snapshot of NetBSD &man.lint.1; as of 3 March 2002.</para>
3212 <para><application>lukemftp</application> (the FTP client from
3213 NetBSD) has replaced the &os; &man.ftp.1; program. Among its
3214 new features are more automation methods, better standards
3215 compliance, transfer rate throttling, and a customizable
3216 command-line prompt. Some environment variables and
3217 command-line arguments have changed.</para>
3219 <para>The FTP daemon from NetBSD, otherwise known as
3220 <application>lukemftpd</application>, has been imported and is
3221 available as &man.lukemftpd.8;.</para>
3223 <para>&man.m4.1; has been imported from OpenBSD, as of 26 April
3226 <para><application>ncurses</application> has been updated to
3227 5.2-20020518.</para>
3229 <para role="historic">The <application>NTP</application> suite of programs has
3230 been updated to 4.1.0. &merged;</para>
3232 <para><application>OpenPAM</application>
3233 (<quote>Cinnamon</quote> release) has been imported,
3235 <application>Linux-PAM</application>.</para>
3237 <para>The <application>OPIE</application> one-time-password
3238 suite has been updated to 2.4. It has completely
3239 replaced the functionality of
3240 <application>S/Key</application>.</para>
3242 <para><application>Perl</application> has been removed from the
3243 &os; base system. It can still be installed from the &os;
3244 Ports Collection or as a binary package; moving it out of the
3245 base system will make future upgrades and maintenence easier.
3246 To reduce the dependence of the base system on
3247 Perl, many utilities have been
3248 rewritten as shell scripts or C programs (specific notes are
3249 made for each affected utility).
3250 <filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename> is now a
3251 <quote>wrapper</quote> program, so that programs expecting to
3252 find a Perl interpreter there will
3253 be able to function correctly.
3256 <para>The Perl removal and
3257 package integration work is ongoing.</para>
3262 <para><application>GNU ptx</application> has been removed from
3263 the base system. It is not used anywhere in the base system,
3264 and has not been recently updated or maintained. Users
3265 requiring its functionality can install this utility as a part
3266 of the <filename role="package">textproc/textutils</filename>
3269 <para role="historic">&man.routed.8; has been updated to version
3270 2.22. &merged;</para>
3272 <para arch="i386,pc98">Version 1.4.4 of the
3273 <application>smbfs</application> userland utilities have been
3276 <para><application>GNU sort</application> has been updated to
3277 the version from <application>GNU textutils
3278 2.0.21</application>.</para>
3280 <para>&man.stat.1; from <application>NetBSD</application>, as of
3281 5 June 2002 has, been imported.</para>
3283 <para><application>GNU tar</application> has been updated to
3286 <para role="historic"><application>tcpdump</application> has been updated to
3287 3.6.3. &merged;</para>
3289 <para role="historic">The &man.csh.1; shell has been replaced by &man.tcsh.1;,
3290 although it can still be run as <command>csh</command>.
3291 <application>tcsh</application> has been updated to version
3292 6.11. &merged;</para>
3294 <para>The contributed version of
3295 <application>tcp_wrappers</application> now includes the
3296 &man.tcpd.8; helper daemon. While not strictly necessary in a
3297 standard &os; installation (because &man.inetd.8; already
3298 incorporates this functionality), this may be useful for
3299 &man.inetd.8; replacements such as
3300 <application>xinetd</application>.</para>
3302 <para role="historic"><application>texinfo</application> has been updated to
3303 4.1. &merged;</para>
3305 <para><application>top</application> has been updated to version
3308 <para role="historic">&man.traceroute.8; now takes its default maximum TTL value
3309 from the <varname>net.inet.ip.ttl</varname> sysctl
3310 variable. &merged;</para>
3312 <para role="historic">The timezone database has been updated to the
3313 <filename>tzdata2002c</filename> release. &merged;</para>
3318 <para role="historic"><application>cvs</application> has been updated to
3319 1.11.1p1. &merged;</para>
3321 <para role="historic">The default value for &man.cvs.1;'s
3322 <envar>CVS_RSH</envar> variable is now
3323 <literal>ssh</literal>, rather than
3324 <literal>rsh</literal>. &merged;</para>
3326 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; now supports a <option>-T</option> option to
3327 update a sandbox's <filename>CVS/Template</filename> file
3328 from the repository. &merged;</para>
3330 <para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; <literal>diff</literal> now supports the
3331 <option>-j</option> option to perform differences against a
3332 revision relative to a branch tag. &merged;</para>
3336 <title>CVSup</title>
3338 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application>, a frequently used
