2 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
4 * Copyright (c) 2002 Networks Associates Technology, Inc.
7 * This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Marshall
8 * Kirk McKusick and Network Associates Laboratories, the Security
9 * Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under DARPA/SPAWAR
10 * contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the DARPA CHATS
13 * Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1993
14 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
16 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
17 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
19 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
20 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
21 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
22 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
23 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
24 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
25 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
26 * without specific prior written permission.
28 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
29 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
30 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
31 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
32 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
33 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
34 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
35 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
36 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
37 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
43 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)mkfs.c 8.11 (Berkeley) 5/3/95";
46 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
47 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
49 #define IN_RTLD /* So we pickup the P_OSREL defines */
50 #include <sys/param.h>
51 #include <sys/disklabel.h>
53 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
55 #include <sys/resource.h>
68 #include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
69 #include <ufs/ufs/dir.h>
70 #include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
74 * make file system for cylinder-group style file systems
77 #define POWEROF2(num) (((num) & ((num) - 1)) == 0)
79 static struct csum *fscs;
80 #define sblock disk.d_fs
84 struct ufs1_dinode dp1;
85 struct ufs2_dinode dp2;
87 #define DIP(dp, field) \
88 ((sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) ? \
89 (dp)->dp1.field : (dp)->dp2.field)
92 static long iobufsize;
93 static ufs2_daddr_t alloc(int size, int mode);
94 static int charsperline(void);
95 static void clrblock(struct fs *, unsigned char *, int);
96 static void fsinit(time_t);
97 static int ilog2(int);
98 static void initcg(int, time_t);
99 static int isblock(struct fs *, unsigned char *, int);
100 static void iput(union dinode *, ino_t);
101 static int makedir(struct direct *, int);
102 static void setblock(struct fs *, unsigned char *, int);
103 static void wtfs(ufs2_daddr_t, int, char *);
104 static u_int32_t newfs_random(void);
107 mkfs(struct partition *pp, char *fsys)
109 int fragsperinode, optimalfpg, origdensity, minfpg, lastminfpg;
116 int minfragsperinode; /* minimum ratio of frags to inodes */
117 char tmpbuf[100]; /* XXX this will break in about 2,500 years */
118 struct fsrecovery *fsr;
122 char cdummy[SBLOCKSIZE];
124 #define fsdummy dummy.fdummy
125 #define chdummy dummy.cdummy
128 * Our blocks == sector size, and the version of UFS we are using is
129 * specified by Oflag.
131 disk.d_bsize = sectorsize;
137 sblock.fs_old_flags = FS_FLAGS_UPDATED;
140 sblock.fs_flags |= FS_DOSOFTDEP;
142 strlcpy(sblock.fs_volname, volumelabel, MAXVOLLEN);
144 sblock.fs_flags |= FS_GJOURNAL;
146 sblock.fs_flags |= FS_MULTILABEL;
148 sblock.fs_flags |= FS_TRIM;
150 * Validate the given file system size.
151 * Verify that its last block can actually be accessed.
152 * Convert to file system fragment sized units.
155 printf("preposterous size %jd\n", (intmax_t)fssize);
158 wtfs(fssize - (realsectorsize / DEV_BSIZE), realsectorsize,
161 * collect and verify the file system density info
163 sblock.fs_avgfilesize = avgfilesize;
164 sblock.fs_avgfpdir = avgfilesperdir;
165 if (sblock.fs_avgfilesize <= 0)
166 printf("illegal expected average file size %d\n",
167 sblock.fs_avgfilesize), exit(14);
168 if (sblock.fs_avgfpdir <= 0)
169 printf("illegal expected number of files per directory %d\n",
170 sblock.fs_avgfpdir), exit(15);
174 * collect and verify the block and fragment sizes
176 sblock.fs_bsize = bsize;
177 sblock.fs_fsize = fsize;
178 if (!POWEROF2(sblock.fs_bsize)) {
179 printf("block size must be a power of 2, not %d\n",
183 if (!POWEROF2(sblock.fs_fsize)) {
184 printf("fragment size must be a power of 2, not %d\n",
