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28 .\" @(#)mount_nfs.8 8.3 (Berkeley) 3/29/95
36 .Nd mount NFS file systems
40 .Op Fl a Ar maxreadahead
41 .Op Fl D Ar deadthresh
43 .Op Fl I Ar readdirsize
50 .Ar rhost : Ns Ar path node
56 system call to prepare and graft a remote NFS file system
57 .Pq Ar rhost : Ns Ar path
58 on to the file system tree at the point
60 This command is normally executed by
63 it implements the mount protocol as described in RFC 1094, Appendix A and
65 For NFSv4, it uses the NFSv4 protocol as described in RFC 7530, RFC 5661 and
70 keeps retrying until the mount succeeds.
71 This behaviour is intended for file systems listed in
73 that are critical to the boot process.
74 For non-critical file systems, the
78 options provide mechanisms to prevent the boot process from hanging
79 if the server is unavailable.
81 If the server becomes unresponsive while an NFS file system is
82 mounted, any new or outstanding file operations on that file system
83 will hang uninterruptibly until the server comes back.
84 To modify this default behaviour, see the
91 .Bl -tag -width indent
93 Options are specified with a
95 flag followed by a comma separated string of options.
98 man page for possible options and their meanings.
99 The following NFS specific options are also available:
100 .Bl -tag -width indent
101 .It Cm acregmin Ns = Ns Aq Ar seconds
102 .It Cm acregmax Ns = Ns Aq Ar seconds
103 .It Cm acdirmin Ns = Ns Aq Ar seconds
104 .It Cm acdirmax Ns = Ns Aq Ar seconds
105 When attributes of files are cached, a timeout calculated to determine
106 whether a given cache entry has expired.
107 These four values determine the upper and lower bounds of the timeouts for
111 (ie: everything else).
112 The default values are 3 -> 60 seconds
113 for regular files, and 30 -> 60 seconds for directories.
114 The algorithm to calculate the timeout is based on the age of the file.
116 the longer the cache is considered valid, subject to the limits above.
117 .It Cm actimeo Ns = Ns Aq Ar seconds
118 Set four cache timeouts above to specified value.
120 This option can be used along with
122 to specify that all operations should use the host-based initiator
124 This may be used for clients that run system daemons that need to
125 access files on the NFSv4 mounted volume.
127 If an initial attempt to contact the server fails, fork off a child to keep
128 trying the mount in the background.
131 where the file system mount is not critical to multiuser operation.
132 .It Cm deadthresh Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
134 .Dq "dead server threshold"
135 to the specified number of round trip timeout intervals before a
136 .Dq "server not responding"
137 message is displayed.
139 Turn off the dynamic retransmit timeout estimator.
140 This may be useful for UDP mounts that exhibit high retry rates,
141 since it is possible that the dynamically estimated timeout interval is too
144 Same as not specifying
146 .It Cm gssname Ns = Ns Aq Ar service-principal-name
147 This option can be used with the KerberosV security flavors for NFSv4 mounts
149 .Dq "service-principal-name"
150 of a host-based entry in the default
151 keytab file that is used for system operations.
152 It allows the mount to be performed by
154 and avoids problems with
155 cached credentials for the system operations expiring.
157 .Dq "service-prinicpal-name"
158 should be specified without instance or domain and is typically
169 can also be used if the local system's
171 value does not match the host-based principal in the keytab.
173 Same as not specifying
176 Make the mount interruptible, which implies that file system calls that
177 are delayed due to an unresponsive server will fail with EINTR when a
178 termination signal is posted for the process.
179 .It Cm maxgroups Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
180 Set the maximum size of the group list for the credentials to the
182 This should be used for mounts on old servers that cannot handle a
183 group list size of 16, as specified in RFC 1057.
184 Try 8, if users in a lot of groups cannot get response from the mount
187 Force the mount protocol to use UDP transport, even for TCP NFS mounts.
188 (Necessary for some old
191 .It Cm nametimeo Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
192 Override the default of NFS_DEFAULT_NAMETIMEO for the timeout (in seconds)
193 for positive name cache entries.
194 If this is set to 0 it disables positive name caching for the mount point.
195 .It Cm negnametimeo Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
196 Override the default of NFS_DEFAULT_NEGNAMETIMEO for the timeout (in seconds)
197 for negative name cache entries.
198 If this is set to 0 it disables negative name caching for the mount point.
200 Use the NFS Version 2 protocol (the default is to try version 3 first
202 Note that NFS version 2 has a file size limit of 2 gigabytes.
204 Use the NFS Version 3 protocol.
206 Use the NFS Version 4 protocol.
207 This option will force the mount to use
209 By default, the highest minor version of NFS Version 4 that is
210 supported by the NFS Version 4 server will be used.