3339 utility in the &os; Ports Collection, was formerly
3340 installable using several ports and packages. The
3341 <filename role="package">net/cvsup-bin</filename> and
3342 <filename role="package">net/cvsupd-bin</filename>
3343 ports/packages are no longer necessary or available; the
3344 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename> port should be
3345 used instead. &merged;</para>
3347 <para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application> has been updated to
3348 16.1_3, which is available in the &os; Ports Collection as
3349 <filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename>. This update
3350 fixes a long-standing (but only recently encountered) bug
3351 which affects the timestamps on all files after Sun Sep 9
3352 01:46:40 UTC 2001 (1,000,000,000 seconds after the UNIX
3353 epoch). &merged;</para>
3356 <sect4 id="kame-userland">
3359 <para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
3360 KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
3361 the items listed in this section are a result of this
3363 <xref linkend="kame-kernel"> lists kernel updates to the
3364 KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
3366 <para role="historic">&man.faithd.8; now supports a configuration file for
3367 access control. &merged;</para>
3369 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3370 &man.gifconfig.8;. &merged;</para>
3372 <para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
3373 &man.prefix.8;. &man.prefix.8; is now a shell script for
3374 partial backwards compatibility. &merged;</para>
3376 <para role="historic">&man.ndp.8; now implements garbage collection for stale
3377 NDP entries, as described in RFC 2461 (Neighbor Discovery
3378 for IP Version 6 (IPv6)). &merged;</para>
3380 <para role="historic">pim6dd(8) and pim6sd(8) have been removed due
3381 to restrictive licensing conditions. These programs are
3382 available in the ports collection as
3383 <filename role="package">net/pim6dd</filename> and
3384 <filename role="package">net/pim6sd</filename>. &merged;</para>
3386 <para role="historic">&man.route6d.8; now supports an <option>-n</option> flag
3387 to avoid updating the kernel forwarding
3388 table. &merged;</para>
3390 <para role="historic">The <option>-R</option> (router renumbering) option to
3391 &man.rtadvd.8; is currently ignored. &merged;</para>
3395 <title>OpenSSH</title>
3397 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3398 2.9, which provides support for the SSH2 protocol (now the
3399 default) and DSA keys. &man.ssh-add.1; and
3400 &man.ssh-agent.1; can now handle DSA keys, with support for
3401 authentication forwarding.
3402 <application>OpenSSH</application> users in the USA no
3403 longer need to rely on the restrictively-licensed RSAREF
3404 toolkit which is required to handle RSA keys. Among other
3405 new features: A client and server for &man.sftp.1; has been added.
3406 &man.scp.1; can now handle files larger than 2 GBytes. A
3407 limit on the number of outstanding, unauthenticated
3408 connections in &man.sshd.8; has been added. Support has
3409 been added for the Rijndael encryption algorithm. Rekeying
3410 of existing sessions is now supported, and an experimental
3411 <application>SOCKS4</application> proxy has been added to
3412 &man.ssh.1;. &merged;</para>
3414 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
3415 version 3.1. Among the changes:
3418 <para>The <filename>*2</filename> files are obsolete
3420 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts</filename> can hold the
3422 <filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts2</filename>).</para>
3425 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; can import and export keys using
3426 the SECSH Public Key File Format, for key exchange
3427 with several commercial SSH implementations.</para>
3430 <para>&man.ssh-add.1; now adds all three default keys.</para>
3433 <para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; no longer defaults to a
3434 specific key type; one must be specified with the
3435 <option>-t</option> option.</para>
3440 <para><application>OpenSSH</application> can now authenticate
3441 using <application>OPIE</application> passwords.</para>
3443 <para><application>PAM</application> support for
3444 <application>OpenSSH</application> has been added.</para>
3446 <para>A long-standing bug in
3447 <application>OpenSSH</application>, which sometimes resulted
3448 in a dropped session when an X11-forwarded client was
3449 closed, was fixed.</para>
3451 <para role="historic"><application>Kerberos</application> compatibility has
3453 <application>OpenSSH</application>. &merged;</para>
3455 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been modified to
3456 be more resistant to traffic analysis by requiring that
3457 <quote>non-echoed</quote> characters are still echoed back
3458 in a null packet, as well as by padding passwords sent so as