188 if (sblock.fs_fsize < sectorsize) {
189 printf("increasing fragment size from %d to sector size (%d)\n",
190 sblock.fs_fsize, sectorsize);
191 sblock.fs_fsize = sectorsize;
193 if (sblock.fs_bsize > MAXBSIZE) {
194 printf("decreasing block size from %d to maximum (%d)\n",
195 sblock.fs_bsize, MAXBSIZE);
196 sblock.fs_bsize = MAXBSIZE;
198 if (sblock.fs_bsize < MINBSIZE) {
199 printf("increasing block size from %d to minimum (%d)\n",
200 sblock.fs_bsize, MINBSIZE);
201 sblock.fs_bsize = MINBSIZE;
203 if (sblock.fs_fsize > MAXBSIZE) {
204 printf("decreasing fragment size from %d to maximum (%d)\n",
205 sblock.fs_fsize, MAXBSIZE);
206 sblock.fs_fsize = MAXBSIZE;
208 if (sblock.fs_bsize < sblock.fs_fsize) {
209 printf("increasing block size from %d to fragment size (%d)\n",
210 sblock.fs_bsize, sblock.fs_fsize);
211 sblock.fs_bsize = sblock.fs_fsize;
213 if (sblock.fs_fsize * MAXFRAG < sblock.fs_bsize) {
215 "increasing fragment size from %d to block size / %d (%d)\n",
216 sblock.fs_fsize, MAXFRAG, sblock.fs_bsize / MAXFRAG);
217 sblock.fs_fsize = sblock.fs_bsize / MAXFRAG;
221 if (maxbsize < bsize || !POWEROF2(maxbsize)) {
222 sblock.fs_maxbsize = sblock.fs_bsize;
223 printf("Extent size set to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
224 } else if (sblock.fs_maxbsize > FS_MAXCONTIG * sblock.fs_bsize) {
225 sblock.fs_maxbsize = FS_MAXCONTIG * sblock.fs_bsize;
226 printf("Extent size reduced to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
228 sblock.fs_maxbsize = maxbsize;
231 * Maxcontig sets the default for the maximum number of blocks
232 * that may be allocated sequentially. With file system clustering
233 * it is possible to allocate contiguous blocks up to the maximum
234 * transfer size permitted by the controller or buffering.
237 maxcontig = MAX(1, MAXPHYS / bsize);
238 sblock.fs_maxcontig = maxcontig;
239 if (sblock.fs_maxcontig < sblock.fs_maxbsize / sblock.fs_bsize) {
240 sblock.fs_maxcontig = sblock.fs_maxbsize / sblock.fs_bsize;
241 printf("Maxcontig raised to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
243 if (sblock.fs_maxcontig > 1)
244 sblock.fs_contigsumsize = MIN(sblock.fs_maxcontig,FS_MAXCONTIG);
245 sblock.fs_bmask = ~(sblock.fs_bsize - 1);
246 sblock.fs_fmask = ~(sblock.fs_fsize - 1);
247 sblock.fs_qbmask = ~sblock.fs_bmask;
248 sblock.fs_qfmask = ~sblock.fs_fmask;
249 sblock.fs_bshift = ilog2(sblock.fs_bsize);
250 sblock.fs_fshift = ilog2(sblock.fs_fsize);
251 sblock.fs_frag = numfrags(&sblock, sblock.fs_bsize);
252 sblock.fs_fragshift = ilog2(sblock.fs_frag);
253 if (sblock.fs_frag > MAXFRAG) {
254 printf("fragment size %d is still too small (can't happen)\n",
255 sblock.fs_bsize / MAXFRAG);
258 sblock.fs_fsbtodb = ilog2(sblock.fs_fsize / sectorsize);
259 sblock.fs_size = fssize = dbtofsb(&sblock, fssize);
260 sblock.fs_providersize = dbtofsb(&sblock, mediasize / sectorsize);
263 * Before the filesystem is finally initialized, mark it
264 * as incompletely initialized.
266 sblock.fs_magic = FS_BAD_MAGIC;
269 sblock.fs_sblockloc = SBLOCK_UFS1;
270 sblock.fs_sblockactualloc = SBLOCK_UFS1;
271 sblock.fs_nindir = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(ufs1_daddr_t);
272 sblock.fs_inopb = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(struct ufs1_dinode);
273 sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = ((UFS_NDADDR + UFS_NIADDR) *
274 sizeof(ufs1_daddr_t));
275 sblock.fs_old_inodefmt = FS_44INODEFMT;
276 sblock.fs_old_cgoffset = 0;
277 sblock.fs_old_cgmask = 0xffffffff;
278 sblock.fs_old_size = sblock.fs_size;
279 sblock.fs_old_rotdelay = 0;
280 sblock.fs_old_rps = 60;
281 sblock.fs_old_nspf = sblock.fs_fsize / sectorsize;
282 sblock.fs_old_cpg = 1;
283 sblock.fs_old_interleave = 1;
284 sblock.fs_old_trackskew = 0;
285 sblock.fs_old_cpc = 0;
286 sblock.fs_old_postblformat = 1;
287 sblock.fs_old_nrpos = 1;
289 sblock.fs_sblockloc = SBLOCK_UFS2;
290 sblock.fs_sblockactualloc = SBLOCK_UFS2;
291 sblock.fs_nindir = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(ufs2_daddr_t);
292 sblock.fs_inopb = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(struct ufs2_dinode);
293 sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = ((UFS_NDADDR + UFS_NIADDR) *
294 sizeof(ufs2_daddr_t));
297 roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_sblockloc + SBLOCKSIZE, sblock.fs_fsize),
299 sblock.fs_cblkno = sblock.fs_sblkno +
300 roundup(howmany(SBLOCKSIZE, sblock.fs_fsize), sblock.fs_frag);
301 sblock.fs_iblkno = sblock.fs_cblkno + sblock.fs_frag;
302 sblock.fs_maxfilesize = sblock.fs_bsize * UFS_NDADDR - 1;
303 for (sizepb = sblock.fs_bsize, i = 0; i < UFS_NIADDR; i++) {
304 sizepb *= NINDIR(&sblock);
305 sblock.fs_maxfilesize += sizepb;
309 * It's impossible to create a snapshot in case that fs_maxfilesize
310 * is smaller than the fssize.