214 .It Cm minorversion Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
215 Use the specified minor version for a NFS Version 4 mount,
216 overriding the default.
217 The minor versions supported are 0, 1, and 2.
218 This option is only meaningful when used with the
222 Make a minor version 1 or 2 of the NFS Version 4 protocol mount use a single
223 OpenOwner for all Opens.
224 This may be useful for a server with a very low limit on OpenOwners, such as
226 It may be required when an accumulation of NFS version 4 Opens occurs,
235 command-line options.
236 A common case for an accumulation of Opens is a shared library within
237 the NFS mount that is used by several
238 processes, where at least one of these processes is always running.
239 This option cannot be used for an NFS Version 4, minor version 0 mount.
240 It may not work correctly when Delegations are being issued by a server,
241 but note that the AmazonEFS server does not issued delegations at this time.
242 This option is only meaningful when used with the
246 Enable support for parallel NFS (pNFS) for minor version 1 or 2 of the
247 NFS Version 4 protocol.
248 This option is only meaningful when used with the
252 Disable attribute caching.
254 For UDP mount points, do not do a
256 This must be used if the server does not reply to requests from the standard
257 NFS port number 2049 or replies to requests using a different IP address
258 (which can occur if the server is multi-homed).
260 .Va vfs.nfs.nfs_ip_paranoia
261 sysctl to 0 will make this option the default.
263 Normally, NFS clients maintain the close-to-open cache coherency.
264 This works by flushing at close time and checking at open time.
265 Checking at open time is implemented by getting attributes from
266 the server and purging the data cache if they do not match
267 attributes cached by the client.
269 This option disables checking at open time.
270 It may improve performance for read-only mounts,
271 but should only be used if the data on the server changes rarely.
272 Be sure to understand the consequences before enabling this option.
273 .It Cm noinet4 , noinet6
279 Useful for hosts that have
280 both an A record and an AAAA record for the same name.
286 locks over the wire via the NLM protocol for NFSv3 mounts.
287 All locks will be local and not seen by the server
288 and likewise not seen by other NFS clients for NFSv3 mounts.
289 This removes the need to run the
295 servers on the client.
296 Note that this option will only be honored when performing the
297 initial mount, it will be silently ignored if used while updating
299 Also, note that NFSv4 mounts do not use these daemons and handle locks over the
300 wire in the NFSv4 protocol.
301 As such, this option is meaningless for NFSv4 mounts.
303 This mount option allows the NFS client to
304 combine non-contiguous byte ranges being written
305 such that the dirty byte range becomes a superset of the bytes
307 This reduces the number of writes significantly for software
309 The merging of byte ranges is not done if the file has been file
310 locked, since most applications modifying a file from multiple
311 clients will use file locking.
312 As such, this option could result in a corrupted file for the
313 rare case of an application modifying the file from multiple
314 clients concurrently without using file locking.
316 For the RPCSEC_GSS security flavors, such as krb5, krb5i and krb5p,
317 this option sets the name of the host based principal name expected
319 This option overrides the default, which will be ``nfs@<server-fqdn>''
320 and should normally be sufficient.
324 use a reserved socket port number (see below).
325 .It Cm port Ns = Ns Aq Ar port_number
326 Use specified port number for NFS requests.
327 The default is to query the portmapper for the NFS port.
328 .It Cm proto Ns = Ns Aq Ar protocol
329 Specify transport protocol version to use.
332 udp - Use UDP over IPv4
333 tcp - Use TCP over IPv4
334 udp6 - Use UDP over IPv6
335 tcp6 - Use TCP over IPv6
338 Used with NFSV3 to specify that the \fBReaddirPlus\fR RPC should
340 For NFSV4, setting this option has a similar effect, in that it will make
341 the Readdir Operation get more attributes.
342 This option reduces RPC traffic for cases such as
344 but tends to flood the attribute and name caches with prefetched entries.
345 Try this option and see whether performance improves or degrades.
347 most useful for client to server network interconnects with a large bandwidth
349 .It Cm readahead Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
350 Set the read-ahead count to the specified value.
351 This may be in the range of 0 - 4, and determines how many blocks
352 will be read ahead when a large file is being read sequentially.
353 Trying a value greater than 1 for this is suggested for
354 mounts with a large bandwidth * delay product.
355 .It Cm readdirsize Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
356 Set the readdir read size to the specified value.
357 The value should normally
360 that is <= the read size for the mount.