3459 not to hint at password lengths. &merged;</para>
3461 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; is now enabled by default on new
3462 installs. &merged;</para>
3464 <para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> is now
3465 turned on by default on the server (any risk is to the
3466 client, where it is already disabled by
3467 default). &merged;</para>
3469 <para role="historic">In <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>, the
3470 <literal>ConnectionsPerPeriod</literal> parameter has been
3471 deprecated in favor of
3472 <literal>MaxStartups</literal>. &merged;</para>
3474 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now has a
3475 <literal>VersionAddendum</literal> configuration setting for
3476 &man.sshd.8; to allow changing the part of the
3477 <application>OpenSSH</application> version string after the
3478 main version number. &merged;</para>
3482 <title>OpenSSL</title>
3484 <para><application>OpenSSL</application> has been updated to
3487 <para role="historic"><application>OpenSSL</application> now has support for
3488 machine-dependent ASM optimizations, activated by the new
3489 <varname>MACHINE_CPU</varname> and/or
3490 <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
3491 <filename>make.conf</filename> variables. &merged;</para>
3495 <title>sendmail</title>
3497 <para><application>sendmail</application> has been updated
3498 from version 8.9.3 to version 8.12.4. Important changes
3499 include: &man.sendmail.8; is no longer installed as a
3500 set-user-ID <username>root</username> binary (now set-group-ID <groupname>smmsp</groupname>); new
3501 default file locations (see
3502 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/cf/README</filename>);
3503 &man.newaliases.1; is limited to <username>root</username>
3504 and trusted users; STARTTLS encryption; and the MSA port
3505 (587) is turned on by default. See
3506 <filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/RELEASE_NOTES</filename>
3507 for more information. &merged;</para>
3509 <para role="historic">&man.mail.local.8; is no longer installed as a
3510 set-user-ID binary. If you are using a
3511 <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> from the default
3512 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> included with &os; any time
3513 after 3.1.0, you are fine. If you are using a
3514 hand-configured <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> and
3515 <command>mail.local</command> for delivery, check to make sure the
3516 <literal>F=S</literal> flag is set on the
3517 <literal>Mlocal</literal> line. Those with
3518 <filename>.mc</filename> files who need to add the flag can
3519 do so by adding the following line to their
3520 <filename>.mc</filename> file and regenerating the
3521 <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> file:</para>
3523 <programlisting role="historic">MODIFY_MAILER_FLAGS(`LOCAL',`+S')dnl</programlisting>
3525 <para role="historic">Note that <literal>FEATURE(`local_lmtp')</literal> already
3526 does this. &merged;</para>
3528 <para role="historic">The default <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename>
3529 disables the SMTP <literal>EXPN</literal> and
3530 <literal>VRFY</literal> commands. &merged;</para>
3532 <para role="historic">&man.vacation.1; has been updated to use the version
3533 included with <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3535 <para role="historic">The <application>sendmail</application> configuration
3536 building tools are installed in
3537 <filename>/usr/share/sendmail/cf/</filename>. &merged;</para>
3539 <para role="historic">New <filename>make.conf</filename> options:
3540 <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname> and
3541 <varname>SENDMAIL_ADDITIONAL_MC</varname>. See
3542 <filename>/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf</filename> for more
3543 information. &merged;</para>
3545 <para role="historic"><filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now supports:
3546 the new <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname>
3547 <filename>make.conf</filename> option; the ability to build
3548 <filename>.cf</filename> files from
3549 <filename>.mc</filename> files; generalized map rebuilding;
3550 rebuilding the aliases file; and the ability to stop, start,
3552 <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
3554 <para role="historic">The <username>smmsp</username> and
3555 <username>mailnull</username> users have been added to
3556 <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>. In the absence of a
3557 <literal>confDEF_USER_ID</literal> setting, by default,
3558 <application>sendmail</application> will use the
3559 <username>mailnull</username> user for extra security.
3560 Previously, if the <username>mailnull</username> user did
3561 not exist, the <username>daemon</username> user was used.