312 if (sblock.fs_maxfilesize < (u_quad_t)fssize) {
313 warnx("WARNING: You will be unable to create snapshots on this "
314 "file system. Correct by using a larger blocksize.");
318 * Calculate the number of blocks to put into each cylinder group.
320 * This algorithm selects the number of blocks per cylinder
321 * group. The first goal is to have at least enough data blocks
322 * in each cylinder group to meet the density requirement. Once
323 * this goal is achieved we try to expand to have at least
324 * MINCYLGRPS cylinder groups. Once this goal is achieved, we
325 * pack as many blocks into each cylinder group map as will fit.
327 * We start by calculating the smallest number of blocks that we
328 * can put into each cylinder group. If this is too big, we reduce
329 * the density until it fits.
331 maxinum = (((int64_t)(1)) << 32) - INOPB(&sblock);
332 minfragsperinode = 1 + fssize / maxinum;
334 density = MAX(NFPI, minfragsperinode) * fsize;
335 } else if (density < minfragsperinode * fsize) {
336 origdensity = density;
337 density = minfragsperinode * fsize;
338 fprintf(stderr, "density increased from %d to %d\n",
339 origdensity, density);
341 origdensity = density;
343 fragsperinode = MAX(numfrags(&sblock, density), 1);
344 if (fragsperinode < minfragsperinode) {
347 printf("Block size too small for a file system %s %d\n",
348 "of this size. Increasing blocksize to", bsize);
351 minfpg = fragsperinode * INOPB(&sblock);
352 if (minfpg > sblock.fs_size)
353 minfpg = sblock.fs_size;
354 sblock.fs_ipg = INOPB(&sblock);
355 sblock.fs_fpg = roundup(sblock.fs_iblkno +
356 sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_frag);
357 if (sblock.fs_fpg < minfpg)
358 sblock.fs_fpg = minfpg;
359 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
361 sblock.fs_fpg = roundup(sblock.fs_iblkno +
362 sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_frag);
363 if (sblock.fs_fpg < minfpg)
364 sblock.fs_fpg = minfpg;
365 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
367 if (CGSIZE(&sblock) < (unsigned long)sblock.fs_bsize)
369 density -= sblock.fs_fsize;
371 if (density != origdensity)
372 printf("density reduced from %d to %d\n", origdensity, density);
374 * Start packing more blocks into the cylinder group until
375 * it cannot grow any larger, the number of cylinder groups
376 * drops below MINCYLGRPS, or we reach the size requested.
377 * For UFS1 inodes per cylinder group are stored in an int16_t
378 * so fs_ipg is limited to 2^15 - 1.
380 for ( ; sblock.fs_fpg < maxblkspercg; sblock.fs_fpg += sblock.fs_frag) {
381 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
383 if (Oflag > 1 || (Oflag == 1 && sblock.fs_ipg <= 0x7fff)) {
384 if (sblock.fs_size / sblock.fs_fpg < MINCYLGRPS)
386 if (CGSIZE(&sblock) < (unsigned long)sblock.fs_bsize)
388 if (CGSIZE(&sblock) == (unsigned long)sblock.fs_bsize)
391 sblock.fs_fpg -= sblock.fs_frag;
392 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
397 * Check to be sure that the last cylinder group has enough blocks
398 * to be viable. If it is too small, reduce the number of blocks
399 * per cylinder group which will have the effect of moving more
400 * blocks into the last cylinder group.