362 Use a reserved socket port number.
363 This flag is obsolete, and only retained for compatibility reasons.
364 Reserved port numbers are used by default now.
365 (For the rare case where the client has a trusted root account
366 but untrustworthy users and the network cables are in secure areas this does
367 help, but for normal desktop clients this does not apply.)
368 .It Cm retrans Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
369 Set the retransmit timeout count for soft mounts to the specified value.
370 .It Cm retrycnt Ns = Ns Aq Ar count
371 Set the mount retry count to the specified value.
372 The default is a retry count of zero, which means to keep retrying
374 There is a 60 second delay between each attempt.
375 .It Cm rsize Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
376 Set the read data size to the specified value.
377 It should normally be a power of 2 greater than or equal to 1024.
378 This should be used for UDP mounts when the
379 .Dq "fragments dropped due to timeout"
380 value is getting large while actively using a mount point.
385 option to see what the
386 .Dq "fragments dropped due to timeout"
388 .It Cm sec Ns = Ns Aq Ar flavor
389 This option specifies what security flavor should be used for the mount.
392 krb5 - Use KerberosV authentication
393 krb5i - Use KerberosV authentication and
394 apply integrity checksums to RPCs
395 krb5p - Use KerberosV authentication and
397 sys - The default AUTH_SYS, which uses a
398 uid + gid list authenticator
401 A soft mount, which implies that file system calls will fail
404 round trip timeout intervals.
407 This is the default option, as it provides for increased reliability on both
408 LAN and WAN configurations compared to UDP.
409 Some old NFS servers do not support this method; UDP mounts may be required
410 for interoperability.
411 .It Cm timeout Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
412 Set the initial retransmit timeout to the specified value,
413 expressed in tenths of a second.
414 May be useful for fine tuning UDP mounts over internetworks
415 with high packet loss rates or an overloaded server.
416 Try increasing the interval if
418 shows high retransmit rates while the file system is active or reducing the
419 value if there is a low retransmit rate but long response delay observed.
422 option should be specified when using this option to manually
425 .It Cm timeo Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
429 This option specifies that the connection to the server must use TLS
431 TLS is only supported for TCP connections and the
433 daemon must be running for an NFS over TCP connection to use TLS.
434 .It Cm tlscertname Ns = Ns Aq Ar name
435 This option specifies the name of an alternate certificate to be
436 presented to the NFS server during TLS handshake.
437 The default certificate file names are
441 When this option is specified,
445 in the above file names.
446 For example, if the value of
450 the certificate file names to be used will be
454 These files are stored in
455 .Pa /etc/rpc.tlsclntd
457 This option is only meaningful when used with the
463 command line flag set.
466 .It Cm vers Ns = Ns Aq Ar vers_number
467 Use the specified version number for NFS requests.
474 .It Cm wcommitsize Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
475 Set the maximum pending write commit size to the specified value.
476 This determines the maximum amount of pending write data that the NFS
477 client is willing to cache for each file.
478 .It Cm wsize Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
479 Set the write data size to the specified value.
480 Ditto the comments w.r.t.\& the
482 option, but using the
483 .Dq "fragments dropped due to timeout"
484 value on the server instead of the client.
489 options should only be used as a last ditch effort at improving performance
490 when mounting servers that do not support TCP mounts.
494 The following command line flags are equivalent to
496 named options and are supported for compatibility with older
498 .Bl -tag -width indent
510 .Fl o Cm readdirsize Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
518 Use a reserved socket port number.
519 This flag is obsolete, and only retained for compatibility reasons.
520 (For the rare case where the client has a trusted root account
521 but untrustworthy users and the network cables are in secure areas this does
522 help, but for normal desktop clients this does not apply.)
525 .Fl o Cm retrycnt Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
534 .Fl o Cm readahead Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
555 .Fl o Cm rsize Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
561 .Fl o Cm retransmit Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
564 .Fl o Cm wsize Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
567 .Fl o Cm retrans Ns = Ns Aq Ar value
572 named options are equivalent to other
574 named options and are supported for compatibility with other
575 operating systems (e.g., Linux, Solaris, and OSX) to ease usage of
578 .Bl -tag -width indent
579 .It Fl o Cm vers Ns = Ns 2
582 .It Fl o Cm vers Ns = Ns 3
585 .It Fl o Cm vers Ns = Ns 4
606 Since nfsv4 performs open/lock operations that have their ordering strictly
607 enforced by the server, the options
611 cannot be safely used.
613 nfsv4 mounts are strongly recommended.