3562 This change may generate some permissions issues when
3563 mailing to files or to programs (such as <filename
3564 role="package">mail/majordomo</filename>). &merged; The
3565 previous behavior can be restored by adding the following
3567 <filename><replaceable>*</replaceable>.mc</filename>
3570 <programlisting>define(`confDEF_USER_ID', `daemon')</programlisting>
3573 <para role="historic">Beginning with the import of
3574 <application>sendmail</application> 8.12.2, multiple
3575 <application>sendmail</application> daemons (some required
3576 to handle outgoing mail) are started by &man.rc.8;, even if
3577 the <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> variable is set to
3578 <literal>NO</literal>. To completely disable
3579 <application>sendmail</application>,
3580 <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> must be set to
3581 <literal>NONE</literal>. Alternatively, for systems using a
3582 different MTA, the <varname>mta_start_script</varname> variable can
3583 be used to point to a different startup script (more details
3584 can be found in &man.rc.sendmail.8;). &merged;</para>
3586 <para>By default, &man.rc.8; no longer enables
3587 <application>sendmail</application> for inbound SMTP
3588 connections. Note that &man.sysinstall.8; may override this
3589 default for a binary installation, based on what security
3590 profile is selected. This functionality can also be
3591 manually enabled by adding the following line to
3592 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
3594 <programlisting>sendmail_enable="YES"</programlisting>
3596 <para>The permissions for <application>sendmail</application>
3597 alias and map databases built via
3598 <filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now default to mode
3599 0640 to protect against a file locking local denial of service.
3600 It can be changed by setting the new
3601 <varname>SENDMAIL_MAP_PERMS</varname>
3602 <filename>make.conf</filename> option. &merged;</para>
3604 <para>The permissions for the <application>sendmail</application>
3605 statistics file, <filename>/var/log/sendmail.st</filename>, have
3606 been changed from mode 0644 to mode 0640 to protect against
3607 a file locking local denial of service. &merged;</para>
3613 <title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>
3615 <para><application>BSDPAN</application>, a collection of modules
3616 that provides tighter integration of
3617 <application>Perl</application> into the &os; Ports
3618 Collection, has been added.</para>
3620 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; and &man.pkg.add.1; can now work with
3621 packages that have been compressed using
3622 &man.bzip2.1;. &man.pkg.add.1; will use the PACKAGEROOT
3623 environment variable to determine a mirror site for new
3624 packages. &merged;</para>
3626 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now records dependencies in dependency
3627 order rather than in the order specified on the command line.
3628 This improves the functioning of <command>pkg_add
3629 -r</command>. &merged;</para>
3631 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> to
3632 create a package file from a locally-installed
3633 package. &merged;</para>
3635 <para role="historic">When requested to delete multiple packages,
3636 &man.pkg.delete.1; will now attempt to remove them in
3637 dependency order rather than the order specified on the
3638 command line. &merged;</para>
3640 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now can perform glob/regexp matching of
3641 package names. In addition, it supports a <option>-a</option>
3642 option for removing all packages and a <option>-i</option>
3643 option for &man.rm.1;-style interactive
3644 confirmation. &merged;</para>
3646 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now supports a <option>-r</option>
3647 option for recursive package removal. &merged;</para>
3649 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; now supports globbing against names of
3650 installed packages. The <option>-G</option> option disables
3651 this behavior, and the <option>-x</option> option causes
3652 regular expression matching instead of shell
3653 globbing. &merged;</para>
3655 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; can now accept a <option>-g</option> flag
3656 for verifying an installed package against its recorded
3657 checksums (to see if it's been modified post-installation).
3658 Naturally, this mechanism is only as secure as the contents of
3659 <filename>/var/db/pkg</filename> if it's to be used for auditing
3660 purposes. &merged;</para>
3662 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.sign.1; and &man.pkg.check.1; have been added to
3663 digitally sign and verify the signatures on binary package
3664 files. &merged;</para>
3666 <para>For some time, &os; 5.0-CURRENT (as well as some 4.X
3667 releases) included a pkg_update(1) utility to update installed
3668 packages, as well as their dependencies. This utility has
3669 been removed; a superset of its functionality can be found in
3670 the <filename role="package">sysutils/portupgrade</filename>
3673 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now has a version number comparison
3674 routine that corresponds to the Porters Handbook. It also has
3675 a <option>-t</option> option for testing address comparisons.