402 optimalfpg = sblock.fs_fpg;
404 sblock.fs_ncg = howmany(sblock.fs_size, sblock.fs_fpg);
405 lastminfpg = roundup(sblock.fs_iblkno +
406 sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_frag);
407 if (sblock.fs_size < lastminfpg) {
408 printf("Filesystem size %jd < minimum size of %d\n",
409 (intmax_t)sblock.fs_size, lastminfpg);
412 if (sblock.fs_size % sblock.fs_fpg >= lastminfpg ||
413 sblock.fs_size % sblock.fs_fpg == 0)
415 sblock.fs_fpg -= sblock.fs_frag;
416 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
419 if (optimalfpg != sblock.fs_fpg)
420 printf("Reduced frags per cylinder group from %d to %d %s\n",
421 optimalfpg, sblock.fs_fpg, "to enlarge last cyl group");
422 sblock.fs_cgsize = fragroundup(&sblock, CGSIZE(&sblock));
423 sblock.fs_dblkno = sblock.fs_iblkno + sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock);
425 sblock.fs_old_spc = sblock.fs_fpg * sblock.fs_old_nspf;
426 sblock.fs_old_nsect = sblock.fs_old_spc;
427 sblock.fs_old_npsect = sblock.fs_old_spc;
428 sblock.fs_old_ncyl = sblock.fs_ncg;
431 * fill in remaining fields of the super block
433 sblock.fs_csaddr = cgdmin(&sblock, 0);
435 fragroundup(&sblock, sblock.fs_ncg * sizeof(struct csum));
436 fscs = (struct csum *)calloc(1, sblock.fs_cssize);
438 errx(31, "calloc failed");
439 sblock.fs_sbsize = fragroundup(&sblock, sizeof(struct fs));
440 if (sblock.fs_sbsize > SBLOCKSIZE)
441 sblock.fs_sbsize = SBLOCKSIZE;
442 if (sblock.fs_sbsize < realsectorsize)
443 sblock.fs_sbsize = realsectorsize;
444 sblock.fs_minfree = minfree;
445 if (metaspace > 0 && metaspace < sblock.fs_fpg / 2)
446 sblock.fs_metaspace = blknum(&sblock, metaspace);
447 else if (metaspace != -1)
448 /* reserve half of minfree for metadata blocks */
449 sblock.fs_metaspace = blknum(&sblock,
450 (sblock.fs_fpg * minfree) / 200);
452 sblock.fs_maxbpg = MAXBLKPG(sblock.fs_bsize);
454 sblock.fs_maxbpg = maxbpg;
455 sblock.fs_optim = opt;
456 sblock.fs_cgrotor = 0;
457 sblock.fs_pendingblocks = 0;
458 sblock.fs_pendinginodes = 0;
463 sblock.fs_id[0] = (long)utime;
464 sblock.fs_id[1] = newfs_random();
465 sblock.fs_fsmnt[0] = '\0';
466 csfrags = howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
467 sblock.fs_dsize = sblock.fs_size - sblock.fs_sblkno -
468 sblock.fs_ncg * (sblock.fs_dblkno - sblock.fs_sblkno);
469 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree =
470 fragstoblks(&sblock, sblock.fs_dsize) -
471 howmany(csfrags, sblock.fs_frag);
472 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree =
473 fragnum(&sblock, sblock.fs_size) +
474 (fragnum(&sblock, csfrags) > 0 ?
475 sblock.fs_frag - fragnum(&sblock, csfrags) : 0);
476 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree =
477 sblock.fs_ncg * sblock.fs_ipg - UFS_ROOTINO;
478 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir = 0;
479 sblock.fs_dsize -= csfrags;
480 sblock.fs_time = utime;
482 sblock.fs_old_time = utime;
483 sblock.fs_old_dsize = sblock.fs_dsize;
484 sblock.fs_old_csaddr = sblock.fs_csaddr;
485 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
486 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
487 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
488 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
491 * Set flags for metadata that is being check-hashed.
493 * Metadata check hashes are not supported in the UFS version 1
494 * filesystem to keep it as small and simple as possible.
497 sblock.fs_flags |= FS_METACKHASH;
498 if (getosreldate() >= P_OSREL_CK_CYLGRP)
499 sblock.fs_metackhash |= CK_CYLGRP;
500 if (getosreldate() >= P_OSREL_CK_SUPERBLOCK)
501 sblock.fs_metackhash |= CK_SUPERBLOCK;
502 if (getosreldate() >= P_OSREL_CK_INODE)
503 sblock.fs_metackhash |= CK_INODE;
507 * Dump out summary information about file system.
509 # define B2MBFACTOR (1 / (1024.0 * 1024.0))
510 printf("%s: %.1fMB (%jd sectors) block size %d, fragment size %d\n",
511 fsys, (float)sblock.fs_size * sblock.fs_fsize * B2MBFACTOR,
512 (intmax_t)fsbtodb(&sblock, sblock.fs_size), sblock.fs_bsize,
514 printf("\tusing %d cylinder groups of %.2fMB, %d blks, %d inodes.\n",
515 sblock.fs_ncg, (float)sblock.fs_fpg * sblock.fs_fsize * B2MBFACTOR,
516 sblock.fs_fpg / sblock.fs_frag, sblock.fs_ipg);
517 if (sblock.fs_flags & FS_DOSOFTDEP)
518 printf("\twith soft updates\n");
521 if (Eflag && !Nflag) {
522 printf("Erasing sectors [%jd...%jd]\n",
523 sblock.fs_sblockloc / disk.d_bsize,
524 fsbtodb(&sblock, sblock.fs_size) - 1);
525 berase(&disk, sblock.fs_sblockloc / disk.d_bsize,
526 sblock.fs_size * sblock.fs_fsize - sblock.fs_sblockloc);
529 * Wipe out old UFS1 superblock(s) if necessary.
531 if (!Nflag && Oflag != 1 && realsectorsize <= SBLOCK_UFS1) {
532 i = bread(&disk, part_ofs + SBLOCK_UFS1 / disk.d_bsize, chdummy,
535 err(1, "can't read old UFS1 superblock: %s",
538 if (fsdummy.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
539 fsdummy.fs_magic = 0;
540 bwrite(&disk, part_ofs + SBLOCK_UFS1 / disk.d_bsize,
541 chdummy, SBLOCKSIZE);
542 for (cg = 0; cg < fsdummy.fs_ncg; cg++) {
543 if (fsbtodb(&fsdummy, cgsblock(&fsdummy, cg)) >
546 bwrite(&disk, part_ofs + fsbtodb(&fsdummy,
547 cgsblock(&fsdummy, cg)), chdummy, SBLOCKSIZE);
551 if (!Nflag && sbput(disk.d_fd, &disk.d_fs, 0) != 0)
552 err(1, "sbput: %s", disk.d_error);
554 printf("** Exiting on Xflag 1\n");
558 printf("** Leaving BAD MAGIC on Xflag 2\n");
560 sblock.fs_magic = (Oflag != 1) ? FS_UFS2_MAGIC : FS_UFS1_MAGIC;
563 * Now build the cylinders group blocks and
564 * then print out indices of cylinder groups.
566 printf("super-block backups (for fsck_ffs -b #) at:\n");
568 width = charsperline();
570 * Allocate space for two sets of inode blocks.
572 iobufsize = 2 * sblock.fs_bsize;
573 if ((iobuf = calloc(1, iobufsize)) == 0) {
574 printf("Cannot allocate I/O buffer\n");
578 * Write out all the cylinder groups and backup superblocks.
580 for (cg = 0; cg < sblock.fs_ncg; cg++) {
583 j = snprintf(tmpbuf, sizeof(tmpbuf), " %jd%s",
584 (intmax_t)fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cg)),
585 cg < (sblock.fs_ncg-1) ? "," : "");
587 tmpbuf[j = 0] = '\0';
588 if (i + j >= width) {
593 printf("%s", tmpbuf);
600 * Now construct the initial file system,
601 * then write out the super-block.
605 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
606 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
607 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
608 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
611 printf("** Exiting on Xflag 3\n");
615 * Reference the summary information so it will also be written.
617 sblock.fs_csp = fscs;
618 if (sbput(disk.d_fd, &disk.d_fs, 0) != 0)
619 err(1, "sbput: %s", disk.d_error);
621 * For UFS1 filesystems with a blocksize of 64K, the first
622 * alternate superblock resides at the location used for
623 * the default UFS2 superblock. As there is a valid
624 * superblock at this location, the boot code will use
625 * it as its first choice. Thus we have to ensure that
626 * all of its statistcs on usage are correct.
628 if (Oflag == 1 && sblock.fs_bsize == 65536)
629 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, 0)),
630 sblock.fs_bsize, (char *)&sblock);
632 * Read the last sector of the boot block, replace the last
633 * 20 bytes with the recovery information, then write it back.
634 * The recovery information only works for UFS2 filesystems.
636 if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS2_MAGIC) {
637 if ((fsrbuf = malloc(realsectorsize)) == NULL || bread(&disk,
638 part_ofs + (SBLOCK_UFS2 - realsectorsize) / disk.d_bsize,
639 fsrbuf, realsectorsize) == -1)
640 err(1, "can't read recovery area: %s", disk.d_error);
642 (struct fsrecovery *)&fsrbuf[realsectorsize - sizeof *fsr];
643 fsr->fsr_magic = sblock.fs_magic;
644 fsr->fsr_fpg = sblock.fs_fpg;
645 fsr->fsr_fsbtodb = sblock.fs_fsbtodb;
646 fsr->fsr_sblkno = sblock.fs_sblkno;
647 fsr->fsr_ncg = sblock.fs_ncg;
648 wtfs((SBLOCK_UFS2 - realsectorsize) / disk.d_bsize,
649 realsectorsize, fsrbuf);
653 * Update information about this partition in pack
654 * label, to that it may be updated on disk.
657 pp->p_fstype = FS_BSDFFS;
658 pp->p_fsize = sblock.fs_fsize;
659 pp->p_frag = sblock.fs_frag;
660 pp->p_cpg = sblock.fs_fpg;
665 * Initialize a cylinder group.
668 initcg(int cylno, time_t utime)
671 off_t savedactualloc;
672 uint i, j, d, dlower, dupper;
673 ufs2_daddr_t cbase, dmax;
674 struct ufs1_dinode *dp1;
675 struct ufs2_dinode *dp2;
679 * Determine block bounds for cylinder group.
680 * Allow space for super block summary information in first
683 cbase = cgbase(&sblock, cylno);
684 dmax = cbase + sblock.fs_fpg;
685 if (dmax > sblock.fs_size)
686 dmax = sblock.fs_size;
687 dlower = cgsblock(&sblock, cylno) - cbase;
688 dupper = cgdmin(&sblock, cylno) - cbase;
690 dupper += howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
692 memset(&acg, 0, sblock.fs_cgsize);
694 acg.cg_magic = CG_MAGIC;
696 acg.cg_niblk = sblock.fs_ipg;
697 acg.cg_initediblk = MIN(sblock.fs_ipg, 2 * INOPB(&sblock));
698 acg.cg_ndblk = dmax - cbase;
699 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
700 acg.cg_nclusterblks = acg.cg_ndblk / sblock.fs_frag;
701 start = &acg.cg_space[0] - (u_char *)(&acg.cg_firstfield);
703 acg.cg_iusedoff = start;
705 acg.cg_old_ncyl = sblock.fs_old_cpg;
706 acg.cg_old_time = acg.cg_time;
708 acg.cg_old_niblk = acg.cg_niblk;
710 acg.cg_initediblk = 0;
711 acg.cg_old_btotoff = start;
712 acg.cg_old_boff = acg.cg_old_btotoff +
713 sblock.fs_old_cpg * sizeof(int32_t);
714 acg.cg_iusedoff = acg.cg_old_boff +
715 sblock.fs_old_cpg * sizeof(u_int16_t);
717 acg.cg_freeoff = acg.cg_iusedoff + howmany(sblock.fs_ipg, CHAR_BIT);
718 acg.cg_nextfreeoff = acg.cg_freeoff + howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, CHAR_BIT);
719 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0) {
720 acg.cg_clustersumoff =
721 roundup(acg.cg_nextfreeoff, sizeof(u_int32_t));
722 acg.cg_clustersumoff -= sizeof(u_int32_t);
723 acg.cg_clusteroff = acg.cg_clustersumoff +
724 (sblock.fs_contigsumsize + 1) * sizeof(u_int32_t);
725 acg.cg_nextfreeoff = acg.cg_clusteroff +
726 howmany(fragstoblks(&sblock, sblock.fs_fpg), CHAR_BIT);
728 if (acg.cg_nextfreeoff > (unsigned)sblock.fs_cgsize) {
729 printf("Panic: cylinder group too big\n");
732 acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree += sblock.fs_ipg;
734 for (i = 0; i < (long)UFS_ROOTINO; i++) {
735 setbit(cg_inosused(&acg), i);
736 acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree--;
740 * In cylno 0, beginning space is reserved
741 * for boot and super blocks.
743 for (d = 0; d < dlower; d += sblock.fs_frag) {
744 blkno = d / sblock.fs_frag;
745 setblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree(&acg), blkno);
746 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
747 setbit(cg_clustersfree(&acg), blkno);
748 acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
751 if ((i = dupper % sblock.fs_frag)) {
752 acg.cg_frsum[sblock.fs_frag - i]++;
753 for (d = dupper + sblock.fs_frag - i; dupper < d; dupper++) {
754 setbit(cg_blksfree(&acg), dupper);
755 acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree++;
758 for (d = dupper; d + sblock.fs_frag <= acg.cg_ndblk;
759 d += sblock.fs_frag) {
760 blkno = d / sblock.fs_frag;
761 setblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree(&acg), blkno);
762 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
763 setbit(cg_clustersfree(&acg), blkno);
764 acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
766 if (d < acg.cg_ndblk) {
767 acg.cg_frsum[acg.cg_ndblk - d]++;
768 for (; d < acg.cg_ndblk; d++) {
769 setbit(cg_blksfree(&acg), d);
770 acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree++;
773 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0) {
774 int32_t *sump = cg_clustersum(&acg);
775 u_char *mapp = cg_clustersfree(&acg);
780 for (i = 0; i < acg.cg_nclusterblks; i++) {
781 if ((map & bit) != 0)
784 if (run > sblock.fs_contigsumsize)
785 run = sblock.fs_contigsumsize;
789 if ((i & (CHAR_BIT - 1)) != CHAR_BIT - 1)
797 if (run > sblock.fs_contigsumsize)
798 run = sblock.fs_contigsumsize;
804 * Write out the duplicate super block. Then write the cylinder
805 * group map and two blocks worth of inodes in a single write.
807 savedactualloc = sblock.fs_sblockactualloc;
808 sblock.fs_sblockactualloc =
809 dbtob(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cylno)));
810 if (sbput(disk.d_fd, &disk.d_fs, 0) != 0)
811 err(1, "sbput: %s", disk.d_error);
812 sblock.fs_sblockactualloc = savedactualloc;
813 if (cgput(&disk, &acg) != 0)
814 err(1, "initcg: cgput: %s", disk.d_error);
816 dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
817 dp2 = (struct ufs2_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
818 for (i = 0; i < acg.cg_initediblk; i++) {
819 if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
820 dp1->di_gen = newfs_random();
823 dp2->di_gen = newfs_random();
827 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgimin(&sblock, cylno)), iobufsize, iobuf);
829 * For the old file system, we have to initialize all the inodes.
832 for (i = 2 * sblock.fs_frag;
833 i < sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock);
834 i += sblock.fs_frag) {
835 dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
836 for (j = 0; j < INOPB(&sblock); j++) {
837 dp1->di_gen = newfs_random();
840 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgimin(&sblock, cylno) + i),
841 sblock.fs_bsize, &iobuf[start]);
847 * initialize the file system
849 #define ROOTLINKCNT 3
851 static struct direct root_dir[] = {
852 { UFS_ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 1, "." },
853 { UFS_ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 2, ".." },
854 { UFS_ROOTINO + 1, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 5, ".snap" },
857 #define SNAPLINKCNT 2
859 static struct direct snap_dir[] = {
860 { UFS_ROOTINO + 1, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 1, "." },
861 { UFS_ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 2, ".." },
872 memset(&node, 0, sizeof node);
873 if ((grp = getgrnam("operator")) != NULL) {
876 warnx("Cannot retrieve operator gid, using gid 0.");
879 entries = (nflag) ? ROOTLINKCNT - 1: ROOTLINKCNT;
880 if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
882 * initialize the node
884 node.dp1.di_atime = utime;
885 node.dp1.di_mtime = utime;
886 node.dp1.di_ctime = utime;
888 * create the root directory
890 node.dp1.di_mode = IFDIR | UMASK;
891 node.dp1.di_nlink = entries;
892 node.dp1.di_size = makedir(root_dir, entries);
893 node.dp1.di_db[0] = alloc(sblock.fs_fsize, node.dp1.di_mode);
895 btodb(fragroundup(&sblock, node.dp1.di_size));
896 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, node.dp1.di_db[0]), sblock.fs_fsize,
898 iput(&node, UFS_ROOTINO);
901 * create the .snap directory
903 node.dp1.di_mode |= 020;
904 node.dp1.di_gid = gid;
905 node.dp1.di_nlink = SNAPLINKCNT;
906 node.dp1.di_size = makedir(snap_dir, SNAPLINKCNT);
908 alloc(sblock.fs_fsize, node.dp1.di_mode);
910 btodb(fragroundup(&sblock, node.dp1.di_size));
911 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, node.dp1.di_db[0]),
912 sblock.fs_fsize, iobuf);
913 iput(&node, UFS_ROOTINO + 1);
917 * initialize the node
919 node.dp2.di_atime = utime;
920 node.dp2.di_mtime = utime;
921 node.dp2.di_ctime = utime;
922 node.dp2.di_birthtime = utime;
924 * create the root directory
926 node.dp2.di_mode = IFDIR | UMASK;
927 node.dp2.di_nlink = entries;
928 node.dp2.di_size = makedir(root_dir, entries);
929 node.dp2.di_db[0] = alloc(sblock.fs_fsize, node.dp2.di_mode);
931 btodb(fragroundup(&sblock, node.dp2.di_size));
932 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, node.dp2.di_db[0]), sblock.fs_fsize,
934 iput(&node, UFS_ROOTINO);
937 * create the .snap directory
939 node.dp2.di_mode |= 020;
940 node.dp2.di_gid = gid;
941 node.dp2.di_nlink = SNAPLINKCNT;
942 node.dp2.di_size = makedir(snap_dir, SNAPLINKCNT);
944 alloc(sblock.fs_fsize, node.dp2.di_mode);
946 btodb(fragroundup(&sblock, node.dp2.di_size));
947 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, node.dp2.di_db[0]),
948 sblock.fs_fsize, iobuf);
949 iput(&node, UFS_ROOTINO + 1);
955 * construct a set of directory entries in "iobuf".
956 * return size of directory.
959 makedir(struct direct *protodir, int entries)
965 memset(iobuf, 0, DIRBLKSIZ);
966 for (cp = iobuf, i = 0; i < entries - 1; i++) {
967 protodir[i].d_reclen = DIRSIZ(0, &protodir[i]);
968 memmove(cp, &protodir[i], protodir[i].d_reclen);
969 cp += protodir[i].d_reclen;
970 spcleft -= protodir[i].d_reclen;
972 protodir[i].d_reclen = spcleft;
973 memmove(cp, &protodir[i], DIRSIZ(0, &protodir[i]));
978 * allocate a block or frag
981 alloc(int size, int mode)
986 bread(&disk, part_ofs + fsbtodb(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), (char *)&acg,
988 if (acg.cg_magic != CG_MAGIC) {
989 printf("cg 0: bad magic number\n");
992 if (acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree == 0) {
993 printf("first cylinder group ran out of space\n");
996 for (d = 0; d < acg.cg_ndblk; d += sblock.fs_frag)
997 if (isblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree(&acg), d / sblock.fs_frag))
999 printf("internal error: can't find block in cyl 0\n");
1002 blkno = fragstoblks(&sblock, d);
1003 clrblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree(&acg), blkno);
1004 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
1005 clrbit(cg_clustersfree(&acg), blkno);
1006 acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree--;
1007 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree--;
1008 fscs[0].cs_nbfree--;
1010 acg.cg_cs.cs_ndir++;
1011 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir++;
1014 if (size != sblock.fs_bsize) {
1015 frag = howmany(size, sblock.fs_fsize);
1016 fscs[0].cs_nffree += sblock.fs_frag - frag;
1017 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree += sblock.fs_frag - frag;
1018 acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree += sblock.fs_frag - frag;
1019 acg.cg_frsum[sblock.fs_frag - frag]++;
1020 for (i = frag; i < sblock.fs_frag; i++)
1021 setbit(cg_blksfree(&acg), d + i);
1023 if (cgput(&disk, &acg) != 0)
1024 err(1, "alloc: cgput: %s", disk.d_error);
1025 return ((ufs2_daddr_t)d);
1029 * Allocate an inode on the disk
1032 iput(union dinode *ip, ino_t ino)
1036 bread(&disk, part_ofs + fsbtodb(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), (char *)&acg,
1038 if (acg.cg_magic != CG_MAGIC) {
1039 printf("cg 0: bad magic number\n");
1042 acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree--;
1043 setbit(cg_inosused(&acg), ino);
1044 if (cgput(&disk, &acg) != 0)
1045 err(1, "iput: cgput: %s", disk.d_error);
1046 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree--;
1047 fscs[0].cs_nifree--;
1048 if (getinode(&disk, &dp, ino) == -1) {
1049 printf("iput: %s\n", disk.d_error);
1052 if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC)
1060 * possibly write to disk
1063 wtfs(ufs2_daddr_t bno, int size, char *bf)
1067 if (bwrite(&disk, part_ofs + bno, bf, size) < 0)
1068 err(36, "wtfs: %d bytes at sector %jd", size, (intmax_t)bno);
1072 * check if a block is available
1075 isblock(struct fs *fs, unsigned char *cp, int h)
1079 switch (fs->fs_frag) {
1081 return (cp[h] == 0xff);
1083 mask = 0x0f << ((h & 0x1) << 2);
1084 return ((cp[h >> 1] & mask) == mask);
1086 mask = 0x03 << ((h & 0x3) << 1);
1087 return ((cp[h >> 2] & mask) == mask);
1089 mask = 0x01 << (h & 0x7);
1090 return ((cp[h >> 3] & mask) == mask);
1092 fprintf(stderr, "isblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_frag);
1098 * take a block out of the map
1101 clrblock(struct fs *fs, unsigned char *cp, int h)
1103 switch ((fs)->fs_frag) {
1108 cp[h >> 1] &= ~(0x0f << ((h & 0x1) << 2));
1111 cp[h >> 2] &= ~(0x03 << ((h & 0x3) << 1));
1114 cp[h >> 3] &= ~(0x01 << (h & 0x7));
1117 fprintf(stderr, "clrblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_frag);
1123 * put a block into the map
1126 setblock(struct fs *fs, unsigned char *cp, int h)
1128 switch (fs->fs_frag) {
1133 cp[h >> 1] |= (0x0f << ((h & 0x1) << 2));
1136 cp[h >> 2] |= (0x03 << ((h & 0x3) << 1));
1139 cp[h >> 3] |= (0x01 << (h & 0x7));
1142 fprintf(stderr, "setblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_frag);
1148 * Determine the number of characters in a
1160 if (ioctl(0, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) != -1)
1161 columns = ws.ws_col;
1162 if (columns == 0 && (cp = getenv("COLUMNS")))
1165 columns = 80; /* last resort */
1174 for (n = 0; n < sizeof(n) * CHAR_BIT; n++)
1177 errx(1, "ilog2: %d is not a power of 2\n", val);
1181 * For the regression test, return predictable random values.
1182 * Otherwise use a true random number generator.
1187 static int nextnum = 1;
1191 return (arc4random());