3678 <para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now takes a <option>-s</option> flag
3679 to limit its operation to ports/packages matching a given
3680 string. &merged;</para>
3682 <para role="historic">Version numbers of installed packages have a new
3683 (backward-compatible) syntax, which supports the
3684 <varname>PORTREVISION</varname> and
3685 <varname>PORTEPOCH</varname> variables in Ports Collection
3686 <filename>Makefile</filename>s. These changes help keep track
3687 of changes in the ports collection entries such as security
3688 patches or &os;-specific updates, which aren't reflected in
3689 the original, third-party software distributions.
3690 &man.pkg.version.1; can now compare these new-style version
3691 numbers. &merged;</para>
3693 <para role="historic">To improve performance and disk utilization, the
3694 <quote>ports skeletons</quote> in the &os; Ports Collection
3695 have been restructured. Installed ports and packages should
3696 not be affected. &merged;</para>
3698 <para role="historic">All packages and ports now contain an
3699 <quote>origin</quote> directive, which makes it easier for
3700 programs such as &man.pkg.version.1; to determine the
3701 directory from which a package was built. &merged;</para>
3703 <para role="historic">The Ports Collection infrastructure now uses
3704 <application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0 as the default version
3705 of the X Window System for the purposes of satisfying
3706 dependencies. To return to using
3707 <application>XFree86</application> 3.3.6, add the following line
3708 to <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>: &merged;</para>
3710 <programlisting role="historic">XFREE86_VERSION=3</programlisting>
3712 <para>The libraries installed by the <filename
3713 role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename> port (required
3714 for Linux emulation) have been updated; they now correspond to
3715 those included with <application>Red Hat Linux</application>
3721 <title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>
3723 <para>The <filename>bin</filename> distribution has been renamed
3724 <filename>base</filename>, in order to make creation of combined
3725 install/recovery disks easier.</para>
3727 <para arch="i386">ISO images and CDROMs now use the
3728 <filename>cdboot</filename> boot loader by default. This
3729 eliminates the need for an emulated floppy disk image on
3730 a bootable CDROM and allows for a full
3731 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel to be used for CDROM
3732 installations, at the expense of compatability with some old
3735 <para arch="i386,pc98,alpha" role="historic"><application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0
3736 is now the default version of the X Window System supported by
3737 &man.sysinstall.8;. It installs
3738 <application>XFree86</application> as a set of standard binary
3739 packages, so the usual package utilities such as
3740 &man.pkg.info.1; can be used to examine/manipulate its
3741 components. &merged;</para>
3743 <para>It is now possible to make releases of &os;
3744 &release.current; on a &os; 4-STABLE host. Cross-architecture
3745 (building a release for a target architecture on a host of a
3746 different architecture) releases are also possible. See
3747 &man.release.7; for details.</para>
3753 <title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>
3755 <para>If you're upgrading from a previous release of &os;, you
3756 generally will have three options:
3760 <para>Using the binary upgrade option of &man.sysinstall.8;.
3761 This option is perhaps the quickest, although it presumes
3762 that your installation of &os; uses no special compilation
3766 <para>Performing a complete reinstall of &os;. Technically,
3767 this is not an upgrading method, and in any case is usually less
3768 convenient than a binary upgrade, in that it requires you to
3769 manually backup and restore the contents of
3770 <filename>/etc</filename>. However, it may be useful in
3771 cases where you want (or need) to change the partitioning of
3775 <para>From source code in <filename>/usr/src</filename>. This
3776 route is more flexible, but requires more disk space, time,
3777 and more technical expertise. Upgrading from very old
3778 versions of &os; may be problematic; in cases like this, it
3779 is usually more effective to perform a binary upgrade or a
3780 complete reinstall.</para>
3785 <para>Please read the <filename>INSTALL.TXT</filename> file for more
3786 information, preferably <emphasis>before</emphasis> beginning an
3787 upgrade. If you are upgrading from source, please be sure to read
3788 <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> as well.</para>
3790 <para>Finally, if you want to use one of various means to track the
3791 -STABLE or -CURRENT branches of &os;, please be sure to consult
3793 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/current-stable.html"><quote>-CURRENT
3794 vs. -STABLE</quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
3795 url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/">FreeBSD
3796 Handbook</ulink>.</para>
3799 <para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
3800 backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration